M 12970 Supplement
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The following supplement accompanies the article Community-wide effects of protection reveal insights into marine protected area effectiveness for reef fish E. T. Heyns-Veale*, A. T. F. Bernard, A. Götz, B. Q. Mann, J. Q. Maggs, M. K. S. Smith *Corresponding author: : [email protected] Marine Ecology Progress Series 620: 99–117 (2019) Table S1. List of target and non-target species and their functional traits. Herb/Omni: herbivore/omnivore; IC: invertebrate carnivore; GC: general carnivore. Refer to Table S2 for a description of the trait categories. Fisheries Species Common name Size Feeding Level in Mobility Gregariousness Sum importance class guild water of column Max N Target Argyrops spinifer King Large IC Bentho- Within Small groups 1 soldierbream pelagic reef (3-20) Argyrosomus japonicus Dusky kob V.large GC Bentho- Between Small groups 1 pelagic reefs (3-20) Argyrozona argyrozona Carpenter Large GC Bentho- Within Small groups 508 pelagic reef (3-20) Atractoscion aequidens Geelbek V.large GC Bentho- Between Large groups 11 pelagic reefs (>50) Cheimerius nufar Santer Large GC Bentho- Within Small groups 242 pelagic reef (3-20) Chelidonichthys kumu Bluefin Medium IC Benthic Between Solitary 28 Gurnard reefs Chrysoblephus anglicus Englishman Large IC Bentho- Within Small groups 83 pelagic reef (3-20) Chrysoblephus Dageraad Large GC Bentho- Within Small groups 225 cristiceps pelagic reef (3-20) Chrysoblephus Red stumpnose Large IC Bentho- Within Small groups 156 gibbiceps pelagic reef (3-20) Chrysoblephus laticeps Roman Medium IC Bentho- Within Small groups 942 pelagic reef (3-20) Chrysoblephus lophus False Medium IC Bentho- Within Small groups 1 englishman pelagic reef (3-20) Chrysoblephus Slinger Medium IC Bentho- Within Small groups 584 puniceus pelagic reef (3-20) Cymatoceps nasutus Black Large IC Bentho- Within Solitary 78 musselcracker pelagic reef Diplodus capensis Blacktail Medium Herb/ Bentho- Within Small groups 211 Omni pelagic reef (3-20) Epinephelus White-edged Large GC Benthic Within Solitary 1 albomarginatus rockcod reef Epinephelus andersoni Catface Large GC Benthic Within Solitary 17 rockcod reef Epinephelus chabaudi Moustache V.large GC Benthic Within Solitary 19 rockcod reef Epinephelus marginatus Yellowbelly Large GC Benthic Within Solitary 29 rockcod reef Epinephelus rivulatus Halfmoon Medium GC Benthic Within Solitary 38 rockcod reef Galeorhinus galeus Soupfin shark V.large GC Bentho- Between Small groups 4 pelagic reefs (3-20) Lethrinus nebulosus Blue emperor Large GC Bentho- Within Small groups 195 pelagic reef (3-20) Mustelus mustelus Smooth-hound V.large GC Bentho- Between Solitary 94 pelagic reefs Mustelus spp. V.large GC Bentho- Between Solitary 2 pelagic reefs Pachymetopon aeneum Blue hottentot Medium IC Bentho- Within Small groups 876 pelagic reef (3-20) Pachymetopon blochii Hottentot Medium Herb/ Bentho- Within Small groups 130 Omni pelagic reef (3-20) Petrus rupestris Red steenbras V.large GC Bentho- Between Small groups 46 1 pelagic reefs (3-20) Polysteganus Scotsman Large GC Bentho- Within Small groups 114 praeorbitalis pelagic reef (3-20) Polysteganus undulosus Seventy-four Large GC Bentho- Between Medium groups 76 pelagic reefs (20-50) Pterogymnus laniarius Panga Medium GC Bentho- Within Large groups 833 pelagic reef (>50) Rhabdosargus White Medium IC Bentho- Between Small groups 210 globiceps stumpnose pelagic reefs (3-20) Sarpa salpa Strepie Medium Herb/ Bentho- Between Large groups 270 Omni pelagic reefs (>50) Scomberomorus King mackerel V.large GC Pelagic Between Small groups 1 commerson reefs (3-20) Sparodon durbanensis Musselcracker Large IC Bentho- Between Small groups 5 pelagic reefs (3-20) Zeus faber John dory Large GC Bentho- Between Solitary 1 pelagic reefs Non-target Acanthurus dussumieri Eyestripe Medium Herb/ Bentho- Within Small groups 41 surgeonfish Omni pelagic reef (3-20) Amblyrhynchotes Evileye Medium GC Benthic Within Solitary 24 honckenii blaasop reef Aulacocephalus Goldribbon Medium GC Benthic Within Solitary 2 temminckii soapfish reef Bodianus bilunulatus Tarry hogfish Medium IC Bentho- Within Pairing 14 pelagic reef Bodianus perditio Golden-spot Large IC Bentho- Within Pairing 9 hogfish pelagic reef Caesio caerulaurea Blue and gold Medium IC Bentho- Between Large groups 1 fusilier pelagic reefs (>50) Cheilio inermis Cigar wrasse Medium IC Bentho- Within Pairing 2 pelagic reef Cheilodactylus pixi Barred Small IC Benthic Within Solitary 81 fingerfin reef Cheilodactylus spp. Small IC Benthic Within Solitary 1 reef Chromis dasygenys Bluespotted Small IC Bentho- Within Small groups 6 chromis pelagic reef (3-20) Chromis weberi Darkbar Small IC Bentho- Within Small groups 3 chromis pelagic reef (3-20) Coris caudimacula