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Foreword

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Chapter 1 Overview of the world shrimp  Bith-Hong Ling, PingSun Leung and Yung C. Shang   7KLV VWXG\ UHYLHZVWKH JOREDO VKULPS VXSSO\SDWWHUQVZLWK VSHFLDO DWWHQWLRQ RQ WKHUROHRIVKULPSVXSSO\SDUWLFXODUO\IURP$VLDQFRXQWULHVDQGWKHFXUUHQWWUHQGVRI ZRUOGH[SRUWVDQGLPSRUWVRIIUR]HQVKULPS7KHVWXG\SURYLGHVUHFHQWLQIRUPDWLRQRQ LPSRUW WDULIIVIRU VKULPS SURGXFWVLQWKHWKUHH PDMRU GHPDQG PDUNHWV - -DSDQ WKH 86$DQGWKH(8

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Chapter 2 Comparing Asian shrimp farming: the domestic resource cost (DRC) approach  Bith-Hong Ling, PingSun Leung and Yung C. Shang

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References $'%1$&$  Aquaculture Sustainability and the Environment. 5HSRUWRQD5HJLRQDO6WXG\ DQG:RUNVKRSRQ$TXDFXOWXUH6XVWDLQDELOLW\DQGWKH(QYLURQPHQt$VLDQ'HYHORSPHQW%DQN DQG1HWZRUNRI$TXDFXOWXUH&HQWHUVLQ$VLD3DFLILF%DQJNRN7KDLODQG $6,$:((.  $VLDQZHHN&XUUHQFLHV'HFHPEHUSS- &KHQHU\+%  &RPSDUDWLYHDGYDQWDJHDQGGHYHORSPHQWSROLF\American Economic Review 51- &KRQJ.&  6WUXFWXUHFRQGXFWDQGSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKH$VLDQVKULPSDTXDFXOWXUHLQGXVWU\ ,Q1HZ0%6DUDP+DQG6LQJK7 (GV Technical and Economic Aspects of Shrimp Farming Proceedings of the Aquatech'90 Conference -XQH -  .XDOD /XPSXU 0DOD\VLDSS- (85267$7  7KH1,0(;( 1RPHQFODWXUHRI*RRGVIRUWKH([WHUQDO7UDGH6WDWLVWLFVRIWKH &RPPXQLW\ DQG 6WDWLVWLFV RI 7UDGH EHWZHHQ 0HPEHU 6WDWHV RI WKH (XURSHDQ &RPPXQLW\  (XURSHDQ&RPPXQLW\/X[HPERXUJ )$2  Aquaculture Production Statistics, 1984-1994)LVKHU\,QIRUPDWLRQ'DWDDQG6WDWLVWLFV 6HUYLFH ),', &LUFXODUQR5HYLVLRQ)$2)LVKHULHV'HSDUWPHQW5RPH,WDO\ *RQ]DOHV /$ .DVU\QR ) 3HUH] 1' DQG 5RVHJUDQW 0:   Economic Incentives and Comparative Advantage in Indonesian Food Crop Production ,QWHUQDWLRQDO )RRG 3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH5HVHDUFK5HSRUW1R:DVKLQJWRQ'&SS -DSDQ7DULII$VVRFLDWLRQ   Exports & Imports, 1994-DSDQ7DULII$VVRFLDWLRQ7RN\R -DSDQ -LWVDQJXDQ7  $Q(PSLULFDO6WXG\RI3ROLF\,QFHQWLYHVDQG&RPSDUDWLYH$GYDQWDJHLQWKH )LVKHULHV,QGXVWU\RI7KDLODQG3K''LVVHUWDWLRQ'HSDUWPHQW RI(FRQRPLFV8QLYHUVLW\RI +DZDLLDW0DQRD+RQROXOX+DZDLLSS 3HDUVRQ 65 DQG 0H\HU 5.   &RPSDUDWLYH DGYDQWDJH DPRQJ $IULFDQ FRIIHH SURGXFHUV American Journal of Agricultural Economics,56- 3HDUVRQ65$NUDVDQHH1DQG1HOVRQ*&  Comparative Advantage in Rice Production: A Methodological Introduction )RRG 5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWH 6WXGLHV 9RO  1R  6WDQIRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 86 'HSDUWPHQW RI &RPPHUFH   U.S. Imports of Merchandise, 1994 86 'HSDUWPHQW RI FRPPHUFH:DVKLQJWRQ'&  

