DOCSLIB.ORG

Improved Biosecurity Surveillance of Non-Native Forest Insects: a Review of Current Methods

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Improved Biosecurity Surveillance of Non-Native Forest Insects: a Review of Current Methods Journal of Pest Science https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-018-1004-y REVIEW Improved biosecurity surveillance of non‑native forest insects: a review of current methods Therese M. Poland1 · Davide Rassati2 Received: 15 February 2018 / Revised: 31 May 2018 / Accepted: 2 June 2018 © pringer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract Biosecurity surveillance has been highlighted as a key activity to discover non-native species at the initial stage of invasion. It provides an opportunity for rapidly initiating eradication measures and implementing responses to prevent spread and permanent establishment, reducing costs and damage. In importing countries, three types of biosecurity activities can be carried out: border surveillance targets the arrival stage of a non-native species at points-of-entry for commodities; post- border surveillance and containment target the establishment stage, but post-border surveillance is carried out on a large spatial scale, whereas containment is carried out around infested areas. In recent years, several surveillance approaches, such as baited traps, sentinel trees, biosurveillance with snifer dogs or predatory wasps, electronic noses, acoustic detec- tion, laser vibrometry, citizen science, genetic identifcation tools, and remote sensing, have been developed to complement routine visual inspections and aid in biosecurity capacity. Here, we review the existing literature on these tools, highlight their strengths and weaknesses, and identify the biosecurity surveillance categories and sites where each tool can be used more efciently. Finally, we show how these tools can be integrated in a comprehensive biosecurity program and discuss steps to improve biosecurity. Keywords Acoustic detection · Baited traps · Biosurveillance · Citizen science · Remote sensing · Sentinel trees Key messages and containment). Optimal implementation of these tools in time and space is fundamental to enhance efcacy. • Biosecurity programs may be enhanced by combining • Biosecurity surveillance is a key activity to discover non- multiple surveillance tools and strategies into a compre- native species at the initial stage of invasion. hensive program that encompasses various location and • Several surveillance tools have been developed to com- spatiotemporal scales. plement routine visual inspections and aid in biosecurity capacity both at the arrival stage (border surveillance) and at the establishment stage (post-border surveillance Introduction Communicated by J.D. Sweeney. Management of non-native forest insect pests is one of the most demanding challenges faced by forest health practi- Special Issue on Invasive Pests of Forests and Urban Trees. tioners (Brockerhof and Liebhold 2017). The rate of global movement of these insects is continuously increasing * Therese M. Poland [email protected] (Aukema et al. 2010; Roques 2010; Brockerhof and Lieb- hold 2017), and adopted preventive measures can reduce * Davide Rassati [email protected] (Allen et al. 2017) but not stop invasions (Haack et al. 2014). In this context, biosecurity surveillance plays a key role 1 USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 3101, (Hulme 2014). Non-native species management becomes Technology Blvd, Ste. F., Lansing, MI 48910, USA increasingly difcult and expensive as populations of non- 2 Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals native pests establish and expand into new areas (Liebhold and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale and Tobin 2008). Thus, discovering a non-native species dell’ Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 Journal of Pest Science at the initial stage of its invasion provides an opportunity associated insects to be imported without any inspection for rapidly initiating mitigation measures and implementing (Bisschop 2012; Haack et al. 2014). Thus, in recent years, responses to prevent its permanent establishment and spread, considerable research has been conducted to develop efec- reducing costs and damage (Epanchin-Niell and Liebhold tive and efcient surveillance tools, methods, and strategies 2015). to integrate with visual inspections and aid in biosecurity Biosecurity surveillance eforts can be classifed depend- capacity (reviewed by Augustin et al. 2012). ing on the targeted invasion stage (Hulme 2014). Pre-bor- Here, we review the existing literature on biosecurity der biosecurity includes development of policies that allow tools and strategies that are currently available for border commodities to be imported safely (Hulme 2014). Border surveillance, post-border surveillance and containment, in surveillance targets the very initial stage of the invasion pro- order to identify: (a) strengths and weaknesses; (b) bios- cess (arrival stage) to prevent establishment of a non-native ecurity surveillance categories and environments in which species either directly (e.g., rejecting cargo or destroying each may be most useful; (c) an approach to integrating dif- infested materials) or indirectly (e.g., culling host mate- ferent tools in a comprehensive biosecurity program; and rial). Such activities are generally carried out at the main (d) steps to improve biosecurity. We broadly reviewed the points-of-entry for imported commodities, such as seaports, scientifc literature, proceedings, and technical reports on airports, post-entry plant quarantine facilities, cargo depots, biosecurity surveillance and detection of non-native species or mail centers. Post-border surveillance and