05. { /{ r-orr Fort Casper and • Mormon Ferry

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:·...... :·· Canyon 0 M I N Trail's J..· , End ... • .:. ------,--- Salt Lak; ~ Big Mountain Pass c 0 L 0 Valley J E~igration Canyon Donner U T A H Hill the Trail in Januar

Above left: Willard Richards­ shown with his wife, ]enetta, and son, Heber John, in an 1845 family portrait-lived in an unusually shaped house and office (shown above) while at Winter Quarters. he following representation appearance of a log town some Doctor Willard Richards has a of events that took place in dirt ruffs & a number of caves or house with 8 sides and covered TJanuary 1847 is provided as 'dug outs' made in the bankes with dirt, & forms an oval and is part of the sesquicentennial cele­ sometimes called 'Dens.' ... The called by the names of the Octa­ bration of the arrival of Latter-day town would be hard to set on fire gon, potato heap, apple heap, Saint pioneers to the Salt Lake and burnt down for there are so coal pit [etc .] .... Our herds and Valley in July 1847. many dirt toped & dirt houses. flocks are wintering well on the In January 1847 some 12,000 "The city is divided into 22 rushes" (On the Mormon Frontier: Saints were waiting out the win­ wards & has a Bishop over each The Diary of Hosea Stout, ter in hundreds of camps along ward .. . . The poor are uncom­ 1844- 1861, ed . Juanita Brooks, the Missouri River 40 miles north monly well seen & attended to .... 2 vols. [1964]. 1:222- 23). and south of present-day Council The Seventies Quorum have es­ the emigration of the Sa ints and Bluffs, Iowa. Unable to reach the tablished a factory [for] manufac­ those who journey with them " THE "WORD AND WILL OF THE LORD" Rocky Mountains as planned in turing willow baskets and are (Manuscript History of Brigham 1846, they intended to head west now employing some 20 or 30 On 11 January, President Young, 1846- 1847, ed . Elden J. as soon as spring returned. Presi­ hands ... . This gives employment Young met with several leading Watson [1971]. 502). !:! z dent Brigham Young, the Quorum to those who have no other means elders and told them of a dream That revelation, known as the ~ of the Twelve, and up to 5,000 of supporting themselves .... he had wherein the Prophet "Word and Will of the Lord" (now ~ .... Joseph Smith visited with him D&C instructed those going 0 Saints were at the headquarters 136). '!i"' camp called Winter Quarters, and "conversed freely about the west to organize into companies, < ;:; north of today's Omaha, best manner of organizing com­ "with a covenant and promise to w "' Nebraska, living in log cabins, panies for emigration ." Three keep all the Commandments & 5::> dugouts, wagons, and tents . days later, on 14 January, Presi­ Statutes of the Lord our God" (On ii dent Young met at Heber C. the Mormon Frontier, 227; cf. D&C z~ Kimball's home with Elders 136:2) . Companies needed a presi ­ ~ DESCRIPTION OF WINTER fiUARTERS :Q Kimball, Willard Richards, Orson dent and two counselors at the ~ :§"' In a diary entry dated Pratt, Wilford Woodruff, George A. head and then captains of hun­ "' 2 January 1847, police captain Smith, Ezra T. Benson, and Hosea dreds, fifties, and tens, with the ~ i: Hosea Stout described Winter Stout, who acted as clerk. He Twelve exerting overall leader­ 0,_ Quarters and its more than 700 then "commenced to give the ship. Hosea Stout, after record­ El Cl homes: "The place has the Word and Will of God concerning ing the revelation in his diary, ...;:; '< 12 l ' ' I ' ~------

~ ~ > ~ ~ ~ ~ Ci ~ set fire to the prairie in Decem - William G. Hartley, an associate pro­ ~ ber, a dry and warm month , the fessor of history and a research pro­ 8 fires threatened Ponca Camp 's fessor at the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute at BYU, teaches Sunday g 110 hewn-log cabins. Everyone School in the Riverside Third Ward, iE fought off the fires and saved the Murray Utah North Stake. ~ Above: Ponca Camp M emorial fort, but the Saints lost stacks of ~ in Nebraska honors those who hay and some wagons. Afterthe MIDWESTERN U.S. LDS POPULATION, 0 died here during the winter of fire danger passed, Newel, ex­ 31 DECEMBER 1846 . j 1846-47. Left: Between fall hausted by the labor, became the end of 1846, many members ~ ~ 1846 and spring 1848, Winter very ill. In his final diary entry, - ~~ Quarters, N ebraska, served as of the Church were scattered over ;,!;~ • dated 4 January 1847, Newel a vast terrain stretching from :b~ a place for Latter-day Samts to A ~ S regroup and prepare for the trek expressed hope that "the Lord's Nauvoo westward to Winter Quarters. ~ ~ to the Salt Lake Valley. presence" would go before mod ­ Research suggests the following distri­ ::J)-<:­ bution of midwestern U.S. membership 01~ ern Israel as with anc ient Israel "while we are journeying in the at that time : -""Yl.ai.l "'c~~ :Mormon Battalion 500 lation with joy and gladness " council, all of whom were in con­ She brought the family west in Mount Pisgah 700 (On the Mormon Frontier, 229). stant contact with President 1850. In 1908, son Jesse Knight Garden Grove 600 In the days that followed, Young and the rest of the Twelve erected a stately monument at the Nauvoo 50 (est.) leaders gathered their com­ at Winter Quarters . Newel Knight, Ponca Camp site just west of pre­ Burlington, Galena, Alton, etc . 300 (est.) St. Joseph, Savannah, and other panies together. By vote, the longtime friend of the Prophet sent Niobrara, Nebraska, to honor northwest Missouri towns 200 (est.) people covenanted to obey the Joseph Smith since their resi ­ Newel and others buried there that revelation 's stipulations and to dence in New York in the 1820s, winter of 1846- 47. (See William G. Total in Iowa and Missouri 4,850 assist the needy (see Journal of was a high counc ilor at Ponca . Hartley, "They Are My Friends ": Grand total 11,800 HoraceK. Whitney, Jan. 1847, With Newel were his wife, Lyd ia, A History of the Joseph Knight (R ic hard E. Bennett, Mormons at the Missouri, LOS Church Archives). and six children . When Indians Family, 1825-1850, pp. 169-180.) D 1841HB52 [1981). 90 .)

THE ENSIGN/jANUARY 1997 13

Fort Hall Fort Casper and • Mormon Ferry

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.. ____ .:·· .. 0 M I N d -·-.., Ash HolloV\ ·· ._. ______j______J·-,·---A-- C- 0 - L-- 6-- R D 0 / Donner Hill u T A H ·...... ______,.._; On the Trai] in Februar

