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The Rural Context of Giant Clam Mariculture in Solomon Islands: an Anthropological Study

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The Rural Context of Giant Clam Mariculture in Solomon Islands: an Anthropological Study The Rural Context of Giant Clam Mariculture in Solomon Islands: An Anthropological Study Edvard Hviding 1993 University of Bergen Centre for Development Studies Bergen, Norway International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management Manila, Philippines The Rural Context of Giant Clam Marlculture in Solomon Islands: An Anthropological Study EOVARO HVIOING 1993 Published by the International Center lor Uving Aquatic Resources Management, MCPO Box 2631, 0718 Makali, Metro Manila, Philippines, and Centre for Development Studies, University 01 Bergen, Str¢mgaten 54, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. Citation: Hviding, E. 1993. The rural context of giant clam mariculture in Solomon Islands: an anthropological study. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 39,93 p. Cover: A typical coastal Village in Solomon Islands: Chubikopi, Marovo Lagoon, Western Province. Several ·clam gardens· are located on the fringing reef close to the house sites. Photo by E. Hviding. ISSN 0115-5547 ISBN 971-8709-39-8 ICLARM Contribution No. 953 CONTENTS List of Tables ........................................................................................... vii List of Case Examples ........................................................................................... vii Preface ........................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................xi Abstract ........................................................................................................... xii Aspects of the Rural Context of Giant Clam Mariculture in Solomon Islands xiii Chapter 1. Prologue and Overview Introduction 1 Approach and Overview of the Study 3 Giant Clams in the Contemporary Pacific , 4 Giant Clam Mariculture in Solomon Islands 5 Chapter 2. The Rural Background for Giant Clam Mariculture Introduction 9 A Sketch of Coastal Village Life in Solomon Islands 10 The Background for Rural Mariculture 14 Chapter 3. The Traditional Importance of Giant Clams Traditional Harvesting Patterns 16 Giant Clams as Food: Rural Preferences.......................................................... 19 Traditional Postharvest Methods 23 Giant Clam Shell in Material Culture 25 Religious and Spiritual Attitudes to Giant Clams 27 Chapter 4. Indigenous Knowledge of Giant Clams and Traditional Mariculture Recognizing Multiple Realities , 29 Vernacular Taxonomies 29 Ethnobiology of Giant Clams in Solomon Islands 31 Benevolent Animals in Healthy Habitats 36 Ideas about Growth and Depletion, and Traditional Management of Giant Clams 37 v Clam Gardens and Trad~ional Mariculture 40 Dialogues about Clam Gardens and Mariculture 44 Building on What is There: Reflections on "Farming Systems" and "Husbandry" 46 Chapter 5. The Village Trials: Rural Participation and Information Flows in Mariculture Research I Introduction 49 Village Trials: Brief History and Profile 49 Experiences Gained from the Village Trial Program 51 Social and Demographic Characteristics of Village Trial Participants 53 Motivations and Expectations 56 Participants' Contributions: Labor, Information, Reefs - and Cash? 57 Research and Development: On Definitions and Contexts 61 Village Trials: An Indispensable Focus in Farming Systems Research 63 Chapter 6. Customary MarineTenure: A Framework for Village-Based Mariculture Customary Marine Tenure in a Changing Worlcl 64 Customary Marine Tenure in Solomon Islands 65 The Legal Context 68 Customary Marine Tenure and Giant Clam Mariculture 70 Chapter 7. Mariculture, Household-Based Economy and Market Scenarios Giant Clams as a Cash Crop 76 The Dynamics of Household-based Economies n Adopting Giant Clam Mariculture 81 APPENDICES 1: Molluscs of key importance in rural Solomon Islands for subsistence food and cash income 84 2: Trad~ional postharvest preparation of giant clams in Solomon Islands (by Karen Leivestad) 86 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 89 vi LIST OF TABLES 1.1 A simplified description of stages in the mariculture of Tridacna gigas at the ICLARM CAC 7 4.1 Vernacular names for tridacnids in Solomon Islands languages 30 5.1 A profile of ICLARM CAC village trials in Solomon Islands, early 1992 50 LIST OF CASE EXAMPLES 1 Annual rhythms in the gathering of food molluscs 17 2 The social life of Tridacna gigas among staghorn coral 33 3 Are giant clams beneficial to saltwater quality? 