containment and highlighted examples of diferent tools, strategies, and target the frst establishment stage and attempt to discover applications. We did not use specifc criteria to select articles a non-native species when its population level is still low included in this review. and when eradication and management strategies are most likely to succeed (Liebhold and Tobin 2008). Post-border Baited traps surveillance is carried out on a large spatial scale, whereas containment is carried out around infested areas. Traps baited with attractants are commonly used for active Biosecurity surveillance eforts can also be classifed surveillance of non-native species because traps and lures depending on the targeted species or group of species. Spe- are efcient, commercially available at low costs, and have cifc surveillance targets a single species or a very narrow wide application across several purposes (Augustin et al. and well-defned group of species or guild. Generic surveil- 2012; Suckling 2015). Traps can be used in the context of lance instead may target a broad range of species, belonging border surveillance at points-of-entry for imported com- to several genera or families. Finally, biosecurity eforts can modities to capture insects before they become established be categorized as active surveillance, generally undertaken in nearby trees or forested areas (Brockerhof et al. 2006b; by pest specialists (e.g., phytosanitary personnel), and pas- Bashford 2008; Wylie et al. 2008; Rassati et al. 2015a; Fan sive surveillance, generally relying on members of the pub- et al. 2018), but also in the context of post-border surveil- lic and community to report suspect insects to biosecurity lance and containment around new infestations to detect the institutions (Hulme 2014). possible presence of non-native species in a given area or to Visual inspections routinely carried out by inspectors at assess their population level (Tobin et al. 2007; Faccoli et al. points-of-entry represent the frst line of defense against non- 2016). Furthermore, baited traps can be used for specifc native species (Saccaggi et al. 2016). These standard proce- surveillance to capture a certain target species (e.g., a quar- dures resulted in the detection of hundreds of thousands of antine species) as well as for generic surveillance to capture insects (Haack 2001; Brockerhof et al. 2006a; McCullough multiple species (Table 1). For instance, hundreds of thou- et al. 2006; Roques and Auger-Rozenberg 2006; Lee et al. sands of gypsy moth traps are deployed in grids along the 2016), rejection of infested cargo shipments and passen- leading edge of the infestation and in uninfested areas of the gers, and compilation of several databases that further our USA to detect and eradicate new isolated infestations (Tobin understanding of introduction pathways and detection pro- and Blackburn 2007). The USDA Early Detection and Rapid grams (Kenis et al. 2007; Meurisse et al. 2018). Neverthe- Response (EDRR) program deploys hundreds of traps target- less, visual inspections are not adequate to stop all insect ing bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: invasions (Bacon et al. 2012; Caley et al. 2015). Increased Scolytinae) at high-risk sites in the USA (Rabaglia et al. global trade in recent decades has not been matched by a 2008; CAPS 2018) and has led to discovery of several new corresponding increase in the capacity of inspection agen- species at the national or state level. cies to inspect shipments in many countries (Saccaggi et al. Planning trapping programs requires selection of the opti- 2016). For example, only a very small percentage (2%/year) mal trapping protocols based on program objectives and the of incoming shipments is actually inspected in the USA target species. Several variables, such as trap type (Augustin (McCullough et al. 2006). Furthermore, illegal trade and et al. 2012), trap color (Elkinton et al. 2010; Rassati et al. fraudulent certifcation of shipments cause commodities and 2018a),
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Landscape Diversity for Reduced Risk of Insect Damage: a Case Study of Spruce Bud Scale in Latvia
    Article Landscape Diversity for Reduced Risk of Insect Damage: A Case Study of Spruce Bud Scale in Latvia Endijs Baders¯ 1,* ID , Aris¯ Jansons 1, Roberts Matisons 1, Didzis Elferts 1,2 ID and Iveta Desaine 1 1 Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava”, R¯ıgas str. 111, LV–2169 Salaspils, Latvia; [email protected] (A.J.);¯ [email protected] (R.M.); [email protected] (D.E.); [email protected] (I.D.) 2 Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas str. 1, LV–1004 R¯ıga, Latvia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +371-27-043-293 Received: 6 August 2018; Accepted: 4 September 2018; Published: 5 September 2018 Abstract: Spruce bud scale (Physokermes piceae (Schrnk.) has gained attention due to recent outbreaks in the eastern Baltic Sea region—Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia. In the spring of 2010, it spread rapidly across Latvia, affecting large areas of Norway spruce stands. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the effects of landscape heterogeneity on the damage caused by spruce bud scale in Norway spruce stands. In this study, we evaluated landscape metrics for middle-aged (40 to 70 years old) Norway spruce-dominated stands (>70% of stand’s basal area) in four of the most affected forest massifs and two unaffected forest massifs. We used a binary logistic generalized linear mixed effects model (GLMMs) to assess the effect of environmental factors on the abundance of the spruce bud scale. Our results show that increased local diversity within 100 m of a forest patch apparently reduced the probability of spruce bud scale presence.