The following representation of the Twelve Apostles: "At an ~ ~ of events that took place in early hour the band of music > Above: Log cabins were a z February 1847 is provided as entered my carriage and rode :> luxury during the cold, wet (.jz :> part of the sesquicentennial cele- through the streets of Winter winter of 1846-47 at Winter I? ::; bration of the arrival of Latter- Quarters playing so sweetly that Quarters. Below: President < :t day Saint pioneers in the Salt it rent the air .... At 2 o'clock Brigham Young. ~ Lake Valley in July 1847. p.m. the Silver Greys met at the z· council house, the company of Bishops having called upon their ~ nearly February at Winter Silver Grays consisting of all the several wards for to furnish a sup­ ~ I u Quarters, in present-day men in the camp of Israel over . per for the poor, each individual "'z ;:! Omaha, Nebraska, with winter 50 years of age."l took according to their liberality .J lingering and the Saints still un- President Brigham Young and it was reported that after en­ ~ 0 able to trek west, Church leaders told the crowd of attenders that joying themselves in the dance, i' 1'; recognized the need to brighten "there is no harm in dancing. The spirits. February 5 set the tone Lord said he wanted His saints to ~:> 0 for the month, according to Elder praise him in all things."2 With u :Q Wilford Woodruff of the Quorum this invitation, "the center ofthe s floor was then cleared for the ~ Plat of Winter Quarters, C1 dance when the 'Silver Greys' Nebraska, located on the west ~ and spectacled dames enjoyed side of the Missouri River. ?i 1'; themselves in the dance; it was ~ indeed an interesting and novel was "gotten up" by the bishops -z: sight to behold the old men and for the benefit and entertainment ":> iil women, some nearly a hundred of the poor. The event was well ~ years old dancing like in ancient attended and its purpose amply ~ Ci lsrael."3 fulfilled: ~ ci Several dances were "To day being dedicated ~ held throughout the month . On for a Dance & supper to the ~ 23 February several members of Soldiers wives, & the poor of ~ A brass band was a welcome the Quorum of the Twelve visited the Camp, the house was ::;; addition to important occasions. the Council House, where a party filled to overflowing, and the "~ 38 harrowing, dangerous 52-day running down my cheeks about journey. all the time was very uncomfort­ "Their arrival produced no able did a little sewing . and in the small stir in camp," John D. Lee eve was knitting ." 8 February: wrote. "Men and women came "I cut & fitted a dress for Sister in every direction to inquire after S[mithies] and spent the day their friends in the Battalion."5 sewing on it." Mid-month: there sat down to supper about The men brought with them She left on a short trip south Mary Haskin Parker Richards 300 Souls. 1371etters from Battalion men . to the Missouri border to visit spent winter days sewing. "After the party ended, bish­ "Our arrival was a surprise to with her relatives, the Burtons. ops had twenty-two baskets and the whole camp," Tippetts wrote. 19 February: The day after she William G. Hartley, an associate 12 partial baskets of pies, cakes, "The folks were just sitting down arrived, she "made two hand­ professor of history and a research and other refreshments left over to eat supper and they would ac­ kerchiefs for father & Mother professor at BYU's Joseph Fielding to distribute to the poor."4 cept of no excuse when they in­ [Burton]. " 20 February: "read- Smith Institute, teaches Sunday vited us to eat supper with them, ing sewing playing with Clara School in the Riverside Third Ward, Murray Utah North Stake. NEWS FROM THE MORMON BATTALION rough and dirty as we were."s [a child] ." 27 February: "Was The two had not eaten for three making a night dress for my self." By mid-February the Mormon days, so they enjoyed the feast. Mary Richards's diary entries NOTES Battalion had been gone from "After eating supper I went out in for the next month show her in­ 1. Journal History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, search of my family and soon volved in similar activities: "sew­ the camps of Israel for seven 5 Feb. 1847. months. It had reached San found them," Tippetts addedJ ing on my dress," "sewed a little," 2. Manuscript History of Brigham Diego by the previous month, "reading & sewing," and "I made Young, 1846- 1847, ed . Elden J. Watson (19711, 521. January 1847, although three SEWING AND SHOVELING a little white apron for Clara ."s sick detachments had had to In his diary, Hosea Stout 3. Journal History, 5 Feb. 1847. 4. Seventies Record Book B, march to Pueblo, in present-day Forced indoors for most of recorded a record snowfall: 23 Feb . 1847, LOS Church Archives. Colorado, to winter. News from the winter, women kept busy "Feb. 21, 1847. This morning the 5. John D. Lee Diary, 15 Feb. 1847, the Battalion was very limited. So with housekeeping, child care, snow had blown and drifted until LOS Church Archives. when two bearded, ragged men and sewing . Mary Haskin Parker it was near half way to the top 6. Journal History, 15 Feb. 1847. 7. Journal History, 15 Feb. 1847. of my door & I could scarcly get who looked like mountain men Richards's diary entries for 8. Winter Quarters: The suddenly appeared at Winter February reveal she worked on it opened & had to throw away 7846-1848 Life Writings of Mary Quarters on 15 February, the a number of sewing projects, the snow to make roads before Haskin Parker Richards, ed. Maurine news they brought about the some for room and board, others I could get around . It was decid­ Carr Ward (19961, 108-13; original Pueblo group was welcome for her own purposes. edly one of the deepest snows spelling and punctuation preserved. 9. Quoted in On the Mormon indeed. The messengers were 1 February: "a cold day that has fallen for some years Frontier: The Oiary of Hosea Stout, John H. Tippetts and Thomas Janes chimney Smooked very & is still blowing and drifting 1844-1861, ed . Juanita Brooks, Woolsey, who arrived after a bad . so that it kept the tears all day."9 D 2 vols . (1964), 1:237 .

THE ENSIGN/f EBRUARY 1997 39

•Fort Hall

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I Hosea Stout's . diary has pro­ On the il in March vided us with important Church histonJ.

BY WILLIAM G. 6 March that the dam water was HARTLEY rising due to melting snow and "was like to brake ... so all hands turned out to the dam.'' 5 Part of The following representation of of the Twelve, most of [the] High houses West of Second Main the mill dam did break away. events that took place in March Council & the captains of 100's & Street and there form a line of John D. Lee wrote of the event 1847 is provided as part of the 50's of the two Emegrating divi­ Stockade with houses & bring up that "if [we] could get about 100 sesquicentennial celebration of sions of the Camp of Israel, at the south line to my house which men on the morrow I think the the arrival of Latter-day Saint the Council house[.] Here many is one block North."3 dam might be secured and that pioneers in the Salt Lake Valley questions were proposed and Members of the Quorum of the mill will start by morning ."6 On in July 1847. decided as the best policy for the Twelve Apostles also labored 20 March, Hosea Stout wrote with this people to pursue after the to be certain the Saints at Winter obvious satisfaction: "Today the arch was the final Twelve & pioneers are gone .. .. Quarters had proper food and mill started and promises well. It preparation month for No one is to start in the camp supplies during the spring and runs beautifully grand and does a Man advance, exploratory without 300 [l]bs of bread stuff to summer. On 31 March a council good business."7 company (also known as the each individual in his family[.]" 1 ofthe officers of the emigrating The mill ground 10 or 11 Camp of Israel) of some 150 On 22 March, Brother Stout companies met and made ar­ bushels per hour, a higher rate Latter-day Saint pioneers who went to a meeting of the officers rangements to put in spring than the average for mills ofthat would journey from Winter of the two emigrating companies: crops before leaving Nebraska .4 day. Customer demand was so Quarters in present-day Omaha, "Here President Young gave no­ By then, as it turned out, Presi­ great initially that people had to Nebraska, to the Rocky Moun­ tice that it was his intention & dent Brigham Young's advance, tains. In doing so they would also of the 12 [Apostles] to pro­ exploratory company was but prepare the way for subsequent ceede on [to] the great Basin one week away from starting its emigrant companies. At the same without stoping if they can . . . historic journey westward. time, plans were refined for a and that he intended to locate a second company, a much larger Stake of Zion and this fall come fiNISHING AGRISTMILL AND DAM one of about 1,500 pioneers, to back after his family." 2 leave some weeks later. Men President Young wanted the Saints at Winter Quarters ur­ assigned to both companies met Winter Quarters settlement re­ gently needed a gristmill to grind during March to finalize organiza­ modeled a little while the two 1847 their wheat and corn into flour. tional details and make progress pioneer companies were journey­ During March community mem­ Above: A tljpical gristmill. reports about their readiness. ing west. The settlement would be bers pooled their labor to com­ Right: Thousands of Latter­ Hosea Stout described stockaded to provide better secu­ plete the mill and the dam that day Saints took refuge on both the organizing meeting held rity. On 22 March, Brother Stout they had started in October 1846 sides of the Missouri River. The on 15 March: "At six o'clock this recorded, President Young in­ on Turkey Creek, Nebraska. largest group lived in Winter evening there was a Council held structed residents to "move the Diarist Hosea Stout wrote on Quarters, Nebraska.

56 wait hours and sometimes days (pulmonary pneumonia). in priesthood blessings. dedicated to the many Latter- to have their corn and wheat John R. Young, nephew of On 17 March, John Smith, day Saints who died that deadly milled into flour. President Brigham Young, then the Prophet Joseph Smith 's un- winter of 1846-47 and later. A but a boy in Winter Quarters, cle, wrote in his diary, "We have sexton's list of burials identifies later recalled that "our house had and still have considerable 286 deceased into 1847, a high DEATHS IN MARCH was near to the burying ground, sickness among the Saints, who toll. Counting the other LOS en - Most of the Saints camped and I can recall the small, mourn- suffer with a disease called the campments on both sides of the by the Missouri River had been fu l trains that so often passed our black scurvy, said to come in Missouri River, the death toll by homeless for 10 months, some doo r... . The scurvy was making consequence of people not hav- May 1847 could have exceeded up to 13 months. Summer season such inroads among us that it ing sufficient vegetables to eat; 500. More than half of the deaths ~- had brought malaria and various looked as if all might be sleeping many have died among us ."9 were infants or children . ffi 0 ><.> on the hill before spring ."8 John D. Lee received word zilj mosquito-borne diseases to the William G. Hartley, an associate ::>~ ill-sheltered refugees. Chilling Elder Wilford Woodruff that a brother across the river professor of history and a research \1o spring rains, summer heat, and of the Quorum of the Twelve had purchased potatoes and professor at BYU's Joseph Fielding ~~:;:« Smith Institute, teaches Sunday ~~ autumn cold had taken heavy Apostles, accompanied by would sell them to him. Presi- 2a:: tolls on the hundreds oftired, Abraham 0. Smoot, spent a good dent Young told Brother Lee to School in the Riverside Third Ward, ::S u. !i~ Murray Utah North Stake. travelers. Winter had brought ing and taking food to the sick. from Nebraska he crossed the :oO..,u new diseases among the camps, On this and other occasions, the river and at the Sarpy trading 1. On the Mormon Frontier: The ~a\ Diary of Hosea Stout, 1844- 1861, ed . :;:~ including scurvy and consumption Saints found comfort and healing post (about 15 miles downriver in ,.z Juanita Brooks, 2 vols. (1964), 1:241 ; ~~ Iowa) bought 45 bushels of seed ::>"' original spelling, punctuation, and gi5 potatoes. Brother Lee returned capitalization are preserved in all o < i5 u to Winter Quarters on the 20th sources except as corrected in ~u with two wagonloads of pota- brackets. ~~ 2. On the Mormon Frontier, 1:242. t toes. "Pres. B. Young came along i5~ 3. On the Mormon Frontier, 1: 242. <"- while I was measuring up the 4. See On the Mormon Frontier, ~~ potatoes, said that was the word 1:244. ~!S! oc· !C circulated that the sick .. . must 5. On the Mormon Frontier, 1:240 . ,..., 6. Diary of John D. Lee, 18 Mar. "'"i2j: have the potatoes"; so Brother 1847, LOS Church Archives. o:.., 10 &~ Lee distributed them. 7. On the Mormon Frontier, 1:242. "liS Today's Winter Quarters 8. Memoirs of John R. Young, ..,""u Utah Pioneer, 7847(1920). i:~ Cemetery, located on the west ~~ side of the Missouri River at the 9. John Smith Journal, 1846-1854, :Q<': holograph, LOS Church Arch ives. ~@ site of present-day Florence, 10. Journals of John 0. Lee, ~ffi Nebraska, a part of Omaha, con- 1846- 47 and 1859, ed. Charles Kelly ~~ tains memorials and monuments (1984). 126. n3::12 ..,:lt"' -> < THE ENSIGN/MARCH 1997 57

I D H ------

C 0 L 0

H On the lTail in A ril and Ma BY WILLIAM G. HARTLEY p y

Left: Buffalo provided food and fuel for part of the trek; above: Elder Orson Pratt of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles; above right: Chimney Rock, Nebraska.