34 4 Using giant clam mariculture to reverse reef degradation 36 5 Women's management of Tridacna crocea 39 6 Mangrove oyster culture 40 7 "Planting" coconut crabs 41 8 The domestication of Tridacna crocea .41 9 Reproduction among Hippopus hippopus in clam gardens 45 10 Clam gardens limit the dumping of rubbish into the sea 74 vii PREFACE BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT OF STUDY The research on which this study is directly based was carried out in Solomon Islands during the period November 1991 - March 1992. My previous long-term research in Solomon Islands1 (based on 22 months of anthropological fieldwork in the Western Province; 1986­ 1987, 1989-1990), together with institutional links, provided the background for a joint proposal in 1990 by me (in my capacity as Research Fellow, Centre for Development Studies [CDS], University of Bergen) and John L. Munro (Director, ICLARM [South Pacific]) to investigate social, economic and legal parameters in giant clam mariculture (Hviding and Munro 1990). Through a Memorandum of Understanding signed in Bergen on 3 March 1990 between ICLARM and CDS, collaboration was arranged whereby the CDS would cover my international travel and salary,2 and ICLARM would provide domestic travel and infrastructural support in Solomon Islands, through my appointment as Affiliate Research Scientist at the Coastal Aquaculture Centre (CAC). A note on the place and role of the present study within ICLARM's Giant Clam Mariculture Project (GCMP) is in order: The study is simultaneously a general review of the rural context for giant clam mariculture in Solomon Islands, and a specific analysis of how the current activi­ ties of the ICLARM CAC interact with that context. Consequently, although being a component of the GCMP, this study also examines aspects of that project itself, with a focus on the dy­ namics generated in the variety of social fora where the activities of the GCMP are involved. Methodology and Primary Sources of Information Throughout the November 1991 - March 1992 period, rural travel alternated with periods based at the CAC during which documents were reviewed, field data processed and discus­ sions held with CAC staff and a number of people in and around Honiara. Shorter and longer field visits were made to village locations in Western, Malaita and Central provinces, and to the corresponding provincial capitals of Gizo, Auki and Tulagi. Considering the limited time avail­ able. as well as the logistical problems characteristic of a far-flung archipelago, a balance had to be found between the wish for a broad coverage of localities where Village-based giant clam farming trials are situated, and the need for deep insights into the complexities of the rural context. The latter can be reached mainly through detailed studies of particular localities. Therefore. in order to maximize the utility of existing data and to obtain in-depth baseline studies of the context for rural mariculture, emphasis was given to the Western Province. where certain infrastructural and ecological conditions seem particularly promising for mariculture development, and where I have previously carried out extensive field research on coastal resource use and management in the Marovo Lagoon area. This emphasis also re- lSee Hviding (1988, 1989, 1990, 1991: Johannes and Hviding 1987). 2My international travel was generously funded by the Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities (NAVF), under a grant to the CDS·based project ·Studying Customary Marine Tenure Systems for Designing the Management of Tropical Inshore Fisheries·. This support is gratefully acknowledged. viii flects the organization of the GCMP, which runs a field station near the provincial capital of Gizo and an expanding number of village trials throughout the province. Techniques employed during field research were dominated by nonformal interviews with village trial participants and other village residents, including community leaders and repre­ sentatives of women's organizations. A number of interviews were also made with trial appli­ cants. to ascertain their ideas about mariculture and its prospects. Participant observation during routine visits to village trials accompanying ICLARM CAC staff gave insights into the process of participatory, collaborative research. During interviews and more formal meetings, a number of initiatives and concerns were expressed by villagers and their leaders, and these ideas were conveyed to relevant CAC staff for further consideration. My fluency in Solomon Islands Pijin and in the Western Solomons lingua franca of Marovo facilitated such two-way flows of information and allowed close examination of ethnobiological topics and vernacular taxonomy. Thus, an inventory of more than 100 vernacular mollusc taxa, together with detailed information on their occurrence, lives and local uses, was compiled for the Marovo area of Western Province (Hviding and Leivestad 1992). In discussions with villagers, particular em­ phasis was given to the rich ethnobiology and folklore surrounding giant
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