I LN S UNIVERSITY OF AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PRODUCTION NOTE

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Large-scale Digitization Project, 2007. boC Natural History Survey TL OS Librury tvirccloD (-1)

VASCULAR AND NATURAL AREAS OF SITE M, CASS COUNTY, ILLINOIS

Kenneth R. Robertson, Geoffrey A. Levin, and Loy R. Phillippe

Illinois Natural History Survey Center for Biodiversity Technical Report 1995(17)

Illinois Natural History Survey 607 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820

Prepared for: Illinois Department of Natural Resources Division of Natural Heritage 600 North Grand Avenue West Springfield, Illinois 62701

Project Completion Report 1 June 1994 through 31 August 1994

Report Completed October 1995

Kenneth R. Robertson GeoffreYA. Lex*n Lo . Phillippe '

Natural Histwry Survey Library

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ...... 1 2. M ethodology ...... 2 3. Vascular Plants ...... 4 Species of Cass County (also see Appendix 1) ...... 4 Species of Site M ...... 4 4. Endangered and Threatened Species ...... 20 Acal~ypha deamii ...... **o* 20 skinneriana...... 22 Cirsium hillii ...... 26 Cypripedium candidum ...... 30 scariosa var. nieuwlandii ...... 32 5. Natural areas Hill Prairies ...... 35 Forests ...... 46 Other Habitats s...... 50 6. Lake Areas 5...... 51 Lake Site 4 ...... 51 Lake Site 7 ...... 53 Literature cited ...... 59 Appendix 1. List of Species for Cass County ...... 616 Section1

INTRODUCTION

Most natural areas in Illinois are small and isolated. They are surrounded by urbanized or agricultural lands with diverse ownership and management goals. As a result, resource managers face a daunting task trying to preserve and enhance the natural qualities of the lands in their charge.

To counteract this tendency, the State of Illinois is attempting to establish what are termed "macrosites," large natural areas with unified management goals. Most macrosites necessarily will usually consist of lands owned by several organizations or individuals, all of whom agree to manage their holdings for a common goal. But building such agreements can be a difficult and time-consuming process. Management is much easier if the entire macrosite belongs to a single owner. About 30 miles northwest of Springfield lies one of the state's newest conservation and recreation areas. Known as Site M, this area in Cass County clearly qualifies as a macrosite: it consists of almost 24.5 square miles in a single contiguous holding . Commonwealth Edison Company originally acquired the land for a coal-fired electrical power plant and cooling lake, but decreasing electrical demand eliminated the need for such a facility. In 1993, Site M was purchased by the Illinois Department of Conservation. Although the land now has a single owner, its history of diverse ownership resulted in a mosaic of habitat types of widely varying natural quality. About half of Site M is cropland, much of which has been leased to farmers. Another 20 % is pastureland. Cattle have been removed from most of the Site M, but their impact is clear, not only on the former pastures but throughout the area, including the forests that cover another third of Site M. Still, there are patches of woods that, because of steep terrain, natural barriers like creeks, or the former owners' management, retain higher quality. These forests have a diversity of tree species and sizes, and a higher diversity of spring woodland wildflowers. Botanically the most significant vegetation type on Site M is hill prairie. Found on slopes that are too steep to cultivate, hill prairies require periodic burning to exclude trees and shrubs. The largest series at Site M is found in the Cox Creek Hill Prairie Natural Area, recognized as a Grade B Loess Hill Prairie by the Illinois Natural Areas Inventory. With restoration of adjacent pasturelands that were formerly prairie, this area has the potential to become the largest hill prairie complex in the state. Though hill prairies account for less thanV 1 W%of theni.anrea z.+ofAXSiteM , Theyare home toldarg ppuaton f the0+state treatened1 Section 2

METHODOLOGY

Background To obtain background information on Site M, we obtained a printout of the vascular plants of Cass County from the Illinois Plant Information Network (ILPIN); nomenclature on this list follows Mohlenbrock (1986). We also examined large scale aerial photographs, records of the Illinois Natural Heritage Database, 7.5' topographic maps, soil maps for Cass County, maps from the National Wetland Inventory, and literature on endangered and threatened species (Herkert 1991, 1994; Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board). Computerized literature searches were conducted via the IBIS interface at the University of Illinois Library for current information on endangered and threatened species. Field Work Because of the large size of Site M, it was necessary to prioritize field work. From the background information and scope of the project, we concentrated our field work on: 1) the hill prairies in the northern part of Site M; 2) potential habitat for endangered and threatened species; 3) Proposed Lake Sites #4 and #7; 4) forests that appeared to have some natural quality; and 5) wetlands, seeps, disturbed habitats, and other areas to sample for diversity. During field work, samples for herbarium specimens were made for essentially all species encountered at Site M, including county records. Copies of various topographic maps and aerial photographs were taken into the field to mark the location of hill prairies, endangered and threatened species, and natural communities within the proposed lake sites. Notes were taken in the field on the population sizes of endangered and threatened species; when possible individual plants were counted in each population.

A total of 33 person/days were spent by the project investigators conducting field work at Site M during 1994 on these dates:

21 April Phillippe & Levin 17 May Phillippe, Levin & Robertson 18 May Phillippe, Levin & Robertson 7 June Phillippe & Robertson 8 June Phillippe & Robertson 15 June Phillippe & Levin 6 July Phillippe, Levin, Robertson [also S. Gehlhausen] 14 July Robertson 20 July Robertson 21 July Robertson 27 July Robertson 16 August Phillippe, Levin & Robertson [also S. Hill &J. Taft] 30 August Robertson 8 September Phillippe, Levin & Robertson 20 September Robertson 4 October Phillippe & Robertson 14 October Phillippe & Levin. Site M - 3 -

Report Preparation Herbarium specimens were identified with Mohlenbrock (1986), Gleason and Cronquist (1991), and Barkley (1986), supplemented by various taxonomic monographs. The plant species list for Site M (Table 1) was compiled from the identified herbarium specimens, which are deposited in the herbarium of the Illinois Natural History Survey (ILLS). Natural plant communities were identified and ranked using the criteria of White (1978) and, for ease of use, were delimited on aerial photographs. Locations of endangered and threatened species were marked on topographic maps. Most of the descriptive information about natural areas and endangered and threatened plants was put in table format. Acknowledgments. We want to thank the following for their assistance with this project: Dale Birkenholz for discussions of natural areas at Site M, Jean Karnes for providing information from the Natural Heritage Database, John Taft for helping with natural community classification, and Jennifer Tate for preparing the maps and careful proofreading. Section 3

VASCULAR PLANTS

A search of the Illinois Plant Information Network (ILPIN) database at the Natural History Survey found a total of 1147 taxa (species, subspecific categories, and hybrids) that have been reported from Cass County. We found an additional 67 taxa in the course of field work for this study, giving a total of 1209 taxa in Cass County, including 1178 species and 6 interspecific hybrids (Appendix 1). Of this total for the county, 17 species are listed as State Endangered and 10 as State Threatened; one of the latter, Boltonia decurrens, is Federally Threatened.

In our field work at Site M during 1994, we found a total of 593 taxa of vascular plants (Table 1). All of these were vouchered by herbarium specimens, which are deposited in the herbarium of the Illinois Natural History Survey (ILLS). Of the 593 taxa, 468 are native, while 125 are introduced and include many agricultural weeds, which is to be expected with the extensive row crops and cattle grazing that has occurred at Site M. Undoubtedly there are other plant species present at Site M that we missed, given the large area of Site M. Considering the large number of taxa reported by ILPIN for Cass County, we had anticipated finding a higher number of species at Site M. However, Site M lacks several plant communities found in other parts of Cass County, such as wet to dry sand prairies, sand ponds, savannas, and high quality wetlands. Further, the list of woodland herbaceous plants for Site M is particularly depauperate.

TABLE 1. Checklist of Vascular Plants at Site M, Cass Co., Illinois

Scientific name (see Appendix Native' Habitat Abundance E/T 2 Co. 1 for common names) record3

Abutilon theophrastii I agricultural fields common -- Acalypha deamii N above stream banks, on common along T 26097, the channel bank, & in Cox Creek & a 26118, creek beds tributary, also 26119 along Panther creek Acalypha rhomboidea N floodplains, stream banks, common & disturbed sites Acalypha virginica N ridge tops infrequent Acer negundo N floodplains common - Acer nigqrum N former home site one tree seen 24183 Acer saccharinum N floodplains infrequent - Acer saccharum var. N woods common saccharum

1N - native, I - introduced. 2E - endangered in Illinois, T - threatened in Illinois. 3 Collection numbers of L. R. Phillippe for herbarium specimens vouchering county records. Site M - 5 - Scientific name Native Habitat Abundance E/T Co. -record-w-. - Achillea millefolium I pastures & hay fields occasional Acorus americanus N wet area seen at 2 localities Actaea pachypoda N woods occasional Adiantum pedatum N woods common Aesculus glabra N woods infrequent Agalinis aspera N hill prairies frequent on certain hill prairies N hill prairies frequent on hill T 25210, prairies 25696, 25697 Agalinis tenuifolia N wet areas infrequent Agastache nepetoides N open intermittent streams occasional Agrimonia gryposepala N woods infrequent Agrimonia parviflora N moist areas in pastures occasional Agrimonia pubescens N woods common Agropyron repens I hay field infrequent Agrostisgigantea (A. alba) I along streams & hay fields common Agrostis perennans N creek bank infrequent Ailanthus altissima I pasture only 1 tree seen Alliaria petiolata I woods common in 23744 southern part of project area; occasional in northern part Alopecurus carolinianus N hay fields infrequent Amaranthus graecizans I waste areas, roadsides occasional Amaranthus hybridus N edges of crops fields frequent Amaranthus retroflexus N edges of crop fields frequent Amaranthus rudis N wet areas, roadside occasional ditches Amaranthus spinosus I current & old pastures occasional Ambrosia artemisiifolia N barnlots & old feedlots occasional Ambrosia trifida var. N edge of crop fields common trifida Amorpha canescens N hill prairies seen 3 times Ampelopsis cordata N woods near ridge tops seen twice Amphicarpa bracteatavar. N edge of crop fields & occasional comosa along streams Anagallis arvensis I stream channels infrequent Andropogon virginicus N hill prairies, hay fields common Andropogon gerardii N hill prairies occasional Anemone cylindrica N hill prairies infrequent Anemone virginiana N hill prairies & woods occasional Antennaria neglecta var. N degraded hill prairies seen only once neglecta Antennaria N woods & hill prairies occasional 23722 plantaginifolia var. ambigens Anthemis cotula I roadsides infrequent Apios americana N along streams occasional Apocynum cannabinum N pastures, hill prairies occasional Site M - 6 - Scientific name Native Habitat Abundance E/T Co. record

Apocynum sibiricum var. N roadside at base of seeps, infrequent 24456 sibiricum wet areas Aquilegia canadensis N roadside rare Arabis glabra N old fields infrequent 24175 Arctium minus I old home sites & barnlots occasional Arisaema dracontium N woods infrequent Arisaema triphyllum ssp. N woods infrequent triphyllum Aristida oligantha N old fields infrequent Aristolochia serpentaria N woods infrequent 24933 var. serpentaria Aruncus dioicus N woods seen only in & along the edges of one wood Asarum canadense var. N woods occasional reflexum Asclepias amplexicaulis N hill prairies infrequent Asclepias incarnata N pasture along stream & infrequent edge of ponds Asclepias syriaca N roadsides, along creeks occasional Asclepias tuberosa ssp. N dirt road on dry hillside infrequent interior Asclepias verticillata N hill prairies, pastures, hay common fields Asclepias viridiflora N hill prairies seen at 2 areas Asparagus officinalis I roadsides occasional Asplenium platyneuron N old fields common Aster azureus (A. N hill prairies common oolentangiensis) Aster drummondii N mesic N-facing wooded infrequent slope Aster ericoides var. N hill prairies common ericoides Aster ericoides var. N hill prairies infrequent prostratus Aster lateriflorus N floodplains common Aster novae-angliae N hill prairies & floodplains common Aster oblongifolius N hill prairies infrequent -

Aster ontarionis N floodplains common -

Aster pilosus N pastures common - Aster sericeus N hill prairies infrequent Aster urophyullus N wooded tributary of creek infrequent Aster x amethystinus N base of hill prairie only seen once 26090 Astragalus canadensis N hill prairies rare, seen at 2 locations Athyrium angustum N mesic woods occasional

Barbarea vulgaris I hay fields occasional 23731 Belamcanda chinensis I hill prairies, woods occasional Bidens bipinnata N wet areas occasional Bidens cernua N edges of ponds common Bidens tripartita N floodplains, edges of common ponds Blephilia ciliata N open woods & roadsides occasional Site M - 7 - Scientific name Native Habitat Abundance E/T Co. record common Boehmeria cylindrica N floodplains, creek beds common Botrychium dissectum var. N young woods infrequent dissectum Botrychium dissectum var. N young woods infrequent obliquum Botrychium virginianum N woods common Bouteloua curtipendula N hill prairies common Brachyelytrum erectum N woods infrequent Brassica nigra I disturbed areas infrequent eupatorioides N hill prairies common Bromus arvensis I hay fields & roadsides common 24590 Bromus commutatus I hay fields & roadsides common Bromus inermis I hay fields & roadsides abundant Bromus pubescens N woods occasional 24475 Bromus pungens N pastures abundant - Bromus tectorum I hay fields & roadsides common

Cacaliaatriplicifolia N hill prairies, roadsides infrequent Calystegia sepium ssp. N along streams, wet areas common americana Campanula americana N inside & edges of woods common Campsis radicans N floodplains infrequent Cannabis sativa I roadsides, pastures occasional Capsella bursa-pastoris I disturbed areas common Carduus nutans I pastures & hay fields common 24462 Carex aggregata N hill prairies occasional 24056, 24097 Carex annectens var. N along streams & wet areas common annectens Carex bicknellii N old fields infrequent Carex blanda N woods, old fields common Carex brevior N hill prairies occasional Carex bushii N old fields & upland woods common 24549 Carex cephalophora N open woods & fields occasional Carex davisii N old fields & roadsides occasional 24150, 24179 Carexfrankii N bottomlands, around common ponds, edges of streams Carex gracilescens N woods occasional Carex granularis N seeps occasional Carex gravida var. N floodplains occasional gravida Carex gravida var. N hill prairies infrequent 24534 lanelliana Carex grisea N woods common Carex hirsutella N old fields occasional 24171 Carex hirtifolia N woods common 24144 Carexjamesii N along wooded streams occasional Carex lanuginosa N seeps infrequent Carex lurida N intermittent streams occasional Carex meadii N hill prairies occasional Carex molesta N roadsides & wet areas occasional 24487 Carex muhlenbergii N old fields infrequent Carex normalis N hill prairies common Site M - 8 - Scientific name Native Habitat Abundance E/T Co. record

Carex oligocarpa N mesic wooded slopes occasional 24503 Carex pensylvanica var. N open woods infrequent, seen pensylvanica only at one site Carex radiata N woods occasional 24146 Carex richardsonii N hill prairies rare Carex rosea N woods occasional Carex shortiana N seeps infrequent Carex sparganioides N woods occasional Carex stipata N along streams & hay field occasional Carex tenera N floodplains occasional Carex umbellata N hill prairies occasional Carex vulpinoidea N open wet area occasional Carya cordiformis N woods common Carya illinoensis N edge of woods 2 trees seen Carya ovata var. ovata N upland woods infrequent Carya tomentosa N upland woods infrequent Cassia fasciculata N old fields, roadsides occasional Cassia (Senna) hebecarpa N old field only seen once 26120 Castilleja coccinea N hill prairies, seep infrequent, seen in 2 areas Catalpa bignonioides I old fields infrequent 24545 Celastrus scandens N edges of woods & bases of common hill prairies Celtis occidentalisvar. N ridge tops infrequent occidentalis Cerastium nutans var. N disturbed areas occasional nutans Ceratophyllum demersum N pond seen at one site Cercis canadensis N woods common Chaerophyllum N low woods & along occasional procumbens streams Chamaesyce maculata (C. N roadsides & hill prairies occasional nutans) Chenopodium album N disturbed areas common Chenopodium I creek bank occasional ambrosioides var. ambrosioides Chenopodium berlandieri N open intermittent stream occasional 25685 var. zschackei between cropfields Chenopodium N disturbed woods, along infrequent gigantospermum dirt road Cichorium intybus I roadsides common Cinna arundinacea N floodplains, creek bottoms common Circaea lutetiana ssp. N woods common canadensis Cirsium discolor N pastures common Cirsium hillii (C. N hill prairies & former frequent T - pumilum) pastures Cirsium vulgare I waste areas infrequent Claytonia virginica N woods common Clematis virginiana N floodplains infrequent Comandra umbellata N hill prairies common Commelina communis I disturbed areas occasional Conium maculatum I along streams occasional Site M - 9 - Scientific name Native Habitat Abundance E/T Co. record

Convolvulus arvensis I roadsides infrequent Conyza canadensis N pastures & edges of crop common fields palmata N hill prairies infrequent Coreopsis tripteris N hill prairies infrequent Cornus drummondii N hill prairies, woods, edges abundant of streams & ponds Coronilla varia I pastures infrequent Corylus americana N pastures, woods occasional Crataegus crus-galli N old pastures, edges of hill common prairies Crataegus mollis N old pastures, edges of hill common prairies Croton glandulosus var. N hill prairies & bare areas occasional septentrionalis in pastures Croton monanthogynus N hill prairies & bare areas occasional in pastures Cryptotaenia canadensis N low woods & ravines common - Cuphea viscosissima N moist ravine bottoms infrequent - Cuscuta compacta N floodplain occasional 25262 Cynanchum leave N crop fields occasional Cyperus ferruginescens N edges of ponds occasional Cyperus lupulinus (C. N pastures & hay fields occasional filiculmis var. micilentus) Cyperus strigosus N roadside ditches occasional Cypripedium candidum N hill prairie one colony seen E - Cystopteris protrusa N woods common

Dactylis glomerata I pastures & hay fields common Dalea candida N hill prairies seen at one site Dalea purpurea N hill prairies common Datura stramonium I disturbed areas infrequent Daucus carota I roadsides, hay fields, abundant pastures Delphinium tricorne N woods seen at one site Dentarialaciniata N woods common Descurainiapinnata ssp. N roadsides occasional brachycarpa Desmanthus illinoensis N pastured hill prairies common Desmodium canescens N bottomland degraded infrequent woods Desmodium cuspidatum N hill prairies occasional var. longifolium Desmodium glabellum N hill prairies occasional 25320, 25326 Desmodium glutinosum N dry woods common Desmodium illinoense N hill prairies & pastures occasional Desmodium sessilifolium N hill prairies occasional Dianthus armeria I hill prairies, pastures, old occasional fields Dicentra cucullaria N mesic woods occasional Digitariaischaemum I fields occasional Digitariasanguinalis I fields, disturbed areas common Site M - 10 - Scientific name Native Habitat Abundance E/T Co. record Diodia teres N bare areas in pastures occasional Dioscorca villosa N upland woods occasional Echinacea pallida N hill prairies seen at 3 sites Echinochloa crus-galli I creek beds, crop fields occasional 25250 Eclipta prostrata N creek beds, edges of occasional ponds Eleocharis intermedia N pond seen once 24566 Eleocharis obtusa var. N wet area & around ponds common obtusa Eleusine indica I creek beds, along dirt common roads Ellisia nyctelea N disturbed areas occasional Elymus canadensis N hill prairies infrequent Elymus hystrix var. hystrix N edges of woods infrequent Elymus villosus N woods along streams occasional Elymus virgqinicus var. N woods & open areas along occasional virginicus streams Epilobium coloratum N open areas along occasional intermittent streams Equisetum arvense N seeps, wet areas occasional Equisetum laevigatum N seeps, wet areas occasional Eraqrostis cilianensis I crop fields, creek banks, occasional roadsides Eragrostisfrankii N roadside occasional Eraqrostis hypnoides N creek banks occasional Eragrostisspectabilis N hill prairies occasional Erechtites hieracifolia N edge of woods & plowed infrequent fields Erigeron annuus N pastures, edge of woods, common roadsides Erigeron philadeiphicus N upland woods & hill occasional prairies Erigeron pulchellus N hill prairies infrequent Erigeron strigosus N hill prairies common Erythronizsm albidum N mesic woods infrequent Euonymus atropurpurea N mesic woods near infrequent floodplain N hill prairies common Eupatorium coelestinum N open wet areas occasional Eupatorium perfoliatum N open wet areas occasional Eupatorium rugosum N upland woods common Eupatorium serotinum N hill prairies & pastures common Euphorbia corollata N hill prairies common Euphorbia marginata I muddy creek bank infrequent Festuca obtusa N woods common Festuca pratensis I pastures & hay fields abundant Forsythia xr intermedia I persistent from cultivation infrequent 26114 Fragaria virg8iniana N hill prairies & woods common Fraxinus pennsylvanica N upland woods occasional Galearisspectabilis N woods seen at one site Galium aparine N woods & along streams common Site M- 11 - Scientific name Native Habitat Abundance E/T Co. record Galium circaezans N woods occasional Galium concinnum N upland woods occasional Galium triflorum N woods common Gaura biennis N hill prairies & pastures common Gaura longiflora N hill prairie occasional Gaura parviflora I hill prairie occasional Gentianella quinquefolia N hill prairies seen at one site subsp. occidentalis Geranium carolinianum N waste areas occasional Geranium maculatum N mesic woods occasional Geum canadense var. N mesic woods common canadense Geum vernum N low woods occasional 24163 Glechoma hederacea var. I disturbed areas common micrantha Gleditsia triacanthos N woods & pastures abundant Glyceria striata N wet stream banks, wet occasional areas Gnaphalium obtusifolium N hill prairies common