The fo llowing representation of I found my family all alive, and Winter Quarters Mail "[17 April :] Mother has sold events that took place in April dwelling in a log cabin . They had, Letters flowed to and from 5 hats this spring and gotten and May 1847 is provided as however, suffered much from the Winter Quarters area . From good pay tor them, but Henry part of the sesquicentennial cold, hunger and sickness .... her tent in Winter Quarters, [Samuel's 15-year-old brother] celebration of the arrival of the One of the family was then lying Mary Richards, age 23, wrote doesn't love to bra id. Latter-day Sa int pioneers to the very sick with the scurvy .... I the following letter to her mis- "[27 April :] Mother is qu ite Salt Lake Va lley in July 1847. found, on inquiry, that the winter sionary husband, Samuel, who smart. She has all the straw had been very severe, the snow was serving in England . She work she can do. People floc k in In April and May 1847, the deep, and, consequently, that all started writing on 15 April, but ... to get hats made, bonnets main groups of the Latter-day my horses (tour in number) were because the mail did not leave cleaned, etc ."' Saints and their leaders were lost, and I afterwards ascer- Winter Quarters, daily or even in either Winter Quarte rs, tained that out of twelve cows weekly, she had time to add to it, WITH THE CAMP OF ISRAEL Nebraska, and the nearby sur- I had but seven left, and out of which she did until 27 April. rounding areas or on the trail some twelve or fourteen oxen Among the matters she dis- Elder Orson Pratt- west with President Brigham only tour or five were spared . ... cussed with Samuel was the Man of Science Young and the first wagon train, .. . .. I had an interview with hat-making business she and Before leaving Winter or advance, exploratory com- [President Brigham Young and her in-laws were venturing into: Quarters, the Saints had ordered pany, known as the Camp of others]. I then gave a relation "[15 April:] Mother is getting the following scientific instru - Israel. of our European mission, and much better [and] is now sitting ments from England : two sex- delivered to them an account on the bed so as to give us more tants, one circle of reflection, of tour hundred and sixty-nine room in the tent. She has finished two artificial horizons, two IN W INTE~ 0UARTERS, NEBRASKA sovereigns in gold, collected in sewing 2 hats ... and is now to barometers, several thermome - Elder Parley P. Pratt Returns England as tithing, which had work on the 3rd, one of which I ters, and a telescope. The in- to Winter Quarters from His crossed the sea in my charge ... . have braided since my return struments arrived 13 April1847.' Mission in England This small sum proved a very ac- home. So you see we are not A man of great inte ll ect and sc i- "I crossed over the terry at ceptable and timely relief in aid- idle. I expect I shall have to work entitic ability, Elde r Orson Pratt noon of a tine April day, and ing the Presidency to relieve this summer in order that I may of the Quoru m of the Twelve came suddenly upon my friends some of the distress, and to tit out eat, so I have chosen the straw Apostles ca red tor and used and family. This was April 8, 1847. as pioneers tor the mountains."' business as my occ upation . these instruments along the tra il

40 K A 5 A 5

as he recorded the latitude and expla ined in his 30 April entry: journals on 8 May. "The prairie two of the highest bluffs . . . , longitude and made other impor­ "Stopped about 5 p.m. and on both sides of the river is liter­ which were truly a curiosity. tant measurements. encamped about two miles from ally black with buffalo," wrote Orson Pratt took a berometrical William Clayton was only one the river near a bluff, with ne i­ William Clayton. "I should imag­ observation on the only tree of several who wrote of Elder ther wood nor water. We picked ine that at moderate calculation, which was red cedar on the top Orson Pratt's scientific work. On up some dry buffalo dung, which we have seen over fifty thou­ of the ruins or bluff which we 24 April, William Clayton wrote: made a very good fire, and we sand . They are more tame than visited . We [still] had a fair view "Evening I walked over dug a well and found plenty of they have been, and will stand of Chimney Rock from where we to Orson Pratt's wagon, and water."5 till the wagons come within two were. I carried a bleached buf­ through his telescope saw The skills of hunting and fish­ hundred yards ofthem. Porter falo bull's head on to the top and Jupiter's four moons very dis­ ing were basic to the survival of [Rockwell] has shot one about wrote upon it with a pencil our tinctly never having seen them the Camp of Israel. Journal and two years old, the meat looks names and distances from sev­ before . I went over to my wagon diary entries for April and May nice. There is no difficulty in get­ eral places, for the benefit of the and looked through my glass 1847 tell of plentiful game, such ting meat enough ."6 next camp."' 0 and could see them with it, but as fish , snapping turtles, ducks, Elder Woodruff wrote, "It William G. Hartley, an associate not so distinct as with Orson's."' antelope, deer, hares, wild looked as though the face of the professor of history and research geese, and rattlesnakes (used earth was alive and moving like professor at BYU's Joseph Fielding Fuel, Water, and Food for their oil). However, it was the the waves of the sea ."' Smith Institute, teaches Sunday Once on the treeless great herds of buffalo that pro­ School in the Riverside Third Ward, Murray Utah North Stake. Nebraska prairies, the Camp of vided the largest source of food Chimney Rock, NOTES Israel needed a new source of for travelers across the plains of the Halfway Mark 1. Autobiography of Parley P fuel, and they found a plentiful Nebraska. Both William Clayton Chimney Rock, with its dis­ Pratt, ed . Parley P. Pratt Jr. (1985), supply in buffalo chips. Howard and Elder Wilford Woodruff tinctive pinnacle, stood about 326,329. Egan, a Camp of Israel diarist, described these herds in their 260 feet above the prairie and 2. Mary Haskin Parker Richards, Winter Quarters: The 1846-1848 Life was therefore visible for 40 miles Writings of Mary Haskin Parker Ott the Nebraska plains, the children collected buffalo chips, to overland travelers. It became an excellent and plentiful fuel. Richards, ed. Maurine Carr Ward a landmark for the Saints of the (1996), 132-39. Spelling, grammar, halfway point of their journey. and punctuation corrected . The Camp of Israel arrived at 3. See B. H. Roberts, History of the Mormon Church, 3:584. Chimney Rock on 26 May. While 4. William Clayton's Journal there, Elder Orson Pratt calcu­ (1921), 102. lated its height. After the group 5. Journal History, 30 Apr. 1847. moved on to Scotts Bluff, Elder 6. William Clayton's Journal, 136. 7. Wilford Woodruff Journals, Woodruff wrote: "In company 8 May 1847, LOS Church Archives. with Brigham Young and the 8. Excerpt from Wilford Woodruff Twelve we visited the top of Journals, in Journal History, 29 May 1847.

THE ENSIGN/APRIL 1997 41 Church Dedicating 50th Operating Temple, PP· 6-17 Fort Hall I ' Fort Casper and • ' I Mormon Ferry I D A

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----,------1 ' Elder Wilford I Woodruff kept a journal account of his trek west with the Camp of Israel. Upper right: Independence Rock became a landmark for pioneers heading west.

back again. Broke the bows, covers, and boxes to pieces and lost ploughs, axes, and iron that [were) left in the boxes. Most of our company was in the water from morning to night, and all [were) very weary."' The following representation of two tens [companies of ten) were we had landed eleven wagon events that took place in June called together to make arrange­ loads of goods upon the north Prayer atop Independence Rock 1847 is provided as part of the ments for crossing . The proposal shore with the little leather boat, Elder Woodruff wrote on sesquicentennial celebration of was made in the camp to lash four and during the day we got over 21 June: "We rode clear around the arrival of the Latter-day Saint wagons together and float them, all the wagons belonging to our Independence Rock. I should pioneers to the Salt Lake Valley but the current was so strong tens, being eleven in all. And all judge the distance to be about in July 1847. [that) many did not like that mode. of the rest [of the) encampment, 3/4 of a mile. We examined the . .. We finally concluded to put being twelve tens, only got over many names and lists of names "z :i hree main groups of Latter­ our poles into a raft [and) carry the same number that we did. of the trappers, traders, travelers, day Saints and their leaders our goods over in a boat and put They floated their wagons by and emigrants which are painted z~ ~ Twere on the trail in June our wagons onto a raft. tying from two to four together. upon these rocks. Nearly all the < !;: 1847: Brigham Young and the "We commenced at 5:00A.M., Butthey turned clear over each names were put on with red, :i 0 advance, exploratory company, and at 9:00A.M ., being four hours, other, bottom side upwards, and black, and yellow paint. Some z known as the pioneer camp; 2i Both the Mormon Trail and the Oregorz Trail hugged the life-giving banks of the wide and ~ the second wagon train, or shallow Platte River. 1::"' main company of some 1,500 ~ pioneers leaving the Winter ~ ~ Quarters area; and the Mormon Cl Battalion. 15 J. k! i2 u THE ADVANCE, EXPLORATORY COMPANY ~ 3: Crossing the Platte River ~ Wide and unusually swift on ~ 14 June, the Platte River was a challenge to cross. Elder Wilford ~:;; Woodruff of the Quorum of the ~ Twelve Apostles wrote of the ~ ~ crossing: "At daylight, the first ~ 44 K A N S A S