Spottail coris Small IC Bentho- Within Pairing 6 pelagic reef Ecsenius nalolo Nalolo Small IC Benthic Within Solitary 1 reef Eptatretus hexatrema Sixgill Large GC Benthic Between Small groups 9 reefs (3-20) Fistularia commersonii Smooth V.large GC Bentho- Within Pairing 2 flutemouth pelagic reef Gymnothorax Laced moray V.large GC Benthic Within Solitary 6 favagineus reef Gymnothorax Yellow-edged V.large GC Benthic Within Solitary 1 flavimarginatus moray reef Gymnothorax johnsoni Whitespotted V.large GC Benthic Within Solitary 4 moray reef Gymnothorax Yellowmouth V.large GC Benthic Within Solitary 1 nudivomer moray reef Gymnothorax spp. V.large GC Benthic Within Solitary 2 reef Gymnothorax undulatus Undulated V.large GC Benthic Within Solitary 4 moray reef Halaelurus lineatus Banded Medium GC Benthic Within Solitary 7 catshark reef Halaelurus natalensis Tiger catshark Medium GC Benthic Within Solitary 9 reef Haploblepharus Puffadder Medium GC Benthic Within Solitary 178 edwardsii shyshark reef Haploblepharus fuscus Brown Large GC Benthic Within Solitary 26 shyshark reef Haploblepharus pictus Dark shyshark Medium GC Benthic Within Solitary 13 reef Haploblepharus spp. Medium GC Benthic Within Solitary 4 reef Kyphosus bigibbus Grey cub Large Herb/ Bentho- Within Small groups 1 Omni pelagic reef (3-20) Parablennius pilicornis Ringneck Small Herb/ Benthic Within Small groups 2 blenny Omni reef (3-20) Parupeneus fraserorum Small IC Bentho- Within Pairing 6 pelagic reef 2 Parupeneus indicus Indian goatfish Medium GC Bentho- Within Small groups 2 pelagic reef (3-20) Parupeneus Long-barbel Medium IC Bentho- Within Small groups 3 macronemus goatfish pelagic reef (3-20) Parupeneus rubescens Rosy goatfish Medium IC Bentho- Within Small groups 70 pelagic reef (3-20) Parupeneus trifasciatus Doublebar Medium GC Bentho- Within Pairing 3 goatfish pelagic reef Plagiotremus Piano blenny Small GC Bentho- Within Small groups 7 tapeinosoma pelagic reef (3-20) Poroderma africanum Striped Large GC Benthic Within Solitary 363 catshark reef Poroderma Leopard Large GC Benthic Within Solitary 147 pantherinum catshark reef Scorpaena scrofa Red Medium GC Benthic Within Solitary 1 scorpionfish reef Serranus knysnaensis Comber Medium GC Benthic Within Solitary 40 reef Siganus sutor White spotted Medium Herb/ Bentho- Within Small groups 3 rabbitfish Omni pelagic reef (3-20) Sufflamen fraenatum Masked Medium GC Bentho- Within Solitary 18 triggerfish pelagic reef Synodus jaculum Blacktail Small GC Benthic Within Solitary 2 lizardfish reef Tetrosomus gibbosus Hunchback Medium IC Bentho- Within Solitary 1 boxfish pelagic reef Table S2. Functional traits modified from Mouillot et al. (2014). Functional trait Description / biological relevance Trait Categories Body size Defines ecological niche: energy Small: 0 – 25 cm needs; predator-prey relationships; Medium: 26 – 65 cm growth rate; mortality Large: 66 – 120 cm V. Large: > 121 cm Diet Diet impacts trophic interactions; Herb/Omni: mixed diet of plant nutrient cycling; habitat and animal material requirements IC: Benthic and pelagic invertebrates GC: Fish and invertebrate prey Mobility Energy needs; spatial extent to Within reefs: Sedentary, which fish control their resources territorial and mobile within reefs and transfer nutrients Between reefs: Mobile between reefs Level in the water column Influences prey available; nutrient Benthic: Closely associated with transfer benthos Bentho-pelagic: In the water column above benthos Pelagic: Not associated with benthos Gregariousness Escaping predation; impacts local Solitary processes, e.g. schooling fish Pairing massive nutrient cycling and Small groups (3 – 20) resource depletion Medium groups (20 – 50) Large groups (>50) Life stage Indication of the size class; Juveniles important in determining fishing Adults effects Used size at 50% maturity *Herb/Omni: herbivore/omnivore; IC: invertebrate carnivore; GC: general carnivore 3 Table S3. Summary (a) and analysis of variance (ANOVA; b) of the generalised additive model [tweedie distribution with a log link function and the basis dimension set to 3 (Lm ~ s(L.oo, bs = "tp", by = Family, k = 3) + Family] to determine the predicted relationship between maximum attainable size and size at maturity for the fish families. a) Summary Parametric coefficients: Std. Estimate Error t value Pr (>|t|) (Intercept) 3.761 0.2159 17.422 < 2e-16 *** Family Blenniidae 1.447 1.3357 1.083 0.279063 Family Carangidae -0.4234 0.2194 -1.93 0.054087 . Family Carcharhinidae 0.2539 0.2299 1.104 0.269854 Family Dasyatidae -0.2119 0.2265 -0.936 0.349775 Family Gobidae 1.4307 0.3676 3.892 0.000109 *** Family Haemulidae -0.3112 0.2361 -1.318 0.187935 Family Labridae -0.736 0.2242 -3.283 0.001081 ** Family Lethrinidae -0.3465 0.2357 -1.47 0.14195 Family Lutjanidae -0.4064