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Journal 2016.Indd 1 8/15/2018 12:53:13 PM Journal of the Lutheran Historical Conference 2016 Mark Granquist, Editor JOURNAL OF THE LUTHERAN HISTORICAL CONFERENCE 2016 Mark Granquist, editor Lutheran University Press Minneapolis, Minnesota LHC Journal 2016.indd 1 8/15/2018 12:53:13 PM Journal of the Lutheran Historical Conference 2016 Mark Granquist, editor Copyright 2018 Lutheran Historical Conference. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical articles or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Articles and other submissions for consideration to be published in the Journal of the Lutheran Historical Conference should be directed to the editor, and be formatted in the latest version of the University of Chicago Manual of Style, with endnotes. Mark Granquist Professor of Church History Luther Seminary 2481 Como Avenue [email protected] On the cover (clockwise, from the top left): Mark Neumann being sworn into Congress, Elizabeth Platz, J.A. Freylinghausen, Kristoffer Rosenthal, Paul Henkel, F. Melius Christiansen, Robert Van Dusen, 1920 U.S. Census form in background. ISSN 2330-4146 The Journal of the Lutheran Historical Conference continues the publication of the LHC Essays and Reports, 1-22, 1966-2006 (ISSN 0009-3817) Lutheran University Press, PO Box 390759, Minneapolis, MN 55439 www.lutheranupress.org Printed in the United States of America LHC Journal 2016.indd 2 8/15/2018 12:53:13 PM TABLE OF CONTENTS Editor’s Introduction ....................................................................................... 5 Jonathan Wilson CIVIL UNREST AND THE PASTORAL VOCATION .................................... 7 Halle’s Encyclical of 1776 to the Pennsylvania Ministerium Gracia Grindal KEEPING THE KIDS ........................................ 18 Lutheran Worship Wars, a Case Study Nancy C. Stewart THE LUTHERAN CHURCH AND AFRICAN AMERICANS IN SHENANDOAH COUNTY ... 34 Mark Granquist THE RURAL AND URBAN DYNAMIC IN IMMIGRANT RELIGION ............................ 38 The Case of Swedish and Norwegian Ethnic Denominations in Minnesota Leslie Weber FROM QUIETISM TO ACTIVISM ................... 47 The Origins and Development of Lutheran Federal Government Advocacy, 1948-1988 Richard M. Chapman MISSOURI IN GUATEMALA .......................... 74 Robert Gussick, Jacobo Arbenz, and the 1954 Coup Mytch Pierre-Noel Dorvilier LUTHERANISM IN HAITI .............................. 92 The Birth of a Church in Exile Joel L. Pless GOD’S SERVANT IN TWO KINGDOMS ....... 101 The Mark Neumann Story Philip M. Teigen, ed. A NOTE ON THE ORDINATION OF LUTHERAN WOMEN IN 1970 ................ 112 LHC Journal 2016.indd 3 8/15/2018 12:53:13 PM Kristoffer Rosenthal AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL LETTER OF A NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN LUTHERAN PASTOR ................. 117 Carl Lohrmann A BRIEF SKETCH OF MY EARTHLY PILGRIMAGE FOR MY CHILDREN (1927) .... 127 Xenophon J. Richardson LETTERS OF A BORDER-STATE LUTHERAN PASTOR (1865) .......................... 149 2015 Bibliography on American Lutheranism ......................................... 161 Contributor Information ............................................................................ 177 LHC Journal 2016.indd 4 8/15/2018 12:53:13 PM EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION You have in your hands (or on your screen!) the sixth volume of our new publishing series, the Journal of the Lutheran Historical Conference, high- lighting articles and other information about the history of Lutherans in North America. Thanks for your continued support and interest, we in the Lutheran Historical Conference can bring these items of interest to you, and to other persons interested in this area. This volume has a mix of different elements to it, stretching from the American Revolution up to the present day. We have a number of different articles that examine such different subjects as Lutheran hym- nody, Lutherans in politics and governmental advocacy, immigrant Lutheranism, and two articles about Lutheranism in Central America and the Caribbean. We also include in this issue three first-person accounts of Lutheran pastors about their lives and ministries, material that is not readily available and that we believe you will find fascinating. These ac- counts include a Civil War pastor in northern Virginia, a Russian Jewish convert to Christianity, and an early Missouri seminarian and pastor. As is usual, there is also the annual LHC bibliography. There are two further things to call to your attention. First, the bi- ennial meeting of the Lutheran Historical Conference, which will be at California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, California, October 4-6, 2018. Please see the LHC website (https://www.luthhistcon.org/) for fur- ther details about this meeting. Second, please remember