Left: The bell from the Nauvoo Built a raft to cross our wagons trip to the States from Mexican Temple now hangs ott Temple [566 in all] . In two days, we were War duty in California . Sergeant Square itt Salt Lake City, all safe across .... I then raised Daniel Tyler's account follows: Utah. Below: Charles C. Rich a Liberty Pole about seventy feet "On the 21st. [the escort] trav- led the rear company with a high with a white flag; here the eled through snow from two to cattttott and the Nauvoo Bell. people gathered and organized.''' twelve feet deep and over rough mountains [the Sierra Nevada] Traveling with up to Five before reaching the Truckee River. Wagons Abreast There a small lake was found .. . , "[22 June] At 8 o'clock a.m. now called Lake Tahoe . In the the signal for starting was given vicinity ofthis lake were several by the ring ing ofthe [Nauvoo] cabins built by ... [the Donner- Some of them were quite Temple bell. The order of traveling Reed party]. which was snowed plain of about 30 years was as follows: The first fifty of in the previous fall. Their numbers standing .... the first hundred took the lead; were estimated at about eighty "After going around the second fifty formed a second [82] souls, who all perished except and examining it, we line to the right. Next to these about thirty [47]. The General or- staked our horses and two lines came Charles C. Rich's de red a halt and detailed five men mounted the rock .. .. While guard company with the cannon, to bury the dead that were lying offering up our prayers, the the skiff, and temple bell on the upon the ground ."'O Spirit of [the] Lord descended lead . Then the second hundred NOTES upon us and we truly felt to formed on the right like the first 1. Wilford Woodruff Diary, rejoice."' two fifties, making five lines 14 June 1847, LOS Church Archives; abreast. After them, the third spelling, capitalization, and punct- uation have been corrected in the hundred formed in the rear of THE SECOND WAGON TRAIN source s quoted in this article. the first hundred, and the fourth (MAIN COMPANY) 2. Wilford Woodruff Diary, hundred in the rear ofthe second 21 June 1847. The Second Company Erects Platte River and southwest of hundred."' 3. The Diaries of Perrigrine a Pole at the Platte River present-day Fremont, Nebraska. Sessions (1967). 50- 51 . An entry THE MORMON BATTALION in Journal History, 18 June 1847, The Liberty Pole, erected Perrigrine Sessions wrote suggests the pole was 40 feet high. in 1847 by the second company of setting up the Liberty Pole Mormon Battalion Escort Unit 4. Journal History of The Church of Saints, stood at least until on 5 June 1847: "Traveled to the Helps Bury Donner-Reed Victims of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1857. It marked a major camp- Elkhorn River . .. . Found it very About a dozen Mormon 22 June 1847. 5. A Concise History of the ground on the Mormon Trail, high and about one hundred and Battalion soldiers served as Mormon Battalion in the Mexican Liberty Pole Camp, located twenty feet wide. Here I selected an armed escort for General War 1846- 1847(1881 ; reprint, 1964), one quarter of a mile from the ten men . .. . Got some dry timber. Stephen Kearny on his return 300-301.

THE ENSIGN/ ] UN£ 1997 45 THE ENSIGN OF THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS • JULY 1997 On 22 July 1847 most of the advance company entered the Salt Lake Valley. The main group caught up with Elder Pratt's vanguard group, and all camped that night at present-day 1700 South and 500 East. The rear guard, 0 felt as though it was the place for with President Young and others who were sick, camped in East Canyon(:\'>~-{ which we had so long sought. "' ~ ~0 70' <(.,c THURSDAY, 22 JU LY 1847 Elder Pratt left most of the ~ 42-man vanguard group as they ~ cleared the thick timber and un­ derbrush from the mouth of the canyon in preparation for the main company. Then he and about 8 others from both the van­ guard group and the nearby main group rode toward the Great Salt Lake, looking for farmland . They at first found so il "of excellent quality," but as they came closer to the lake, the soil had "a more 5 )aH Lake sterile appearance ." Back in the mountains, dur­ ~ity ing the morning hours the ma in company caught up with the vanguard group working at the canyon 's mouth. Will iam Clayton climbed a hill and noted " an ex­ tensive, beautiful, level looking valley from here to the lake." Surmising because of "numer­ ous deep green patches [the val­ ley] must be fertile and rich, " he noted there was "little timber" but sa id, "We have not expected to find a timbered country."' Thomas Bullock said , "A very extensive valley burst upon our view, dotted in three or four places with some timber." He The fo llowing representation Latter-day Saint wagon train in Echo Canyon; above, inset: President shouted, "Hurrah, hurrah, hurrah, of events is provided as part Brigham Young; below: Erastus Snow here's my home at last."' of the sesquicentennial celebra­ The wagons in the combined tion of the arrival of Latter-day groups : Elder Pratt's vanguard that the presumed grain was a companies made a rapid descent Saint pioneers in the Salt Lake group, the larger main group, and cluster of canes growing near the down the foothills and camped Valley in July 1847. the rear guard of ill brethren. On banks of today's Mill Creek. They beside a small stream (Parley's this afternoon Erastus Snow of the retraced their path and went MONDAY, 12 JULY1847 rear guard caught up with Elder north . When near the mouth of The advance, exploratory Pratt of the vanguard group, giv­ Emigration Canyon, Erastus Snow company led by President ing him a message from President discovered he had lost his coat, Brigham Young reached Echo Young, who had not seen the Salt which had been resting on the Canyon in Utah. Here President Lake Valley except in vision. Presi ­ saddle. He went back on foot to Young became ill. Yet, obviously dent Young told them, "Bear to the find it, while Elder Pratt continued very confident about their ultimate northward and stop at the first north to what is now downtown destination, President Young asked conven ient place for putting in Salt Lake City.3 That night they Elder Orson Pratt to take 25 wag­ your seeds."' The reason for haste returned to the vanguard group ons and 42 men ahead into Salt was that summer was advanced camped at the mouth of Lake Valiey. This vanguard group and every moment counted in Emigration Canyon. cleared the route as they searched growing their seed . Recounting this day at a for the trail left by the Donner-Reed Elder Pratt and Erastus Snow 24 July 1867 celebration, Elder Party, who had passed through the became the first of the pionee rs Pratt said, "Twenty years ago area the previous year.' to enter the valley, riding together [21 July] I stood solitary and on one horse. Temporarily dis­ alone on this great city plot ... WED NESDAY, 21 JULY1847 tracted by what looked like a field on the bank of City Creek. I gazed The advance, exploratory of waving grain to the south, they on the surrounding scenery with company had now split into three first journeyed south, only to find pecul iar feelings in my heart. I

30 Creek near present-day 1700 Emigration South and 500 East).' Later that Canyon : "When evening, Elder Pratt and his ex­ we came upon the plorers joined the ma in company, bench, I turned the having selected their location for side of the vehicle planting-the spot about two to the west so that miles northward where Elder he could obtain a Pratt had been the previous day. fair view of the valley. President fRIDAY, 23 JULY 1847 Young arose from Leaving their marshy campsite, his bed and took a the combined group backtracked survey of the eastward about one mile and country before him moved northwesterly to their per­ for several min­ manent site on the south branch utes. He then said of City Creek between present­ to me, 'Drive on day Main and State Streets and down into the val­ between 300 and 400 South.' ley, this is our They sent John Pack and Joseph abid ing place. I Mathews to tell President Young have seen it be­ that the two groups were safely fore in vision . In in the valley. Led by Elders Orson this valley will be Entering the Salt Lake Valley. Pratt, George A. Smith, and built the City of the Saints and the place where my people Israel Willard Richards, the valley group Temple of our God."'" shall pitch their tents."'" then assembled at 9:30A.M., and After descending the bench, God and the Lamb. Amen, Amen, Elder Pratt offered a "prayer to President Young said later that, SUNDAY, 25 JULY 1847 and Amen!"'" Of that event, one Alm ighty God, returning thanks "(George A.] Smith came about "It was a pleasant day, and man wrote: "Then the valleys for the preservation of the camp, 3 miles from [the City Creek] at ten o'clock the pioneers met rang with the exultant themes their prosperity in the journey, came to meet me [when I en­ in worship in the circle of their of the Hebrew prophets, and the [and their] safe arrival in this tered the valley] .... I then encampment. Elders George A. 'Everlasting Hills' reverberated place," wrote Thomas Bullock. pointed to a peak on the north Smith, Heber C. Kimball and Ezra T. the hosannas of the Saints."" They "consecrated and dedi­ and said, 'I want to go up on Benson were the speakers. They Howard Egan wrote of a cated the land to the Lord. " that peak, for I feel fully satis­ expressed gratitude for the bless­ 1:00 P.M. meeting when Elder At noon the plowing began . fied that that was the point ings of the Lord during their trav­ Heber C. Kimball addressed a At 2:00P.M. the group "com ­ shown me in the vision, where els to this promised land . Not a small group : We "shall go tomor­ menced building a dam and the colors fell, and near which soul had died on the toilsome jour­ row, if Brigham is well enough, cutting branches to convey I was told to locate and build ney. In the afternoon another ser­ in search of a better location [to the water, to irrigate the land."" a city."'" vice was held and the sacrament build the city] if, indeed, such can Apparently they did not channel President Young arrived in was administered. Elders Wilford be found . If not, we shall remain water through the ditches until the encampment at about noon Woodruff, Orson Pratt and Willard here . . . inasmuch as we have the 24th . and sometime during the day Richards were the speakers at this reached 'the promised land."'" told men of the camp that " this service. The principal address was SATURDAY, 24 JULY 1847 was the place he had seen long given by Elder Pratt who took for MONDAY, 26 JULY 1847 In 1888 President Wilford since in vision; it was here he his text, Isaiah 52:7- 8: 'How beau ­ About 10:00 A.M. President Woodruff recounted the his­ had seen the tent settling down tiful upon the mountains are the Young and Elders Heber C. toric moment when President from heaven and resting, and a feet of him that bringeth good tid­ Kimball, Wilford Woodruff, Young arrived at the mouth of voice said unto him: 'Here is the ings, that publisheth peace .' He George A. Smith, Ezra T. Benson, stated that the predictions of the and Willard Richards, together The success of farming in the Salt Lake Valley depended otz the prophets were now being ful­ with Albert Carrington and creation of irrigation canals. filled," " inasmuch as they hadar­ William Clayton, went northward rived in the valley ofthe Great Salt about a mile and climbed the low Lake in the midst of the mountains. mountain peak that President President Young was too weak Young had said on Saturday he to make extended remarks, but wanted to ascend . While there, near the close of the services President Young said it would be he gave some advice regarding "a good place to lift up an ensign, keep ing the Sabbath day holy and referring to Isaiah's prophecy; so being industrious in developing they named it 'Ensign Peak."' " homes and farmland . When [he] Isaiah's prophecy reads: "And finished his discourse, he led his he shall set up an ensign for the people in the sacred shout of nations, and shall assemble the 'Hosanna , Hosanna, Hosanna to outcasts of Israel" (Is a. 11 :12).

