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Guglielmo MARCONI Esploratore Dell'etere Guglielmo Marconi, ESPLORATORE DELL’ETERE Guglielmo Marconi, Space Explorer un’idea... un sogno... e Marconi inventò la radio an idea... a dream... and Marconi invented the radio Giancarlo Morolli - Giuliano Nanni Guglielmo Marconi, ESPLORATORE DELL’ETERE Guglielmo Marconi, Space Explorer Iniziativa e Coordinamento: Project and Coordination: ABE Elettronica S.p.A. – Caravaggio (BG) – Italy [email protected] – www.abe.it Testi e Selezione illustrazioni: Text and Selection of illustrations: Giancarlo Morolli e Giuliano Nanni Traduzione: Translation: Giancarlo Morolli Revisione: Proofreading: Lilian Roberts Grafica: Artwork: Studio Franzini, Cremona Impaginazione: Make-Up: Fotolito Orchidea, Cremona © 2004 ABE Elettronica S.p.A. © 2004 Giancarlo Morolli e Giuliano Nanni – per i testi Tutti i diritti riservati All rights reserved Stampato in Italia Printed in Italy 2 Guglielmo Marconi, ESPLORATORE DELL’ETERE Guglielmo Marconi, Space Explorer PREFAZIONE PREFACE di Roberto Valentin, by Roberto Valentin, Amministratore Delegato, ABE Elettronica S.p.A. Chief Executive Officer, ABE Elettronica S.p.A. Da oltre vent’anni svolgo un lavoro che mi For more than twenty years my job has re- porta spesso a viaggiare, ad incontrare e a quired frequent trips that have provided confrontarmi con persone che hanno ruo- me the occasion for meeting and con- li e responsabilità di rilievo nel settore del- fronting persons who have important roles le telecomunicazioni radiotelevisive in nu- and responsibilities in the field of radio merosi Paesi del Mondo. and television communications in several countries all over the world. Durante questi incontri, ho potuto fre- quentemente constatare che l’Italia è oggi During these meetings I have frequently conosciuta per la sua storia, l’arte, il de- noticed that Italy is known for its history, sign, la moda, la cucina, il calcio e la Fer- art, design, fashion, cuisine, soccer and rari. Anche se non è poco, certamente non Ferrari. Even though those accomplish- è tutto. ments are certainly remarkable, they are not the only things. L’Italia vanta tradizioni che non sono se- conde a nessuno anche in campo tecnico Italy also boasts traditions which are sec- e scientifico. Tradizioni che hanno origini ond to none in science and technology. lontane nel tempo, basti pensare a Leo- These traditions have their roots far back nardo da Vinci e a Galileo Galilei; ma ve- in time: it is enough to think of Leonardo nendo a tempi più recenti e guardando al da Vinci and Galileo Galilei. Focusing our settore elettrico, elettronico e delle teleco- thought just on a more recent period and municazioni, non si può certamente non on the electric, electronic and telecommu- ricordare Luigi Galvani, Alessandro Volta, nications sector, we certainly cannot ig- Antonio Meucci e Guglielmo Marconi. nore Luigi Galvani, Alessandro Volta, An- tonio Meucci, and Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi, in particolare, non fu solo “l’in- ventore” della radio, né solamente un Marconi, in particular, was not only “the grande scienziato e premio Nobel dotato inventor” of the radio, nor just a great sci- di intuito e capacità eccezionali, ma fu an- entist and Nobel prize winner gifted of out- che un grande imprenditore internaziona- standing intuition and capabilities, but he le che fondò aziende in Italia, in Gran Bre- was also a great entrepreneur who estab- tagna, negli Stati Uniti ed in molti altri Pae- lished companies in Italy, Great Britain, si. The United States, and in many other countries. Quest’anno ABE Elettronica S.p.A. festeg- gia il venticinquesimo anniversario della This year ABE Elettronica S.p.A. celebrates fondazione e per celebrare la ricorrenza è its twenty-fifth anniversary. To highlight sembrato opportuno dedicare un libro al- this event we have thought it appropriate to le scoperte scientifiche ed alle straordina- devote a book to the scientific discoveries rie imprese di Guglielmo Marconi: un do- and the outstanding achievements of veroso tributo all’uomo, all’imprenditore Guglielmo Marconi: a tribute to the man, ed allo scienziato italiano sul cui genio si the entrepreneur, and the scientist on fonda il nostro lavoro. whose genius our work is based. Voglio ringraziare tutti quanti hanno colla- I want to thank all those who contributed 3 Guglielmo Marconi, ESPLORATORE DELL’ETERE Guglielmo Marconi, Space Explorer borato alla realizzazione di questo volu- to make this initiative happen, and espe- me, ed in modo particolare gli autori, che cially the authors, who accepted my re- hanno accolto la mia sollecitazione dando quest and carried out this work with en- vita a quest’opera con entusiasmo, profes- thusiasm, professionalism, and knowledge; sionalità e competenza; tutto questo senza all that without leaving nothing to chance, lasciare nulla al caso, ma effettuando ac- but performing accurate searches on each curate ricerche su ogni singolo dettaglio. individual detail. Desidero inoltre ringraziare il