BABESCH 92 (2017), 1-21. doi: 10.2143/BAB.92.0.3242682 Settlements and Territories in Southern France between the Iron Age and the Late-Republican Period (7th to 1st Century BC): the Vidourle Valley Maxime Scrinzi Abstract From the Cévennes to the Mediterranean, across limestone hills and coastal lagoons, the valley of the Vidourle takes in all the features of the lower Languedoc geo-system. This 800 sq km catchment area has been settled for millennia and so is an excellent field of study for spatiotemporal analysis of population by means of surface surveys and programmed or rescue excavation. These have contributed to the rich database of 205 settlements between the Iron Age and the Late-Republican period (7th-1st centuries BC): archaeological sites (oppida, dwell- ings, burial sites) that have been mapped with a geographical information system using ArcGIS software. Detailed mapping helps us to analyse the spatiotemporal dynamics of the population within the geographic entity formed by the valley. Analysis has revealed contrasts in the rate of occupancy of its sectors from the coast to the Cévennes foothills, ranging from scattered dwelling places to population clusters within the oppida.* INTRODUCTION programme which laid the bases for spatial archaeology in southern France in the 1990s.3 But Rising to a height of 500 m at the foot of the it was from 2009 to 2014 that a diachronic study Cévennes hills, the Vidourle River runs between of the population on the scale of the valley from Montpellier and Nîmes and has an outlet in the the Iron Age to the High Middle Ages was under- Mediterranean in the Languedoc-Roussillon taken for a thesis.4 The purpose of this paper is to region (fig. 1). It covers 95 km before reaching its examine the dynamics of land occupancy from mouth in the coastal lagoon, gathering the waters the sea to the hinterland within a broad chrono- of a catchment area of 800 sq km and crossing a logical scope, to gain greater insight into the evo- range of units in the regional geo-system. The lution of settlement patterns and the categories of Cévennes hills and foothill basins, limestone archaeological settlement. Moreover, it aims to hills, garrigue scrub, plain and lagoon together understand human behaviour in relation to a form a contrasting landscape (fig. 2). But the cur- river, based on people’s movements and ways of rent appearance of the delta is different from that using land, as well as offering some answers to of antiquity. Until the mid-19th century, the Vid- the role or roles of the waterway in this use. ourle flowed into the coastal lagoons, but with In France, in most cases, research programs the large amount of silt it brought down, the have focused on portions of Mediterranean valleys, lagoons have clogged and severe flooding of the notably the Archaeomedes program, which was river gradually drove the population towards the interested in the lower Rhône Valley, Stéphane coast.1 Mauné’s researches on the middle Hérault Valley, The prehistory and history of the Vidourle val- or also Frédérique Bertoncello’s studies on the ley have interested many researchers for hun- lower Argens Valley.5 However, in Italy, the dreds of years. Evidence of this interest goes as Biferno valley (Molise) is a reference territory, far back as the 16th century, though programmed through a multidisciplinary analysis from prehis- excavation followed by rescue archaeology did tory to the late 20th century of the entire valley.6 not begin until the mid-20th century.2 Together with In the neighbouring region of Abruzzo, research extensive excavations, a prospection programme has continued in this direction for about twenty was developed from 1985 to 2013, directed by years, in the heart of the Sangro Valley, as well as Claude Raynaud (CNRS-ASM) to locate and map in the Tiber Valley, and in an Adriatic valley, the settlements in the entire valley from Neolithic Potenza.7 times to the Middle Ages. Part of the data has The advantage of a study area extending over been analysed within the European Archaeomedes the whole of a river valley lies in the rich land- 1 Fig. 1. Location of the Vidourle valley (map M. Scrinzi - ASM). Fig. 2. The Vidourle between plain and limestone hills (photo M. Scrinzi - ASM). 