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and south, east and west.' It was then moved and carried that the Temple Lot contain forty acres on the ground where we stood . ... Early Salt Lake Citlj with its wide streets and many adobe houses; above, inset: William Clayton. "At 8 o'clock the whole camp came together on the Temple ground and passed the votes Five years later, President and it was nearly in the middle of returned satisfied that the spot unanimously, and, when the busi­ Young bore witness to thousands the Temple as it stands today." 20 where the pioneers had camped ness part of the meeting was of Saints at the laying of corner­ Subsequent to these events, a was the best on which their city closed, President Young arose stones for the Salt Lake Temple number of exploring companies could be built."'' and addressed the assembly of another event that Monday were sent out, two of which upon a variety of subjects. In his morning: "We were on this crossed the river they called the WEDNESDAY, 28 JULY 1847 remarks he said ... we had come ground, looking for locations, Western Jordan, and ascended As other exploring parties here according to the direction sending our scouting parties the mountains on the west of the returned, they "were more satis­ and counsel of Brother Joseph, through the country, to the right valley. It was later, on Sunday, fied than ever that they were al­ before his death."" and to the left, to the north and 22 August, when the Brethren ready encamped upon the spot "I knew this spot as soon as to the south, to the east and the formally sustained the proposals where their contemplated city I saw it," said President Young. west; before we had any returns that their city be called "The should be built." 23 "The word ofthe Lord was, 'go from them, I knew, just as well as Great Salt Lake City" and "the Elder Wilford Woodruff wrote to that valley and the best place I know now, that this was the river running west of this place" of this day: "After our return to you can find in it is the spot.' ground on which to erect a tem ­ be called "The Western Jordan."" the camp, President Young called Well, I prayed that he would ple- it was before me."" Presi­ For some of the Brethren, the a council of the quorum of the lead us directly to the best spot, dent Wilford Woodruff recounted parallel geography of the Salt Twelve . There were present: which he has done, for after in the Pioneer Day celebration of Lake Valley and the Holy Land, Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, searching we can find no bet­ 1888: "On a day or two following each with salt and freshwater Willard Richards, Orson Pratt, ter."25 "The brethren then voted our arrival, a remarkable incident lakes joined by a river, was addi­ Wilford Woodruff, Geo. A. Smith, to lay out the city in ten acre occurred. While President Young tional silent witness that this was Amasa M. Lyman, and Ezra T. blocks, with eight-rod streets, was walking with several of the the reserved place for the Lord's Benson . running at right angles, begin­ Apostles on the higher ground latter-day Saints, just as the Holy "We walked from the north ning atTemple Square. This northwest of our encampment, he Land was the promised land for camp to about the centre be ­ new city of Zion was to follow suddenly stepped out, stuck his the Lord's people anciently. tween the two creeks, when the general pattern that the cane into the barren ground and President Young waved his hand Prophet Joseph Smith had sagebrush, and exclaimed, 'Right TUESDAY, 27 JULY 1847 and said : 'Here is the forty acres received by revelation for the here will stand the Temple of our " On the 27th of July, [the group for the Temple . The city can be New Jerusalem, which is yet God.' We had a peg driven down that] explored the Tooele Valley . . . laid out perfectly square, north to be built. "26

32 (Saints began -- gathering here ~846) \ \

of God Restored, 430. 16. Edward W. Tullidge, Life of Brigham Young (1876), 171 - 75. 17. Journal History, 25 July 1847 . Doctrine and Covenants 49:23-27, given to the Prophet Joseph Smith in March 1831, also sustained their conclusion that they had reached the promised land in the mountains: "Wherefore, be not deceived ... before the great day of the Lord shall come, . . . Zion shall flourish upon the hills and rejoice upon the mountains, and shall be assembled together unto the place which I have appointed .... I will go before you . .. and you shall not be confounded." 18. Smith, Essentials in Church History, 373. The advance, exploratory company entered the Salt Lake Valley through Emigration Canyon and camped 19. As quoted in Grant, The on 22 July at present-day 1700 South and 500 East. The next morn in~ they backtracked and then traveled Kingdom of God Restored, 433 . hvo miles northwesterly to the south branch of Cittj Creek behveen present-day Main and State Streets 20. Deseret Evening News, 25 July and 300 and 400 South. Ensign Peak is about one mile north of Temple Square. 1888,2. 21 . Journal History, 22 Aug. 1847. SATURDAY, 31 JULY 1847 3. Smith, Essentials in Church 10. Thomas Bullock Journals, 22. Journal History, 28 July 1847. History, 369. 23 July 1847, LOS Church Archives. 23. Journal History, 28 July 1847. The pioneers finished an open 4. As quoted in B. H. Roberts, 11. "Pioneers' Day," Deseret 24. Journal History, 28 July 1847; air bowery located on the south­ A Comprehensive History of The Evening News, 25 July 1888, 2. For see also Joseph Smith, History of east corner of Temple Square. This Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day another account of the events of the the Church, 5:85, for reference to bowery, 40 feet long and 28 wide, Saints (1930), 3:217- 18. 24th, see William G. Hartley, "Gather­ one of a number of prophecies of was used for worship and amuse­ 5. Journal History of The Church ing the Dispersed Nauvoo Saints, the Prophet Joseph Smith's that ments until winter."D of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1847-1852,"ENSIGN, July 1997, p. 12. the Saints would settle in the Rocky 22 July 1847. 12. Original manuscript forthe later Mountains. Gospel topics: obedience, 6. William Clayton'sJournal(1921). condensed manuscript history of 25. As quoted in The Record of pioneers, revelation 308- 9. Brigham Young, which forms part of Norton Jacob, ed. C. Edward Jacob NOTES 7. Journal History, 22 July 1847 . the manuscript history ofthe Church, and Ruth S. Jacob (1953). 73 . 1. Joseph Fielding Smith, Essentials 8. W. Randall Dixon, "From LOS Church Archives. 26. Grant, The Kingdom of God in Church History ( 1950), 368. Emigration Canyon to City Creek: 13. As quoted in Snow, "Discourse Restored, 433; see also Joseph Smith, 2. See Erastus Snow, "Discourse Pioneer Trail and Campsites in the Salt on the Utah Pioneers," 47; emphasis "Zion, the City Plat," in Roberts, Com­ on the Utah Pioneers," in The Utah Lake Valley in 1847," Utah Historical added. Cf. I sa. 54:2. prehensive History, 311 . Pioneers (1880). 45; see also Carter Quarterly, spring 1997, 158. 14. Smith, Essentials in Church 27 . See Journal History, 31 July Eldredge Grant, The Kingdom of God 9. Dixon, "From Emigration History, 371. 1847; Grant, The Kingdom of God Restored(1965). 423. Canyon, " 160. 15. Grant, The Kingdom Restored, 434.