Hackelia virginiana N grazed woods common Hedeoma hispida N hill prairies common Helenium autumnale N creek beds infrequent Helianthus divaricatus N upland woods occasional Helianthus grosseserratus N hill prairies seen twice Helianthus occidentalis N hill prairies seen twice Helianthus strumosus N upland woods occasional Helianthus tuberosus var. N open areas of intermittent occasional subcanescens streams Helianthus x laetiflorus N hill prairies rare Heliopsis helianthoides N hill prairies, hay fields, common edge of woods Hemerocallis fulva I roadsides occasional Heracleum lanatum N creek banks occasional Hesperis matronalis I roadsides infrequent Heterotheca camporum N hill prairies common Heuchera richardsoniivar. N hill prairies occasional grayana Hibiscus trionum I cropfields common Hieracium longipilum N hill prairies occasional Hieracium scabrum N edges of dirt roads infrequent Holosteum umbellatum I roadsides & disturbed occasional areas Hordeum jubatum N roadsides infrequent Hordeum pusillum N roadsides & pastures occasional Humulus lupulus N edge of woods common Hydrastis canadensis N woods occasional Hydrophyllum N woods infrequent virginianum Hypericum pseudo- N pastures occasional 24897 maculatum Hypericum punctatum N hill prairies & pastures occasional Hypericum pyramidatum N edges of streams seen at 2 sites Site M - 12 - Scientific name Native Habitat Abundance E/T Co. record%.F&%AL I

Impatiens capensis N moist woods & streams common - Impatiens pallida N moist woods & streams occasional - Ipomoea hederacea I roadsides, fields common - Ipomoea lacunosa N field seen once Ipomoea pandurata N fields infrequent Iris brevicaulis N old field seen at one site Iris sibirica I old home site infrequent 24524

Juglans nigra N woods common Juncus dudleyi N pastures occasional Juncus interior N hill prairies occasional Juncus tenuis N pastures occasional Juniperus virginiana N hill prairies occasional

Lactuca canadensis N ditches occasional 25218, 25228 Lactuca floridana N ditches occasional Lactuca serriola I fields occasional Lamium amplexicaule I disturbed areas occasional Lamium purpureum I disturbed areas occasional Laportea canadensis N bottomlands & mesic common woods Lathyrus latifolius I roadside & old home sites infrequent Leersia oryzoides N open wet areas around occasional ponds, floodplains Leersia virginica N creek beds & floodplain common woods Lemna obscura N ponds occasional Leonurus cardiaca I roadsides & disturbed common areas Lepidium campestre I pastures occasional Lepidium virginicum N seeps, disturbed areas occasional Lespedeza capitata N hill prairies rare Lespedeza intermedia N roadsides infrequent Lespedeza (Kummerowia) I pastures common stipulacea Leucanthemum vulgare I old fields infrequent Leucospora multifida N creek beds & banks occasional Liatris aspera N hill prairies seen at two sites Liatris cylindracea N hill prairie seen at one site Liatris scariosa var. N opening between crop seen at 2 sites T - nieuwlandii fields & disturbed edge of woods along dirt road Linum sulcatum N hill prairies common Liparis liliifolia N woods & seeps infrequent Lithospermum arvense I roadsides & pastures occasional (Buglossoides arvense) Lithospermum canescens N hill prairies infrequent - Lithospermum incisum N hill prairies occasional - Lobelia inflata N woods occasional - Lobelia siphilitica N creek beds & ditches common - Lobelia spicata var. spicata N hill prairies, pastures common - Lonicera japonica I woods infrequent - Lonicera maackii I heavily grazed woods infrequent 25299 Site M - 13 - Scientific name Native Habitat Abundance E/T Co. record

Lychnis alba I wet areas infrequent Lycopus americanus N floodplains occasional Lysimachia ciliata N along stream occasional Lysimachia nummularia I wet area seen at one site Lysimachia quadrifolia N open wet area on steep seen at one site slope in pasture Lythrum alatum N roadside ditches seen at one site Maclura pomifera I woods, hill prairies, extremely pastures abundant Malus ioensis N edges of hill prairies, common pastures Malus pumila I old home sitess occasional Matricariamatricarioides I disturbed areas infrequent Medicago lupulina I hill prairies & pastures occasional Medicago sativa I hay fields common Melilotus alba I hill prairies & roadsides common Melilotus officinalis I hill prairies & roadsides common Menispermum canadense N mesic woods occasional Mentha arvensis var. I open creek banks occasional villosa Mimulus alatus N creek beds infrequent Mimulus ringens var. N creek beds infrequent ringens Mirabilis nyctaginea I disturbed areas infrequent Mollugo verticillatus I fields & along creeks occasional Monarda fistulosa N hill prairies & pastures abundant Monarda punctata var. N hill prairies & pastures infrequent villicaulis Morus alba I open pastures occasional Morus rubra N woods occasional Muhlenbergia frondosa N creekbanks occasional Muhlenbergia mexicana N edge of woods occasional Muhlenbergia schreberi N open areas occasional Muhlenbergia sobolifera N open shrub areas on occasional hilltops Muscari botryoides I old home sites infrequent 23746 Myosurus minimus N agricultural fields infrequent Narcissus poeticus I old home site infrequent 23739 Narcissus pseudo-narcissus I old home site infrequent 23747 Narcissus x incomparabilis I old home site infrequent 23738 Nepeta cataria I disturbed areas common Oenothera biennis var. N pastures & hill prairies frequent biennis Oenothera laciniata N hill prairie infrequent Onoclea sensibilis N along streams & low occasional woods Onosmodium molle ssp. N hill prairies occasional occidentale Site M - 14 - Scientific name Native Habitat Abundance E/T Co. record

Opuntia macrorhiza N disturbed hill prairie one area beneath 24911 power line; also just outside boundary Osmorhiza claytonii N dry upland woods infrequent Osmorhiza longistylis var. N dry upland woods common 24088 villicaulis Osmunda claytoniana N mesic woods infrequent Ostrya virginiana N upland woods common Oxalis dillenii N shrublands, woods common Oxalis stricta N wet areas occasional Oxalis violacea N hill prairies infrequent

Panax quinquefolius N mesic woods infrequent Panicum capillare N roadsides occasional Panicum clandestinum N edges of fields infrequent (Dichanthelium clandestinum) Panicum dichotomiflorum N fields occasional 25310 var. dichotomiflorum Panicumflexile N disturbed areas occasional 25700 Panicum lanuginosum N hill prairies & pastures common var. fasciculatum (D. acuminatum) Panicum lanuginosum N hill prairies & pastures occasional var. implicatum (D. acuminatum) Panicum lanuginosum N hill prairies & pastures infrequent var. lindheimeri (D. acuminatum var. lindheimeri) Panicum latifolium (D. N old pastures along streams infrequent latifolium) Panicum oligosanthes var. N hill prairie occasional oligosanthes (D. oligosanthes var. oligosanthes) Panicum villosissimum (D. N hill prairies occasional villosissimum ) Panicum virgatum N hill prairies seen at one site Parietariapensylvanica N dry woods occasional Parthenocissus N mesic woods & roadsides occasional quinquefolia Paspalum ciliatifolium N old field occasional 24896 var. muhlenbergii Pastinaca sativa I roadsides, pastures, old abundant fields, hill prairies Penstemon pallidus N hill prairies occasional Penthorum sedoides N floodplains infrequent Phalaris arundinacea I along open streams occasional Phegopteris hexagonoptera N mesic woods infrequent Phleum pratense I pastures & hay fields abundant Phlox bifida ssp. bifida N hill prairies infrequent Site M - 15 - Scientific name Native Habitat Abundance E/T Co. record Phlox divaricata ssp. N mesic woods occasional laphamii Phryma leptostachya N dry woods common Phyla lanceolata N wet open areas, around occasional ponds Physalis heterophylla var. N hill prairies, hay fields, common heterophylla roadsides Physalis virginiana N hill prairies, hay fields, common roadsides Physostegia virginiana N hill prairies seen at one site - Phytolacca americana N disturbed areas, roadsides common - Picea glauca I persisting from cultivation one tree seen 26112 Pilea pumila N creek beds & floodplains common Pinus strobus I plantation one area 24592 Pinus sylvestris I planted at edge of hill one area prairies Plantago aristata N old fields occasional Plantago lanceolata I disturbed areas, roadsides common Plantago rugelii N roadsides common Plantago virginica N roadsides, pastures common Platanus occidentalis N low woods & along common streams Poa compressa I old fields common Poa pratensis I hill prairies, pastures, old abundant fields Poa sylvestris N woods occasional - Podophyllum peltatum N woods occasional - Poinsettia dentata N grazed hill prairie occasional - Polygalaverticillata var. N hill prairies & pastures occasional 24866 isocycla Polygonatum N mesic woods occasional 24541 commutatum Polygonum amphibium N open floodplains occasional Polygonum arenastrum I along dirt road infrequent Polygonum cespitosum var. I disturbed areas common 24929 longisteum Polygonum convolvulus I wet area at base of ravines infrequent Polygonum N wet areas occasional hydropiperoides Polygonum lapathifolium N moist roadsides occasional Polygonum pensylvanicum N creek beds & floodplains occasional Polygonum punctatum N creek beds & floodplains occasional Polygonum scandens N creek banks occasional Polygonum virginianum N mesic woods occasional Polystichum acrostichoides N mesic woods occasional Populus deltoides N bottomlands, along common 23706 streams, hill prairies Portulaca oleracea I agricultural fields occasional Potentilla arguta N hill prairies rare 24886 Potentilla recta I hill prairies, hay fields, common pastures Potentilla simplex var. N old fields occasional simplex Potamogeton foliosus N ponds infrequent Site M - 16 - Scientific name Native Habitat Abundance E/T Co. record -~ Potamogeton nodosus N ponds infrequent 24537 Prunella vulgaris var. I wet areas common 24899 vulgaris Prunus hortulana N old pastures occasional Prunus serotina N upland woods infrequent Psoralea tenuiflora N hill prairies common Ptelea trifoliatavar. N pastures, hill prairies occasional trifoliata pilosum N hill prairies common Pycnanthemum N hill prairies common virginianum Pyrus communis I persisting from cultivation occasional Quercus alba N upland woods common Quercus imbricaria N low woods occasional Quercus macrocarpa N low woods common Quercus muhlenbergii N upland woods occasional Quercus rubra N upland woods common Quercus stellata N upland woods only seen once Quercus velutina N upland woods common Ranunculus abortivus var. N cultivated fields frequent abortivus N wooded seeps occasional 24131 Ranunculus recurvatus N woods occasional Ranunculus N along streams occasional septentrionalis Rhamnus cathartica I base of hill prairies infrequent 24887 Rhus glabra N hill prairies common Ribes missouriensis N disturbed woods abundant Robinia pseudoacacia N open pasture infrequent Rorippa sessiliflora N along creek occasional Rosa carolina N hill prairies, old fields common Rosa multiflora I woods, pastures, old fields common Rosa setigera N along streams & ponds, occasional pastures Rubus allegheniensis N old pastures, along common streams Rubus flagellaris N edge of woods common - Rubus occidentalis N edge of woods common 24085 Rubus pensylvanicus N edge of woods common Rudbeckia hirta N hill prairies, pastures, hay common fields Rudbeckia laciniata N floodplain woods common_ Rudbeckia subtomentosa N low woods infrequent Rudbeckia triloba N hill prairies occasional Ruellia humilis var. N hill prairies common 24881 longiflora Ruellia strepens N mesic woods infrequent Rumex acetosella I old pastures, hill prairies common Rumex altissimus N along streams occasional Rumex crispus I along streams occasional Rumex obtusifolius I along streams occasional Site M - 17 - Scientific name Native Habitat Abundance E/T Co. record

Salix amygdaloides N seep infrequent 24586 Salix babylonica I wooded ravine seen at one site 25724 Salix exigua N along streams common Salix nigra N along streams common Salix rigida N seeps occasional Salvia lyrata N pastured hill prairie seen at one site 24157 Sambucus canadensis N edge of low woods, along common streams Sanicula canadensis N upland woods common Sanicula odorata (S N floodplain woods & abundant gregaria) grazed woods Saponaria officinalis I hay fields, roadsides common Sassafras albidum N woods common Scirpus atrovirens N around ponds, wet areas common Scirpus pendulus N wet slope on hill prairie, occasional roadsides Scirpus tabernaemontanii N wet slope on pasture infrequent Schizachyrium scoparium N hill prairies common Scrophularia marilandica N edge of tributaries & occasional floodplains Scutellaria lateriflora N creek beds & open wet occasional floodplains Scutellaria leonardii N hill prairies occasional Scutellaria ovata var. N low mesic woods occasional 24927 versicolor Senecio plattensis N hill prairies common Setariafaberi I: fields common Setaria glauca N roadsides occasional Setaria viridis var. major I crop fields occasional Setariaviridis var. viridis I fields & roadsides common Sicyos angulatus N creek beds & open occasional floodplains Sida spinosa I: crop fields & roadsides common Silene antirrhina N hill prairies & hay fields occasional - Silene nivea N edge of stream seen at one site - Silene stellata N upland woods occasional - Silphium integrifolium N roadsides & old fields rare - Silphium perfoliatum N wet areas common -

Silphium terebinthinaceum N hill prairies & old fields infrequent - Sisymbrium loeselii I old fields occasional Sisymbrium officinale var. I hayfields occasional 24558 leiocarpum 24 502 Sisyrinchium N woods occasional 24502 angustifolium Sisyrinchium campestre N hill prairies common Smilacina racemosa N woods occasional Smilacina stellata N open woods infrequent Smilax hispida N edge of woods common Smilax lasioneuron N roadsides infrequent Solanum carolinense N agricultural fields, common pastures, hay fields Solanum ptycanthum N cornfields occasional Solanum rostratum I creek bed seen at one site canadensis N open floodplains abundant Site M - 18 - Scientific name Native Habitat Abundance E/T Co. re~nrd~-~Y1I

Solidago gigantea N open floodplains common Solidago juncea N hill prairies common Solidago nemoralis N hill prairies common Solidago rigida N hill prairies seen 3 times Solidago speciosa N hill prairies common Solidago ulmifolia N upland woods common Sonchus asper I fields occasional Sorghastrum nutans N hill prairies common Sorghum halapense I crop fields common Sphenopholis obtusata var. N upland woods common major Sphenopholis obtusata var. N moist woods common obtusata Spiranthes cernua N degraded hill prairies infrequent Spiranthes N hill prairies common magnicamporum Sporobolus aspera N hill prairies common Stachys tenuifolia var. N floodplains infrequent tenuifolia Staphylea trifolia N woods occasional Stellaria media I disturbed areas occasional Strophostyles helvola N roadside occasional Symphoricarpos N upland woods infrequent orbiculatus

Taraxacum officinale I disturbed habitats common Teucrium canadense var. N along streams common 24864 boreale Thalictrum revolutum N low woods infrequent Thaspium trifoliatum N mesic woods infrequent Thlaspi arvense I disturbed areas common Tilia americana var. N mesic woods & open occasional americana pastures Torilisjaponica I pastures & floodplains occasional Toxicodendron radicans N pastures & woods abundant Tradescantia ohiensis N disturbed hill prairies infrequent Tragopogon dubius I hay fields, pastures occasional Tridens flavus N pastures common Trifolium campestre I hay fields occasional Trifolium hybridum I hay fields common Trifolium pratense I pastures common Trifolium repens I pastures common Trillium recurvatum N woods common Triodanis perfoliata var. N hill prairies occasional perfoliata Triosteum perfoliatum N hill prairies common Typha latifolia N wet areas infrequent

Ulmus americana N woods common Ulmus pumila I old home site infrequent Ulmus rubra N woods common Urtica dioica N open floodplains occasional Uvularia grandiflora N woods occasional Site M - 19 - Scientific name Native Habitat Abundance E/T Co. &recordwww &ý14

Verbascum blattaria I hill prairies infrequent Verbascum thapsus I hill prairies, pastures, common disturbed areas Verbena bracteata N hay field infrequent Verbena hastata N along streams occasional Verbena stricta N hill prairies, pastures, hay common fields Verbena urticifolia var. N creek beds & floodplain occasional urticifolia woods Verbesina alternifolia N open floodplains occasional - Vernonia missurica N pastures occasional - Veronica arvensis I roadsides, fields common - Veronica peregrina subsp. N creekbeds & crop fields common 24068 xalapensis Veronicastrum virginicum N hill prairies, open woods infrequent Viburnum prunifolium N upland woods occasional Viola pratincola N woods infrequent 23712 Viola pubescens var. N mesic woods infrequent eriocarpa Viola rafinesquii I hill prairies, pastures occasional Viola sororia N low woods common Vitis cinerea N edge of woods occasional Vitis riparia N bottomland woods common

Woodsia obtusa N mesic woods infrequent

Xanthium strumarium N crop fields common var. canadensis

Zannichellia palustris N pond infrequent 24539 Zanthoxylum N upland woods common americanum Section 4

ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES

We found a total of five plant species that are listed as endangered or threatened in Illinois, one endangered and four threatened. None of these are federally listed. Each species is discussed below; the names are those on the official list issued by the Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board (1994) and Herkert (1991, 1994). Locality information for each population at Site M is given in Tables 2-7, and the locations are marked on Maps 1-5. 1. Acalypha deamii - Euphorbiaceae Scientific Name: Acalypha deamii (Weatherby) Ahles Synonym: Acalypha rhomboidea Rafinesque var. deamii Weatherby Common Name: Large-seeded Mercury Status: State Threatened

Acalypha deamii is a delicate annual species 1-2' tall that occurs along wooded streams in Pennsylvania, Virginia, , , Kentucky, , Illinois, , and , with a questionable record from (G. Levin, unpublished). Historically, this species has been known from eight counties in Illinois: Clark, Coles, Crawford, Jasper, Massac, Montgomery, Peoria, Tazewell, and Vermilion. The discovery of this species at Site M brings the number to ten counties. In a survey of known historical locations for A. deamii during 1994, Ebinger located five extant populations in Clark, Coles, and Montgomery counties, while fieldwork by others have found this species extant in Crawford, Peoria, and Vermilion counties. All of these populations were in floodplain terrace forests, and three of the populations had 15 or fewer individuals, while one contained more than 500 plants, and one more than 2,000 individuals.

Three populations of Acalypha deamii were discovered at Site M during 1994 (Table 2, Figure 1) growing in wooded floodplain terraces and stream banks. One population had about 300 plants, one about 100 plants, and one about 15 plants. There appears to be considerable suitable habitat for A. deamii at Site M, and it is likely that additional populations will be encountered with additional field work.

A similar species, Acalypha rhomboidea (Three-seeded Mercury), also occurs at Site M. Acalypha rhomboidea and A. deamii are quite similar and can occur together, although A. rhomboidea is usually found in more open and disturbed habitats, such as stream banks, while A. deamii is more frequent in wooded floodplains and floodplain terraces. These two species can be distinguished as follows.