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Chapter 3 Comparative economics of shrimp farming in Asia  Yung C. Shang, PingSun Leung and Bith-Hong Ling   Abstract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  (FRQRPLFVDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIVKULPSDQGFDUSIDUPLQJLQ$VLD     References $'%1$&$  Aquaculture Sustainability and the Environment. 5HSRUWRQD5HJLRQDO6WXG\ DQG:RUNVKRSRQ$TXDFXOWXUH6XVWDLQDELOLW\DQGWKH(QYLURQPHQW$VLDQ'HYHORSPHQW%DQN DQG1HWZRUNRI$TXDFXOWXUH&HQWHUVLQ$VLD3DFLILF%DQJNRN7KDLODQG $JED\DQL5+DWFK8DQG%HOOH]D(  (FRQRPLFDQDO\VLVRISUDZQ Penaeus monodon  FXOWXUHLQWKH3KLOLSSLQHV,+DWFKHU\RSHUDWLRQVAsian ,8- $XEXUQ 8QLYHUVLW\   Final Report of Philippine Industry Policy Study ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &HQWHUIRU$TXDFXOWXUHDQG$TXDWLF(QYLURQPHQWV$XEXUQ8QLYHUVLW\$XEXUQ$ODEDPD &VDYDV ,   'HYHORSPHQW RI VKULPS IDUPLQJ ZLWK VSHFLDO UHIHUHQFH WR 6RXWKHDVW $VLD 3UHVHQWHGDW,1'$48$¶([SRVLWLRQRI,QGLDQ$TXDFXOWXUH-DQXDU\-0DGUDV ,QGLD )ULHG+2/RYHOO&$.DQG6FKPLGW66 ).The Measurement of Productive Efficiency: Techniques and Applications2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV /LQ&.  3URJUHVVLRQRILQWHQVLYHPDULQHVKULPSFXOWXUHLQ7KDLODQG,Q%URZG\&DQG +RSNLQV-6 (GV Swimming Through Troubled Water:RUOG$TXDFXOWXUH6RFLHW\%DWRQ 5RXJH/RXLVLDQDSS- /LQJ%+/HXQJ36DQG6KDQJ<&  ,QWHUFRXQWU\FRPSDULVRQRIVKULPSIDUPLQJV\VWHPV LQ $VLD WKH GRPHVWLF UHVRXUFH FRVW DSSURDFK 3UHVHQWHG DW WKH :RUOG $TXDFXOWXUH µ &RQIHUHQFH%DQJNRN7KDLODQG-DQXDU\-)HEUXDU\ 0XOXN & DQG %DLO\ &   6RFLDO DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO LPSDFWV RI FRDVWDO DTXDFXOWXUH LQ ,QGRQHVLD ,Q %DLO\ & -HQWRIW 6 DQG 6LQFODLU 3 (GV  Aquaculture Development :HVWYLHZ3UHVV%RXOGHU&RORUDGRSS- 5RVHQEHU\%  :RUOG6KULPS)DUPLQJ6KULPS1HZV,QWHUQDWLRQDO6DQ'LHJR&DOLIRUQLD 6KDQJ <& DQG 7LVGHOO &$   (FRQRPLF GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ LQ VXVWDLQDEOH DTXDFXOWXUH GHYHORSPHQW ,Q %DUGDFK - ( (G  Sustainable Aquaculture :LOH\ ,QWHUVFLHQFH

  Chapter 4 Intercountry productivity comparisons of black tiger shrimp culture in Asia  PingSun Leung and Lokugam H.P. Gunaratne

Abstract 7KLVVWXG\H[DPLQHVLQWHUFRXQWU\SURGXFWLYLW\GLIIHUHQFHVRIH[WHQVLYHVHPLLQWHQVLYHDQGLQWHQVLYH EODFNWLJHUVKULPSSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVLQ$VLD)RUHDFKV\VWHPRIFXOWXUHLQWHQVLWLHVFRXQWULHVDUH FRPSDUHGLQWHUPVRIERWKSDUWLDOSURGXFWLYLW\LQGH[HVIRUPDMRUVKULPSLQSXWV LHODERUIHHGDQG VHHG DQGWRWDOIDFWRUSURGXFWLYLW\PHDVXUHV7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQFDQEHXVHIXOIRULQWHUFRXQWU\WUDQVIHU RIDSSURSULDWHWHFKQRORJLHVLQRUGHUWRLPSURYHWKHORQJWHUPVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIVKULPSIDUPLQJLQWKH UHJLRQ