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PafftJ Sessions (oval inset) trav­ eled west in the company led by Elders Parley P. Pratt (right) and John Taylor (far right).

prickly pears, was obliged to sit down and take care of my feet The following representation of some log cabins. Elder Woodruff consisting of about 1,500 men, while some ofthe children went events that took place in August wrote on 5 August 1847 of his ex­ women, and children. They ar­ to the wagon for my shoes .... I 1847 is provided as part of the perience gathering timber for the rived in the valley of the Great Salt think this must have cured me of sesquicentennial celebration of cabin: "As we were under the Lake in the fall of 1847. The diary the desire to go barefooted ."' the arrival of the Latter-day necessity of returning soon [to of Patty Sessions gives us a Saint pioneers to the Salt Lake Winter Quarters, Nebraska] and glimpse into the day-to-day life of SAINTS AT WINTER QUARTERS Valley. wanted some place to unload our this big company. A midwife, she lONGED TO Go WEST goods ... , we thought it best to writes between 1 and 13 August "Our crops look exceeding n August 1847, many ofthe go into the mountain and draw of delivering a baby girl, gathering well and we now begin to realize Saints were still scattered, with out logs and build us some cab­ black currants, baking pies, re­ the good of our gardens," wrote Ia big company of 1,500 Saints ins .... So I took my ax this morn­ pairing the wagons, and gathering Mary Haskin Parker Richards on on the trail west and other groups ing and in company with G. A. wood, which was very scarce . 12 August 1847 to her husband, in Winter Quarters, Nebraska; Smith went to the mountain about She also tells of a pioneer who Samuel, who was on the second Kanesville, Iowa, and the sur­ six miles. We had several men "came into camp with news from year of his mission to Great rounding area; Garden Grove and with us to assist in chopping. We the Twelve saying we are 750 Britain. "We have had some Mount Pisgah, Iowa; and San found a grove of fir trees that miles from Salt Lake City, where green corn that was brought us Francisco, California. In addition, we thought would answer well. they had located."' from Da[l]tons' farm and tomor­ about 10,000 Saints in England We had to make a road to it and Mary Jane Mount Tanner was row expect to have some of our were preparing to emigrate . But bridges across the creek ... . We a child on this trek and wrote of own. Wish you were here to now they had a gathering place, chopped, drew out more logs some of her memories: "I used to share with us. Samuel, I hope the Great Salt Lake Valley. than to build one house .... I blis­ see other children running bare­ you will let no unnecessary thing tered up my hands and was very footed, and thought it fiRST HOMES IN THE SALT lAKE VALLEY weary at night. Distance of the would be nice to take The first homes were built in day 14 [miles].'' ' my shoes off too. But a stockade as a defense against my feet were not accus­ the Indians. Later, homes through­ THE BIG COMPANY ON THE TRAIL tomed to such rough out the valley were built from Led by Elders Parley P. Pratt usage ... . One day, while either wood or adobe. Elders and John Taylor ofthe Quorum trying the experiment, I Wilford Woodruff and George A. of the Twelve Apostles, the big wandered a little way Smith of the Quorum of the Twelve company had left Winter Quar­ from the road , and get­ Apostles worked together to build ters, Nebraska, in June 1847, ting among a bed of

48 K A N S A S

Once in the valley, pioneers hauled logs from mountain canyons (below, left) to build their log cabins (right). detain you from coming home as Nebraska, to prepare for others to soon as circumstances will admit, go west in 1848. The Quorum of the for although I am willing that you Twelve Apostles planned the re- should remain as long as 'tis the turn trip to Winter Quarters care- prayerful. Listen to the counsel our discharge. Some . . . wished Lord 's will that you would, yet I am fully. One important part of the plan given you, and obey it, and you to remain here and labor until nonetheless willing that you was for a company of hunters to shall be blest; and in a short time spring, wages being good and should come home as soon as his go on horseback ahead of the oth- we will be with you again, and go labor in demand; besides, a set- 0 servants give you permission to do ers. The men were assigned to with you to our homes."' tlement of the New York Saints g ;:; so . . .. We have not yet lacked or hunt in order to obtain and dry [from the ship Brooklyn] was ~ wanted for food and also that I do meat for the ox team companies to THE MORMON BATTALION within a few miles."'O ~ not entertain any fears that we are follow them east. President Young NEAR fORT SUTTER ~ William G. Hartley, a BYU associate ~ going to, although at times the asked Norton Jacob to head up By August, some released mem- < professor of history and a research ti prospect looks rather dull. . .. I this hunting company. Brother bers ofthe Mormon Battalion had professor at the university's Joseph ~ hear there are several that have Jacob recorded in his diary found temporary jobs near Fort Fielding Smith Institute, teaches ~ ague [fever and chills, sometimes President Young's instructions: Sutter, California, at the suggestion Sunday School in the Riverside Third ~ malaria] in the camp. I was in "We wish you to be cautious of of President Brigham Young. Ward, Murray Utah North Stake. ~ ~ hopes we should have left it be- the teams entrusted to your care, On 24 August, Sergeant Daniel ~ NOTES 0 1- hind . The place where we now are and recruit them at every place Tyler wrote from near present-day 1. Wilford Woodruff Journals, 5 Aug. 0 is not very healthy. I pray we may where you find the feed and situ- Lodi, California : "We ... were al - 1847, Histori cal Department, Archives iE Division, The Church of Jesus Christ of > not have to remain here long. I ation will answer. Be prudent in most overjoyed to see a colony of ~'" Latter-day Sa ints; hereafter cited as LOS < long to go to a place where the air all things and do not give way to Americans, the first we had seen Church Archives. Spelling, capitalization, is pure and the climate healthy, a hurrying spirit, not letting your since leaving Fort Leavenworth, and punctuation corrected on all sources cited in this article. but I desire to remain here til you spirits run away to Winter about a year previous. Butthe 2. Patty Sessions Diary, 1- 13 Aug. come to go with me, for I never Quarters before your bodies can best of all was, the news . .. that 1847, LOS Church Archives. want to travel again in your arrive there . As soon as you ar- the Saints were settling in the 3. Margery W. Ward, ed ., absence."' rive at a good hunting country, Great Salt Lake Valley, and that A Fragment: The Autobiography of ~ Mary Jane Mount Tanner 11980), 44. s we wish you to stop and hunt, so five hundred wagons were on 4. Maurine Carr Ward, ed ., Winter RETURN TO WINTER 0UARTERS as to supply the ox teams that will the way. This was our first intelli- Quarters: The 1846- 1848 Life Writings "0 !ii More than half of the advance, start from here in a few days; and gence of the movements ofthe of Mary Haskin Parker Richards ( 1996), J: 176-78. ~ exploratory company known as then you will not be detained any Church since the news .. . at the ~ 5. C. Edward Jacob and Ruth S. J: the Camp of Israel did not stay longer hunting, but will be able to Arkansas [River] crossing . Jacob, ed s., The Record of Norton g in the Salt Lake Valley. Instead, pursue your journey steadily to "The following day, we rested Jacob(1949), 78. 0 6. Dan iel Tyler, A Concise History of ,.. groups started departing in mid- the buffalo country on the Platte and held meeting in the evening, 13 the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican I< :> August for Winter Quarters, [River]. Be humble; be patient; be as we had frequently done since Wa r, 1846-1848(1964), 3HH 1. 0 u

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nervous, the tears were stream­ ing down my face, but Father kept cheering and encouraging as he followed beside his team. When we reached the bottom, however, he confessed that he had never felt so sorry for a The following representation country. The remains of the if he hitched 'Billy,' a riding pony child in his life, and said it was of events that took place in feast were distributed among which I had ridden a good deal very clever work for a ten -year­ September 1847 is provided the [released Mormon Battalion] during the journey, in front of his old girl. We camped at the foot as part of the sesquicentennial soldiers and pioneers, and the team, if I thought I could lead of the mountain that night."' celebration of the arrival of the ceremonies of the afternoon them down the side of the Latter-day Saint pioneers to the concluded this evening with a mountain. I thought I could all DISCOVERING GOLD AT SUTTER'S MILL Salt Lake Valley. dance, which came off to the right, so the pony was saddled satisfaction of all parties."' and I mounted . Father instructed A contingent of more than Y early September 1847, me to hold the reins close to the 200 Mormon Battalion soldiers, President Brigham Young THE BIG COMPANY ARRIVES bit to prevent the pony from who had been released from and about half of his ad­ falling if he stumbled on the service in July 1847, had headed B IN THE VALLEY vance, exploratory company rough bushy trail. And thus lied north through California in order were eastbound, returning from Captain Daniel Spencer, of the team of three yoke of oxen to cross the Sierra Nevada and the Great Salt Lake Valley to the first company of 100 families, down the mountain and into the go eastward, back to their fami­ Winter Quarters, Nebraska, to wrote this account of his arrival valley. Before we reached the lies. While camped within two rejoin their families and to bring in the Great Salt Lake Valley on bottom, I was so excited and miles of Sutter's Fort (in present- them west the next year. In west­ 23 September 1847: "We found ern Wyoming, President Young 's the vegetables, such as pota ­ company met the big company toes, turnips, buckwheat, and of 1,500 settlers and 600 wag­ corn all destroyed with [few] ex­ ons, led by Elders Parley P. Pratt ceptions ... . The valley is beau ­ and John Taylor ofthe Quorum tiful and the soil extremely of the Twelve . By then, President rich."' Young's company had little food , Ten-year-old Diana Eldredge so they enjoyed the rich feast helped her family enter the val­ the westbound compan ies ley. She recalled what happened spread out on tables for them on on 21 September 1847 at sunset 7 September. Horace K. Whitney on the summit of Big Mountain: wrote of the event: "It was a "It was necessary for us to de­ rare sight, indeed, to see a table scend the foot of the mountain so well spread with the 'good before dark, in order for the rest things of this life,' in the wilder­ of the train to reach the top to ness, so remote from a civilized make camp. My father asked me