Seeds 3 per capsule, each seed 1-2 mm long ...... A. rhomboidea Seeds 2 per capsule, each seed 2-3 mm long ...... A. deamii

Management Recommendations. Since this is a delicate annual species that occurs in floodplains, it could be susceptible to major disturbances, such as floods. However, flooding may also be a means of seed dispersal. Population dynamics of Acalypha deamii should be closely monitored on a regular basis. Our observations along Panther Creek also suggest that disturbance to floodplain woodlands by grazing and increased erosion threatens the survival of A. deamii. -~ - ~ V 4/A~---~ -+- ~ I ~' I - -

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3 ca. 15 Chandlerville north and south banks of T18N, R9W, S ½V NE V4 NE V4 of Panther Creek. Sect. 8

2. Agalinis skinneriana - Scientific name: Agalinis skinneriana (Wood) Britton Common name: Pale False Foxglove Status: State Threatened

Agalinis skinnerianais a small annual species with pale pink (or rarely white) flowers. While the and stems are green, it is a hemiparasite, attaching to the roots of host plants; host specificity is not known. It occurs in extreme southwestern Ontario, northwestern Ohio, eastern Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, , southern , the southern half of Missouri, northeastern Iowa, eastern , southeastern , northwestern Arkansas, northeastern , Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and eastern (Pennell 1935, Steyermark 1963, Barkley 1986, Ostlie 1990). It is reported from a number of habitats: wet alkaline prairies (with plants associated with fens in Illinois) in Ontario; fire-adapted areas that are moist with sandy or clayey soils in longleaf pine forest in Louisiana; dry prairies, rocky open glades, dry open woods, and thickets in Missouri; sandy areas, such as mesic to wet-mesic sand prairies, upland pine woods, and prairie openings in mesic swales, and low mesic dune ridges in Indiana; a dry sandy slope in Kentucky; an old sandy beach ridge in Ohio; a sandy sphagnum meadow and sand prairie near Lake Michigan in Wisconsin; sandy areas in Michigan; and oak woodlands over sandstone or limestone, sand prairie, and sand ravines in Kansas.

In Illinois, Agalinis skinneriana has been reported historically from 14 counties (Robertson & Phillippe 1993). Today, this species is known to have extant populations in 8 counties: Cass, Greene, Jersey, Lake, Mason, Menard, Morgan, and Pike. Within Illinois, it occurs in two distinct habitats: around the edges of moist depressions in sand prairies at Illinois Beach State Park and loess hill prairies along the Mississippi, Illinois, and Sangamon Rivers. Site M - 23- At Site M, we found 10 populations of Agalinis skinneriana (Figure 2, Table 3). Because of time constraints, the small size of the plants, and the often dense populations, we did not attempt to count exact numbers of individuals. Rather, general indicators of populations sizes are given in Table 3. The largest population at Site M (#1) contains several thousand plants of A. skinneriana, sometimes also growing with the larger A. aspera. In places on this hill prairie, the density is so great that it is not possible to walk without stepping on plants of this species. We estimated that five of the other populations were comprised of hundreds of plants, while four populations had only a few plants of A. skinneriana. Population #1, and probably also Population #4, is considerably larger than any observed by Robertson and Phillippe (1994) on other hill prairies in Illinois. At Site M, the large populations of Agalinis skinneriana occurred on hill prairies where grass cover was not thick. Since this is an annual species, some kind of disturbance, such as water erosion, digging by small mammals, or fire, may be necessary to open areas for seedlings to germinate, especially in the loess hill prairie habitat. Ostlie (1990) suggested that A. skinneriana may be partly dependent on periodic fires. The smaller populations at Site M generally occurred on hill prairies that had thick accumulations of thatch, and it is likely that prescribed burns will result in increased population sizes, at least temporarily. Management Recommendations. There is relatively little known about the effects of fire on annual prairie species. In a study of Polygala incarnata (Pink Milkwort) at a mesic sand prairie in County, Illinois, Taft (1990) found that the absolute frequency of annual and biennial species increased markedly in the two years after prescribed fires. Some of these are "weedy" species, such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia and A. trifida (common and giant ragweed), but Cassia fasciculata (Partridge Pea), a prairie annual, also increased and Polygala incarnata reappeared. It appears that Agalinis skinneriana is a fire-adapted species since it occurs in prairies and also in the longleaf pine region of Louisiana (Ostlie 1990). Thus, prescribed fire should be used as a management tool. However, as noted by Ostlie (1990), some mechanical soil disturbance regimes may also be attempted. Because there are several different populations of A. skinnerianaat Site M, we recommend that several management approaches be tried and the results closely monitored. First, the hill prairies with large populations of Agalinis skinneriana should be burned on a regular basis. Second, the hill prairies that have small number of this species scattered among with large amount of accumulated litter should also be burned. Site M - 24 - TABLE 3. Observations of Agalinis skinneriana at Site M, Cass Co., Illinois 16 August 1994 No. Population 7.5' topo Habitat Location Size 1 thousands of Newmansville hill prairie, Cox Creek Hill T18N, R9W, N /2 NW ¼/wSW ¼/, plants, Prairie of Sect. 10 covering ground in places

2 few Newmansville Grade B hill prairie T18N, R9W, SE /4 NW V SW 1/ of Sect. 10

30 August 1994 No. Population 7.5' topo Habitat Location Size 3 hundreds of Newmansville severely grazed hill T18N, R9W, N V NW /4 NW /4 plants prairie, on both spurs of Sect. 9

4 hundreds of Chandlerville Grade B hill prairie T18N, R9W, SW V4 SE V4 NE V4 plants of Sect. 8

5 few Newmansville grazed hill prairie T18N, R9W, SW V4 NE /4 SW /4 of Sect. 10

6 ca. 150, Newmansville grazed hill prairie T18N, R9W, NE 1/ SE /4 SW 1/4 including 3 of Sect. 10 white- flowered

7 hundreds Newmansville grazed hill prairie T18N, R9W, SE VA NW V4 NE V4 of Sect. 15

8 few Newmansville grazed hill prairie T18N, R9W, NW V4 NE /4 NE V4 of Sect. 15

8 September 1994 No. Population 7.5' topo Habitat Location Size 9 100-150 Newmansville hill prairie T18N, R9W, NW V4 SW V4 SW V4 plants, SE V4 of Sect. 10 including a few white- flowered

10 few Newmansville hill prairie T18N, R9W, NE ¼V NW V4 NE ¼V of Sect. 15 vomw&--- -'~'~ ~AgaUlLns skunnertana

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7?30t 74 7 4 152 000F5E S Mapped, edited, and published by the Geological Survey -U,"tH'USS n NOS 'NOA A* Site M - 26 - 3. Cirsium hillii - Scientific Name: Cirsium hillii (Canby) Fernald Synonym: Cirsium pumilum (Nuttall) Sprengel subsp. hiliji (Canby) Moore and Frankton. Common Names: Hill's Thistle, Prairie Thistle, Pasture Thistle Status: State Threatened

Cirsium hillii is a short-lived perennial. Seeds germinate and form rosettes of purplish, prickly leaves at ground level. It appears that the plants can live for several years as rosettes, then producing one (rarely up to four) flowering shoot per rosette, which at 1-2' is rather short for a thistle (Moore and Frankton 1966). Each flowering stem produces only a few, usually 1-4, bright rose-pink flower heads, each containing hundreds of flowers. The globose seed heads have hundreds of wind-dispersed fruits. Cirsium hillii is usually a short-lived perennial, living as rosettes for a few years, flowering once, then dying (Betz cited in Ostlie and Bender 1990; our observations support this). Cirsium hillii is fairly widely distributed in eastern , occurring in Ontario, western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, and perhaps (Moore and Frankton 1966, Gleason and Cronquist 1991). In Illinois, this species has been reported historically from at least 39 counties with about 20 extant populations known in 15 counties (Herkert 1994). The species has undergone a decline in both numbers of individuals per population and numbers of populations (Herkert 1994). Throughout its range, C. hillii occurs in dry soils, which are often sandy but also sometimes loam. During 1994, we saw a total of 23 populations of Cirsium hillii at Site M (Figure 3, Table 4), and we made counts of both rosette and flowering plants for 18 populations. A total of 690 plants, 287 flowering and 403 rosettes, were counted. Three populations had more than 100 total plants, the largest with 58 flowering and 87 rosettes. Two of the 18 populations had between 50 and 100 total plants, 6 had between 10 and 50 plants, and 7 populations had fewer than 10 plants. The 5 populations that we did not record numbers of plants were observed late in the season for this species. Four of the five were small populations, probably with fewer than 10 plants, while one (#19) was rather large with perhaps 50-100 plants. Undoubtedly there are additional populations at Site M in areas of hayfields or prairie openings that we did not visit during the growing season for this species. The phenology for C. hillii is rather brief, with leaves not appearing until mid- May and plants disappearing by September. One of the common names, Pasture Thistle, seems very appropriate for Cirsium hillii at Site M as it was frequently found on hill prairies and hayfields with a recent occurrence of severe grazing by cattle. It appears that C. hillii needs some kind of disturbance to expose bare soil for seedlings to become established. The largest populations of C. hillii found at Site M were on areas with recent grazing, while the smaller populations were generally found in areas where grazing did not appear to be recent. In some instances, the hill prairie remnants were heavily invaded by woody vegetation, especially Cornus drummondii, but a few plants of C. hiljii still persisted.

The relatively large numbers of rosette plants is a good sign for the short-term persistence of Cirsium hillii at Site M. Presumably, most of the plants that flowered in 1994 died after producing fruit, but there were numerous rosettes, some of which flowered in 1995. Qualitative observations by K. R. Robertson at the Nachusa Grassland indicate that the numbers of plants of C. hillii have been reduced greatly since 1988. This may be because Site M - 27 - prior grazing opened up habitat for C. hillii, but with the cessation of grazing, it has become increasingly difficult for seedlings to become established, even with frequent prescribed burns.

Management Recommendations. Little is known on the effects of fire on Cirsium hillii, and there are some concerns (Nuzzo quoted by Ostlie and Bender 1990) that fire may have deleterious effects on the long-term survival of this species. However, the higher quality hill prairies at Site M should be burned, even if C. hillii is present. Fire alone may remove accumulated litter, which could promote seedling establishment. Timing of fire may also be important. There needs to be careful long-term monitoring of the impact of fire on C. hillii at Site M.

Cirsium hillii is abundant at Site M because of the area's past history of intense grazing. Such grazing, however, is deleterious to the overall natural quality of hill prairies. Reseach on the long-term effects of limited grazing on already impacted hill prairies is needed, and Site M would be a possible site for such studies. If a decision is made to allow grazing at Site M, then grazing should be for research purposes only, and it should be limited to low quality hill prairies and hay fields. The impact of grazing on all prairie species, not just target species such as C. hillii, needs to be monitored.

TABLE 4. Observations of Cirsium hillii at Site M, Cass Co., Illinois

7 June 1994 No. flowering/ 7.5' topo Habitat Location total plants 1 13/14 Newmansville roadside T18N, R9W, N part of NW V4 NW ¼4 SW ¼A of Sect. 10

2 18/27 Newmansville hill prairie T18N, R9W, N central part, NW 14 NW ¼1SW ¼1of Sect. 10

3 2/42 Newmansville hill prairie T18N, R9W, NW V4 SW V4, NE ¼V SW V4 of Sect. 10

4 15/31 Chandlerville hill prairie T18N, R9W, center SE / NE / of Sect. 8

5 12/60 Chandlerville hill prairie T18N, R9W, E central NE ¼VSW V4 NE V4 of Sect. 8

6 6/8 Newmansville hill prairie T18N, R9W, SE 1/4 SE 1/4 SE 1/4 of Sect. 9

7 4/4 Newmansville roadside T18N, R9W, S side SE 1/ SE 1/ NW V¼ of Sect. 10

8 6/13 Newmansville small prairie fragment T18N, R9W, NW /4 NE V4 SW /4 of Sect. 10 9 0/9 Newmansville overgrown hill prairie T18N, R9W, S part SE V¼ SW 1/ SW V of Sect. 11 K ,Chandlersville (left) and 77Nr~>-a - · I K -;K -. Newmansville (right) Quadrangles Illinois - Cass County :4 K44' 7.5 Minute Series pl

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11 41/73 Newmansville hill prairie T18N, R9W, SW ¼/ SE 4 NE /4 of Sect. 9

12 1/9 Newmansville hill prairie T18N, R9W, NW 4 SE / NE 1/ of Sect. 9

13 61/111 Newmansville hill prairie T18N, R9W, NE 4 SE 1/ NE 1/ of Sect. 9

15 June 1994 No. flowering/ 7.5' topo Habitat Location total plants 14 5/5 Newmansville hill prairie T18N, R9W, NE /4 SW V4 SW 14 of Sect. 4

6 July 1994 No. flowering/ 7.5' topo Habitat Location total plants 15 58/145 Newmansville hay field/pasture T18N, R9W, SW Y4 SE V¼ NW /4 and SE /4 SW /4 NW 4 of Sect. 10 21 July 1994 No. flowering/ 7.5' topo Habitat Location total plants 16 4/8 Newmansville hill prairie T18N, R9W, NW /NE 4 NE /4 of Sect. 15

17 6/9 Newmansville hill prairie T18N, R9W, SW V4 SW 4 SE ¼4 of Sect. 10

18 26/42 Newmansville hill prairie T18N, R9W, N V2NW 14 NW /4 of Sect. 9

August 1994 No. flowering/ 7.5' topo Habitat Location total plants I 19 observed but Newmansville hill prairie T18N, R9W, SE /4 NW ¼/ NW /4 not counted of Sect. 9

20 observed but Newmansville hill prairie T18N, R9W, SE /4 NW ¼/ NW / not counted of Sect. 9

21 observed but Newmansville hill prairie T18N, R9W, SW /4 NE /4 SW /4 not counted of Sect. 10

22 observed but Newmansville hill prairie T18N, R9W, SE V4 NW V¼ NE V1 not counted of Sect. 15 Site M - 30 -

23 observed but Newmansville roadside T18N, R9W, S /2 SE 1/ SE /4 not counted NW Vof Sect. 9

TOTALS Flowering plants 287 Basal rosettes 43 Total plants 690

4. Cypripedium candidum - Orchidaceae Scientific Name: Cypripedium candidum Willdenow Common Name: White Lady's Slipper Status: State Endangered

Cypripedium candidum is widely distributed in northeastern North America: , New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Ontario, Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Manitoba, , South Dakota, and Nebraska (Luer 1975). In Illinois, this species was once widespread, occurring in perhaps as many as 24 counties (Bowles 1983, Herkert 1991, Sheviak 1974). However, conversion of land to agriculture and urban developments have greatly reduced the occurrence of C. candidum in Illinois, and today it is known from only six counties: Boone, Cass, Cook, Kane, Lake, McHenry, and Will. The population from Site M is the only Illinois population known to occur today outside the greater Chicago area.

At one time, there were certainly numerous large populations of Cypripedium candidum in black soil and rich sand prairies as well as alkaline fens (Sheviak 1974). Most extant populations are quite small. Sheviak (1974) observed that Cypripedium candidum nearly always occurs in full sun, with very few plants occurring under shrubs, "and these are clearly depauperate relicts persisting from before the shrubby invasion. This species has the highest light requirements of any of our Cypripedium species, a reasonable characteristic of a true prairie plant." The population of Cypripedium candidum at Site M (Figure 4, Table 5) is found on the lower side of a Grade B hill prairie growing in a thick clump of rough dogwood, Cornus drummondii. We observed three distinct clumps of C. candidum, with a total of 54 stems, 39 of which had flowers; there were also remains of fruits produced in 1993. A recent study of genetic diversity using allozyme variation in five North American species of Cypripedium (Case 1994) showed that C. candidum has very low levels of heterozygosity. In areas where C. candidum and C. calceolus occur together (such as Gavin Boin n Lake County), the species can hybridize, and introgression can increase heterozygosity in both species (Case 1994). It would be interesting to obtain allozyme data for the very isolated population of C. candidum at Site M to compare with the data obtained in other areas where there are larger and more numerous populations.

Management recommendations. Considering Sheviak's comments on the light requirements of this species, it seems that attempts should be made to carefully reduce the amount of Cornus drummondii surrounding the population of Cypripedium candidum at Site M. 11g*e I*Gyprtpedinr aniu Newmansville Qarnl ~~ i~jY~ Illinois - cas" out 7.5 MinueSre

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TOTALS Flowering stems 54 Non-flowering stems 39 Total stems 93

5. Liatris scariosa var. nieuwlandii - Asteraceae Scientific Name: Liatris scariosa (L.) Willdenow var. nieuwlandii Lunell Synonyms: L. aspera, in part, sensu Jones (1963); L. ligulistylis sensu Mohlenbrock (1986), L. x nieuwlandii sensu Fernald (1950) Common Name: Savanna Blazing Star Status: State Threatened Liatris scariosa var. nieuwlandii occurs from western New York, Pennsylvania, and northern West Virginia westward and southward to northern Michigan, Missouri, and Arkansas (Gleason and Cronquist 1991). Bowles et al. (1988) reviewed the taxonomic history of this taxon and its distribution in Illinois. Historically, L. scariosa var. nieuwlandii is known from 12 counties in Illinois, with extant populations known in eight counties. According to Bowles et al. (1988) and Herkert (1991), 11 extant populations are known in Illinois; the two populations at Site M bring the total to 13. Of the 11 populations described by Bowles et al., two had about 150 plants, another about 100 plants, with the remaining having between 1 and 25 plants. These populations are largely restricted to mesic savanna of well-drained morainic ridges or dissected till plains. According to Bowles et al., the Macoupin and Montgomery County populations are on Wisconsinan- aged loess at the edges of wooded ravines.

During 1994, we found two populations of Liatris scariosavar. nieuwlandii at Site M (Figure 5, Table 6). Both were very small, one with six plants and the other with five, and both were also in disturbed habitats. The former was in a non-native forb-dominated area with abundant Cornus drummondii. The latter was also in a mostly native forb-dominated area artificially maintained along a dirt farm road through a young second growth forest. Both of these populations were at the edges of wooded ravines. There did not appear to be anything special about the habitats where we found this plant at Site M, and similar habitats are abundant in the area. As a result, additional populations may occur at Site M. Site M - 33 - Management recommendations. Because Liatris scariosa var. nieuwlandii is basically a savanna species in Illinois, prescribed fires could be used at Site M to see if this creates habitat for the populations to increase in size. The two populations should be monitored closely.

TABLE 6. Observations of Liatris scariosavar. nieuwlandii at Site M, Cass Co., Illinois

8 September 1994 No. Total plants 7.5' topo Habitat Location 1 6 Ashland North-facing gradual T18N, R9W, NW V NE V NE ¼4 incline within a small NW V of Sect. 27 northwest intermittent stream drainage. Area disturbed, dominated by Bromus inermis, located between crop fields.

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NATURAL AREAS

All of Site M lies within the Illinois River Section of the Grand Prairie Division (Schwegman 1973). There are two main categories of natural areas at Site M-hill prairies and forests. Both have been severely grazed by cattle. With proper management, the hill prairies have excellent recovery potential and can become an outstanding natural feature at Site M. On the other hand, grazing has largely destroyed the herbaceous and shrub layers of the forests, and the understory is now dominated by non-native species. In addition, there are a few seeps and other types of wetlands.