2 Fig. 3. Research situation in the study area, cities and different landscapes (map M. Scrinzi and S. Sanz - ASM). scape between sea and mountains, true to the works, thus justifying the need for an analysis on ‘Braudelian’ definition of the Mediterranean geo- this scale, in order to compare the situations in system.8 So many environmental contexts lead to different sectors. What is the nature of the settle- a multitude of forms of land use, habitat and net- ment evolution between the Iron Age and the 3 first decades after the Roman conquest? Are there tion of the settlement systems, as well as on the differences between the occupation of the upper chronology and evolution of material culture. and lower Vidourle? Does the river influence the In order to make precise cartographic docu- location choices of the settlements? ments, on which depends the quality of careful In this study, these issues are discussed with analysis of spatial data, the entire corpus has respect to the Iron Age and Late Republican been integrated into an ArcGIS. As for the method period, from the 7th-1st centuries BC. The Vid- of analysis, it was based on cartographic results, ourle valley features in the protohistoric cultural and topography. Indeed, the field of study fol- context of Mediterranean Gaul - rich, varied and lows a geographical logic that is equivalent to the fairly well known.9 The advantage of this contri- catchment area of a river valley. We are in the bution lies in its complementarity to previous presence of an area that is part of a very special researches, by addressing a developing problem, local dynamic, including various landscape units especially through several regional studies (plains, hills, mountains). While retaining some between Catalonia and Provence.10 of the criteria established by the Archaeomedes Project such as surface area, artefacts, materials, METHODOLOGY persistence, date of intake, essential to under- stand the dynamics of land use, we proceed with The Vidourle is ideal for this study because many an analysis of settlement that relates to these dif- archaeological activities (surveys, excavations, ferent units, starting from the coast, to trace the geo-archaeological studies) have resulted in sev- valley to its source. This process allows us to per- eral publications on the lower valley and part of ceive the specifics for each period, by developing the middle valley where the history of settlement case studies, including excavated sites, or sites is partially known.11 This is less evident in the high valley where the investment of archaeologi- cal research was limited. To enrich the archaeo- logical map and get a picture, at least partially, of the whole valley, several survey operations were conducted from 2008 to 2013 between the middle and the upper Vidourle under my direction. Vineyards and cultivated fields have been the subject of systematic surveys, unlike woodlands, where ground readability is low or zero (fig. 3). Prospecting for some of these sectors was con- ducted according to visibility conditions, but also geographic conditions, with a preference for hill- tops corresponding to strategic points. Thus, this new program has recognized 115 new sites, completing the corpus which amounts to 832 sites dating between the 7th century BC and the 10th century AD. For the time period that interests us in the context of this article, the data- base amounts to 205 sites (oppida, habitats, burial sites). Moreover, these field operations are a major scientific contribution to our knowledge of the settlement of sub-Cevennes hinterland, long considered isolated, unattractive and underpopu- lated. If the geography of this sector, unfavoura- ble to agriculture, contributed to this idea, the lack of research, mainly concentrated on the coast, also played a role. After the fieldwork, we could work on a river valley completely covered by the survey programs (fig. 4). These are sup- ported and complemented by numerous sched- uled and rescue excavations, which enrich our knowledge, both on the function and organiza- Fig. 4. Surveys in fields and vines (photo M. Scrinzi). 4 Fig. 5. Land occupancy in the Vidourle valley in the 7th century BC. 1: Arriasse; 2: Port-Vielh; 3: Tonnerre I (map M. Scrinzi and S. Sanz - ASM). 5 that have particular characteristics in terms of detected across the middle valley, the delta and artefacts or topography. the lagoon. Boring of the Port-Vielh and Tonnerre sites (fig. 5, n° 2 and 3) has revealed traces of THE SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF SETTLEMENT dwellings made of perishable materials (brush and wood), thus confirming the data found at Older First Iron Age (7th Century BC): Settlement in Arriasse.14 However, artefacts found at Tonnerre the Continuity of the Final Bronze Age IIIb provide evidence for the beginnings of the trade which developed dynamically in the following At the end of the Final Bronze Age IIIb, between century, with the presence of the first imported the last quarter of the 8th century and the first Mediterranean goods consisting of Etruscan quarter of the 7th century BC, there was a growth amphorae and bucchero nero, dating from the last in population which could be related to climatic quarter of the 7th century BC. The sub-Cévennes conditions conducive to crop and livestock farm- backcountry remains, for now, away from the ing. This led to the development of open-air clus- organized traffic around wine.