40 The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill started the California Gold Rush of 1848-49. epic California Gold Rush in 1848 summer, was very hard on us. and 1849. But as usual, we took it as we had done through the whole fiRST MORMON BATIALION MEN of the battalion journey-as TO RETURN TO WINTER QUARTERS best we could . ... Webb and Mormon Battalion members Henry W. Bigler, William f. Spencer had the raggediest Johnston, Azariah Smith, and fames S. Brown were at Sutter's Having departed on 31 May pants that I had ever seen. My Mill when gold was discovered. 1847, 15 men from the Mormon antelope breeches had been Battalion escorted Genera l wet and dry so much that they day Sacramento, California), Mormons to arrive at the place. Stephen W. Kearny, commander drew up to my knees. Our shirts they learned that John Sutter ... Upon our arrival at the mill of the U.S. Army of the West, were gone except the collars and James Marshall wanted to site, work was begun in earnest. from Monterey, California, to Fort and a few strips down the back. build a gristmill and sawmill and The cabin was finished, a second Leavenworth, Kansas. The de­ I was entirely barefooted."' 0 needed skilled workmen to do it. room being put on in true frontier tachment included 64 men . After William G. Hartley, an associate Many of the soldiers who were style. While some worked on the passing through Sutter's Fort on professor of history and a research carpenters, blacksmiths, wheel­ cabin, others were getting out 15 June, they found and buried professor at BYU's Joseph Fielding wrights, millwrights, farmers, timbers and preparing for the some of the victims of the Smith Institute, teaches Sunday and common laborers decided erection ofthe sawmill."' Donner Party disaster in the School in the Riverside Third Ward, to stay there to work and earn Brown said that four other Sierras. A month later, they Murray Utah North Stake. supplies or money to take to battal ion members joined them passed the westbound big NOTES their families. Sutter eventually at the end of September to help company of Saints and on 1. HoraceK. Whitney Journals, 7 Sept. 1847, typescript, Historical hired about 100 battalion men. build the mill. Henry W. Bigler 23 August reached Fort Leaven­ Department, Archives Division, The James S. Brown recalled : recorded: "The country around worth. The battalion men, who Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day "Between August 29 and the mill site looked wild and then numbered 13, were dis­ Saints, Salt Lake City; hereafter cited September 5, from forty to sixty lonesome. Surrounded by high charged the next day. They as LOS Church Archives; spelling , capitalization, and punctuation of us called on Captain Sutter. mounta ins on the south side of set out on foot to reach Winter corrected in all entries in this article. Some we re employed to work the river ... , the country was Quarters, Nebraska, where they 2. Daniel Spencer Journal, 23 Sept. on the gristmill; others took con­ infested with wolves, grizzly arrived in early September 1847, 1847, type script, LOS Church Archives, tracts on the mill race [a conduit bears, and Indians."' thereby completing what for 24. 3. Diana Tanner Eldredge Smoot, that carried wate r away from During that winter, the Latter­ them was a 4,000-mile round­ "Sketch of the Early Life of Diana the mill]. The race was seven or day Saint workmen and others trip. They had been gone for Eldredge Smoot While Crossing the eight miles long , and was also would build the sawmill and the 14 months. They brought the Plains in 1847," in Abraham Owen intended for irrigation. mill race. On 24 January 1848, earliest firsthand accounts of Smoot: A Testament of His Life, ed. Loretta D. Nixon and L. Douglas Smoot "Between the 8th and the James Marshall would find gold the battalion's experiences to (1994). 189. 11th of September, [we] started in the mill race . The diaries of families still waiting to go west. 4. James S. Brown, Giant of the for the site that had been se ­ Henry Bigler and Azariah Smith Private Matthew Caldwell Lord: Life of a Pioneer(1960). 107. lected by Mr. Marshall for the of the Mormon Battalion are the described their hike from Fort 5. As quoted in Norma Baldwin Ricketts, The Mormon Battalion, U.S. sawmill [on the south fork of the only firsthand records that doc­ Leavenworth to Winter Quarters: Army of the West, 1846-1848(1996), 195. American River, 40 miles east of ument the famous discovery of "This [last] two hundred miles 6. Larry C. Porter, "From California to Sutter's Fort]; we were the first gold the re, which launched the on foot, being used to riding all Council Bluffs," ENSIGN, Aug . 1989, 42-46.

THE ENSIGN/ SEPTEMBER 1997 41

KA"SAS

Also, the latitudes, longitudes and ACLOSER LOOK AT THE JOURNEY WEST altitudes of the prominent points Today our images of life on the on the route . Together with re ­ Mormon Trail often are based marks on the nature of the land, on accounts of some of what timber, grass, &c . The whole might be called the atypical jour­ route having been carefully mea ­ neys of the 1847 pioneers and of sured by a roadometer, and the the Martin and Willie Handcart distance from point to point, in Companies. Also, our images are English miles, accurately shown." naturally influenced by Holly­ wood movies and TV westerns. However, accounts ofthe 1847 BATIAUON MEN REACH SALT LAKE VALLEY advance company and the Martin In mid-October 1847, groups of and Willie Companies in some Mormon Battalion men arrived in ways are probably unrepresenta ­ the Great Salt Lake Valley from tive examples in terms of what California . Some stayed, but tra il life was like for the majority many stopped just long enough of Latter-day Saints who crossed to obtain what food and clothing the plains. The following general they could for the ir long journey pictu re focuses on the ma jority of back to their families at the 70,000 Sa ints who traveled Winter Quarters. west on the Mormon Trail be ­ Sixteen-year-old tween 1846 and 1868 and sheds battalion member light on little-known facts about William Pace recalled the the Mormon Tra il. stopover in the Salt Lake Valley: "Provisions being scarce in the valley, we were told we could get supplies at Fort Bridger and at Laramie reasonable, and it would be a great help to the peo ­ ple if we would leave our provi­ The fo llowing representation of guide from here to the Great Salt sions and replenish on the road. events that took place in October Lake, having been careful in tak­ Having a common interest we un­ 1847 is provided as part of the ing the distance from creek to loaded our supplies, taking only sesquicentennial celebration of creek, over bluffs, mountains, what was supposed enough to do the arrival of the Latter-day Saint etc . It has required much time us to Fort Bridger" (as quoted in pioneers to the Salt Lake Valley. and care" (William Clayton's Norma Baldwin Ricketts, The In addition, this month's article Journal [1921]. 376). Mormon Battalion: U.S. Army of discusses frequent questions Titled The Latter-day Saints' the West, 1846-1848[1996]. 180). about the Mormon Trai l. Emigrants' Guide, the book was an instant success, with an initial Orson Pratt's telescope and (below) the Mormon WilliAM CLAYTON PUBLISHES printing of 5,000 cop ies. Besides being helpful to Latter-day Sa int Battalion stopping for water. EMIGRANTS ' GUIDE pioneers, the book was used by Upon returning to Winter many non-LOS travelers, and por­ Quarters on 21 October 1847 tions were copied in subsequent from the Salt Lake Valley, William trail guidebooks. The title page Clayton wrote in his diary: "I have summarizes the book's contents: succeeded in measuring the "Being a table of distances, whole distance from the City of showing all the springs, creeks, the Great Salt Lake to this place. rive rs, hills, mounta ins, camping .. . I find the whole distance to be places, and all othe r notable 1032 miles and am now prepared places, from Counc il Bluffs, to the to make a complete traveler's valley ofthe Great Salt La ke.

18 Above: The Salt Lake Valley How much of the Mormon go only about two miles per in 1849, looking south Trail was blazed by the Latter­ hour, but people could walk from present-day Temple day Saints?The Mormon Tra il about three miles per hour, so Square. Below: The Latter­ extends some 1,300 miles many walked ahead of the day Saints' Emigrants' across Iowa, Nebraska, Wyo­ wagons, where they some ­ Guide, written by William ming , and part of Utah. Latter­ times visited and explored . Clayton (oval inset). day Saints actually blazed only Most did not envy those the trail route through the west­ who had to walk beside or ern half of Iowa and short seg ­ drive the wagon-pull ing ments in eastern and central oxen . Nebraska and in parts of Utah. How often did The first Latter-day Saint compa ­ wagon trains travel nies to use the route in 1846 and single file? Not often . 1847 followed existing wagon Mormon Trail expert roads as much as possible. Stanley B. Kimball Westward from Winter Quarters, compares the trail Brigham Young 's advance, ex­ during its 23-year ploratory pioneers followed history to a rather closely a route along braided rope the North Platte River used with many years before by Oregon-bound strands that traders and settlers. In western weave in and out. Nebraska the pioneers rolled Sometimes wagons traveled onto the Oregon-California Trail two or four abreast. Some wag­ and followed it three-fourths of ons passed other wagons. the way across present-day Westbound wagons passed Wyoming . Beyond Fort Bridger eastbound traffic. Mud or grass they generally followed a track fires necessitated alternate they were caught by the Donner Party had blazed the routes. Because the wagons of­ Occasionally blizzards in Wyoming . year before as they headed to ten fanned out, we find wagon those wagon compa­ However, for most pioneers the Great Salt Lake Valley. ruts in just a few places today. nies leapfrogged each other, the trek was fairly safe-but How great a hardship was Only when all the wagons in a trying to beat each other to the it was a work-filled, physically walking across the plains for company had to pull hard uphill best campsite by nightfall. taxing , three-month arduous those who could not ride in through a narrow area single How great a threat were journey. They faced blisters, wagons? When pioneer Saints file did they really cut ruts deep Indians? A few popularized sore muscles, sunburn, chapped told the ir grandch ildren they into the ground . episodes of conflict have col­ lips, constant dust and dirt, walked across the plains, it was Were Latter-day Saint pio­ ored images relative to Indians mosquitoes, bland and some­ more a statement of fact by neers isolated travelers? In on the trail. More common was times poorly cooked food, diar­ them than a comment about a 1847 and 1848 not much traffic the Latter-day Saint experience rhea attacks, wagon and livestock hardship. In reality, to have rid­ passed on the Mormon Trail, but in present-day Nebraska and problems, wind, rain, heat, mud, den more than 1,000 miles in a the 1849 gold rush turned the Wyoming where Latter-day stretches without firewood, and covered wagon instead of walk­ trail into a major highway that Saint travelers had some slight places with bad water. Yet in spite ing would have been a genuine soon carried much traffic west­ interaction with Native Ameri­ ofthe arduous journey, most peo­ hardship. Those wagons had no bound and eastbound . Most cans, who sometimes visited ple adapted rather well to the shock absorbers, so the hard , Latter-day Saint diarists on the their camps to trade or ask for long trek and frequently managed bumpy ride could loosen teeth trail after 1848 make frequent food . Further, diarists tell of to enjoy themselves by socializ­ and bruise tailbones. To ride in ­ mention of other wagon trains, many cases in which Indians ing, singing, dancing, telling tall side a canvas-covered wagon freight wagons, horseback rid­ provided much -needed help tales around the campfire, some­ all day long in the sun would ers, army units, and by the 1860s and materials. times even playing pranks on have been at times like sitting in stagecoaches and mail carriers. How much hardship did each other, picking flowers and a baking oven . Furthermore, In fact, during the 1860s Latter­ Saints face who crossed the berries, sharing recipes and wagon wheels roiled up dust day Saint wagon trains tried to plains? Certainly the Martin and utensils, doing creative cooking, clouds that sometimes en­ travel within a day or two of Willie Handcart Companies had reading books, writing letters, veloped the wagons. Oxen could each other for mutual support. harrowing experiences when keeping diaries, and sewing. D