    [Show full text]
  • Sharon J. Collman WSU Snohomish County Extension Green Gardening Workshop October 21, 2015 Definition
    Sharon J. Collman WSU Snohomish County Extension Green Gardening Workshop October 21, 2015 Definition AKA exotic, alien, non-native, introduced, non-indigenous, or foreign sp. National Invasive Species Council definition: (1) “a non-native (alien) to the ecosystem” (2) “a species likely to cause economic or harm to human health or environment” Not all invasive species are foreign origin (Spartina, bullfrog) Not all foreign species are invasive (Most US ag species are not native) Definition increasingly includes exotic diseases (West Nile virus, anthrax etc.) Can include genetically modified/ engineered and transgenic organisms Executive Order 13112 (1999) Directed Federal agencies to make IS a priority, and: “Identify any actions which could affect the status of invasive species; use their respective programs & authorities to prevent introductions; detect & respond rapidly to invasions; monitor populations restore native species & habitats in invaded ecosystems conduct research; and promote public education.” Not authorize, fund, or carry out actions that cause/promote IS intro/spread Political, Social, Habitat, Ecological, Environmental, Economic, Health, Trade & Commerce, & Climate Change Considerations Historical Perspective Native Americans – Early explorers – Plant explorers in Europe Pioneers moving across the US Food - Plants – Stored products – Crops – renegade seed Animals – Insects – ants, slugs Travelers – gardeners exchanging plants with friends Invasive Species… …can also be moved by • Household goods • Vehicles
    [Show full text]
  • Artificial Laboratory Breeding of Xylophagous Insect Larvae and Its Application in Cytogenetic Studies 2)
    Eos, t. LXII, págs. 7-22 (1986). Artificial laboratory breeding of xylophagous insect larvae and its application in cytogenetic studies 2) BY J. R. BARAGAÑO, A. NOTARIO y M. G. DE VIEDMA. INTRODUCTION HAYDAK, in 1936, managed to rear Oryzaephilus surinantensis (L.) in the la- boratory using an artificial diet. Many researchers have followed in his footsteps, so that since then, approximately 260 species of Coleoptera have been raised on nonnatural diets. Among these species there are 121 which are eminently xylophagous. They belong to seven families (Buprestidae, Elateridae, Bostrychiclae, Lyctidae, Myc- teridae, Cerambyciclae and Curculionidae). Their importance, from the economic point of view, varies widely : some of them attack living trees making them a pest ; others feed on dead or decaying wood so that they may be considered harmless or even beneficial (for example in the decomposition of tree stumps in forests) ; finally, a few cause damage to seasoned timber. Therefore, specialists in artificial breeding have been motivated by different objectives, and so have chosen the insect or insects in each case which were most suitable for obtaining specific desired results. It is clear that in the majority of cases the choice was not made at random. Generally, the insect studied was either recently established as a pest or well documented as such. •With these laboratory breeding experiments it is possible on the one hand to draw conclusions about the insects' nutritive requirements, parasitism, ethology etc ; and on the other to obtain enough specimens to try out different phytosanitary treatments with them. Both of these achievements are applicable to effectiye control of the insect problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Alien Invasive Species and International Trade
    Forest Research Institute Alien Invasive Species and International Trade Edited by Hugh Evans and Tomasz Oszako Warsaw 2007 Reviewers: Steve Woodward (University of Aberdeen, School of Biological Sciences, Scotland, UK) François Lefort (University of Applied Science in Lullier, Switzerland) © Copyright by Forest Research Institute, Warsaw 2007 ISBN 978-83-87647-64-3 Description of photographs on the covers: Alder decline in Poland – T. Oszako, Forest Research Institute, Poland ALB Brighton – Forest Research, UK; Anoplophora exit hole (example of wood packaging pathway) – R. Burgess, Forestry Commission, UK Cameraria adult Brussels – P. Roose, Belgium; Cameraria damage medium view – Forest Research, UK; other photographs description inside articles – see Belbahri et al. Language Editor: James Richards Layout: Gra¿yna Szujecka Print: Sowa–Print on Demand www.sowadruk.pl, phone: +48 022 431 81 40 Instytut Badawczy Leœnictwa 05-090 Raszyn, ul. Braci Leœnej 3, phone [+48 22] 715 06 16 