1. H__LL PRAIRIES The most significant natural feature at Site M is loess hill prairie. In Illinois, hill prairies are scattered along the Mississippi River from near the Wisconsin border southward to the southern part of the state, along the Illinois River from north of Peoria southwards to its junction with the Mississippi River, along the lower Sangamon River, and in east- central Illinois in Vermilion and Coles counties (Evers 1955; Robertson and Schwartz, 1994; Robertson et al. 1995, in press; Schwartz et al. in press). Field work conducted for the Illinois Natural Areas Inventory during 1976-1977 located 446 hill prairies; only 127, many less than 1 acre in size, were relatively undisturbed by grazing (Nyboer 1981). A total of 534.4 acres of Grades A and B hill prairies were included in the Inventory, representing four types of hill prairies: loess (463 acres), glacial drift (51.5 acres), gravel (14.7 acres), and sand (5.2 acres). Because of their steep slopes and relative inaccessibility, many hill prairies have not been plowed and converted to row crops. It is likely that a higher proportion of original hill prairie remains in Illinois than other prairie types. Thus, hl prairies represent some of the last living windows into the ecology of the prairie biome that dominated Illinois for 8,000 years. The hill prairies at Site M are perhaps the largest complex of hill prairies remaining in Illinois. The extent of hl prairies at Site M today is undoubtedly much less than 50 or 100 years ago, as large expanses of what were hill prairies have been converted to row crops and hay fields. The extant hill prairies have also experienced anthropogenic disturbances, especially grazing and a lack of fire. However, the hill prairies at Site M have excellent recovery potential with proper management. The Illinois Natural Area Inventory ranked the complex of hill prairies within the Cox Creek NaTural.... 1Are sGrd:..uig il ork in1994,wedntfedoer3 Site M - 36 - Two of the areas (#13 and #33) we rank as Grade B Loess Hill Prairies. The first of these is in the Cox Creek Natural Area, and is a small linear peninsula surrounded on three sided by forest that has evidently been largely protected from grazing by a north-south fence line, visible on aerial photographs. There is some woody invasion at the edges, and several years of prescribed burns are needed. The second Grade B hill prairie is a larger west-facing area south of Cox Creek and east of Herman Road. This latter hill prairie is mostly surrounded by non-native conifers, which is a concern with regard to prescribed burns; site managers will need to determine whether it is best to remove the conifers before burning or let the fire eventually kill and eliminate the conifers. Both of these hill prairies have high species diversity and contain a number of conservative plant species, as listed in Table 7.

We have classified the remaining hill prairie remnants at Site M as Grade C Loess Hill Prairies, using the definition of White (1978). Grade C is a very broad category, and we have subdivided this into three subcategories: C +, C, and C-. The first subcategory, C +, is used for hill prairies that contain more conservative plant species and that seem to have the potential for ready recovery, C is used for prairies with moderate disturbance, while C- is used for areas that have been seriously degraded by grazing but still retain mostly native plant species. Within the northern part of Site M where the hill prairies are located are numerous hay fields planted with redtop, fescue, brome and other forage grasses. Some pioneering native prairie species are invading these fields, but we do not consider them of sufficient natural quality to assign a ranking.

Hill Prairie Plants In the hill prairies at Site M, we found a total of 151 taxa, 135 native and 16 introduced. Overall, this is a quite high species diversity. For instance, in a survey of nearby Chandlerville Cemetery Hill Prairie conducted in 1978 for the Illinois Natural History Survey, Paul Shildneck found a total of 101 taxa. In his classic study of hill prairies, Evers (1955) found 394 taxa over the nearly 400 mile latitudinal range of hill prairies in Illinois.

We observed in the hill prairies at Site M all of the plant species listed by White (1978) as "dominant" (Bouteloua curtipendula, Schizachyrium scoparium, and Sorghastrum nutans) and "characteristic" (Asclepias viridiflora, Brickellia eupatorioides,Linum sulcatum, Lithospermum incisum, Penstemon pallidus, Psoralea tenuiflora, Sisyrinchium campestre, and Spiranthes magnicamporum) species on loess hill prairies. We also found most of the species commonly found on hill prairies in Illinois, as enumerated in the lists in Robertson et al. (1995, in press).

A few species frequent on hill prairies in Illinois that we did NOT find at Site M in 1994 include: Buchnera americana (blue hearts), Pedicularis canadensis (lousewort), and (white goldenrod).

Suggested Management Practices for Hill Prairies Hill prairies in Illinois, such as at Revis Hill Prairie Nature Preserve, have shown remarkable resiliency to recover much of their original natural character with proper management. It is to be expected that the hill prairies at Site M will similarly respond. Because there is such a large number of discrete hill prairies of different natural quality as well as relatively large acreage, the opportunity exists at Site M to use a variety of management techniques.

As is the case generally with hill prairies in Illinois (Robertson and Schwartz 1994, Robertson et al. 1995; Schwartz et al. in press), woody vegetation is encroaching upon Site M - 37 - many of the hill prairies at Site M. In some cases, this encroachment is fairly well advanced, in others it is just beginning. In the latter case, the intensive grazing by cattle has kept woody vegetation under control, but with the cessation of grazing, woody vegetation can be expected to grow rapidly, and thus management is urgently needed to prevent this.

The most immediate management needed for the hill prairies at Site M is fire. All of the hill prairies at Site M would benefit greatly from annual burns for the next several years to remove thatch, control woody vegetation, stimulate native prairie plants, and help eliminate non-native pasture grasses.

Almost all of Site M has a past history of intense grazing. Such grazing, however, is deleterious to the overall natural quality of hill prairies. Reseach on the long-term effects of limited grazing on already impacted hill prairies is needed, and Site M would be a possible site for such studies. If a decision is made to allow grazing at Site M, then grazing should be for research purposes only, and it should be limited to low quality hill prairies and hay fields. The impact of grazing on all prairie species, not just a few target species, needs to be monitored. Site M represents a unique opportunity to set up permanent plots before major management begins and to conduct long-term monitoring to determine how factors such as species occurrence, species frequency, percent cover, and relative importance change over time with different management practices.

TABLE 7. Hill Prairies at Site M, Cass County, Illinois

NORTH OF COX CREEK AND REED RO)ADS No. Location Grade/Notes Partial Plant List E/T Plants 1 T18N, R9W , C- Asclepias verticillata,A. viridiflora, SW 14 SE 4 SE Chamaeslyce nutans, Croton glandulosus, /4 of Sect. 5 Degraded, Heterotheca camporum, Linum sulcatum, numerous annual Poinsettiadentata, Polygala verticillata species

2 T18N, R9W, Amorpha canescens, Agalinis aspera, Aster SW /4 SE / SE oblongifolius, Bouteloua curtipendula, Dalea /4of Sect. 5 Small, but good purpurea, Desmanthus illinoensis, Eupa- quality, torium altissimum, Euphorbia corollata, surrounded by Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Helianthus hay fields, should occidentalis, Heliopsis helianthoides, respond to fire Hypericum punctatum, Lespedeza capitata, Linum sulcatum, Lithospermum incisum, Physostegia virginiana,Psoralca tenuiflora, Pycnanthemum pilosum, Ruellia humilis, Spiranthes magnicamporum

3 T18N, R9W, C- Andropogon virginicus, Belamcanda Cirsium hillii SW V4 SW V4 chinensis*, Bouteloua curtipendula, Dalea SW ¼4 of Sect. 4 Two small purpurea, Desmanthus illinoensis, Elaeagnus remnants umbellata, Heterotheca camporum, Linum separated by a sulcatum, Monarda fistulosa, Ruellia hay field humilis, Schizachyrium scoparium, Verbena stricta -1IV "- i r 7:T~w ":: !l

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T18N, R9W, E C- Andropogon virginicus, Boruteloua curti- Cirsizsm kill ii 4 /½SW¼'ASW¼' pendisla, Dalea pzsrpurea, Desmanthus of Sect. 4 A small spur with illinoensis, Euphorbia coroflata, Lobelia spicata, Malus ioensis, Rudbeckia hirta, a hay field above Ruellia hismilis, Schizachyrium scoparizsm, Verbena stricta

5 T18N, R9W, N C Amorpha canescens, Anemone virginiana, Agalini's ½2NW I¼NW Aster azisreus, A. ericoides, Bouteloua skinneriana, ¼/ of Sect. 9 A large unit with curtipendula, Dalea pisrpzsrea, Eusphorbia Cirsium hilliji 2 spurs; severe corollata, Hedeoma hispida, Heliopsis grazing and helianthoides, H~ypericrsm punctatsmy Linum browse lines, but sulcatum, Lithospermum incisum, Lobelia high recovery spicata, Qenothera laciniata,Psoralea potential, should tenuiflora, Ruellia humils, Spiranthes respond to fire magnicamporum

6 T18N, R9W, SE C- Amorpha canescens, Aster ericoides, Cirsium hillii 1/4NW¼1/NW Bouteloua curtipendisla, Desmanthus illi- ¼A of Sect. 9 Small with a hay noensis, Lobelia spicata, Monardafistulosa, Psoralea tenuiflora, Rudheckia hirta, field above Schizackyrium scoparium, Verbena stricta

7 T18N, R9W, SE C- Asciepias verticillata,Aster ericoides, Cirsium hilliji ¼/4NW¼14NW Bouteloisa curtipendula, Dalea purpurea, ¼/ of Sect. 9 Small. with a hay Desmanthus illinoensis, Euphorbia corollata, field above Heliopsis helianthoides, Linum sulcatum, Lithospermum incisum, Monarda fistulosa, Psoralea tenuiflora, Rudheckia hirta, Schizachyriism scoparirsm

8 T18N, R9W, C- Asciepias verticillatak, Aster ericoides, Boute- NW1/45E¼1/ loua curtipendula, Desmanthus illinoensis, NW ¼/of Sect. 9 Small area Euphorbia corollata, Heliopsis helianthoides, around a bowl Lobelia spicata, Psoralea tenuiflora, Ratibida shaped pinnata, Rudbeckia hirta, Risellia humilis, depression and Silphium intergrifolium old road bed

9 T18N, R9W, C Amorpha canescens, Anemone virgqiniana, Cirsium hillii SW 1¼4SE ¼ NE Bouteloua curtipendula Dalea purpurea, ¼4of Sect 9 2 spurs, good Desmodium sp., Heliopsis helianthoides, species diversity, Linum suicatum, Lobelia spicata, Melilotus invaded by albus *, Monarda fistidosa, Onosmodium shrubs, needs to molle, Rhws glabra, Rudbeckia hirta, Verbena be burned stricta

10 T18N, R9W, C-. Not recorded NW ¼ SE 1¼ NE ¼4 of Sect. 9 Small area behind a hay field

11 T18N, R9W, C- Asciepias verticillata,Aster ericoides, Dalea Cirsium hilliji NE 1¼4SE Y¼ NE purpurea, Hgypericum punctatum, Lobelia ¼4of Sect. 9 Heavily disturbed, spicata, Monardafistidosa, M. punctata, woody invasion Onosmodium molle, Penstemon pallidus, around edges Rhus glabra, Rudbeckia hirta, Solidago speciosa, Triodanis peifoliata, Verbena stricta Site M - 41 -

Cox CREEK NATuRAL ARE No. Location Grade/INqotes Partial Plant List E/T Plants 12 T18N, R9W, N C + Agalinis aspera, Andropogon gerardii, Agalinis 1/2NW 14SW¼1/ Asciepias verticillata,Aster azisreus, A. skinneriana, of Sect. 10 Higher quality ericoides, A. novae-angliae, Brickellia Cirsium kill ii towards the east eupatorioides, Carex agqgregata, C. blanda, C. and lesser quality grisea, Coreopsis palmata, Cornus towards the west. drummondii, Dalea pzsrpisrea, Echinacea Arguments can be pallida, Erigeron strigosus, Eupatorium presented for altissimum, Gnaphalirsm obtrssifolirsm, rating this as B-, Heterotheca cam poritm, Herschera however a richardsonii,Liatris aspera~, L. cglindracea, number of Lithospermum incisum, Monarda fistulosa, "4weedy" species Pol~ygala verticillata, Psoraleatenisiflora, are present that Rhus glabra, Rosa carolina, Rudbeckia indicate some subtomentosa, Schizach~yrium scoparzum, kind of past Senecio plattensis, Silphiism terebinthinaceum, disturbance. Solidago canadensis, S. nemoralis, S. rigida,S. Woody invasion to speciosa, Spiranthes ma~gnicamporum, the west and Sporobolus nutans, Teucrium canadense, southeast. Plowed Triodanis perfoliata, Vernonia missurica at the base.

13 T18N, R9W, SE B Anemone virginiana,Aster ericoides, A. Agqalinis ¼/4NW Y¼ SW 1¼ sericeus, Boisteloua curtipendula Carex skinneriana, of Sect. 10 The highest aggregata, C. richardsonii, Comandra C~ypripedizim quality hill prairie zsmbellata, Coreopsis palmata, Coreopsis candidum at Site M, a tripteris, Cornus drummondii, Dalea narrow peninsula candida D. purpurea, Echinacea pallida, with woods on 3 El~ymus canadensis, Erigeron pulchellus, sides. Woody Galium triflorum, Gentianella qzsinqrsefolia, invasion at the Helianthus occidentalis, Heuchera edges, needs richardsonii,Hieracium longipilum, Liatris regular burns. aspera, Oxalis violacea, Potentilla arguta, There is a good , Ruellita prairie area below humilis, Solidago speciosa, Spiranthes (south) of this magnicamporum, Veronicastrum virginicum area that should also be burned.

14 T18N, R9W, C Asciepias verticillataK, Cornus drummondii, SW¼1/,tNE¼' Desmanthus illinoensis, Euphorbia corollata, SW ¼4 of Sect. Part of the same Jisniperus virginiana, Madlura pomifera*, 10 spur as #13 but Onosmodium molle, Psoralca tenuiflora, separated by an Ratibida pinnata, Rudheckia hirta, Ruellia old fence line and humilis, Triosteum perfoliatum, Verbena more recently strieta, Cirsizim hillii grazed, woody invasion, needs burning 15 T18N, R9W, C- SW V¼ NEV¼ SW ¼t of Sect. Heavily g~razed, 10 Site M - 42 -

16 T18N, R9W, Aqalinis aspera, Andropogon gerardii, Aster Agalinis NE ¼/ SE 1/4 SW azureus, A. ericoides, Boisteloisa curtipendisla, skinneriana ¼/ of Sect. 10 Two intercon- Brickellia eupatorioides, Dalea purpzsrea, necting spurs Euphorbia corollata, Gaura biennis, separated and Gnaphalium obtusifoliuim, Helianthus surrounded by occidentalis, Heterotheca camporum, Linum hay fields. The sulcatum, Onosmodjism molle, Ratibida west one with pinnata, Rudbeckia hirta, Ruellia hismilis, good species Schizachgyrium scopariism, Solidago diversity; steep nemoralis, S. rigida, Sorghastrism nistans, slopes dominated Sporobolus aspera by Cornus drummondii, should respond to fire

17 T 18N, R9W, SE C- Aster ericoides, Cornus drismmondii, Dalea ¼SE¼145W¼1/ purpurea, Eupatorizsm altissimum, E. of Sect. 10 Surrounded by coelestinum, Gaura biennis, Gnaphaliism hay fields obtusifolium, Helianthus grosseserratus, Jisniperus virginiana, Maclura pomifera *, Onosmodjism molle, Ratibida pinnata, Siiphium terebinthinaceism, Solidago canadensis, S. rigida, Teucrium canadense

18 T18N, R9W, C- Asciepias verticillata, Aster azureus, A. Agalinis SW V¼ SW 1¼4SE ericoides, Brickellia eupatorioides, skinneriana, ¼/ of Sect. 10 Small area with Ezspatoriusm altissimum, E. coelestinum, Cirsium hilliji hay field below Gaura biennis, Gnaphalium obtusifoliuim, Heterotheca cam porism, Jisniperus virginiana, Liatris aspera, Monardafistulosa, Ratibida pinnata, Sot idago canadensis, S. rigida, Sorqhastrum nutans, Sporobolus aspera

19 T18N, R9W, C- Aster azureus, A. ericoides, Brickellia NW 1¼4NW 1¼ eupatorioides, Dalca pzsrpzsrea, Desmanthus NE ¼A of Sect. Adjacent to hay iflinoensis, Eispatorizsm altissimism, 15 Eisphorbia coroliata, Gaura biennis, fields Heterotheca cam porum, Linism sulcatum, Onosmodium molle, Rudheckia hirta, Schizach~yrium scoparirsm, Solidago canadensis, Sorghastrzsm nistans, Sporobotus aspera, Verbena stricta

20 T18N, R9W, C- Andropogon gerardii, Asciepias verticillata, SW 1¼4NW 1¼ Bouteloua curtipendisla, Brickellia NE ¼A of Sect. Adjacent to hay eupatorioides, Cornus drismmondii, 15 fields, should Desmanthus illinoensis, Eispatorizsm respond to fire altissimum, Euphorbia corollata, Gaisra biennis, Gnaphalizsm obtusifolium, Heterotheca camporism, H~ypericum punctatum, Linism sulcatum, Monarda fistulosa, Onosmodjism molle, Rudbeckla hirta, Ruellia humuls, Schizachyrium scoparium, Solidago nemoralis, Sorghastnsm nutans, Sporobolus aspera, Teiscrium canadense, Verbena stricta Site M - 43 -

21 T18N, R9W, SE Asciepias verticillata,Aster azureus, Agalinis 1/4NW¼14NE¼1/ Boisteloua curtipendrila, Brickellia skinneriana, of Sect. 15 Surrounded by eupatorioides, Dalea pusrpurea, Erspatorium Cirsium hilliji hay fields, should altissimum, E. coelestinrim, Eriphorbia respond to fire corollata, Gnaphalirim obtusifolirim, Heterotheca cam porum, Hypericism princtatum,Juniperus virginiana, Linrsm sulcatum, Psoralea tenuiflora, Schizachyrirsm scoparium, Solidago nemoralis, Sorghastrum nutans, Spiranthes magnicamporrim, Verbena stricta

22 T18N, R9W, Amorpha canescens, Asciepias verticillata, Agalinis NE 1¼4NW 1¼ Aster azureus, A. ericoides, Bouteloua skinneriana NE ¼/ of Sect. Surrounded by curtipendula, Dalea prsrpurea,Euphorbia 15 hay fields, should corollata, Heterotheca camporum, Hieraciurm respond to fire longipilum, Hypericum punctatrsm,Juniperus virginiana, Linum sulcatum, Onosmodium molle, Psoralea tenisiflora, Rudbeckia hirta, Risellia hismilis, Schizach~yrium scoparitim, Solidago nemoralis, Sorghastrrsm nistans, Sporobolus aspera, Triosteum perfoliatum, Verbena stricta

23 T18N, R9W, C Andropogon gerardii,Asciepias verticillata, Agalinis N W 1¼4NE 1¼ Aster azureus, A. ericoides, Bouteloria skinneriana, NE ¼ of Sect. Large area, curtipendula, Brickellia eupatorzoides, Cassia Cirsirsm kill ii 15 adjacent to hay fasciculata, Cornus drummondii, Dalea fields, should purpurca, Eupatorium altissimrsm, respond to fire Euphorbia corollata, Gnaphalium obtusifolirim, Hieracizim longipilum, Lespedeza capitata, Lobelia spicata, Psoralea tenrsiflora, Ptelea trifoliata,Ratibida pinnata, Rudbeckia hirta, Risellia humilis, Schizachyrium scopariurm, Silphiurm terebinthinaceum, Solidago speciosa, Sorghastrum nutans, Sporobolus aspera, Teucrium canadense, Verbena stricta, Verbena rsrticifolia

24 T18N, R9W, C Asciepias verticillata,Aster azureus, NE¼14NE¼14NE Boriteloua curtipendisla, Brickellia 1/4 of Sect. 15 Adjacent to hay eupatorioides, Cornus drummondii, Dalea fields, woody purpurea, Desmodium sessilifolirim, invasion, should Eu patorium altissimum, Gnaphalium respond to fire obtusifolizim, Ratibida pinnata, Rridbecki hirta, Schizackyrium scoparium, Silphium Site M - 44 - 2 5 T18N, R9W, C- Andropogon gerardii, Anemone virginiana, SW 1/4 SE ¼/ SE Asciepias verticillata,Brickellia eupatorioid~es, ¼/ of Sect. 10 Adjacent to hay Cornus drummondii, Desmodium fields, woody sessilifolium, Eupatorium altissimism, invasion, should Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Juniperus respond to fire virgqiniana, Maclura pomifera *, Onos- modium molle, Rudheckia hirta, Solidagqo canadensis, S. nemoralis, Sorghastrum nutans, Sporobolus aspera, Teucrium canadense, Vernonia missisrica

26 T18N, R9W, c Asciepias verticillata, Aster ericoides, Cirsium hiliui NEV¼ SW 1/4 Brickellia erspatorioides, Cornus drummondii, (located in a SW ¼4of Sect. Located just east Eupatorium altissimum, Euphorbia shrub domi- 11 of Natural Area, corollata, Gnaphalium obtusifolium, nated hill boundary, woody Hieracium longipilum, Rudbeckia hirta, prairie just invasion, needs Schizach~yrium scoparium, Solidago south of this burning nemoralis, S. speciosa, Sorghastrum nutans, area) Sporobolus aspera, Teiscrium canadense