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Chapter 6 Productivity analysis of Malaysian cultured shrimp industry

Lokugam H.P. Gunaratne and PingSun Leung 

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6.4 Results and discussion

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Chapter 7 Export performance of major cultured shrimp producers in the Japanese and US markets

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7.2 World cultured shrimp industry

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References $UPLQJWRQ36  7KHWKHRU\RIGHPDQGIRUSURGXFWVGLVWLQJXLVKHGE\SODFHRISURGXFWLRQ IMF, Staff Papers,16- %DODVVD %$   7UDGH OLEHUDOL]DWLRQ DQG UHYHDOHG  FRPSDUDWLYH DGYDQWDJH The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 33- %DOODQFH 5+ )RUVWQHU + DQG 6DZ\HU :&   $Q HPSLULFDO H[DPLQDWLRQ RI WKH UROH RI YHUWLFDOSURGXFWGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQLQ1RUWK6RXWKWUDGH Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 128-  &KHQHU\+%  &RPSDUDWLYHDGYDQWDJHDQGGHYHORSPHQWSROLF\American Economic Review, 51- &KLDQJ3DQG/LDR,&  7KHSUDFWLFHRIJUDVVSUDZQ Penaeus monodon FXOWXUHLQ7DLZDQ IURP-Journal of World Society, 16- )DOYH\ 5(   &RPPHUFLDO SROLF\ DQG LQWUDLQGXVWU\ WUDGH Journal of International Economics,19- )ODP+DQG+HOSPDQ(  9HUWLFDOSURGXFWGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQDQG1RUWK6RXWKWUDGHAmerican Economic Review177- *RODQ $ DQG 6KDOLW +   :LQH TXDOLW\ GLIIHUHQWLDOV LQ KHGRQLF JUDSH SULFLQJ Journal of Agricultural Economics,44- *RQ]DOHV /$ .DVU\QR ) 3HUH] 1' DQG 5RVHJUDQW 0:   Economic Incentives and Comparative Advantage in Indonesian Food Crop Production ,QWHUQDWLRQDO )RRG 3ROLF\ 5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH:DVKLQJWRQ'&

  (FRQRPLFVDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIVKULPSDQGFDUSIDUPLQJLQ$VLD     +LOOPDQ$/  2EVHUYDWLRQVRQWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ UHYHDOHGFRPSDUDWLYHDGYDQWDJH DQG FRPSDUDWLYHDGYDQWDJHDVLQGLFDWHGE\SUHWUDGHUHODWLYHSULFHVWeltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 116- +LURQR<DQG/HVOLH0  6KULPSFXOWXUHLQGXVWU\LQ(FXDGRU,Q)DVW$:DQG/HVWHU/- (GV  Marine Shrimp Culture: Principles and Practices(OVHYLHU 6FLHQFH 3XEOLVKHUV %9 $PVWHUGDP7KH1HWKHUODQGVSS- -7$ -DSDQ 7DULII $VVRFLDWLRQ  -) Japan Exports and Imports - -DSDQ 7UDGH $VVRFLDWLRQ7RN\R /HH'2DQG:LFNLQV-)   Farming+DOVWHDG3UHVV1HZ

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  (FRQRPLFVDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIVKULPSDQGFDUSIDUPLQJLQ$VLD     Chapter 8 Behavior of price transmissions in vertically coordinated markets: the case of frozen black tiger shrimp (P. monodon)

Bith-Hong Ling, PingSun Leung and Yung C. Shang 

Abstract 7KLVVWXG\DQDO\]HVWKHEHKDYLRURIWKHSULFHWUDQVPLVVLRQSURFHVVIRUWKHOHDGLQJFXOWXUHGVKULPS VSHFLHVEODFNWLJHUVKULPS Penaeus monodon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Fig 8.3 Tokyo wholesale (WI) and Indonesian overseas contract (CI) prices for black tiger shrimp by size (FAO, 1990-1994)  

