Historical Revie^Ar

The State Historical Society of Missouri

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI BOARD OF EDITORS

LAWRENCE 0. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University, Columbus

WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University, Stephens College, Warrensburg Columbia

JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH Marshall Kirksville

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia

COVER DESCRIPTION: In memory of former director Richard S. Brownlee II, the Executive Committee of the State Historical Society acquired this George Caleb Bingham por­ trait of Mrs. Jacob Fortney Wyan (Nancy Shanks). The canvas measures 30"x25" and was completed by Bingham in Boonville about 1839. The largest of three similar portraits of the subject, this version of a half-length figure is thought to be the original and was intended as a companion to a Bingham portrait of her husband, Jacob Fortney Wyan. Nancy Shanks Wyan was born in Greenbrier County, Virginia, on July 16, 1791. She moved with her family to Crab Orchard, Kentucky, and later became the third wife of Jacob Fortney Wyan. They moved to Boonville, Missouri, in 1820, where he became one of the town's earliest and most successful merchants. Mrs. Wyan, mother of a large family, outlived her husband by 40 years. She died in Boonville, October 30, 1882. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

LYNN WOLF GENTZLER ASSOCIATE EDITOR

LEONA S. MORRIS RESEARCH ASSISTANT

Copyright © 1990 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201 The Missouri Historical Review (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by The State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 10 South Hitt, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri.

SOCIETY HOURS: The Society is open to the public from 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., Monday through Friday, and Saturday from 9:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., except legal holidays. Holiday Schedule: The Society will be closed Saturday during VOLUME LXXXIV the Memorial Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's weekends. NUMBER 4 On the day of the annual meeting, November 10, 1990, the Society will be closed for research. JULY, 1990 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978.

OFFICERS 1989-1992 ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia, President AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Kansas City, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G.J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1990 HENRIETTA AMBROSE, Webster Groves FREDERICK W. LEHMANN IV, H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Webster Groves LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage WALLACE B. SMITH, Independence

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1991 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City DALE REESMAN, Boonville JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1992 MRS. SAMUEL A. BURK, Kirksville DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City RICHARD DECOSTER, Canton STUART SYMINGTON, JR., St. Louis JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall ROBERT WOLPERS, Poplar Bluff W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville DALTON C. WRIGHT, Lebanon

BOARD OF TRUSTEES The Board of Trustees consists of one Trustee from each Congressional District of the State and fourteen Trustees elected at large. In addition to the elected Trustees, the President of the Society, the Vice Presidents of the Society, all former Presidents of the Society, and the ex officio members of the Society constitute the Board of Trustees. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight Trustees elected by the Board of Trustees together with the President of the Society constitute the Executive Committee. The Executive Director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS Thomas Hart Benton: Artist, Writer and Intellectual, edited by R. Douglas Hurt and Mary K. Dains, is a new book, published by the State Historical Society. It contains eight essays by noted authorities on the famous twentieth- century Missouri artist. The writers provide a fresh evalua­ tion on the life and work of the most controversial and important Regionalist in the history of American art. This handsomely produced book of 244 pages includes 84 illustra­ tions, a bibliography and an index. It will be an important addition to American art collections in all academic and public libraries. The price of this softback book is $22.95 postpaid. Historic Missouri: A Pictorial Narrative, the second edition of the popular history of Missouri, contains more than 300 illustrations, with eight pictures in full color. The book traces the story of Missouri's past from the prehistoric period to the late twentieth century. This 1988 softback book sells for $11.45 postpaid. My Road to Emeritus, by Elmer Ellis, presents an auto­ biographical account of the University of Missouri president, who held office from 1954 to 1966. Upon his retirement as president, Ellis reflected upon and wrote about his life and career. The book that resulted is educational and stimulating, and also enjoyable reading for anyone who knew Ellis as a scholar, teacher, administrator or friend. The new hardback book of 256 pages sells for $19.95 postpaid. To order these excellent volumes, send check or money order to: The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Columbia, Missouri 65201 EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be considered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West. Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The footnotes, prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style, also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors may submit manu­ scripts on PC/DOS, 360K floppy disk. The disk must be IBM compatible, preferably a Displaywrite 3 or 4 program. Otherwise, it must be in ASCII format. Two hard copies still are required, and the print must be letter or near-letter quality. Dot matrix submissions will not be accepted. Orig­ inality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation and style are criteria for acceptance and publica­ tion. Manuscripts should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication become the property of The State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be pub­ lished elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors. Articles published in the Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly and The Journal of Ameri­ can History. Manuscripts submitted for the Review should be ad­ dressed to: Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor Missouri Historical Review The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 This number of the Missouri Historical Review is dedicated to the former director of the State Historical Society of Missouri, Richard S. Brownlee II (1918-1990). A noted Civil War historian, Dr. Brownlee served twenty-five years as director, secretary and librarian of the second largest specialized research library in the state of Missouri. CONTENTS