2 7 T18N, R9W, C- Anemone viryqiniana, Aster azureus , A. NW 1¼4SE 1¼4SE novae-angqliae, Bouteloua curtipenduta, ¼4of Sect. 10 Prairie opening, Brickellia eupatorioides, Eupatorium not a hill prairie, altissimum, Gnaphalium obtusifolium, evidently grazed Heterotheca cam porum, Juniperus virgqiniana, in 1994 Monarda fistulosa, Rudbeckia hirta, Ruellia humilis, Schizachyriism scoparium, Solidago canadensis, S. nemoralis, Sorghastnsm nutans, Sporobolus aspera, Teucrium canadense, Verbena stricta, Vernonia missurica

28 TI8N, R9W, C Acal~ypha virginica~, Asciepias verticiflata, Cirsium huhli NW 1¼4NE 1¼ Aster azureus, Aster ericoides, Bouteloua SW ¼4 of Sect. Prairie opening, curtipendula, Comandra umbeflata, Dalca 10 not a hill prairie, purpurca, Pycnanthemum pilosum, Ratibida typical of others at pinnata, Rudbeckia hirta, Schizach~yrium just south of Site M, needs scoparium, Solidago nemoralis, Soryhastrum Reed Road burning nutans

SOUTHT- ALOF COX CREEK AND REED ROADS AND WEST OF COX CREEK NATURAL AREA No. Location Grade/Notes Partial List of Plants E/T Plants 2 9 TI8N, R9W, SE C- Bouteloua czsrtipendula, Cornus ¼/4NW 1¼4SE 1¼ drummondii, Desmodium illinoense, of Sect. 9 Heavily disturbed, Euphorbia coroflata, Heliopsis helianthoides, woody invasion, Liatris aspera, Maclura pomifera*, Panicum should respond to virgatum, Psoralea tenuiflora, burning Pijcnanthemum pilosum, Ratibida pinnata, Rhus glabra~, Rudheckia hirta, Ruellia humili s, hizachyjrium scoparium, Solidago canadensis, Verbena stricta Site M - 45 - 30 T18N, R9W, E C- Andropogon virginicus, Aster ericoides, Cirsizsm killdi ½/2SE 1¼4SE 1/4 Desmanthus illinoensis, Euphorbia corollata, of Sect. 9 Heavily disturbed Liatris aspera, Lobelia spicata, Monarda surrounded by fistislosa, Onosmodium molle, hay fields P~ycnanthemum pilosum, Ratibida pinnata, Rudbeckia hirta, Schizackyrium scopariism, Silphium terebinthinaceism, Solidago rigida, Sporobolus aspera, Verbena stricta 31 T18N, R9W, SE C Asciepias amplexicaisiis, Bozsteloua ¼/4SW 1¼4SE 1/4 curtipendista,Lespedeza capitata, others not of Sect. 9 Small, recorded surrounded by hay fields 32 T18N, R9W, C- not recorded SW 1¼NW ¼4 SE ¼ of Sect. 9 Small linear spur surrounded by forest

33 T18N, R9W, B A~galinis aspera, Andropo~gon gerardii, Agalinis SW ¼ASE V¼ NE Anemone cijlindrica,Aster azureus, A. skinneriana, ¼ of Sect. 8 A large area, the ericoides, A. oblongifolius, Astragalus Cirsizsm hillii second highest canadensis, Brickellia eupatorioides, quality hill prairie Castilleja cocci nea, Coreopsis tripteris,Dalca at Site M, high prsrprsrea, Echinacea pallida, Ezspatorium species diversity; altissimum, Euphorbia corollata, Helianthus surrounded by divaricatus,H. occidentalis, H. strumosus, non-native Lespedeza capitata,Liatris aspera, Linum conifers, needs sulcatum, Lobelia spicata, Psoraleatenuiflora, burning but Ratibida pinnata, Rosa carolina, Rzsdbecki caution is needed hirta, Silphiusm terebinthinaceum, Solida~go due to the rigida,S. speciosa, Spiranthes conifers magnicamporum, Sorghastrzsm nutans, Tridens flavus, Vernonia missurica 34 T18N, R9W, C Cornus drummondii, Dalca prsrpurea, Cirsium hilli NE 1¼4SW '¼ Erigeron strigosus, Melilotus olficinalis, NE ¼4of Sect. 8 Small hill prairie Polygala verticillata, Rhus glabra, opening, many Schizachyrium scoparium shrubs, should readily respond to burning 3 5 T18N, R9W, SE C- not recorded ¼/NW¼4N-E¼ of Sect. 8 Small prairie opening along ridge top Site M - 46 -

QUESTIONABLE HILL PRAIRIES (MARKED ON LAKE SITE MAPS) No. Location Grade/Notes Partial List of Plants E/T Plants 36 T18N, R9W, E Not graded Carex meadii, C. bicknellii, Castillejacoccinea, /2 SW /4 NE 4 Onosmodium molle, Tradescantia ohiensis of Sect. 14 Overgrown with Others not recorded black oak, white oak, and pasture grasses

37 T18N, R9W, Not graded Carex cephalophora, C. gracilescens,Salvia NE /4 SE /4 SW lyrata, Lepidium campestre, Plantago 1/ of Sect. 24 Severely grazed virginica, Rumex acetosella in 1994, but some Others not recorded hill prairie plants may recover

2. FORESTS

It is estimated that about one third of Site M is forested. It was impossible in the time available to thoroughly walk every tract of forest at Site M. However, we did sample the forests extensively in all parts of Site M and also discussed the quality of forests with Dr. Dale E. Birkenholtz, who conducted the bird survey at Site M. A variety of upland and floodplain forest types occur at Site M. All of the forests at Site M been logged and nearly all have been heavily grazed by cattle. Both of these disturbances have greatly affected the natural quality of the forests at Site M, and the vast majority have been so severely impacted that the native understory shrub and herbaceous layers have been completely eliminated. All the Dry Upland Forests, Dry-mesic Upland Forests, Wet- mesic Floodplain Forests at Site M have been destroyed completely or so severely disturbed that little natural quality remains.

We observed only two forest areas at Site M that we consider of sufficient natural quality to rank as Grade C (Figure 8, Table 8). These are both second growth Mesic Upland Forests. The first forest has the best diversity of herbaceous species at Site M. The remaining forests at Site M we rank as Grade D, and we have not attempted to map these areas. The understory in these forests is dominated by introduced species, such as Rosa multiflora and Alliaria petiolata, and prickly native plants, such as Rubus species, Zanthoxglum americanum, Ribes missouriense, Agrimonia gryposepala, and Sanicula odorata. In some cases the canopy includes the introduced Maclura pomifera (Osage Orange). Without extensive, expensive, and long-term management, these forests have little likelihood of recovering much of their natural quality, and we rank all of them as Grade D.

Management Recommendations. The forests at Site M are so degraded that they are unlikely to recover much of their natural quality. However, the two Grade C forests are locally significant and should be protected from disturbance. The West Forest area only has a small amount of Alliaria petiolata at the northern edge, so attempts should be made III lip

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1.iI.1h Site M - 48 - to keep it from spreading. There are only relatively small numbers of Maclura pomifera and Rosa multiflora in these two Grade C forests, and it may be feasible to try to eliminate these species from these areas. Cattle should be excluded from ALL remaining forests at Site M, regardless of natural quality. Efforts should be made to prevent the introduction, for any purpose, of non-native plant species anywhere at Site M. Although it would be a major undertaking, efforts should be made to reduce the incidence of Maclura pomifera at Site M, especially the thickets formed by this species. Forest Plants. A list of forest species that we observed at Site M is given below. The total list, especially of herbaceous plants, is rather low. There are several woody plants reported for Cass County that we did NOT observe but which probably occur somewhere at Site M: Asimina triloba, Betula nigra, Carpiniss caroliniana, Caryagqlabra, Carya ovalis, Cornu~s florida, Cornus obliqisa, Cornus racemosa, Cornus stolonifera, Diosp~yros virginiana, Fraxinus americana, Gymnocladus dioica, Quercus marilandica, Quercus palustris, and Quercus stellata.

Herbaceous Galium circaezans Scutellaria lateriflora Actaea pachypoda Galijim concinum Scutellaria ovata var. Agrimonia gryposepala Galium triflorum versicolor Agrimonia pubescens Geranium maculatum, Smilacina racemosa Alliaria petiolata* Geum canadense var. Smilax lasioneuron Arisaema dracontium canadense Solidago ulmifolia Arisaema triph~yllum Geum vernum Sphenopholis obtusata Aristolochia serpentariavar. Helianthus divaricatus Thalictrum revolutum serpentaria Helianthus strumosus Trillium recurvatum Aruncus dioicus Hydrastis canadensis Urtica dioica Asarism canadense var. Hydrophyllum viryginianum, Uvularia grandiflora reflexum Impatiens capensis Viola pranticola, Cam panula americana Impatiens pallida, Viola pubescens var. Carex blanda Laportea canadensis eriocarpa Carex cephalophora Leersia,virginica, Viola sororia Carex gracilescens Liparis liliifolia Carex grisea Lobelia inflata Ferns & Ales Carex hirtifolia Muhienbergia mexicana, Adiantum pedatum Carex pensylvanica Osmorhiza claytonii Asplenium plat~yneuron Carex radiata Osmorhiza, longistylis Athyrium angustum Carex rosca Panax quinquefolius Botrychium dissectum Carex sparganioides Parietaria.pensylvanica, Botrychium virginianum Chaerophyllum procumbens Phlox divaricata subsp. Cystopteris protrusa Circaea lutetiana subsp. laphamii Onoclea sensibilis canadensis Phryma.leptostachya Osmunda claytoniana Cla~ytonia virginica Poa,sylvestris Phegopteris hexagonoptera Delphinium tricorne Podophyllum, peltatum Polystichum acrostichoides Dentaria Iaciniata Polygonatum, commutatum Woodsia, obtusa Desmodium canescens Polygonum, cespitosum, Desmodium glutinosum Polygonum viryinianum Trees Dicentra cucullaria Ranunculus micranthus Acer neundo Dioscorca quaternata Ranunculus recurvatus Acer saccharinum Dioscorca villosa Ranunculus septentrionalis Acer saccharum Elymus hystrix Rudheckia, subtomentosa. Aesculus glabra Elymus villosus Ruellia, strepens Carya cordiformis Erythronium albidum Sanicula, canadensis Carya illinoinensis Galearis spectabilis Sanicula odorata, Carya ovata Site M - 49 - Carya tomentosa Quercus imbricaria Ribes missouriense Catalpa biqnonioides Quercus macrocarpa Rubus flagellaris Celtis occidentalis var. Qu~ercus muhlenbergii Rubus occidentalis occidentalis. Quercus rubra Rubus pensglvanicus Cercis canadensis Quercus stellata Sambucus canadensis Crataegus cru-.qalli Qisercus velutina Staphylea trifolia Crataegus mollis Robinia psezsdoacacia* S~ymphoricarpos orbiculatus Diosp~yros virginiana Salix amygqdaloides Viburnum prunifolium Fraxinus pennsylvanica Salix exiqisa Zanthoxylum americanism Gleditsia triacanthos Salix nigra Juglans nigra Salix rigida Woody vines Maclura pomifera* Sassafras albidum Ampelopsis cordata Malus ioensis Tilia americana Cam psis radzcans Morus alba* Ulmiss americana Celastrus scandens Morus rubra Ulmus rubra Lonicera japoncia* Ostr~ya,virginiana Menispermum canadense Platanus occidentalis Shrubs Parthenocissusquinquefolia Populus deltoides Corylus americana Smilax hispida Prisnus serotina. Euon~ymus atropurpurca Toxicodendron radicans Ptelea trifoliatavar. Lonicera maackii * Vitis cinerca trifo1iata Rhamnus cathartica* Vitis riparia Quercus alba Rhus glabra

TABLE 8. Grade C Forests at Site M, Cass County, Illinois

SOUTH OF Cox CREEK AND REED-ROADS AND WEST OF Cox CREEK NATuRAL AREA No. Location Grade/Notes Partial Plant List E/T Plants 1 T18N, R9W, E C Actacea pachypoda, Adiantum pedatum, Acalypha ½ of Sect. 8 Arisaema dracontium, A. triph~yllum, deamii (in Aristolochia serpentaria,Aruncus dioicks, floodplain) Asarum canadense, Asplenium platjjneuron, Botr~ychi ur dissectum, B. virginianum, C~ystopteris protrusa,Dentaria laciniata, Desmodium glutinosum, Dicentra cucullaria, Geranium maculatum, H~ydrastis canadensis, Liparis lililifolia, Lobelia inflata, Onocica sensibilis, Osmunda cla~ytoniana, Panax quinquefolius, Phegopteris hexagonoptera, Podoph~yllum peltatum, Pol~ygonatum commutatum, Polystichum acrostichoides, Risellia strepens, Smilacina racemosa, Smilax lasioneuron, Trillium recurvatum, Uvularia grandiflora, Viola pranticola, Woodsia obtwsa

2 T18N, R9W, C not recorded as site specific none NE V¼ SE V¼ of Sect. 8 Site M - 50 - 3. OTHER HABITATS Also occurring at Site M are a few wetlands and seeps. It was outside the scope of this project to categorize these according to the Illinois Wetland Inventory classification system as used by Suloway and Hubbel (1994). However, we did examine for vascular plants all wetlands at Site M that were marked on maps of the National Wetland Inventory. L. R. Phillippe, a co-author of this report, has extensively studied seep plant communities in eastern, western, and southern Illinois, and none of the seeps at Site M are of high quality or of special significance. Section 6 PROPOSED LAKE SITES

As part of this study, we examined two areas at Site M that had been selected by the Department of Conservation as potential sites for artificial lakes. These are known as Lake Site 4 and Lake Site 7. 1. Proposed Lake Site 4 T18N R9W, parts of sections 13, 14, 23, 24, 26 Survey by G. A. Levin and L. R. Phillippe, Illinois Natural History Survey June 15, 1994 Our survey was conducted by walking much of the area, using aerial photographs and topographic maps to ensure that we visited all visibly different habitats.

This area, which is along an unnamed creek running north into Cox Creek, includes a mosaic of plant community types. All of these have been highly impacted by the area's long history of human activities, including grazing of cattle, logging, plowing of cultivated fields, and creation of pastures.

Note: In each of the community types below, dominant plants are shown in bold type. 1. Cultivated agricultural fields. These contain grassy greenways between the fields in upper tributaries. The flora is essentially that of the hayfields below. 2. Hayfields that have been plowed and planted. Grasses and forbs include: Achillea millefolium Festuca pratensis Polygonum spp. Amaranthus spinosus Geranium Potentilla recta Ambrosia spp. carolinianum Rumex altissimus Arctium minus Hordeum jubatum Rumex crispus Bromus inermis Hordeum pusilum Scirpus atrovirens Cannabis sativa Juncus tenuis Scirpus pendulus Carduus nutans Lepidium spp. Solanum carolinense Carex spp. Medicago sativa Solidago canadensis Chenopodium album Melilotus alba Taraxacum officinale Conium maculatum Melilotus officinalis Thlaspi arvense Congyza canadensis Pastinaca sativa Trifolium hybridum Dactjylis glomerata Phalaris arundinacea Trifolium pratense Descurainia pinnata Phleum pratense Veronica spp. Elymus sp. Plantago lanceolata Erigeron annuus Poa pratensis Some areas surrounded by hayfields contain scattered trees and shrubs, including:

Celtis occidentalis Populus deltoides Rubus spp. Maclura pomifera Quercus macrocarpa Salix nigra. Morus alba Ribes missouriense I /

Y19. Vi'- -I Site M, Cass County, Illinois Vegetation Types at Lake Site 4

Hill prairies Grade D upland forests Pastures/hayfields Agricultural fields Grass & forb dominated fields Ponds

V/ r

ANN-.ri~t;* -1,04"0"WW Fig. 10 Site M, Cass Ci Vegetation Typ

Hill prairies Grade D upland for Pastures/hayfields Agricultural fields Grass & forb domin Emergent Wetlands Ponds r -ui Site M - 52 -

3. Upland forest, especially in secations 14 and 24. This woodland has been heavily grazed and logged in some areas. Due to its badly degraded status, we assign it grade D. Trees include:

Acer negqundo Crataegus mollis Prunus serottna Acer saccharinum Gleditsia triacanthos Prunus sp. Car~ya cordiformis Juglans ni~gra Quercus macrocarpa Car~ya sp. Maclura pomifera Quercus rubra Catalpa sp. Morus alba Tilia americana Celtis occidentalis Popislus deltoides Ulmus ruhra. Shrubs include:

Cornus drummondii Rubus allegheniensis S~ymphorocarpos Corylus americana Risbus occidentalis orbicularis. Ribes missouriensis Rubus pens~ylvanicus Rosa misitiflora Sambucus canadensis Grasses, forbs, and vines include: A~gastache sp. Dioscorea villosa Parthenocissus Ambrosia trifida Ellisia nyctelea quinquefolia Apios americana Elymus canadensis Phr~yma leptostachya Arctium minus Eupatorium sp. Ph~ytolacca americana Aster ontarionis Festuca obtusa Pilea pumila Boehmeria c~ylindrica Galium aparine Podoph~yllum peltatum Botrichium Geranium maculatum Pol~ygonatum viryqinianum Geum canadense commutatum Cam panula americana Hakelia sp. Sanicula canadensis Carex blanda Humulus lupulus Sanicila odorata Carex sparaganioides H~ydrophyflum Scrophularia sp. Cerastium sp. virginianum Silphium perfoliatum Circaca lutetiana Lactuca sp. Smilax sp. Crgptotaenia Menispermum Thalictrum revolutum canadensis canadense Toxicodendron C~ystopteris protrusa Osmorhiza longistylis radicans Daucus carota Parietaria Triosteum perfoliatum Desmodium pensylvanica Viola spp. ~glutinosum Vitis spp. 4. Grass and forb domiated areas. These are probably mostly old fields undergoing succession. Some were apparently seeded into pasture. All were heavily grazed. No plants stand out as dominants. The vegetation includes: Achillea millifolium Apoc~ynum spp. Daucus carota Agalinus tenuifolia Asclepias verticilliata Dianthus armeria Agrostis spp. Asclepiaus syriaca Eupatorium Andropodon virginicus Bromus spp. altissimum Andropogon gerardii Carex spp. Eupatorium serotinum Apios americana Dactylis glomerata Euphorbia corollata Site M - 53 - Festuca pratensis Phlox bifida Schizachyrium Juncus tenuis Physalis sp. scoparium Kummerowia sp. Plantago aristata Solanum carolinense Leucanthemum Plantago virginica Solidago canadensis vulgare Poa compressa Sorghastrum nutans Malus sp. Potentilla recta Tradescantia ohiensis Medicago lupulina Pycnanthemum sp. Trifolium campestre Melilotus alba Rosa carolina Trifolium pratense Monarda fistulosa Rosa multiflora Verbascum blattaria Oenothera sp. Rosa setigera Verbascum thapsus Panicum spp. Rudbeckia hirta Verbena spp. Pastinaca sativa Rumex acetosella Vernonia missurica. Phleum pratense Rumex obtusifolius

5. Hill prairies. These are all quite small and surrounded by the degraded forests, mostly in section 14. They are highly degraded (grade D) due to extensive grazing and lack of burning. Their flora is much like that of the grass and forb dominated areas, but include in addition:

Antennaria neglecta Castilleja coccinea Onosmodium molle Antennaria Cirsium hillii Penstemon pallidus plataginifolia Heterotheca camporum Ruellia humilis Carex umbellata Lobelia spicata Sisyrinchium sp. 6. Ponds. There are two small ponds in the lake site. The first of these (SE ¼ NE¼ NE¼4 of Section 23) contains only Zannichellia palustris. The second (NW¼4 SW/4 SWW4 of section 13) contains Potomogeton foliosus and Lemna sp.; on the margins are: Bidens cernua Leersia oryzoides Eleocharis intermedia Phalaris arundinacea Eleocharis obtusa Salix exigua Equisetum arvense Scirpus atrovirens Juncus dudleyi Scirpus pendulus

2. Proposed Lake Site 7 T18N R8W, parts of sections 19, 30, 31 and R9W, parts of sections 23, 24, 25, 26, 35, 36 Survey by G. A. Levin, L. R. Phillippe, and K. R. Robertson, Illinois Natural History Survey May 17, June 15, July 14, and August 17, 1994 Our survey was conducted by walking much of the area, using aerial photographs and topographic maps to ensure that we visited all visibly different habitats. This area, which is along an unnamed creek running north into Cox Creek, includes a mosaic of plant community types. All of these have been highly impacted by the area's long history of human activities, including grazing of cattle, logging, plowing of cultivated fields, and creation of pastures.