THE ENSIGN/ 0crOBER 1997 19 .. \ THE ENSIGN 0 F THE CHURCH 0 F JESUS CHRIST 0 F LATTER· DAY SAINTS • DEC E l\1 BE R 1 9 9 7

ASeason for Gratitude and Testimony Curriculum Changes in Melchizedek Priesthood and Relief Society, p. 6 society, work and goods were generally paid for with food, clothing, possessions, and services. The nearest supply centers were in California, some 700 miles to the west. During November and December, Latter-day Saint agents went to California on buying and trading missions. Brother Spencer sent 23 yards of calico and a broad­ cloth vest to trade on the coast. He sent a pair of six-shooters with a man identified as Brother Richards to sell for $80. The following representation association with a high council. & I am to pay him what is right."' At some point Daniel Spencer of events that took place in Recalling that first winter, In the early pioneers' cashless and others started building a November and December 1847 Mary Isabella Horne noted how is provided as part of the hard it was to provide basic sesquicentennial celebration of needs: "We could put a little the arrival of Latter-day Saint grease into a dish with a rag in it pioneers in the Salt Lake Valley. to make a light, and parch a little wheat to make our [warm bever­ the winter of 1847-48 age). but when it came to mak­ approached, activity on ing soap we were put to our Athe Mormon Trail was fo­ wits' end to get material to make cused atthe starting and ending enough to do our washing."' points in Iowa and the Salt Lake Daniel Spencer's diary entries Valley. In the Salt Lake Valley, in November and December John Smith, president of the Salt 1847 provide a view of everyday Lake Stake, helped the Saints life in the valley during those prepare for winter. In what would months. The settlers' primary later become Kanesville, Iowa, concerns were housing and the Saints built a large log taber­ food. On 14 November 1847 nacle and the First Presidency Brother Spencer recorded that was reorganized, with Brigham he and his associates had Young as President. planted several bushels of rye and wheat and butchered three IN THE SALT lAKE VALLEY­ cattle, one of which belonged to MEETI NGBAS IC NEED S the Widow Brown and weighed 636 pounds. He reported also Because the Salt Lake Valley's that they had built three houses weather was relatively mild in and had "the Loggs on hand for November and December 1847, 3 more."' Rations at the time settlers took advantage by doing were "from 1/2 to 3/41b of Bread­ much outdoor work and making stuff per person pr day together their cabins as pleasant as pos ­ with all the Beef we want."' sible . People were taking up On 22 November Brother residences in what became Spencer gave a fellow settler a known as the Old Fort.' of small sack of apple seeds, two Above, left: Re-creation of a frigid scene in Winter Quarters, which their cabins formed quarts of peach stones, a sack Nebraska. Above: Inside the newly constructed replica of the the outside walls. The settle­ of cherry seeds, and two sacks Kamsville Log Tabernacle (top) is a painting commemorating ment had some 1,600 souls in of hickory nuts "to plant for me the 27 December 1847 sustaining of the new First Presidency.

50 sawmill. The facility required who wanted to attend the confer­ body in directing the Church . On whole congregation ."" Norton grinding stones, presumably to ence could not fit inside the 5 December 1847 at Elder Orson Jacob wrote that "the confer­ keep the saws sharp. A friend Block House, he asked that a Hyde's home (in the area called ence was closed by all the con­ informed Brother Spencer that large meetinghouse be built Hyde Park, located south ofthe gregation uniting to praise the he "had got me a grindstone in nearby within three weeks. The Block House), the Quorum of the Lord with loud Hosannahs."" the Canion if I would get it I Due to water seepage might have it."' The next underneath what later day, 23 December, Brother became known as the Spencer went to Red Butte Kanesville Log Taber­ Canyon and brought home nacle, the structure was the uncut stone, which dismantled in fall 1849 was suitable for cutting and its logs were used and chiseling into a grind­ in constructing other stone . He contracted with buildings. A replica of Beason Lewis, a stonecut­ the tabernacle was ter who had two stone erected near the origi­ chisels, to dress and shape nal site in 1996 and ded­ the stone into a grindstone icated by President with a hole in its middle so Gordon B. Hinckley. 0 it could be mounted and William G. Hartley. an turned. Brother Lewis associate professor of worked on the stone on history and a research 28 and 29 December and professor at BYU's Joseph finished it on 30 December. Fielding Smith Institute, On 31 December Brother teaches Sunday School in Spencer wrote, "This day put Above, top: Saints settled in Kanesville, Iowa, on the eastern side the Riverside Third Ward, Murray up our Grindstone."' of the Missouri River, as well as in Winter Quarters, Nebraska, Utah North Stake. 011 the west side of the river. Above: Mary Isabella Horne and her During these months Daniel Gospel topics: pioneers, succession family were among those who were in the Salt Lake Valley by Spencer regularly attended in the Presidency the winter of 1847. Sunday Church services, includ­ NOTES ing one on 6 December in the conference was dismissed until it Twelve reconstituted the First 1. The fort was located between "Do by Fort" in which he was one could resume in the new building. Presidency. Brigham Young 300 and 400 West and 300 and 400 of six speakers. He recorded Henry W. Miller led some 200 was "unanimously elected South in present-day Salt Lake City. matter-of-factly the birth of his workmen to complete the proj­ President," " and he appointed 2. "Address of Mrs. M. Isabella own child on 29 December: "At ect. Logs for what became the Heber C. Kimball as his First Horne," Woman 's Exponent[1 April 1/2 past 8 Oclock Emily was de­ Church's first tabernacle were Counselor and Willard Richards 1892], 138. livoured of a Sane . .. Mrs cut three miles away. The build­ as his Second Counselor. 3. Journal of Daniel Spencer, Cessions Boggs & Brown atten­ ing measured at least 60 feet When the conference recon­ transcript, LOS Church Archives, 25. dance."• The baby was blessed east to west and 40 feet north to vened on 27 December in the 4. Journal of Daniel Spencer, 25 . 5. Journal of Daniel Spencer, 26. nine days later. south and could seat about 1,000 new log tabernacle, the sustain­ 6. Journal of Daniel Spencer, 30. people . A fireplace covered the ing of the new First Presidency 7. Journal of Daniel Spencer, 32. IN IOWA- A NEW FIRST PRESIDENCY entire west end, a recess in the was the main matter of busi­ 8. Journal of Daniel Spencer, 32. north wall provided room for a ness. Elder Orson Pratt of the 9. See Richard E. Bennett, Having returned to the pulpit and a clerk's desk, and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles Mormons at the Missouri, 1846-1852 Missouri River after the trek to two doors were located in the said : "We have been able to [1987], 212-13. Utah, on 3 and 4 December the middle of the south wall. From overcome apostates and the 10. History of the Church, Quorum of the Twelve Apostles the 13-foot-high log walls, the powers of darkness with the 7:620- 21 . convened a conference across roof pitched to 20 feet in height highest quorum taken away 11 . Quoted in Bennett, Mormons at the Missouri, 214. and downriver from Winter at its center.' out of our midst. How much 12. On the Mormon Frontier: The Quarters in the Block House Meanwhile, the Twelve made more shall we be able to over­ Diary of Hosea Stout, 1844- 1861, ed. Branch in Miller's Hollow (later a historic decision regarding come them when we have all Juanita Brooks, 2 vols . [1964], 1:292. named Kanesville, now down­ Church government. After the the quorums flourishing." " 13. The Record of Norton Jacob, town Council Bluffs, Iowa). When Prophet Joseph Smith's death, Hosea Stout wrote that "the ed . C. Edward Jacob and Ruth S. Brigham Young learned that many the Twelve had acted as one Spirit rested down upon the Jacob [1949], 89-90.

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