e-mail: [email protected] CONTENTS Introduction .......................................6 Part I – EXTENDED ABSTRACTS Thomas Jung, Marla Downing, Markus Blaschke, Thomas Vernon Phytophthora root and collar rot of alders caused by the invasive Phytophthora alni: actual distribution, pathways, and modeled potential distribution in Bavaria ......................10 Tomasz Oszako, Leszek B. Orlikowski, Aleksandra Trzewik, Teresa Orlikowska Studies on the occurrence of Phytophthora ramorum in nurseries, forest stands and garden centers ..........................19 Lassaad Belbahri, Eduardo Moralejo, Gautier Calmin, François Lefort, Jose A. Garcia, Enrique Descals Reports of Phytophthora hedraiandra on Viburnum tinus and Rhododendron catawbiense in Spain ..................26 Leszek B. Orlikowski, Tomasz Oszako The influence of nursery-cultivated plants, as well as cereals, legumes and crucifers, on selected species of Phytophthopra ............30 Lassaad Belbahri, Gautier Calmin, Tomasz Oszako, Eduardo Moralejo, Jose A.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Wood and Cellulosic Materials As Fillers in Artificial Diets for Lyctus Africanus Lesne (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)
    Insects 2015, 6, 696-703; doi:10.3390/insects6030696 OPEN ACCESS insects ISSN 2075-4450 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects/ Article Evaluation of Wood and Cellulosic Materials as Fillers in Artificial Diets for Lyctus africanus Lesne (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) Titik Kartika 1,2,†,*, and Tsuyoshi Yoshimura 1,† 1 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji Campus, Kyoto 6110011, Japan; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Research Centre for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia † These authors contributed equally to this work. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +81-744-38-3664; Fax: +81-744-38-3666. Academic Editor: Brian T. Forschler Received: 29 January 2015 / Accepted: 11 June 2015 / Published: 23 July 2015 Abstract: We studied the usefulness of wood- and cellulose-based diets for L. africanus Lesne. Three diets were prepared which differed on the base ingredients; wood particles (Diet 1), cellulose powder (Diet 2), and alpha-cellulose (Diet 3). The diets were provided to adult L. africanus and the number of larvae, as well as the number of adults that emerged sex ratio, and body weight of the progeny was determined. Findings indicated similar results for the number of larvae, sex ratio and body weight of the emerged L. africanus fed on each diet. However, the number of adult produced by L. africanus on Diet 3 was significantly lower. The results indicate that the amount of vital nutrients is not the only important factor in selecting a suitable diet for L.
    [Show full text]
  • Coccidology. the Study of Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria (E-Journal) Revista Corpoica – Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria (2008) 9(2), 55-61 RevIEW ARTICLE Coccidology. The study of scale insects (Hemiptera: Takumasa Kondo1, Penny J. Gullan2, Douglas J. Williams3 Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) Coccidología. El estudio de insectos ABSTRACT escama (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: A brief introduction to the science of coccidology, and a synopsis of the history, Coccoidea) advances and challenges in this field of study are discussed. The changes in coccidology since the publication of the Systema Naturae by Carolus Linnaeus 250 years ago are RESUMEN Se presenta una breve introducción a la briefly reviewed. The economic importance, the phylogenetic relationships and the ciencia de la coccidología y se discute una application of DNA barcoding to scale insect identification are also considered in the sinopsis de la historia, avances y desafíos de discussion section. este campo de estudio. Se hace una breve revisión de los cambios de la coccidología Keywords: Scale, insects, coccidae, DNA, history. desde la publicación de Systema Naturae por Carolus Linnaeus hace 250 años. También se discuten la importancia económica, las INTRODUCTION Sternorrhyncha (Gullan & Martin, 2003). relaciones filogenéticas y la aplicación de These insects are usually less than 5 mm códigos de barras del ADN en la identificación occidology is the branch of in length. Their taxonomy is based mainly de insectos escama. C entomology that deals with the study of on the microscopic cuticular features of hemipterous insects of the superfamily Palabras clave: insectos, escama, coccidae, the adult female.