Note: in each of the community types below, dominant plants are shown in bold type. Site M - 54 - 1. Cultivated agricultural fields. These contain grassy greenways between the fields in upper tributaries. The flora is essentially that of the hayfields below. 2. Hayfields that have been plowed and planted. Grasses and forbs include:

Achillea millefolium El~ymus sp. Plantagqo virginica Alopecurus Erigeron annuus Poa pratensis carolinianus Festuca pratensis Polygqonum spp. Amaranthus spinosus Geranium Potentilla recta Ambrosia spp. carolinianum Rumex acetosella Arctium minus Glechoma hederacea Rumex altissimus Bromus inermis Hordeum jubatism Rumex crispus Cannabi's sativa Hordeum pusilum Scirpus atrovirens Carduiss nutans Juncus tenuis Scirpus pendulus Carex spp. Lepidium spp. Solanum carolinense Chenopodium album Medicago sativa Solidago canadensis C. gigantospermum Melilotus alba Tarazxacum of~ficinale Conium, maculatum Melilotics officinalis Thiaspi arvense Conyza canadensis M~yosisrus minimiss Tragopogon dubiuss Cyanchum laeve Pastinaca sativa Trifolium hybridism Dactgylis 4glomerata Phalaris arundinacca Trifolium pratense Descurainia pinnata Phleum pratense Veronica spp. Digitariaspp. Plantago lanceolata Some areas surrounded by hayfields contain scattered trees and shrubs, including:

Celtis occidentalis Populus delto ides Rubus spp. Juglans nigra Quercus macrocarpa Sal ix nigra Maclura pomifera R ibes missouriense Sassafras albidum Morus alba Robinia pseudacacia Ulmus pumila. 3. Upland forest, especially in sections 24, 25, and 36. These woodlands have been heavily grazed and logged in some areas. Due to their badly degraded status, we would assign them all grade D. Trees include: Acer negundo Gleditsia triacanthos Qurservs macrocarpa Acer saccharinum Juglans nigra Quercus rubra Carya cordiformis Maclura pomifera Sassafras albidum Carya sp. Morus alba Tilia americana Catalpa sp. Populus deltoides Ulmu~s rubra. Celtis occidentalis Prunus serotina Crataegiss mollis Prunus sp. Shrubs include:

Cornus drummondii Rubus allegheniensis Symphorocarpos Cor~yliss americana Rubus occidentalis orbicularis Ribes missouriensis Rubus pensylvanicus Viburnum Rosa multiflora Sambucus canadensis prunifolium. Site M - 55 - Grasses, forbs, and vines include:

Agastache sp. glutinosum pens~ylvanica A~gri'monia sp. Dioscorca villosa Parthenocissus Ambrosia trif~ida Ellisia nyctelca quinquefolia Apios americana El~ymus canadensis Phr~yma leptostachya Arctium minus El~ymus villosus Ph~ytolacca americana Aster ontarionis El~ymus viryqinicus Pilca pumila Boehmeria cylindrica Eupatorium spp. Podoph~yllum peltatum Botrichium dissectum Festuca obtusa Polygonatum Botrichium Galium aparine commutatum virginianum Geranium maculatum Sanicula canadensis Cam panula americana Geum canadense Sanicula odorata Carex spp. Hakelia sp. Scrophularia sp. Cerastium Sp. Humulus lupulus Silphium perfoliatum Circaca listetiana H~ydroph~yllum Smilax sp. Cryptotaenia virginianum Thalictrum revolutum canadensis Lactuca spp. Toxicodendron Cystopteris protrusa Menispermum radicans Daucus ca rota canadense Triosteum perfoliatum Delphinium tricorne Osmorhiza longistylis Viola spp. Desmodium Parietaria Vitis spp. 4. Grass and forb domiated areas. These are probably mostly old fields undergoing succession. Some were apparently seeded into pasture. All were heavily grazed. No plants stand out as dominants. The vegetation includes:

Achillea millifolium Euphorbia corollata Rosa carolina Agrostis spp. Festuca pratensis Rosa multiflora Andropodon virginicus Gnaphalium sp. Rosa setigera Andropogon gerardii Leucanthemum Rudbeckia hirta Antennaria neglecta vulgqare Rumex acetosella Apios americana Lespedeza capitata Rumex obtusifolius Apoc~ynum spp. Medicago lupulina Schizach~yrium Arabis glabra Melilotus alba scoparium Aristida oligantha Monarda fistulosa Silphium Asclepias verticilliata Panicum spp. terebinthinaceum Asclepiaus syriaca Pastinaca sativa Solanum carolinense Bromus spp. Phleum pratense Solidago canadensis Carex spp. Ph~ysalis sp. Sorghastrum nutans Dact~ylis glomerata Plantago aristata Trifolium cam pestre Daucus carota Plantago virginica Trifolium pratense Dianthus armeria Poa compressa Verbascum blattaria Eu patorium Poa pratensis Verbascum thapsus altissimum Potentilla recta Verbena spp. Eupatorium serotinum P~ycnanthemum sp. Vernonia missurica.

5. Hl prairie. There is one small hill prairie remnant in the NE¼ SE¼4 SW¼A of Section 24. It is highly degraded (grade D or possibly E) due to grazing, seeding for pasture, and mowing (including 1994). Because of the mowing, we may have missed some plants that bloom after mid summer. judging from what we saw, its flora is much like that of the grass and forb dominated areas, but includes in addition: Site M - 56 -

Lobelia spicata Antennaria neglecta Salvia lyrata. Ruellia himilis Antennaria Sisgyrinchium sp. plataginifolia 6. Ponds. There are several small ponds in the lake site as shown on the topographic map. These contain only Lemna sp.; on the margins are: Bidens cernua Phalaris arundinacea Scirpis atrovirens Eqsisetum arvense Rosa setigera Scirpus pendulus Jzncus didleyi Salix amygdaloides T~ypha latifolia. Leersia or~yzoides Salix nigqra 7. Emergent wetland. In addition to the pond margins, there is a small wetland at the junction of two small creeks, NE¼/4 NW¼/NE¼4 of Section 25. The flora includes: Acorus amnericanus Leersia sp. Scirpss atrovirens Bromss arvensis Rumex obtusifolius Sphenopholis obtusata. Eqsisetim arvense Salix nigra Section 7

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barkley, T. M., editor. 1986. Flora of the . University of Kansas Press, Lawrence. vii + 1392 p. [Agalinis 753-756.] Bowles, M. 1983. The tallgrass prairie orchids Platantheraleucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl. and Cypripedium candidum Muhl. ex Willd.: some aspects of their status, biology, and ecology, and implications toward management. Natural Areas Journal 3: 14-37. Bowles, M., G. Wilhelm, and S. Packard. 1988. The Illinois status of Liatris scariosa (L.) Willd. var. nieuwlandii Lunnel. A new threatened species for Illinois. Erigenia 10: 1- 27. Case, M. A. 1994. Extensive variation in the levels of genetic diversity and degree of relatedness among five species of Cypripedium (Orchidaceae). Amerian Journal of Botany 81: 175-184. Ebinger, J. E. 1994. Acalypha deamii (Large-seeded Mercury) populations in Illinois. Report to the Illinois Nongame Wildlife Checkoff Fund, Illinois Department of Conservation, Springfield. 5 pp. Evers, R. A. 1955. Hill prairies of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 26(5): 367-446. Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. Eighth edition. American Book Company, New York. lxiv + 1632 pp. Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern and adjacent Canada. Second edition. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. lxxv + 910 pp. Herkert, J. R., editor. 1991. Endangered and threatened species of Illinois: status and distribution. Volume 3-1994 changes to the Illinois list of endangered and threatened species. Illinois Endandered Species Protection Board, Springfield. iv + 33 pp. Herkert, J. R., editor. 1994. Endangered and threatened species of Illinois: status and distribution. Volume 1-plants. Illinois Endandered Species Protection Board, Springfield. iii + 158 pp. Illinois Endandered Species Protection Board. 1994. Checklist of endangered and threatened animals and plants of Illinois. Illinois Endandered Species Protection Board, Springfield. ii + 20 pp. Jones, G. N. 1963. Flora of Illinois. Third edition. American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana. vi + 401 pp. Luer, C. A. 1975. The native orchids of the United States and Canada, excluding Florida. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. 361 pp. Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1986. Guide to the vascular flora of Illinois. Revised and enlarged edition. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville. xii + 507 pp. Mohlenbrock, R. H. and D. M. Ladd. 1978. Distribution of Illinois Vascular Plants. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville. vii + 282 pp. Moore, R. J. and C. Frankton. 1966. An evaluation of the status of Cirsium pumilum and Cirsium hillii. Canadian Journal of Botany 44: 581-595. Nyboer, R. W. 1981. Grazing as a factor in the decline of Illinois hill prairies. Pp. 209-211 in R. L. Stuckey and K. J. Reese, editors, The prairie peninsula-in the "shadow" of Fig. 10 Site M, Cass County, Illinois Vegetation Types at Lake Site 7

Hill prairies Z a Grade D upland forests 4 Pastures/hayfields U Agricultural fields Grass & forb dominated fields • Emergent Wedands E Ponds */

/

,/ /

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-,it

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barkley, T. M., editor. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence. vii + 1392 p. [Agalinis 753-756.] Bowles, M. 1983. The tallgrass prairie orchids Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl. and Cypripedium candidum Muhl. ex Willd.: some aspects of their status, biology, and ecology, and implications toward management. Natural Areas Joural 3: 14-37. Bowles, M., G. Wilhelm, and S. Packard. 1988. The Illinois status of Liatris scariosa (L.) Willd. var. nieuwlandii Lunnel. A new threatened species for Illinois. Erigenia 10: 1- 27. . Case, M. A. 1994. Extensive variation in the levels of genetic diversity and degree of relatedness among five species of Cypripedium (Orchidaceae). Amerian Journal of Botany 81: 175-184. Ebinger, J. E. 1994. Acalypha deamii (Large-seeded Mercury) populationsin Illinois. Report to the Illinois Nongame Wildlife Checkoff Fund, Illinois Department of Conservation, Springfield. 5 pp. Evers, R. A. 1955. Hill prairies of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 26(5): 367-446. Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. Eighth edition. American Book Company, New York. lxiv + 1632 pp. Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Second edition. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. lxxv + 910 pp. Herkert, J. R., editor. 1991. Endangered and threatened species of Illinois: status and distribution. Volume 3-1994 changes to the Illinois list of endangered and threatened species. Illinois Endandered Species Protection Board, Springfield. iv + 33 pp. Herkert, J. R., editor. 1994. Endangered and threatened species of Illinois: status and distribution. Volume 1-plants. Illinois Endandered Species Protection Board, Springfield. iii + 158 pp. Illinois Endandered Species Protection Board. 1994. Checklist of endangered and threatened animals and plants of Illinois. Illinois Endandered Species Protection Board, Springfield. ii + 20 pp. Jones, G. N. 1963. Flora of Illinois. Third edition. American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana. vi + 401 pp. Luer, C. A. 1975. The native orchids of the United States and Canada, excluding Florida. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. 361 pp. Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1986. Guide to the vascular flora of Illinois. Revised and enlarged edition. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville. xii + 507 pp. Mohlenbrock, R. H. and D. M. Ladd. 1978. Distribution of Illinois Vascular Plants. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville. vii + 282 pp. Moore, R. J. and C. Frankton. 1966. An evaluation of the status of Cirsium pumilum and Cirsium hillii. Canadian Journal of Botany 44: 581-595. Nyboer, R. W. 1981. Grazing as a factor in the decline of Illinois hill prairies. Pp. 209-211 in R. L. Stuckey and K. J. Reese, editors, The prairie peninsula-in the "shadow" of Site M - 60 - Transeau: Proceedings of the Sixth North American Prairie Conference. Ohio Biological Survey Biology Notes, 15. Ostlie, W. 1990. Element stewardship abstract for Agalinis skinneriana. The Nature Conservancy, Midwest Regional Office, Minneapolis. 10 pp. Ostlie, W. R. and J. Bender. 1990. Element stewardship sbstract for Cirsium hillii - Hill's Thistle. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia. 14 pp. Pennell, F. W. 1935. The Scrophulariaceae of eastern temperate North America. Academy Natural Sciences Philadelphia Monographs No. 1 xiv + 650 p. [Gerardia 419-476.] Robertson, K. R. and L. R. Phillippe. 1993. The current status of Agalinis skinneriana (Wood) Britton in Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Center for Biodiversity Technical Report 1993(2), Champaign. 34 pp. Robertson, K. R. and M. W. Schwartz. 1994. Prairies. Pp. 1-32. In: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources. The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends. Technical Report of the Critical Trends Assessment Project. Vol. 3: Ecological Resources. Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield. ILENR/RE-EA-94/05. Robertson, K. R., M. W. Schwartz, J. W. Olson, B. K. Dunphy, and H. David Clarke. 1995. A Synopsis of hill prairies in Illinois: 50 years of change. Pp. 9-20 in T. E. Rice, editor, Proceedings of the Fourth Central Illinois Prairie Conference. Prairie remnants: Rekindling our natural heritage. Millikin University, Decatur, September 17-18, 1994. Grand Prairie Friends of Illinois, Urbana. Robertson, K. R., M. W. Schwartz, J. W. Olson, B. K. Dunphy, and H. D. Clarke. (in press) 50 years of change in Illinois hill prairies. Erigenia Schwegman, J. 1973. Comprehensive plan for the Illinois Nature Preserves System. Part 2. The natural divisions of Illinois. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Rockford. 32 p. + map. Schwartz, M. W., K. R. Robertson, B. K. Dunphy, J. W. Olson, and A. M. Trame. (in press) The Biogeography of and Habitat Loss on Hill Prairies in Illinois. Chapter in M. W. Schwartz, ed., Conservation in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes. Chapman and Hall, New York. Sheviak, C. J. 1974. An introduction to the ecology of the Illinois Orchidaceae. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers 14. xiii + 89 pp. Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Iowa State University Press, Ames. lxxxiii + 1,725 pp. Suloway, L. and M. Hubbell. 1994. Wetland resources of Illinois. An analysis and atlas. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 14. Champaign. 88 pp. Taft, J. B. 1990. Managing for pink milkwort in a mesic sand prairie (Illinois). Restoration and Management Notes 8: 103-104. White, J. 1978. Illinois natural areas inventory technical report. Volume 1: Survey methods and results. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory, Urbana. xix + 426 p. Winterringer, G. S. 1967. Wild orchids of Illinois. Illinois State Museum Popular Science Series 7. 130 pp. APPENDIX 1. Checklist of Vascular Plants for Cass Co., Illinois

From the Illinois Plant Information Network (ILPIN), with additional information from: J. R. Herkert, editor. Endangered and Threatened Species of Illinois: Species and Distribution. Vol. 1-Plants (1991) and Volume 3-1994 Changes (1993). Nomenlcature, with a few exceptions, follows R. H. Mohlenbrock, Guide to the Vascular Flora of Illinois (1986). Common names are mostly from ILPIN and sometimes differ from those in Mohlenbrock. County records discovered during field work at Site M during 1994 are marked with a bullet (o).

Scientific name Common name E/T Scientific name Common name E/T Abutilon theophrastii buttonweed Amaranthus tuberculatus tall waterhemp * Acalypha deamii large-seeded mercury T Ambrosia artemisiifolia bitterweed Acalypha gracilens three-seeded mercury Ambrosia psilostachya western ragweed Acalypha rhomboidea three-seeded mercury Ambrosia trifida buffalo weed Acalypha virginica three-seeded mercury Ammannia auriculata scarlet loosestrife Acer negundo box-elder Ammannia coccinea long-leaved * Acer nigrum black maple ammannia Acer saccharinum river maple Amorpha canescens lead plant Acer saccharum sugar maple Amorpha fruticosa false indigo bush Achillea millefolium common milfoil Ampelopsis cordata raccoon grape Acorus americanus flag root Amphicarpa bracteata hog peanut Actaea pachypoda doll's-eyes var. bracteata Adiantum pedatum maidenhair fern Amphicarpa bracteata hog peanut Aesculus glabra Ohio buckeye var. comosa Agalinis aspera rough false foxglove Amsinckia lycopsoides tarweed false foxglove Amsonia blue star * Agalinis skinneriana pale false foxglove T tabernaemontana Agalinis tenuifolia slender false foxglove Anagallis arvensis poor man's Agastache nepetoides yellow giant hyssop weatherglass Agastache scrophulariae- purple giant hyssop Andropogon gerardii big bluestem folia Andropogon virginicus broom sedge Agrimonia gryposepala tall agrimony Androsace occidentalis androsace Agrimonia parviflora swamp agrimony Anemone canadensis meadow anemone Agrimonia pubescens soft agrimony Anemone caroliniana Carolina anemone Agropyron repens couch grass Anemone cylindrica candle anemone Agropyron smithii bluestem Anemone virginiana tall anemone Agrostemma githago corn cockle Anethum graveolens dill Agrostis alba red top Antennaria neglecta cat's foot Agrostis hyemalis hair grass * Antennaria pussytoes Agrostis perennans autumn bent grass plantaginifolia var. Ailanthus altissima tree-of-heaven ambigens Alcca rosea hollyhock Antennaria pussytoes Alisma plantago-aquatica common water plantaginifolia var. var. parviflorum plantain plantaginifolia * Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard Anthemis arvensis corn chamomile Allium canadense wild garlic Anthemis cotulai dog fennel Allium tricoccum wild leek Apios americana groundnut Allium vineale field garlic Aplectrum hyemale Adam-and-Eve Alopecurus carolinianus annual foxtail Apocgynum androsaemi- spreading dogbane Amaranthus graecizans prostrate amaranth folium Amaranthus hybridus green amaranth Apocgynum cannabinum dogbane Amaranthus palmeri Palmer's amaranth * Apocynum sibiricum Indian hemp Amaranthus powellii smooth pigweed Aquilegia canadensis columbine Amaranthus retroflexus rough pigweed Arabis canadensis sicklepod Amaranthus rudis tamarisk waterhemp * Arabis glabra tower mustard Amaranthus spinosus spiny pigweed Arabis shortii toothed cress Site M - 62 - Scientific name Common --Name w -fE/T - Scientific &AAAA6&%Olname %eCommon W&" AAA %0&A AAname fAr &" %0 4-ifE/r-L

Aralia racemosa American spikenard - Aster linariifolius flax-leaveda aster

Arctium minus common burdock - Aster novae-a nglieae New Englanid Aster

Arctizsmtomen-tosum cotton burdock - Aster oblongifolius aromatic astter

Arenaria serpjyllifolia thyme-leaved - Aster ontarionis Ontario aste sandwort Aster pilosass hairy aster

Arisaema dracontium green dragon - Aster praealtus willow-leave 5d aster

Arisaema tripkhyllum Indian turnip - Aster sagittifoijiss arrow aster

Aristida basiramea forked-tip three-awn - Aster sericeuss silky aster grass Aster turbinellus aster

Aristida czsrtissii Curtiss three awn - Aster umbeflatus flattop aster grass Aster vimineus frost flower Aristida desmantha three awn - Astragalus canadensis Canadian m:.ilk vetch

Aristida dichotoma poverty grass - Astragalus distortus bent milk ye.atch

Aristida longespwca three awn - Ath~yrium angustum lady fern

Aristida oligantha plains three awn - Athjjrium pycnocarpon glade fern grass Athyrizsm thelypterioides silvery spleeenwort

Aristida pxsrpurascens arrowfeather - Atriplex patuda fat-hen saltlh)ush

Aristida tubercislosa beach three awn grass - Aureolaria grandiflora yellow false foxglove *Aristolochia serpentaria Virginia snakeroot var. pulchra var serpentaria Avena sativa cultivated ogats,