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  (FRQRPLFVDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIVKULPSDQGFDUSIDUPLQJLQ$VLD    Chapter 9 A logistic regression of risk factors for disease occurrence on Asian shrimp farms  PingSun Leung, Liem T. Tran and Arlo W. Fast   Abstract 6HULRXVVKULPSGLVHDVHRXWEUHDNVKDYHUHGXFHGVKULPSSURGXFWLRQDQGVORZHGLQGXVWU\JURZWKVLQFH  7KLV SDSHU WHVWV IDFWRUV VXFK DV IDUP VLWLQJ DQG GHVLJQ DQG IDUPPDQDJHPHQW SUDFWLFHV IRU UHODWLRQVKLSV ZLWK GLVHDVH RFFXUUHQFH /RJLVWLF UHJUHVVLRQ LV XVHG WR DQDO\]H IDUPOHYHO GDWD IURP VKULPSIDUPVLQ$VLDQFRXQWULHV'LVHDVHRFFXUUHQFHLVPRGHOHGDVD-YDULDEOHZKHUH GLVHDVHORVVRI≥WRDQ\RQHFURSDQG ORVVHVRI</RJLVWLFUHJUHVVLRQLVSHUIRUPHG IRU HDFK RI WKUHH OHYHOV RI VKULPS FXOWXUH LQWHQVLW\ ±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10.3 Results

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  (FRQRPLFVDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIVKULPSDQGFDUSIDUPLQJLQ$VLD    References $'%1$&$  Aquaculture Sustainability and the Environment. 5HSRUWRQD5HJLRQDO6WXG\ DQG:RUNVKRSRQ$TXDFXOWXUH6XVWDLQDELOLW\DQG7KH(QYLURQPHQW$VLDQ'HYHORSPHQW%DQN 6HULHV%DQJNRN7KDLODQG +DUVWRQ&7  7KHQHXURORJLFDOEDVLVIRUQHXUDOFRPSXWDWLRQV,Q0DUHQ$-+DUVWRQ& DQG3DS5 (GV  Handbook of Neural Computing Applications$FDGHPLF3UHVV,QF6DQ 'LHJRSS- +RULPRWR < /HH . DQG 1DNDL 6   &ODVVLILFDWLRQ RI PLFURELDO GHIHFWV LQ PLON XVLQJ D G\QDPLF KHDGVSDFH JDV FKURPDWRJUDSK DQG FRPSXWHUDLGHG GDWD SURFHVVLQJ  $UWLILFLDO QHXUDOQHWZRUNVSDUWLDOOHDVWVTXDUHVUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLVDQGSULQFLSDOFRPSRQHQWUHJUHVVLRQ DQDO\VLVJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry45- 0DKHU-DQG6HQ7.  3UHGLFWLQJERQGUDWLQJVXVLQJQHXUDOQHWZRUNVDFRPSDULVRQZLWK ORJLVWLFUHJUHVVLRQIntelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management6- 0DUHQ $- D  ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 1HXUDO 1HWZRUNV ,Q 0DUHQ $- +DUVWRQ & DQG 3DS 5 (GV  Handbook of Neural Computing Applications$FDGHPLF3UHVV,QF6DQ'LHJRSS-  0DUHQ$- E 1HXUDOQHWZRUNVVWUXFWXUHVIRUPIROORZVIXQFWLRQ,Q0DUHQ$-+DUVWRQ& DQG3DS5 (GV  Handbook of Neural Computing Applications$FDGHPLF3UHVV,QF6DQ 'LHJRSS- 3DUXHOR -0 DQG 7RPDVHO )   3UHGLFWLRQ RI IXQFWLRQDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI HFRV\VWHPV D FRPSDULVRQ RI DUWLILFLDO QHXUDO QHWZRUNV DQG UHJUHVVLRQ PRGHOV Ecological Modeling 98 - 5RVHQEHU\%  World Shrimp Farming6KULPS1HZV,QWHUQDWLRQDO6DQ'LHJR&DOLIRUQLD 6SHFKW')  Probabilistic neural networksNeural Networks,3- 6SHFKW')  3UREDELOLVWLFQHXUDOQHWZRUNVDQGJHQHUDOUHJUHVVLRQQHXUDOQHWZRUNV,Q&KHQ &+ (G  Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network Handbook 0F*UDZ+LOO ,QF 1HZ