that the 400th anniversary of Lutherans in North America will be celebrated in 2019. Please check with us about more details and events, and start thinking about how you might develop your own commemorations. Thanks for your continued support of the Lutheran Historical Conference and your ongoing interest in the history of Lutherans in North America. Editor’s Introduction | 5 LHC Journal 2016.indd 5 8/15/2018 12:53:13 PM 6 | Journal of the Lutheran Historical Conference 2016 LHC Journal 2016.indd 6 8/15/2018 12:53:13 PM CIVIL UNREST AND THE PASTORAL VOCATION Halle’s Encyclical of 1776 1 to the Pennsylvania Ministerium1 JONATHAN WILSON Studies of the Halle (or Glaucha) Orphan Institutes have focused on its founder, the Lutheran Pietist August Hermann (A. H.) Francke (d. 1727), and his immediate successors in this early period characterized as the “blossoming time” (bluhezeit) of establishment Lutheran Pietism.2 By 1750 the flower had faded: After his accession in Prussia Friedrich II, preferring the scholars of the Enlightenment, was at best indifferent to the Pietist faction and at worst passively hostile. Francke’s son Gotthilf August (G. A.) Francke (d. 1767), lacking both his father’s political acumen and the favor his father enjoyed with the ruling class of Brandenburg- Prussia, presided over a lengthy decline in the institutions so that, with his death in 1767, little attention is paid to the Halle Institutes in the final third of the eighteenth century. Interest in the Halle Institutes picks up with the rationalist August Hermann (A. H.) Niemeyer (d. 1828), called the “second founder” of the Halle Institutes.3 Niemeyer succeeded to the leadership at the turn of the nineteenth century, navigated the institutes through the troubled times of Napoleonic suzerainty, and brought them back to respectability and prosperity. This decades-long gap in historiographical interest in the Halle Institutes coincides with the era of the American Revolution. Intuitively one might conjecture that, since Prussia itself was not much involved in the American Revolution, neither were the Halle Pietists in Prussia. Those aligned with Halle Pietism that were involved in the American Revolution were, unsurprisingly, German Lutheran emigrants already in the American colonies. Through them Halle Pietism’s influence was Civil Unrest and the Pastoral Vocation | 7 LHC Journal 2016.indd 7 8/15/2018 12:53:13 PM especially concentrated in two locations, first at the Ebenezer settle- ment in Georgia – which produced Georgia’s first Patriot governor - and second, in Pennsylvania and its neighboring mid-Atlantic colonies. This article does not treat the constellation of Halle interests in Georgia, and focuses instead on Halle Pietist clergy in Pennsylvania. These pastors were the core of the Pennsylvania Ministerium founded by Heinrich Melchior (H. M.) Mühlenberg (d. 1787), who himself reached retirement age at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. Historiographers writing in the nineteenth century and through the early twentieth, for whom much of the archival material was un- available, concluded that the senior Mühlenberg was a dyed-in-the-wool patriot based on the well-documented patriotism of his offspring. This orthodoxy was revised by Theodore G. Tappert, the editor and redactor of H. M. Mühlenberg’s journals, by the mid-twentieth century.4 Tappert traced the tortured, reluctant pilgrimage of Mühlenberg’s conscience, and several scholars of early American Lutheranism have followed Tappert’s lead.5 After Mühlenberg the ministers sent to Pennsylvania from Halle, without exception during the tenure of G. A. Francke, were a mixed bag in terms of training, competence, and long-term effectiveness. The most qualified and successful ministers were sent during the brief tenure of Halle Institutes Director Johann Georg (J. G.) Knapp, who died on the very cusp of the Revolutionary era. Knapp had succeeded G. A. Francke but served less than three years before his own death in 1771. The pastors Knapp sent to Pennsylvania, some of whom married into the Mühlenberg family, lived through the American Revolution, succeeded to the synod’s leadership, formed new synods on the Pennsylvania Ministerium model, and served into the early nineteenth century.6 Until the time that Prussia came under Napoleonic hegemony in Europe, Pennsylvania Ministerium clergy received direct aid and benev- olence from the Halle Institutes in cash, books, and medicines, which were distributed at the annual synods. The conventions of the American Revolutionary War ended the shipments of medicine, but cash disburse- ments from European bequests continued to arrive.7 Thus Lutheran Pietists tied to Halle were present in America during the Revolutionary War, and they were staked in its issues and its outcomes. What this stake looked like is not a matter
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