Armora~cia aquatica lake cress - AZ0U1a meXtcana mexican azcAla Armoracia rusticana horseradish Artemisia absinthiasm absinth - Bacopa rotundifolia water hyssol Ip Artemisia annua annual wormwood - Baptisia lactea white wild i.indigo

Artemisiacampestris beach wormwood - Baptisia leucopkaea cream wild indigo Artemisia draczsnczdus false tarragon E Barbarcavulgaris var. wnter cress

Artemisia ludoviciana - arcuata var. gnaphalodes Belamcanda chinensis blackberry li Artemisia pontica roman wormwood - Berberis thunbergii Japanese bairberry

Aruncus dioicus goat's-beard - Besse~ya bisliji kitten tails T

Asarasm canadense var. Canada wild ginger - Betula nigra red birch reflexum. Bidens aristosa swamp maniigold

Asciepias amplexicaidis sand milkweed - Bidens bipinnata Spanish nee(,dles

Asciepias hirtella tall green milkweed - Bidens cernisa nodding beg,gar-ticks

Asciepias incarnata swamp milkweed - Biden coronata beggar-ticks Asclepia~s prsrpurascens purple milkweed - Bidensfrondosa common begggar-ticks

Asciepias quadrifolia whorled milkweed - Bidens tripartita beggartick

Asciepias sudlivantii prairie milkweed - Blephilia ciliata pagoda plant Asciepias s~yriaca common milkweed - Blephilia hirsuta pagoda plant

Asciepias tuberosa subsp. butterflyweed - Boehmeria ciglindrica false nettle interior Boltonia asteroides false aster Asciepias verticlllata horsetail milkweed - Boltonia decurrens false aster Asciepias viridiflora green milkweed - Botr~ychium dissectism bronze fern Asimina triloba pawpaw var. dissectum

Asparagus officinalis garden asparagus - Botrigchium dissectum var. bronze fern obliquism ~ta Botrychium virginianum rattlesnake f

- Bozsteloua curtipendula mesquite gri Bouteloua hirsuta black gramir

- Brach~yelytrum erectum long-awned1 grass

- Braseniaz schreberi watershield Brassicajusncea Chinese mus

- Brassica kaber var. charlock pinnatifida

- Brassica nigra black mustai Site M - 63 - Scientific name Common Name E/T -Scientific name Common name E/T

Brassica rapa bird's rape - Carex cristatella crested oval sedge

Brickellia eupatorioides false boneset - Carex crus-corvi crowfoot fox sedge * Bromus arvensis chess Carex davisii awned graceful sedge Bromus ciliatus Canada brome grass - Carex enwryii riverbank sedge Bromus commutatiss hairy brome - Carex festucacea fescue oval sedge Bromus inermis awniess brome grass - Ca rex fra nkii bristly cattail sedge Bromus japonicu~s Japanese brome - Carex gracilescens slender wood sedge " Bromus pubescens Canada brome grass Carex qranularis meadow sedge Bromus purgans brome grass - Carex gravida var. long-awned bracted Bromus racemosu~s bald brome - gravida sedge

Bromiss secalinass cheat - o Carex gravida var. long-awned bracted Bromws tectorrsm cheat grass brome - lanelliana sedge Buchnera americana blue hearts - Carex gragi bur sedge

Bughlossoides arvense corn gromwell - Carex grisea wood gray sedge Bulbost~ylis capiltaris hair sedge - Carex hajjdenii Hayden sedge *Carex hiritifolia hairy wood sedge

Cacalia atriplicifolia pale Indian plantain - " Carex kirsutella hairy green sedge Calamagrostis canadensis bluejoint grass - Carex hystricina bottlebrush sedge Calamovilfa longifolia sand reed - Carex jamesii grass sedge Callirhde alcaeoides poppy mallow - Carex lacutris lake sedge Callirho*e triangislata poppy mallow - Ca rex laevico nica long-toothed lake Callitriche heterophllta large water starwort sedge Callitricheverna common water - Carex lanuginosa wooly sedge starwort Carex lupuliformis knobbed hop sedge Caitha palustris cowslip - Carex lispulina hop sedge Callitegia sepizsm subsp. American bindweed - Carex lzsida bottlebrush sedge americana Carex meadii Mead's stiff sedge Camelina. microcarpa false flax - " Carex molesta field oval sedge Camelina sativa false flax - Carex muhlenbergii sand bracted sedge Campanusla americana American belfflower - Carex muskingumensis swamp oval sedge Campanula aparinoides marsh bellflower - Carex normalis spreading oval sedge Campsis radicans trumpet creeper - " Carex oligocarpa few-fruited gray sedge Cannabis sativa hashish - Carex pens~ylvanica common oak sedge Capsella bursa-pastoris sheperd's-purse - " Carex radiata straight-styled wood Cardamine bisibosa bulb bittercress, sedge Cardamine parviflora small-flowered bitter - Carex richardsonii prairie hummock var. arenicola cress sedge Cardamine pensjjlvanwca bitter cress - Carex rosea curly-styled wood Cardiospermum balloon-vine sedge halicacabum Carex scoparia broom sedge Carduas nistans nodding thistle Carex shortiana Short's sedge Carex aggregata smooth clustered Carex sparganioides loose-headed bracted sedge sedge Carex albolistescens long-fruited oval - Carex stipata comon fox sedge sedge Carex swanii downy green sedge Carex annectens Carex arctata Carex bicknellii Carex blanda Carex brevior e Carex bushii Carex cephalophora

Carex comosa Carex con] rncta Carex convoluta Site M - 64 - Scientific name Common Name E/T Scientific name Common name E-)IT

Carija illinoinensis pecan Cirsium hillii Hill's thistle T

Car~ya oval is sweet pignut hickory - Cirsium vulgare bull thistle

Carya ovata shag-bark hickory - Claytonia virginica spring beauty

Carya texana black hickory - Clematis pitcheri leather flower

Carya tomentosa mockernut hickory - Clematis virginiana virgin's bower * Cassia (Senna) wild senna Comandra umbellata bastard toad-flax hebecaarpa Commelina communis common day flower

Cassiafasciculater golden cassia - Commelina erecta day flower Cassia marilandica Maryland senna Conium macutatum poison hemlock

Cassia nictitans wild sensitive plant - Consolida ambzgua rocket larkspur

Castillejacoccinea Indian paintbrush - Convolvulus arvensis field bindweed * Catalpa bignonioides southern catalpa Conyza canadensis horseweed

Catalpa speciosa northern catalpa - Con~yza ramosissima dwarf fleabane

Caulophyllism blue cohosh - Corallorhiza odontorhiza fall coral-root orchid thalictroides Corallorhiza wisteriana coral root,

Ceanothuss americaniss New Jersey tea - Coreopsis lanceolata lance coreopsis

Celastrzgs scandens bittersweet - Coreopsis palmata prairie coreopsis

Celtis occidentalis var. hackberry - Coreopsis tripteris tall coreopsis canina Cornus drummondii rough-leaved Cenchrus longispinu~s mat sandbur dogwood

Centaurea c~yaniss bachelor's button - Comaus florida flowering dogwood

Cephalanthus occidentalis buttonbush - Cornus obliqua pale dogwood

Cerastium glomeratum clammy chickweed - Comaus racemosa gray dogwood

Cerastium nutans nodding mouse-ear - Comaus stolonifera red osier dogwood chickweed CoronilLa varia crown vetch

Cerastium pumilum mouse-ear chickweed - Cor~ydalis aurca (perhaps golden corydalis E Cerastizsm vulgatum common mouse-ear - in error for Cass Co.) chickweed Corjjdalis curvisiliqua large-bracted T

Ceratophyllum demersum coontail - var. grandibracteata corydalis Cercis canadensis eastern redbud - Corgdalisflavula pale corydalis Ch~aenorrhinum minus dwarf snapdragon - Corjdalis micrantha slender corydallis

Chacrophyllum wild chervil - Coriglas americana American filbert procumbens Crataeguscrus-,galli cock-spur thorn Chamaesjyce geijeri spurge - Crataegus mollis red haw Cham~aesyce humistrata milk spurge - Crotalariasagittalis rattlebox

Chamacsjgce maczdata nodding spurge - Croton capitatus capitate croton Chamaes~yce supina milk spurge - Croton glandul osus var. sand croton Chelone glabra white turtlehead - septentrionalis

Chenopodium album lamb's quarters - Croton monanthogynus croton Chenopodium American wormseed - Crotonopsis linearis rushfoil ambrosioides Cryptotaenia canadensis honewort e Chenopodium berlandieri goosefoot Cucurbita foetidissima Missouri gourd var. zschackei Cucurbita pepo var. pear gourd Chenopodium deswccatum narrow-leaved - ovifera var. leptophylloides goosefoot Cuphea viscosissima blue waxweed Site M - 65 - Scientific name Common Name E/T Scientific name Common name E,,r

C~yperus aristatiss bearded fiat sedge - Dichanthelium broad-leaved panic C~yperus erjjthrorhizos red-rooted sedge clandestinum grass C~yperus esculentus chufa - Dichanth~eliism starved panic grass C~yperzss ferruginescens slender fiatsedge depauperatism

C~yperus filicisimis var. fern fiatsedge - Dichanthelizsm latifolium panic grass fihicisimis Dichantheligsm panic grass C~yperus filiculmis var. fern fiatsedge oligosanthes var. macilentuss oligosanthes

Q~yperuss flavescens fiatsedge - Dichanthelizsm Scribner's panic grass C~yperzss gragyioides galingale T oligosanthes var. C~yperus rivudaris brook fiat sedge scribnerianism

Cyperus schweinitzii Schweinitz fiatsedge - Dichanthelixsm panic grass C~yperus strigosus straw colored villosissimusm var. fiatsedge pseudopusbescens C~ypripedizsm candidum white lady's slipper E Dichantheligsm hairy panic grass Cypripedium pubescens large yellow lady- villosissi mum var. slipper orchid villosissimism

C~ystopteris protrusa fragile fern - Digitariafiliformis finger grass Digitaria ischaemxsm smooth crab grass

Dactylis glomerata orchard grass - Digitariasanguinalis hairy crab grass

Dalta candida white prairie clover - Diodia teres poorjoe

Dalea pzsrptsrea purple prairie clover - Dioscorca villosa wild yam

Dasistoma macrophylla mullein foxglove - Diospjjros virginiana persimmon

Datura innoxia angel's trumpet - Dodecatheon meadia shooting star

Datisra stramonizsm jimsonweed - Draba reptans whitlow grass

Daucus ca rota Queen-Anne's-lace - Dracocephalum American dragonhead Delphinium tricorne dwarf larkspur parviflorism

Dentarialaciniata pepper-root - Dr~yopteris carthu~szana spinulose woodfern

Descurainia pinnata tansy mustard - Dryopteris intermedia common woodfern subsp. brachycarpa Dryopteris marginalis leather fern

Descurainiasophia fiixweed - Dzslichizsm arisndinacexsm pond sedge

Desmanthzss illinoensis Illinois bundlefiower - Dyssodia papposa fetid marigold Desmodium canadense showy tick trefoil

Desmodium canescens hoary tick trefoil - Echinacea pallida pale conefiower

Desmodjism cuspidatum tick trefoil - Echinacca pzsrpasrea purple conefiower var. cuspidatum e Echinochloa crus-galli barnyard grass

Desmodium cuspidatum tick trefoil - Echinochloa masricata var. barnyard grass var. longifoliuim muricata o Desmodium glabellum tick trefoil Echinochloa masricata var. barnyard grass Desmodium glastinosum beggar's lice wiegandii

Desmodium illinoense Illinois tick trefoil - Echinochloa walteri salt-marsh cockspur Desmodium nudiflorasm bare-stemmed tick grass trefoil Echinocystis lobata wild balsam-apple

Desmodium panicrslatum panicled. tick trefoil - Echinodorzss bertervi var. burhead Desnwdixsm sessilifoliasm sessile-leaved. lanceolatus

E Site M - 66 - Scientific name Common Name E/T Scientific name Common ---nameW E.,*rA"IA6

Eleocharis obtusa var. blunt spike rush - Eupatorium purpisreum green-stemmed joe- detonsa pye weed Eleocharis obtusa var. blunt spike rush - Ezipatorium rugosum white snakeroot obtusata Erspatoriumserotinum late boneset

Eleocharis obtusa var. oval spike rush - Euphorbia coroflata flowering spurge ovata Euphorbia marginata, snow-on-the- Eleocharis palustris great spike rush mountain

Eleocharis verrucos-a slender spike rush - Euthamia graminifolia grassleaf goldenrod

Eleusine indica goose grass - Eathamia grassleaf goldenrod Ellisia nyctelta Aunt Lucy gymnospermoides Elodea canadensis anacharis

Elodea nuttaflli elodea - Festuca obtusa nodding fescue Elymus canadensis Canada wild rye - Festuca pratensis English bluegrass

El~ymiss hystrix bottlebrush grass - Festuca rubra red fescue

Elymus villosus hairy wild rye - Filipendzla rubra queen of the prairie T Elymus viryinicus lyme grass - Fimbristylis autumnalis autumn sedge Epilobium coloratism cinnamon willow - Fimbrist~ylis vahlii Vahi's fimbristylis E herb Forestieraacuminata swamp privet Epilobizsm leptoph~yllum bog willow herb - .Forsythia x intermedia border forsythia

Equisetum arvense common horsetail - Fragaria.virginiana wild strawberry

Equsisetzsm fluviatile water horsetail - Fraxinus americana white ash

Equisetum hyemale var. scouring rush - Fraxinus nigra black ash affine Fraxiniss pennsylvanwca green ash

Equisetum laevi~gatum smooth scouring rush - Froelichiafloridana var. cottonweed

Equisetum x ferrissii intermediate scouring - campestris rush Froclichiagracilis cottonweed Eragrostis cilianensis stink grass

Eragrostisfrankii sandbar love grass - Gaillardiapuichefla firewbeels

Eragrostis h~ypnoides creeping love grass - Galearis spectabilis showy orchis

Era~grostis minor love grass - Galinsoga parviflora little flower Eragrostis pectinacea Carolina love grass quickweed

Eragqrostis spectabilis purple love grass - Galinsoga quadriradiata Peruvian daisy

Eragrostis trichodes var. thread love grass - Galium aparine annual bedstraw pilifera Galium circaezans wild licorice

Eragrostistrichodes var. ice cream grass - Galiuim concinnism shining bedstraw trichodes Galium obtusum wild madder

Erechtites hieracifolia fire weed - Galium pilosum hairy bedstraw

Erigeron annuus annual fleabane - Galium triforum sweet-scented Erigeron philadeiphicus marsh fleabane bedstraw

Erigeron puichellus Robin's plantain - Gaura biennis butterfly-weed

Erigeron strigosus daisy fleabane - Gaura longifora

Eriophila verna mouse-eared whitlow - Gaura parviflora small-flowered gaura grass Gaylussacia baccata black huckleberry

Eriophorrsm tenellzsm cotton sedge - Gentiana alha pale gentian

Erucastrumgallicrsm dog mustard - Gentiana andrewsii closed gentian Site M - 67 - TR/T ip,/1 RI-AptintiSe.?lamp, OLýVIIIILOCnirnirnn-n.WVLJJJU II Namislauv,4llu l~1 L c.ir.ipnt;f;r.OACIL11t' -namp.IUdU r.nmirnnim%w I1lll "OTnoxiliaml M/L I

Gleditsia triacanthos honey locust - Hydrophyllism Virginia waterleaf

Glyceria septentrionalis floating manna grass - virginianum

Glyccria striata fowl manna grass - Hymenopappus old plainsman

Glycine max soybean - scabiosaeus

Gnaphalium obwusifoliasm catfoot - Hypericum adpressum shore St. John's wort E

Gnaphalizsm purpureism early cudweed - Hypericum gentianoides pineweed

Gratiola neglecta clammy hedge hyssop - H~ypericum gymnanthum small St. John's-wort

Gratiola virginia~ta round-fruited hedge - Hypericism majus St. John's-wort hyssop Hypericum mutilum dwarf St. John's-wort

Grindelia squarrosa curlycup gumweed - H~ypericum peiforatum common St. John's- G~ymnocladus dioicus Kentucky coffeetree wort 9 Hypericum

Hackelia virginiana stickseed - pseudomaculatum

Hedeoma hispida rough pennyroyal - H~ypericum punctatum spotted St. John's- Hedeoma puiegioides American pennyroyal wort

Helenium aistumnale autumn sneezeweed - Hypericum pyramidatum giant St. John's-wort

Helenium flexuosism purple-headed - Hypericam round-fruited St. sneezeweed sphaerocarpum John's-wort

Helianthemum bicknelliji frostweed, - Hypoxis hirsuta common goldstargrass Helianthemism canadens common rockrose

Helianthus annisuss common sunflower - Ilex decidua swamp holly

Helianthus divaricatass divergent sunflower - Impatiens capensis jewelweed

Hehiant/wus grosseserratiss sawtooth sunflower - Impatiens pallida pale touch-me-not

Helianthzvs hirsutiss bristly sunflower - odanthus pinnatifidus purple rocket

Helianthiss mollis ashy sunflower - Ipomoea hederacea ivy-leaved morning Helianthus occidentalis western sunflower glory

Helianthus petiolaris Kansas sunflower - Iponwea lacunosa small white morning- Helianthuss rigidus prairie sunflower glory

Helianthus strrsmosus pale-leaved sunflower - Ipomoea pandurata wild sweet potato Heliantluss tuhberosus var. Jerusalem artichoke vine subcanescens Iris brevicaulis blue water iris

Heliopsis helianthoides false sunflower - Iris pseudacorus water flag

Hemerocallisfzdva day lily - Iris shrevei southern blue flag Hepatica nobilis var. sharp-lobed hepatica - e Iris sibiric Siberian iris acuta Isatis tinctoria Dyer's woad

Heracleum lanatusm cow parsnip - Isoetes meta nopoda black quillwort

Hesperis matronalis dame's rocket - Isopyrum biternatzsm false rue anemone

Heteranthera limosa ducksalad - Iva annua marsh elder Heterotheca camporism golden aster

Heuchera americanavar. tall alumroot - Jueians cinerca butternut hirsuticaislis Juglans nigra black walnut

Heuchera richardsonii prairie alumroot - Juncus acuminatus knotty-leaved rush var. gra~yana Juncus bifloru-s two-flowered rush

Hibiscus laevis halberd-leaved rose - Juncus brachycarpus rush mallow Juncus bufonius toad rush Site M - 68 - Scientific name Common Name E/T Scientific ---nameW Common "%&.L"Wname A.41FA/rý&

Koeleria macrant/ia crested hair grass Liparis liliifolia large twayblade Krigia biflora false dandeloin Liparis loeselii green twayblade Krigia virginica dwarf dandelion Lipocarpha maculata mottled lipocarpha E Kummerowia stipulacea Korean clover Lithospermism canescens hoary puccoon Kummerowia striata Japanese lespedeza Lithospermum hairy puccoon caroliniense 9 LactuCa aaCfldefsis wild lettuce Lithospermum incisum yellow puccoon Lactuca floridana blue lettuce Lithospermum latifolirsm American gromwell Lactuca sahigna willow-leaved lettuce Lobelia cardinalis cardinal-flower Lactuca serriola compass plant Lobelia inflata Indian tobacco Lamizsm amplexicaule henbit Lobelia siphulitica blue cardinal-flower Lamizsm purpureism purple dead nettle Lobelia spicata var. spiked lobelia Laportea canadensis Canada wood nettle leptostach~ijs Lappasla echinata beggar's lice Lobelia spicata var. spiked lobelia Lathyrus latifolius everlasting pea spicata Lath~yrus palustris marsh peavine Lonicerajaponic Japanese honeysuckle Lechea stricta pinweed 9 Lonicera maackii Amur honeysuckle Lechea tenuifolia narrow-leaved Lonicera prolifera grape honeysuckle pinweed Lonicera tatarica Tartarian Lechea villosa hairy pinweed honeysuckle Leersia lenticislaris catchfly grass Lotus cornicidatus birdsfoot- trefoil Leersia orjzoides rice cutgrass Ludwigia alternifolia seedbox Leersia vir~ginica white grass Ludww=adecrsrrens erect primrose willow Lemna minor common duckweed Ludwigia palustris var. marsh purslane Lemna obscura duckweeed americana Leonzsrus cardiac motherwort Ludwigi peploides subsp. creeping primrose Leonurus marrubi~astnsm lion's-tail glabrescens willow Lepidjism campestre field cress Ludwigia poljjcarpa false loosestrife Lepidizsm densiflorrsm peppergrass Lychnis alba evening campion Lepidjism virgqinicrsm common peppergrass L~ycium barbarism common matrimony Leptochloa fascicularis bearded sprangle top vine Leptoloma cognatum fall witch grass Lycopersicum escislentum tomato Lespedeza capitata bush clover Ligcopus americanus common water Lespedeza crsneata Chinese bush clover horehound Lespedeza violacea violet bush clover Lycopus rsnifloruss nothern bugle weed Lespedeza virginica slender bush clover Lycopu~s vir~ginicus bugle weed Lerscanthemum vidgare common tansy L~ysimachia ciliata fringed loosestrife Leucospora multifida leucospora Lpyimachia hybrida loosestrife Liatris aspera rough blazing star Ijjsimachia Lanceolata lance-leaved Liatris qjlindracea cylindrical blazing loosestrife star Lysimachia nummularia moneywort button snakeroot L~ysimachia quadriflora narrow-leaved Liatris scariosa var. blazing-star T loosestrife nieiswlandii Lgsimachia thyrsiflora tufted loosestrife