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A collection of research papers based on the ADB/NACA Farm Performance Survey

Chapter 11

Technical efficiency of carp pond culture in South Asia: an application of a stochastic meta-production frontier model  Khem R. Sharma and PingSun Leung   Abstract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Chapter 12 Technical efficiency of carp production in Nepal: an application of stochastic frontier production function approach*  Khem R. Sharma and PingSun Leung**   Abstract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 Chapter 14 Technical efficiency of carp production in India: a stochastic frontier production function analysis  Khem R. Sharma and PingSun Leung

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15.3 Data and variables

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15.3.2 Sample characteristics 2I WKH  IDUPV DQDO\]HG WKH DYHUDJH JURZRXW SRQG DUHD LV  KD IRU DOO VDPSOH IDUPV  KD IRU LQWHQVLYHVHPLLQWHQVLYH IDUPV DQG  KD IRU H[WHQVLYH IDUPV$ERXWRIRSHUDWLRQVKDYHDSRQGDUHDRIOHVVWKDQKD7KXVDVQRWHG E\ 6HQRRHWDO   WKHRYHUDOO RSHUDWLRQ VL]HRI FDUS SRQG FXOWXUH LQ 3HQLQVXOD 0DOD\VLDLVUHODWLYHO\VPDOO7KHDYHUDJHILVKSURGXFWLRQLVNJKDIRUDOOVDPSOH IDUPV 7KH DYHUDJHSURGXFWLRQRI LQWHQVLYHVHPLLQWHQVLYH IDUPV LV  NJKD DQG WKDWIRUH[WHQVLYHIDUPVLVNJKD $ERXW  RI VDPSOH FDUS IDUPV SUDFWLFH ILVK FXOWXUH DV SULPDU\ DFWLYLW\ 6LPLODUO\ DERXW RI VDPSOH IDUPV LQWHJUDWH ILVK IDUPLQJ ZLWK RWKHU DJULFXOWXUDO DFWLYLWLHV7KHSULQFLSDOODQGXVHVSULRUWRFDUSFXOWXUHDUHZHWODQGVZDPS  ULFH IDUPLQJ   DQG ORZ\LHOGXQVXLWDEOH DJULFXOWXUH ODQG   7KH GRPLQDQW VRLO W\SHVIRUVDPSOHFDUSSRQGVDUHFOD\  ORDP  SHDWRUJDQLFULFKVRLO   DQGVDQG\  7KHPDLQVRXUFHRIZDWHUIRUILVKSRQGVLVIUHVKZDWHUVSULQJ   IROORZHGE\VSULQJ  ULYHU  LUULJDWLRQFDQDO  DQGUDLQZDWHU  $ERXW  RI IDUPV DUH WHQDQWRSHUDWHG XVLQJ OHDVHG ODQGV SXEOLF ODQGV RU FRRSHUDWLYH ODQGV $OOVDPSOHIDUPVSUDFWLFHSRO\FXOWXUHRIVHYHUDOIUHVKZDWHUILQILVKVSHFLHV*UDVV FDUS Ctenopharyngodon idellus LVFXOWXUHGRQRIVDPSOHIDUPVIROORZHGE\ -DYDQHVH FDUS RU gonionotus   ELJKHDG FDUS RU Aristichthys nobilis   FRPPRQ FDUS RU Cyprinus carpio   DQG ULYHU FDUS RU Leptobarbus hoevenii  6LOYHUFDUS Hypophthalmichtys molitrix DQGURKX Labeo rohita DUH DOVR FXOWXUHG %HVLGH WKHVH FDUS VSHFLHV WLODSLD Oreochromis niloticus RU O. mossambicus LVFXOWXUHGRQRIWKHVDPSOHFDUSIDUPV $OOVDPSOHIDUPVUHJXODUO\XVHVHYHUDOW\SHVRIVXSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGV IRU FDUS SRQGFXOWXUH6LPSOHGLHWVDUHXVHGE\DOODQGIRUPXODWHGGLHWVDUHXVHGE\RI VDPSOH IDUPV ,Q WHUPV RI VLPSOH GLHWV  RI VDPSOH IDUPV XVH SODQW PDWHULDOV IROORZHG E\ IRRG SURFHVVLQJ ZDVWH   EUDQ DQG RLO FDNHV   DQG ILVKPHDO  ,QWHUPVRIIRUPXODWHGGLHWVWKHORFDOO\SURGXFHGFRPPHUFLDOSHOOHWHGIHHGLV PRVWSRSXODU /LPLQJ IRU SRQG SUHSDUDWLRQ LV UHSRUWHG RQ  RI VDPSOH FDUS IDUPV $ERXW RIIDUPVDSSO\IHUWLOL]HUIRUSRQGSUHSDUDWLRQDQGZDWHUWUHDWPHQWPRVWO\RUJDQLF IHUWLOL]HUV )DUPHUV UDUHO\ XVH LQRUJDQLF IHUWLOL]HU DQG KDUGO\ XVH DQ\ FKHPLFDOV IRU SRQGWUHDWPHQW

