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Enforcement Authorities in the Context of Existing EU Instruments

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Reference of the contract JLS/2009/ISEC/PR/001-F3 JLS/2009/ISEC/PR/001 -F3 Study on the status of information exchange amongst law enforcement authorities in the context of existing EU instruments December 2010 Reference of the contract JLS/2009/ISEC/PR/001-F3 This study has been carried out for the Directorate-General Home Affairs in the European Commission as result of the procurement procedure JLS/2009/ISEC/PR/001 for an amount of 144.896,35 €. The report expresses the opinion of the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) who performed the study. These views have not been adopted or in any way approved by the European Commission and should not be relied upon as a statement of the European Commission's or the Home Affairs DG's views. The European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the information given in the study, nor does it accept responsibility for any use made thereof. Copyright in this study is held by the European Union. Persons wishing to use the contents of this study (in whole or in part) for purposes other than their personal use are invited to submit a written request to the following address: European Commission DG Home Affairs, Directorate A Rue du Luxembourg 46 B-1049 Brussels [email protected] Reference of the contract JLS/2009/ISEC/PR/001-F3 Project Team Matjaz Saloven Euan Grant Peter Hanel Viktor Makai Kenneth Brent Hansen Linas Belevicius Angelika Pohnitzer Acknowledgements The Project Team expresses its appreciation towards many people across the European Union without whose co-operation and participation this Study Report could not have been drafted. Numerous representatives of law enforcement agencies were consulted and these have dedicated their time and effort for the benefits of this Study, providing replies to the questionnaires and sharing their opinions and insights. Reference of the contract JLS/2009/ISEC/PR/001-F3 International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) Gonzagagasse 1 A-1010 Vienna Austria www.icmpd.org European Public Law Organization (EPLO) 16, Achaiou, Kolonaki 10675 Greece www.eplo.eu International Centre for Migration Policy Development and European Public Law Organization, Austria and Greece, 2010 This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of ICMPD and EPLO and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Reference of the contract JLS/2009/ISEC/PR/001-F3 Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................................................7 2 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................11 2.1 Background.............................................................................................................................................................11 2.2 Objectives of the study......................................................................................................................................12 2.3 Methodology...........................................................................................................................................................13 2.4 Terminology ...........................................................................................................................................................16 2.4.1 Law enforcement authorities..............................................................................................................16 2.4.2 Information and intelligence...............................................................................................................16 2.4.3 Information and IT Channels...............................................................................................................17 3 Identification and analysis of current exchanges of information.........................................................19 3.1 National Structures.............................................................................................................................................19 3.2 Legal bases ..............................................................................................................................................................31 3.2.1 Principle of Availability..........................................................................................................................35 3.2.2 Swedish Initiative......................................................................................................................................36 3.2.3 Prüm treaty...................................................................................................................................................43 3.3 Scale of cross-border information exchange.........................................................................................45 3.4 Types of information..........................................................................................................................................49 3.5 Communication channels and information flows...............................................................................53 3.5.1 Police Channels...........................................................................................................................................54 3.5.2 Customs channels......................................................................................................................................62 3.5.3 Bilateral and Regional Channels........................................................................................................66 3.5.4 Police and Customs Co-operation Centres ...................................................................................70 3.5.5 Use and selection of communication channels ..........................................................................71 3.5.6 Relationship between formal and informal methods of exchanging information...76 3.5.7 Work flows and interconnections of law enforcement systems.......................................76 4 Common obstacles hampering efficient cross-border information exchange...............................83 4.1 Legal problems......................................................................................................................................................94 4.2 Technical problems ............................................................................................................................................97 4.3 Bottlenecks..............................................................................................................................................................98 4.4 Redundancies.........................................................................................................................................................99 5 Identification of law enforcement needs........................................................................................................100 5.1 Access to data......................................................................................................................................................101 5.2 Time Limits..........................................................................................................................................................104 5.3 Quality of information and criminal intelligence.............................................................................105 6 Good practices..............................................................................................................................................................107 7 Recommendations and conclusions..................................................................................................................109 7.1 Conclusions..........................................................................................................................................................109 7.2 Recommendations............................................................................................................................................112 8 Bibliography..................................................................................................................................................................118 Appendices..................................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Reference of the contract JLS/2009/ISEC/PR/001-F3 Abbreviations and Acronyms AFIS Anti-Fraud Information System AWF EUROPOL’s Analytical Work Files CIS Customs Information System EAW European Arrest Warrant ECRIS European Criminal Records Information System (under consideration) EIS EUROPOL Information System EIO European Investigation Order ELO European Liaison Officer (MS Liaison Officer at EUROPOL) ENU EUROPOL National Unit EPRIS European Police Records Index System (under consideration) EU – PNR Passenger Name Record FADO False and Authentic Documents Online (European Image Archiving System) FIDE Customs File Identification Database (EU database of MS’ fraud cases for Custom’s Authorities) FIND Fixed INTERPOL Network Database FRONTEX European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the MS of the EU IPGS
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