Liatris spicata button snakeroot - Lagthrrsm alatum winged loosestrife

- Maclura pomifera

- Malus uioensis

- Malus pismila

- Malva neglecta Marrubjism v sgre

- Matricaria chamomilla Matricariamatricarioides

- Medica~go lupislina Medicago sativa Site M - 69 - ScientificnameScientific Commonname Name E/T Scientifr ic naip rnmmnin namp W.Ed/1/pr

Melica.nitens three-flowered melic - enothera laciniata ragged evening grass primrose Melilotus a~ha, white sweet clover - Oenothera rhombipetala sand primrose Melilotus officinalis yellow sweet clover - enothera speciosa showy evening Menispermum canadense moonseed primrose Mentha arvensis var. field mint - Onoclea sensibilis sensitive fern villosa Onosmodium marbleseed Mentha spicata spearmint hispidissimum Mentha x piperita peppermint - Onosmodjism molle subsp. marbleseed Mertensia virginwca Virginia bluebells occidentale

Mimulus alatus winged monkey - Opuntits humifusa prickly-pear flower " Opuntia macrorhiza plains praickly-pear Mimidus ringens monkey flower - Ornithogalism common Star-of- Mirabilis nyctaginea wild four-o'clock zsmbellatxsm Bethlehem Miscanchus sinensis Chinese silver grass - Orobanche isniflora cancer-root Mollhu'o verticiflatus carpetweed - Osmorhiza ctaytonii sweet cicely Monarda clinopodia balm - Osmorhiza longistylis var. anise-root Mona rda fistulosa wild bergamot - longistylis

Monarda punctata var. horsemint - " Osmorhiza longist~ylis var. villicaislis villicaulis

Monotropa uniflora Indian pipe - Osmisnda claytoniana interrupted fern Morus alba var. alba white mulberry - Osmunda regalis var. regal fern Morus alba var. tatarica Russian mulberry - spectabilis Morus rubra red mulberry - Ostrya virginiana hop hornbeam Mzshlenbergia asperifolia alkali muhly - Oxalis dillenji Yellow wood sorrel Mzshlenbergia cuspidata. plains muhly - Oxalis stricta yellow wood sorrel Mishlenbergiafrondosa common satin grass - Oxalis viol(Jcea purple oxalis Mithienbergia meXicana leafy satin grass - Oxypolis rigidior cowbane Mishlenbergia racemosa green muhly

Mshlenbergia schreberi nimble will - Panax qisinquefolius ginseng Mishlenbergia soholifera muhly - Panicum capillare witch grass Mishlenbergia s~ylvatica muhly - " Panicism dichotomiflorum fall panicum * Muscari botryoides grape hyacinth var. dichotomiflorism Mj,yosotis stricta small-flowered forget- "*Panicum fiexile slender panic grass me-not Panicum rigidulum munro grass Myosotis yerna scorpion grass - Panicum virgatum prairie switchgrass M~yosxsras minimus mousetail - Papaver dubium POPPY M~yriophgyllzsm pinnatism rough water milfoil - Parietariapens~ylvanica Pennsylvania pellitory Najas guadahspensis southern naiad - Parnassiaglauca grass-of-parnassus * Narcissus poeticuss poet's naracissus Paronychia canadensis forked chickweed " Narcissus pseudo - daffodil Paronychiafastigita forked chickweed narcissus Parthenocissus Virginia creeper " Narcissus x quinquefolia incomparabilis Paspalism bushii hairy bead grass T Site M - 70 - Scientific name Common Name E/T Scientific name Common name E,'T seneca snakeroot

Perillafrutescens beefsteak plant - Poly,gala senega whorled milkerort Petunia axillaris white petunia - o Polygala verticiflata var.

Phalarisarrsndinacea reed canary grass - isocycta whorled milkwort

Phalariscanariensi birdseed grass - Polygala verticillata var.

Phegopteris hexagonoptera broad beech fern - ~verticillata

Phicum pratense timothy - Polygonatum great solomon seal

Phlox bifida cleft phlox - commutatum

Phlox divaricata s'ubsp. blue phlox - Pol~ygonum achoreim leathery knotweed laphamii Pol~ygonum amphibium water smartweed

Phlox glaberrima subsp. smooth phlox - Polygonum arenastrum knotweed interior Poly~gonzsm buxiforme knotweed

Phlox paniculata garden phlox - 9 Polygonzsm cespitosism creeping smartweed

Phragmites australis common red reed - var. longisteum

Phrijma leptostach~ya lopseed - Pol~ygonum convolvuluss black birdweed

Ph~yla lanceolata fog-fruit - Pol~ygonzsm cristatum copse bindweed

Phyllanthus caroliniensis phyllanthus - Polygonum erectum erect knotweed

Philsalis heterophylla ground cherry - Pol~ygonzsm hydropiper common smartweed

Ph~ysalis lanceolata narrow-leaved ground - Polygonum mild water pepper cherry h~ydropiperoides

Physalis pruinosa ground cherry - Pol~ygonum lapathifolizsm curttop lady's thumb

Ph~ysalis pubescens annual ground cherry - Polygonism pensylvan- Pennsylvania

Phjjsalis subglabrata smooth ground - icum var. laevigatum smartweed. cherry Polygonum persicaria spotted lady's thumb

Ph~ysalis virginiana ground cherry - Polygonum punctatism dotted smartweed

Phlisostegia angustifolia narrow-leaved false - Polygonum ramosissimum bushy knotweed. dragonhead Polygonum sagittatum arrowleaf tearthumb

APhostegia speciosa false dragonhead - Polygonum scandens climbing buckwheat

Physostegia virginiana false dragonhead - Pol~ygonum tenue slender knotweed.

Ph~ytolacca americana, pokeweed. - Polygonum virginianum Virginia knotweed e Picea glauca white spruce Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas fern

Pilea pumila Canada clearweed - Pontederia cordata pickerelweed * Pinzss strobus white pine Populus alba white poplar

Plantago aristata bracted plantain - e Populus deltoides cottonwood Plantagocordata heartleaf plantain E Portulacagrand iflora moss-rose

Plantago lanceolata buckhorn, - Portulacaoleracea purslane

Plantago patagonicavar. salt and pepper plant - Potamogeton diversifolius waterthread brevicarpa pondweed Plantago rugeli red-stalked plantain Potamogetonfoliosus leafy pondweed, Plantago virginica dwarf plantain Potamogeton iflinoensis Illinois pondweed. Platantheraclaveltata green orchid E Potamogeton pectinatus comb pondweed. Platantheraflava var. tubercied orchid E Potamogeton pusillus baby pondweed herbiola Potentilla norve~gica rough cinquefoil Platantheralacera green fringed orchid Potentilla recta sulfur cinquefoil Platanus occidentalis buttonwood. Potentilla simplex common cinquefoil Poa annua annual bluegrass o Potomogeton nodosus long-leaved pondweed. Prenanthesaspera Proserpinaca palustris Prunelia vulgaris var. elongata * Prunella vulgaris var. vulgaris Prunus americana var. americana Prunus americanavar. E lanata Prisnus hortulana Site M - 71 - E/T Name E/iT Scientific name Common name SOUce tfc LOinane Common -U f

Prunus mahaleb mahaleb cherry - Ribes americanum wild black current Prunus persica peach - Ribes missouriense Missouri gooseberry Prunus serotina wild black cherry - Ribes odoratum buffalo current Psoralcatenuiflora scurf-pea - Robinia pseudoacacia black locust Ptelea trifoliata wafer ash - Rorippa islandica var. marsh yellow cress Pteridium aquilinum var. bracken fern - fernaldiana latiusculum Rorippa sessiliflora sessile-flowered cress Pycnanthemum pilosum hairy mountain mint - Rorippa sylvestris creeping yellow cress Pycnanthemum slender mountain - Rorippa truncata blunt-leaved yellow tenuifolium mint cress Pycnanthemum common mountain - Rosa carolina pasture rose virginianum mint Rosa multiflora multiflora rose Pyrrhopappus false dandelion - Rosa setigera prairie rose carolinianus Rotala ramosior tooth-cup Pyrus communis pear - Rubus allegheniensis common blackberry Rubus flagellaris dewberry Quercus alba white oak - Rubus frondosus blackberry Quercus imbricaria jack oak - Rubus idaeus cultivated raspberry Quercus macrocarpa burr oak - * Rubus occidentalis black raspberry Quercus marilandica blackjack oak - Rubus pensylvanicus blackberry Quercus michauxii basket oak - Rudbeckia hirta black-eyed Susan Quercus muhlenbergii chinkapin oak - Rudbeckia laciniata cutleaf coneflower Quercus palustris pinoak - Rudbeckia subtomentosa fragrant coneflower Quercus rubra northern red oak - Rudbeckia triloba brown-eyed Susan Quercus stellata post oak - Ruellia humilis var. wild petunia Quercus velutina black oak - humilis * Ruellia humilis var. wild petunia Ranunculus abortivus var. little- buttercup - longiflora abortivus Ruellia strepens smooth ruellia Ranunculus abortivus var. small-flowered - Rumex acetosella common sorrel acrolasius crowfoot Rumex altissimus pale dock Ranunculus fascicularis early buttercup - Rumex crispus curly dock Ranunculus flabellaris yellow water - Rumex mexicanus dock buttercup Rumex obtusifolius bitter dock Ranunculus longirostris longbeak buttercup - Rumex patientia patience dock * Ranunculus micranthus small-flowered Rumex verticillatus swamp dock buttercup Ranunculus recurvatus hooked buttercup - Sabatia angularis marsh pink Ranunculus sceleratus cursed crowfoot - Sagittaria brevirostra arrowleaf Ranunculus swamp buttercup - Sagittariacalycina arrowleaf septentrionalis Sagittaria cuneata arum-leaved Ranunculus trichophyllus white water-crowfoot arrowhead Raphanus raphanistrum jointed charlock - Sagittariagraminca grass-leaved Ratibidapinnata drooping coneflower arrowhead * Rhamnus catharatica common buckthorn Sagittarialatifolia arrowhead Rhamnus frangula glossy buckthorn - Sagittaria rigida deep water duck Rhamnus lanceolata lance-leaved potato buckthorn * Salix amggdaloides peach-leaved willow Rhexia virginica meadow beauty - * Salix babylonica weeping willow Rhus aromaticavar. sand sumac - Salix caroliniana Carolina willow arenaria Salix discolor pussy willow Rhus aromaticavar. aromatic sumac - Salix exigua sandbar willow aromatica Salix humilis prairie willow Rhus copallina dwarf sumac - Sal ix nigra black willow Rhus glabra smooth sumac - Salix rigida heart-leaved willow Rhus typhina staghorn sumac - Salix sericca silky willow Site M - 72 - Scientific name Common Name E/T Scientific name Common name Ev

Salsola iberica Russian thistle - Silene antirrhina sleepy catchfly Salvia azurea var. blue sage T Silene cserei glaucous campion grandiflora Silene cucubalus bladder campion * Salvia lyrata cancer-weed Silene dichotoma forked catchfly Salvia reflexa Rocky Mountain sage - Silene nivea snow campion Sambucus canadensis common elder - Silene noctiflora night-flowering Samolus valerandii brookweed catchfly Sanguinaria canadensis bloodroot Silene stellata starry campion Sanguisorba canadensis American burnet E Silphium integrifolium wholeleaf rosinweed Sanicula canadensis Canadian black Silphium laciniatum compass-plant snakeroot Silphium perfoliatum cup plant Sanicula gregaria common snakeroot Silphium prairie dock Saponaria officinalis bouncing bet terebinthinaceum Sassafras albidsum sassafras Sisymbrium altissimum tumble mustard Saururus cernsus lizard's tail Sisymbrium loeselii tall hedge mustard Saxifraga pensylvanica swamp saxifrage * Sis~ymbrium officinale hedge mustard Schizachyrium scoparium little bluestem var. leiocarpum Scirpus acutus great bulrush Sisymbrium officinale var. hedge mustard Scirpus americanus American bulrush officinale Scirpus atrovirens dark green rush Sisyrinchium albidum common blue-eyed Scirpus cyperinus wool grass grass Scirpus flusviatilis river bulrush * Sisyrinchium stout blue-eyed grass Scirpus hallii bulrush E angustifolium Scirpus micranthus bulrush Sisyrinchium campestre prairie blue-eyed Scirpus penduluds red bulrush grass Scirpus smithii bulrush E Sium suave water parsnip Scirpus tabernaemontanii great bulrush Smilacina racemosa false solomon seal Scieria reticularis var. netted nut rush E Smilacina stellata starry false solomon muhlenbergii seal Scieria triglomerata tall nut grass Smilax ccirrata upright carrion Scrophularia lanceolata early figwort flower Scrophularia marilandica late figwort Smilax hispida bristly greenbrier Scutellariagalericulata marsh skullcap Smilax lasioneuron common carrion Scutellaria incana downy skullcap flower Scutcllaria lateriflora mad-dog skullcap Solanum carolinense horse-nettle Scutellaria leonardii small skullcap Solanum cornutum buffalo-bur Scutellaria ovata var. heart-leaved skullcap Solanum ptycanthum black nightshade ovata Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod Scutellaria ovata var. heart-leaved skullcap Solidago gigantea late goldenrod versicolor Solidagojuncea early goldenrod Scutellaria parvala small skullcap Solidago missouriensis Missouri goldenrod Secale cereale rye Solidago nemoralis dyersweed goldenrod Sedum purpurcum live-forever Solidago patuda rough-leaf goldenrod Sedum ternatum three-leaved Solidago ptarmicoides stiff aster stonecrop Solidago rigida rigid goldenrod Senecio aureus golden ragwort Solidago speciosa showy goldenrod Senecio glabellus butterweed Solidago uliginosa bog goldenrod Scnecio plattensis prairie groundsel Solidago ulmifolia elm-leaved goldenrod Setariafaberi giant foxtail Sonchus asper prickly sowthistle Setariageniculata perennial foxtail Sonchus oleraceus common sowthistle Setaria glauca pigeon grass Sorghastrum nutans Indian grass Setaria italica foxtail millet Sorghum bicolor broom corn Setaria verticillata bristly foxtail Sorghum halepense Egyptian millet Setaria viridis common foxtail Sparganium eurgcarpum burreed Sicyos angulatus bur cucumber Spartina pectinata freshwater cord grass Sida spinosa prickly sida Spermacoce glabra smooth buttonweed Site M - 73 - Scientific name Common Name E/T Scientific name Common name E/T

Spermolepis inermis - Thaspi arvense field penny cress Sphenopholis obtw-sata var. wedge grass - Tilia americana American linden major Torilis japonica hedge parsley Sphenopholis obtusata var. prairie wedge grass - Toxicodendron radicans poison ivy obtusata Tradescantiaohiensis spiderwort Spiraea aiMa meadow-sweet - Tradescantiasubaspera spiderwort Spiranthes cernua nodding ladies-tresses - Tragopogon dubius goat's beard Spiranthes lacera slender ladies' tresses - Tragopogon porrifolius vegetable oyster Spiranthes dune ladies' tresses salsify magnicamporism Tragopogon pratensis common goat's beard Spiranthes ovalis ladies' tresses - Trautvetteria caroliniensis false bugbane Spirodela polyrhiz big duckweed - Triadenum fraseri Fraser's St. John's- Sporobolus asper drop seed wort Sporobolus ciandestinus dropseed - Tribidus terrestris puncture-weed Sporobolus crjjptandrus sand dropseed. - Trichostema brachiatum false pennyroyal Sporobolus heterolepis northern prairie drop - Trichostema dichotomum, blue curls seed Tridens flaviss false red top Sporobolus neglectus puffsheath dropseed - Trifolium, campestre low hop clover Sporoboliss vaginiflorus northern rush grass - Trifolium. hybridum alsike clover Stach~ys aspera hyssop hedge nettle - Trifolium pratense red clover Stachys palustris var. woundwort - Trifoblium, repens white clover homotricha Trillium flexipes declined trillium Stachys tenuifolia slenderleaf betony - Trillium nivale snow trillium Staphylea trifolia bladdernut - Trillium recurvatum red trillium Stellaria graminta common stichwort - Triodanis leptocarpa Venus' looking glass Stellaria.media common chickweed - Triodanis peifoliata Venus' looking-glass Stipa spartea needle grass - Triosteum illinoense Illinois horse gentian Strophost~yles helvoia wild bean - Triosteum. peifoliatum late horse gentian Strophwst~yles leiosperma wild bean - Triplasis purpurca purple sandgrass, Stjjlisma picheringii Patterson bindweed E Typha angustifolia narrow-leaved cattail subsp. pattersonii Tjjpha latifolia common cattail S~ymphoricarpos albus garden snowberry var. laevigatus Ulmus americana American elm Symphoricarpos western snowberry - Ulmus pumila Siberian elm occidentalis Ulmus rubra slippery elm Symphoricarpos buckbrush - Urrica dioica stinging nettle orbiczdatuss Utricularia vulgaris commom bladderwort Uvulariagrand iflora big merry bells Taenidia integerrima yellow pimpernel Tanacetzsm vulgare common tansy - Vaccinium. pallidum, low-bush blueberry Taraxacum Laevigatum red-seeded dandelion - Verbascum, blattaria moth mullein Taraxacrsm officinale common dandelion - Verbascum thapsus woolly mullein Tephrosia virginiana goat's rue - Verbena bracteata creeeping vervain e Teucrium canadense var. American germander Verbena hastata blue vervain boreale Verbena stricta hoary vervain American igermander

long beech fern Site M - 74 - Scientific name Common Name E/T Scientific name Common name E/T

* Veronica peregrina subsp. white speedwell xalapensis Veronica serpyllifolia thyme-leaved speedwell Veronicastrum virginicum Culver's root Viburnum prunifolium black haw Viburnum recognitum smooth arrowwood Vicia villosa winter vetch Vinca minor common periwinkle Viola fimbriatula sand violet Viola lanceolata lance-leaved violet Viola pedata birdfoot violet Viola pedatifida prairie violet * Viola pratincola common blue violet Viola pubescens var. smooth yellow violet eriocarpa Viola rafinesquii Johnny-jump-up Viola sagittata arrow-leaved violet Viola sororia woolly blue violet Viola triloba cleft violet Vitis aestivalis summer grape Vitis cinerea winter grape Vitis riparia rivervbank grape Vitis vulpina frost grape Vulpia octoflora var. slender fescue glauca Vulpia octoflora var. six-weeks fescue octoflora Vulpia octoflora var. six-weeks fescue tenella

Wolffia columbiana common watermeal Woodsia obtusa common woodsia

Xanthium strumarium cockle bur var. canadensis Xyris torta twisted yellow-eyed grass

Yucca flaccida Adam's needle

Zanthoxylum prickly ash americanum Zizia aurea golden alexanders * Zannichellia palustris horned pondweed Zosterella dubia water star-grass This page is intentionally blank.