    [Show full text]
  • Oregon Invasive Species Action Plan
    Oregon Invasive Species Action Plan June 2005 Martin Nugent, Chair Wildlife Diversity Coordinator Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife PO Box 59 Portland, OR 97207 (503) 872-5260 x5346 FAX: (503) 872-5269 [email protected] Kev Alexanian Dan Hilburn Sam Chan Bill Reynolds Suzanne Cudd Eric Schwamberger Risa Demasi Mark Systma Chris Guntermann Mandy Tu Randy Henry 7/15/05 Table of Contents Chapter 1........................................................................................................................3 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 What’s Going On?........................................................................................................................................ 3 Oregon Examples......................................................................................................................................... 5 Goal............................................................................................................................................................... 6 Invasive Species Council................................................................................................................. 6 Statute ........................................................................................................................................................... 6 Functions .....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Wildfire Yields a Distinct Turnover of the Beetle Community in a Semi-Natural
    Fredriksson et al. Ecological Processes (2020) 9:44 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-020-00246-5 RESEARCH Open Access Wildfire yields a distinct turnover of the beetle community in a semi-natural pine forest in northern Sweden Emelie Fredriksson1* , Roger Mugerwa Pettersson1, Jörgen Naalisvaara2 and Therese Löfroth1 Abstract Background: Fires have been an important natural disturbance and pervasive evolutionary force in the boreal biome. Yet, fire suppression has made forest fires rare in the managed landscapes in Fennoscandia, causing significant habitat loss for saproxylic species such as polypores and insects. To better understand how the beetle community changes (species turnover) after a wildfire in a landscape with intense fire suppression, we monitored beetles with flight intercept traps the first 3 years as well as 12 years after a large wildfire in a national park in northern Sweden (a control/unburnt area was set up for the last year of sampling). Results: Species composition changed significantly among all studied years with a continuous turnover of species following the wildfire. The indicator species analysis showed that year 1 post-fire was mostly associated with cambium consumers and also the pyrophilous species Batrisodes hubenthali. Year 2 was the most abundant and species-rich year, with Tomicus piniperda as the most important indicator species. The indicator species year 3 were mostly secondary successional species, fungivores, and predators and were characterized by lower species diversity. Year 12 had higher diversity compared with year 3 but lower species richness and abundance. A control area was established during year 12 post-fire, and our analyses showed that the control area and burned area differed in species composition suggesting that the beetle community needs longer than 12 years to recover even after a low- intensive ground fire.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Toxicity of Aromatic Plants and Their Constituents Against
    We are IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 5,400 133,000 165M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our authors are among the 154 TOP 1% 12.2% Countries delivered to most cited scientists Contributors from top 500 universities Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI) Interested in publishing with us? Contact [email protected] Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. For more information visit www.intechopen.com 5 Toxicity of Aromatic Plants and Their Constituents Against Coleopteran Stored Products Insect Pests Soon-Il Kim1, Young-Joon Ahn2 and Hyung-Wook Kwon2,* 1NARESO, Co. Ltd., Suwon, 2WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 1. Introduction Many insecticides have been used for managing stored products insect pests, especially coleopteran insects such as beetles and weevils because most of them have cosmopolitan distribution and are destructive insects damaging various stored cereals, legumes and food stuffs. Approximately one-third of the worldwide food production has been economically affected, valued annually at more than 100 billion USD, by more than 20,000 species of field and storage insect pests, which can cause serious post-harvest losses from up to 9% in developed countries to 43% of the highest losses occur in developing African and Asian countries (Jacobson, 1982; Pimentel, 1991). Among the most serious economic insect pests of grains, internal feeders such as Rhyzopertha dominica and Sitophilus oryzae are primary insect pests (Phillips & Throne, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • And Lepidoptera Associated with Fraxinus Pennsylvanica Marshall (Oleaceae) in the Red River Valley of Eastern North Dakota