15.3.3 Output and input variables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15.5 Results

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  Chapter 16 Economic efficiency and optimum stocking densities in fish polyculture: an application of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to Chinese fish farms

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            A collection of research papers based on the ADB/NACA Farm Performance Survey   

          16.4.2 The variables )LVK SRO\FXOWXUH W\SLFDOO\ LQYROYHV WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI VHYHUDO ILVK VSHFLHV RU RXWSXWV XVLQJ VHYHUDO LQSXWV LQFOXGLQJ VHHG RU ILQJHUOLQJV IHHG PDQXUH DQG IHUWLOL]HUV ODERU ODQG DQG FDSLWDO VHUYLFHV )RU WKH SXUSRVH RI WKLV VWXG\ EDVHG RQ WKHLU IHHGLQJ KDELWV ILVK RXWSXWV DUH DJJUHJDWHG WR IROORZLQJ IRXU HFRORJLFDO FDWHJRULHVDOOPHDVXUHGLQNLORJUDPSHUKHFWDUHDVIROORZV <FDUQLYRUHVҟҏEODFNFDUS Mylopharyngodon piceus  <KHUELYRUHVҟҏJUDVVFDUS Ctenopharyngodon idella  <ILOWHUIHHGHUV  VLOYHU FDUS Hypophthalmichthys molitrix  DQG ELJKHDG FDUS H. nobolis DQG <DQGRPQLYRUHVRUµRWKHUVSHFLHV¶FRPPRQFDUS Cyprinus carpio FUXFLDQ FDUS auratus  &KLQHVH EHDP Megalobrama amblycephala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µUHYHQXH¶HIILFLHQF\DUH UHSUHVHQWHG E\ 3U U   «   DQG PHDVXUHG LQ \XDQNJ 6XPPDU\ VWDWLVWLFV IRU

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          16.5.1 Technical, allocative and economic efficiencies 7KHHVWLPDWHGWHFKQLFDOHIILFLHQF\VFRUHVIRUWKHVDPSOHRI&KLQHVHILVKIDUPV YDU\IURPWRZLWKDVDPSOHDYHUDJHRI$OORFDWLYHHIILFLHQF\PHDVXUHV UDQJHIURPWRZLWKDQDYHUDJHRI6LPLODUO\WKHµUHYHQXH¶RUHFRQRPLF HIILFLHQF\ LQGLFHV YDU\ IURP  WR  ZLWK D PHDQ RI  2IWKHIDUPV LQYROYHG LQ WKH VWXG\  RU   DUH IRXQG WR EH WHFKQLFDOO\ HIILFLHQW DQG  RU   DUH DOORFDWLYHO\ DQG HFRQRPLFDOO\ HIILFLHQW )UHTXHQF\ GLVWULEXWLRQV RI WKH HVWLPDWHG HIILFLHQF\ VFRUHV DUH GHSLFWHGLQ )LJ7KH PDMRULW\ RI VDPSOH IDUPV KDYHDOORFDWLYHHIILFLHQF\LQGH[ZLWKLQWKHUDQJHRI±DQGHFRQRPLFHIILFLHQF\ LQGH[ZLWKLQWKHUDQJHRI±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¶V DELOLW\ WR IROORZ WKHVH UHJXODU DFWLYLWLHV GHFUHDVHV ZLWK IDUP VL]H 3HUKDSV WKH ORVV FUHDWHG IURP VXFK PDQDJHPHQW LQHIILFLHQFLHV RXWZHLJKV WKH JDLQ IURP WKH HFRQRPLHV RI VFDOH RQ ODUJH IDUPV $V H[SHFWHG IDUPHUV IURP WKH GHYHORSHGSURYLQFHVDUHWHFKQLFDOO\DQGHFRQRPLFDOO\PRUHHIILFLHQWWKDQWKRVHIURP WKHXQGHUGHYHORSHGDUHDV

