Diseases of Native

Ram Sampangi Krishna Mohan University of Idaho, Parma ID 83660 and Clinton C. Shock Oregon State University Malheur Exptl. Stn. Ontario, OR 97914 Forb Diseases

Objectives:  Conduct surveys for new and/or emerging disease problems.  Identify unknown or little understood diseases in native systems.  Evaluation of cultivars for disease resistance/susceptibility.  Study the ecological and epidemiological aspects of diseases. Significance:

 Diseases of economic crops are well known and studied but not the diseases affecting native plants.  Diseases of native plants are also part of the ecosystem.  Prescreen plant materials for natural resistance to pests and diseases.  Develop disease management practices.

2 Forb species Malheur Experiment Station, [OSU], Ontario, OR.

Species Common name Eriogonum umbellatum Sulfur buckwheat Penstemon acuminatum Sand penstemon Penstemon deustus Hotrock penstemon Penstemon speciosus Royal or sagebrush penstemon

Lomatium dissectum Fern leaf biscuitroot Lomatium triternatum Nine leaf desert parsley Lomatium grayi Gray's lomatium

Sphaeralcea coccinea Scarlet Globemallow

Sphaeralcea grossulariifolia Gooseberry Globemallow

Sphaeralcea parvifolia Small flower Globemallow

Acnatherum thurberianum Thurber’s needlegrass Dalea ornata Blue mountain prairie clover Astralagus filipes Basalt milkvetch Cleome hassleriana Spider flower, Pinkqueen Crepis intermedia Limestone Hawksbeard Balsamorhiza sagittata Arrowleaf balsamroot 3 Powdery Mildew of Globe Mallow (red globe mallow) (Sphaeralcea coccinea)

4 Powdery Mildew of Globemallow (Sphaeralcea coccinea) 5 PM of Globemallow (gooseberry leaf) (Sphaeralcea grossulariifolia) 6 [Chasmothecia-Sexual fruit bodies]

Powdery mildew of Cleome hassleriana by Leveillula taurica (Pink queen, Spider flower) 7 PM on other hosts & weeds

Cleome lutea Yellow beeplant

Cleome serrulata Rocky Mountain beeplant Mentzelia laevicaulis Giant blazing star

8 Powdery mildew on Astragalus filipes [basalt milkvetch]

9 Powdery mildew on Cleome spp.[Spiderflower] and Dalea ornata [prairie clover] by Leveillula taurica

10 Co infection/Dual infection of Globemallow [Sphaeralcea grossulariifolia] with [ sherardiana] and powdery mildew [Leveillula taurica].

Rust spores 11 Lomatium Rust-Puccinia jonesii

12 Rust of Lomatium dissectum- Puccinia jonesii

Rust spores 13 Alternaria leaf blight of Lomatium

L. dissectum, L. triternatum and L. grayi Alternaria Spores 14 Leaf spot of Penstemon acuminatus by CMV [Cucumber Mosaic Virus]

15 Leaf spot (Virus-CMV-Cucumber Mosaic Virus) of Penstemon acuminatus (Sharpleaf penstemon, Sand-Dune Penstemon) 16 Hollyhock Rust: Host: rosea; others in 17 Wilt of Stevia rebaudiana [Pathogen-unknown]

18 Leaf spot and blight of Veratrum californicum 19 Enhancing Beneficial Insects with Native Plants

• Bumble Bees

• Honey Bees

20 Accomplishments:

 Several diseases [leaf spots, blights, rusts, wilts and powdery mildews] were recorded on forbs.  New and reemerging plant pathogens were noticed.  Fungal, bacterial and viral diseases were recorded.  Arid [hot and dry] conditions prevailing in PNW is favorable for powdery mildew disease cycle [germination, infection, production and release of generation/s of conidia ].

21 Publications related to this study

• Sampangi, R.K, M.C. Aime. S. K. Mohan .and C.C.Shock.2010. New and re-emerging rust diseases from Idaho and Oregon. Phytopathology 100:S113 • Sampangi, R.K, M.C. Aime and S. K. Mohan. 2010. First Report of Rust Caused by Puccinia similis on Artemisia tridentata in Idaho and Oregon. Plant disease 94,380, 2010 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-94-3-0380B] • Sampangi, R. K. C. Almeyda, K. L. Druffel, S. K. Mohan, C. C. Shock, and H. R. Pappu. 2009. First Report of Natural Infection of Penstemon acuminatus with Cucumber mosaic virus in the Treasure Valley Region of Idaho and Oregon. Plant Disease 93,762, 2009 • Sampangi, R.K, Glawe, D. A., and Mohan, S. K. 2007. First North American record of powdery mildew of Cleome hassleriana caused by Leveillula taurica. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2007-02XX-01-BR.

22 Questions ?

23 Thank You

24 Symptoms of PM on Onion

 Symptoms: sunken and bleached necrotic lesions with endophytic mycelium.  No chasmothecia or sexual fruit bodies on Onions. Discovery of the chasmothecia on several forbs suggests that it may contribute to genetic variability of L. taurica in this region . Diversity of crops with susceptible hosts & availability of inoculum source can often leads to Increased potential for economic losses. Inoculum on forbs could play a role in overwintering of this pathogen in this region.25 New disease/pathogen reports

New host –pathogen reports are vital in the quick and accurate diagnosis of new plant diseases. Helps improve our knowledge of biogeography, pathogen biology and host range in the region. New reports assist in establishing the baseline information about any emerging plant diseases. New reports also contribute to taxonomic studies, including revision of species descriptions and production of keys for identification.

26 Unanswered questions?

Risk factors associated with these Plant pathogens:

 Pathogens/species invasive?: unknown  Are they adaptable to different environments?: unknown  Do they have high reproductive potential?: unknown  Can they survive winters ?can the inoculum remain viable for more than one year?: unknown  Increased host range/cross infectivity to other crops? unknown

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