Ministro per Furthermore I wish to thank the Minister gli Italiani nel Mondo, onorevole Mirko for the Italians in the World, Honourable Tremaglia, che ha accolto con favore l’ini- Mirko Tremaglia, who greeted our initia- ziativa e che ha scritto una significativa in- tive with favour and has written a signifi- troduzione. cant introduction. Sono certo che questo libro, per l’argo- I am sure that this book, for the subject mento trattato e per la ricchezza di conte- treated and the wealth of contents and il- nuti ed illustrazioni, sarà un’interessante lustrations, will be interesting reading for lettura per chi vuole conoscere Guglielmo those who wish to know Guglielmo Mar- Marconi ed un utile approfondimento per coni and a useful enrichment for those chi ha già avuto occasione di avvicinarsi a who have already had the occasion of ap- lui ed alla sua opera. proaching him and his work. 4 Guglielmo Marconi, ESPLORATORE DELL’ETERE Guglielmo Marconi, Space Explorer INTRODUZIONE INTRODUCTION di Mirko Tremaglia by Mirko Tremaglia, Ministro per gli Italiani nel Mondo Minister for the Italians in the World Nel momento in cui, in ogni parte del mondo, In the moment that, in any part of the world, le attività umane sono sempre più basate sulle human activities are more and more based on comunicazioni, ogni iniziativa che ricorda la communications, every initiative remembering persona e l’opera di Guglielmo Marconi va sa- the person and the works of Guglielmo Marconi lutata con entusiasmo, in quanto ricorda Colui has to be greeted with enthusiasm. Those trib- che ha messo in moto questo meccanismo ed utes recall the man who started this mechanism ha continuato a svilupparlo ed a realizzarlo per and continued to develop and implement it tutta la vita. throughout his life. Marconi ha avuto il grandissimo merito di an- Marconi has had the very great merit of pursu- teporre l’obiettivo di comunicare, inteso come ing the objective of communicating, intended trasmettere e ricevere messaggi, a quello di di- as transmitting and receiving messages, rather mostrare teorie scientifiche note o di sviluppar- than aiming at demonstrating scientific theo- ne di nuove. Lo ha fatto dapprima a casa, poi ries or developing new ones. He did that first at nel podere di famiglia, ponendosi ostacoli sem- home, then in the family’s estate, setting obsta- pre crescenti per distanza e per caratteristiche cles more and more challenging in terms of dis- naturali. Li ha regolarmente superati e non si è tance and natural configurations. He regularly mai lasciato frenare dai dubbi degli scienziati overcome them and did not allow himself to be che partivano da una visione teorica: lui cerca- slowed down by the doubts of scientists who va di capire perché i comportamenti riscontrati started from a theoretic view: he tried to realize nella realtà si discostassero dalla teoria. Così why the behaviors he had noticed in the reality Marconi ha superato l’Oceano Atlantico e, più were different from the theory. So Marconi over- tardi, gli altri Oceani. came the Atlantic Ocean and, later, the other Non gli basta più garantire lo scambio rapido oceans. dei messaggi, ma vuole aumentare la sicurezza He was not satisfied of having made a fast and in mare, in cielo ed in terra, sino a creare i sup- reliable exchange of messages available, but he porti di comunicazione per nuovi settori come wanted to increase safety in seas, skies and l’aviazione commerciale. La radio si sta rivelan- land, up to creating the communications requi- do un grande strumento di informazione e lui sites for supporting new areas like commercial sperimenta nuove iniziative su radio e televi- aviation. Radio was proving to be a great com- sione. Quando non può occuparsi in prima munication tool and he experimented with new persona della ricerca, sono sempre le sue idee, solutions for radio and television broadcasting. le sue intuizioni ad indicare la strada agli scien- When he could not engage himself personally in ziati della Compagnia Marconi che le sviluppa- some of his research; his ideas and intuitions no ed approfondiscono con ammirata devozio- guided the scientists of the Marconi Company, ne e con grandissimo impegno scientifico. who developed and studied them in depth and Marconi è vissuto tra Italia e Gran Bretagna, supported him with admiring devotion and re- America ed Europa, sempre pronto ad interve- markable scientific commitment. nire in Patria, sia per consigliare le decisioni in Marconi lived in Italy and Great Britain, in merito allo sviluppo delle radio comunicazioni, America and Europe, always ready to intervene sia per compiere il suo dovere di soldato, col- in his Fatherland, to advise on decisions con- laborando con le varie Armi ed in particolare cerning development of radio communications, con la Marina Militare. for doing his duty as soldier, for cooperating Senatore del Regno d’Italia, ha fatto parte di with the various armed forces, particularly with importanti delegazioni, tra cui la missione di- the Navy.
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