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          16.5.3 Policy implications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          References &KDUQHV $ &RRSHU :: DQG 5KRGHV (   0HDVXULQJ WKH HIILFLHQF\ RI GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ XQLWVEuropean Journal of Operational Research2 &KHQ + +X % DQG &KDUOHV $7   &KLQHVH LQWHJUDWHG ILVK IDUPLQJ D FRPSDUDWLYH ELRHFRQRPLFDQDO\VLVAquaculture Research26 &RHOOL7-  $JXLGHWR'($3YHUVLRQDGDWDHQYHORSPHQWDQDO\VLV FRPSXWHU SURJUDP &HQWHUIRU(IILFLHQF\DQG3URGXFWLYLW\$QDO\VLV &(3$ :RUNLQJ3DSHU'HSDUWPHQWRI (FRQRPHWULFV8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ(QJODQG$UPLGDOH$XVWUDOLD &RHOOL 7 5DR '63 DQG %DWWHVH *(   An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis.OXZHU$FDGHPLF3XEOLVKHUV )lUH 5 *URVVNRSI 6 DQG /RYHOO &$.   Production Frontiers &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV&DPEULGJH *XQDUDWQH/+3DQG/HXQJ36  3URGXFWLYLW\DQDO\VLVRI$VLDQVKULPSLQGXVWU\WKHFDVH RI 0DOD\VLDQ VKULPS FXOWXUH :RUOG $TXDFXOWXUH  )HEUXDU\  6HDWWOH :DVKLQJWRQ %RRNRI$EVWUDFWVS  *XQDUDWQH/+3DQG/HXQJ36  $VLDQEODFNWLJHUVKULPSLQGXVWU\DSURGXFWLYLW\DQDO\VLV 6HFRQG %LHQQLDO *HRUJLD 3URGXFWLYLW\ :RUNVKRS 8QLYHUVLW\ RI *HRUJLD $WKHQV *HRUJLD 1RYHPEHU )DUUHOO 0-   7KH PHDVXUHPHQW RI SURGXFWLYH HIILFLHQF\ Journal of the Royal Statistical society6HULHV A,120 3DUW +DWFK 8 DQG 7DL &   $ VXUYH\ RI DTXDFXOWXUH SURGXFWLRQ HFRQRPLFV DQG PDQDJHPHQW $quaculture Economics and Management1 /HXQJ 36 6KDQJ <& &KHQ * DQG 0D 6   ,PSDFWV RI WKH SURGXFWLRQ UHVSRQVLELOLW\ V\VWHPRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIIUHVKZDWHUSRQGILVKFXOWXUHLQ&KLQDAsian Fisheries Science 6 /,1*2  7KHPRGHOLQJODQJXDJHDQGRSWLPL]HU/LQGR6\VWHPV,QF 1$&$  5HJLRQDO6WXG\DQG:RUNVKRSRQ$TXDFXOWXUH6XVWDLQDELOLW\DQGWKH(QYLURQPHQW 5HSRUWRIWKH3ODQQLQJ:RUNVKRS5(7$7KDLODQG 6KDUPD .5 DQG /HXQJ 36   7HFKQLFDO HIILFLHQF\ RI FDUS SURGXFWLRQ LQ 1HSDO DQ DSSOLFDWLRQRIVWRFKDVWLFIURQWLHUSURGXFWLRQIXQFWLRQDSSURDFKAquaculture Economics and Management, 2 6KDUPD.5/HXQJ36DQG=DOHVNL+0  7HFKQLFDODOORFDWLYHDQGHFRQRPLFHIILFLHQFLHV LQ VZLQH SURGXFWLRQ LQ +DZDLL D FRPSDULVRQ RI SDUDPHWULF DQG QRQSDUDPHWULF DSSURDFKHV Agricultural Economics, 20 7DQ<7  &RPSRVLWLRQDQGQXWULWLYHYDOXHRIVRPHJUDVVSODQWVDQGDTXDWLFZHHGVWHVWHGDV GLHWVJournal of Fish Biology2 :DQJ;