    A FAUNAL SURVEY OF COLEOPTERA, HEMIPTERA (HETEROPTERA), AND LEPIDOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA MARSHALL (OLEACEAE) IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF EASTERN NORTH DAKOTA A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By James Samuel Walker In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: Entomology March 2014 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School North DakotaTitle State University North DaGkroadtaua Stet Sacteho Uolniversity A FAUNAL SURVEYG rOFad COLEOPTERA,uate School HEMIPTERA (HETEROPTERA), AND LEPIDOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH Title A FFRAXINUSAUNAL S UPENNSYLVANICARVEY OF COLEO MARSHALLPTERTAitl,e HEM (OLEACEAE)IPTERA (HET INER THEOPTE REDRA), AND LAE FPAIDUONPATLE RSUAR AVSESYO COIFA CTOEDLE WOIPTTHE RFRAA, XHIENMUISP PTENRNAS (YHLEVTAENRICOAP TMEARRAS),H AANLDL RIVER VALLEY OF EASTERN NORTH DAKOTA L(EOPLIDEAOCPTEEAREA) I ANS TSHOEC RIAETDE RDI VWEITRH V FARLALXEIYN UOSF P EEANSNTSEYRLNV ANNOICRAT HM DAARKSHOATALL (OLEACEAE) IN THE RED RIVER VAL LEY OF EASTERN NORTH DAKOTA ByB y By JAMESJAME SSAMUEL SAMUE LWALKER WALKER JAMES SAMUEL WALKER TheThe Su pSupervisoryervisory C oCommitteemmittee c ecertifiesrtifies t hthatat t hthisis ddisquisition isquisition complies complie swith wit hNorth Nor tDakotah Dako ta State State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of University’s regulations and meetMASTERs the acce pOFted SCIENCE standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: David A. Rider DCoa-­CCo-Chairvhiadi rA.
    [Show full text]
  • Phragmites Australis
    Journal of Ecology 2017, 105, 1123–1162 doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12797 BIOLOGICAL FLORA OF THE BRITISH ISLES* No. 283 List Vasc. PI. Br. Isles (1992) no. 153, 64,1 Biological Flora of the British Isles: Phragmites australis Jasmin G. Packer†,1,2,3, Laura A. Meyerson4, Hana Skalov a5, Petr Pysek 5,6,7 and Christoph Kueffer3,7 1Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; 2School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; 3Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich,€ Switzerland; 4University of Rhode Island, Natural Resources Science, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; 5Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-25243, Pruhonice, Czech Republic; 6Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic; and 7Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa Summary 1. This account presents comprehensive information on the biology of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (P. communis Trin.; common reed) that is relevant to understanding its ecological char- acteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biologi- cal Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors and to the abiotic environment, plant structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and diseases, as well as history including invasive spread in other regions, and conservation. 2. Phragmites australis is a cosmopolitan species native to the British flora and widespread in lowland habitats throughout, from the Shetland archipelago to southern England.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropod Pests
    IAEA-TECDOC-1082 XA9950282--W6 Irradiationa as quarantine treatmentof arthropod pests Proceedings finala of Research Co-ordination Meeting organizedthe by Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture and held Honolulu,in Hawaii, November3-7 1997 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY /A> 30- 22 199y Ma 9 J> The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Food and Environmental Protection Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 0 10 x Bo P.O. A-1400 Vienna, Austria The IAEA does not normally maintain stocks of reports in this series However, copies of these reports on microfiche or in electronic form can be obtained from IMS Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse5 P.O.Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria E-mail: CHOUSE® IAEA.ORG URL: http //www laea org/programmes/mis/inis.htm Orders shoul accompaniee db prepaymeny db f Austriao t n Schillings 100,- in the form of a cheque or in the form of IAEA microfiche service coupons which may be ordered separately from the INIS Clearinghouse IRRADIATIO QUARANTINA S NA E TREATMENF TO ARTHROPOD PESTS IAEA, VIENNA, 1999 IAEA-TECDOC-1082 ISSN 1011-4289 ©IAEA, 1999 Printe IAEe th AustriAn y i d b a May 1999 FOREWORD Fresh horticultural produce from tropical and sub-tropical areas often harbours insects and mites and are quarantined by importing countries. Such commodities cannot gain access to countries which have strict quarantine regulations suc Australias ha , Japan Zealanw Ne , d e Uniteth d dan State f Americo s a unless treaten approvea y b d d method/proceduro t e eliminate such pests.
    [Show full text]