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE II (1918-1990). By James W. Goodrich 375

MARIE TURNER HARVEY AND THE RURAL LIFE MOVEMENT. By Ruth Warner Towne 384

THE STRANGE STORY OF MAJOR GENERAL FRANZ SIGEL: LEADER AND RETREATER. By Lawrence E. Giffen, Sr 404

THEODORE PEASE RUSSELL: CONNECTICUT YANKEE TO MISSOURI

JEFFERSONIAN. By Lynn Morrow 428

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

News in Brief 447

Local Historical Societies 451

Gifts 461

Missouri History in Newspapers 465

Missouri History in Magazines 476

In Memoriam 484

BOOK REVIEWS 487

BOOK NOTES 491

INDEX TO VOLUME LXXXIV 495 State Historical Society of Missouri Richard S. Brownlee II (1918-1990) BY JAMES W. GOODRICH* Richard S. Brownlee II, former director of the State Historical Society of Missouri, died February 14, 1990, in Columbia. He retired in 1985 after twenty-five years as director, secretary and librarian of the second largest specialized research library in the state. A fifth-genera­ tion member of a pioneer Missouri family, Brownlee was born at Brookfield, March 12, 1918, the son of Ellis C. and Mary Margaret (Shore) Brownlee. His growing up years in Brookfield found Brownlee, as he readily admitted, to be a mischievous young man. Those fortunate enough to hear him expound on his youthful adventures often doubled over with laughter from his recounting tales and pranks. In many ways he could have been likened to "Peck's bad boy." His usual defense: He was in the wrong place at the wrong time or the proverbial "victim of circum­ stances." But such excuses did not hold when he admitted setting a

*James W. Goodrich is Executive Director of the State Historical Society of Missouri.

375 376 Missouri Historical Review bandstand on fire while crouched underneath smoking cigarettes; or, when he shot holes in the slate roof of a local church trying to add to his spending money by capitalizing on the bounty for pigeons that frequented and defaced the church building. Brownlee's "devil-may-care" attitude followed him to Columbia in 1935, when he enrolled at the University of Missouri, the alma mater of his father, grandfather and grandmother. When it came to mastering his coursework, however, he proved to be an excellent student who, after graduating, was awarded an honorary Phi Beta Kappa. He also found time to participate in a number of university activities. At one time or another, he held memberships in the International Relations club, the Homecoming Committee and Stripes and Diamonds, the honorary organization for noncommissioned officers in ROTC. Brown­ lee joined the Sigma Nu fraternity as a freshman and enjoyed many of the organization's extracurricular activities throughout his undergrad­ uate days. He often reminisced about the "high jinxes" that he and his friends participated in during his undergraduate years. Brownlee earned his B.A. degree from the university in 1939 and continued taking coursework for a Bachelor of Journalism degree, which he received the following year. He then went to work in the advertising department of the Coca-Cola Company. Like so many of his contemporaries, Brownlee's life was inter­ rupted by the Second World War. In January 1941, he began his service as a private in the U.S. Army. He often laughingly recalled his first military order at the outset of the war when, with a machine gun squad, he guarded the Boonville bridge from enemy attack. However, he did find himself assigned to more dangerous areas during the remainder of the war, serving in the Asian-Pacific and American theatres. He con­ cluded his tour of duty as a special staff officer in the general staff of the Western Flying Training Command, attaining the rank of captain before his discharge. While he could regale listeners with recollections of the more humorous military and nonmilitary episodes in which he participated, one of the most important events of his lifetime occurred during the World War II years. Stationed at Fort Leavenworth early in the war, he often returned to Columbia for weekends. His sister, Betty, had joined the Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority and on one occasion introduced Brownlee to a sorority sister, Alice Rowley, of New Haven. The two began dating seriously, and while on furlough in December 1942, Brownlee married his Kappa sweetheart. Discharged from the army in 1945, Brownlee worked briefly on newspapers at Lebanon and Warrensburg, Missouri, and then entered Richard S. Brownlee II (1918-1990) 377 the Graduate School of the University of Missouri in the summer of 1947. He obtained his Master of Arts degree in history in 1950 and his Ph.D. in history in 1955. With primary work in western military history, he chose military subjects for both his master's thesis and doctoral dissertation. From 1947 until 1950 Brownlee worked as a graduate assistant, teaching in the University of Missouri History Department. In 1950 he became assistant director of adult education at the university and supervised as well as taught in the statewide academic extension class program. He also served as special assistant to University of Missouri President Elmer Ellis, while Ellis chaired the Missouri State Bond Building Drive during the mid-1950s. As he carried out these demanding responsibilities, Brownlee found time to revise his doctoral dissertation into a book-length manuscript. In 1958 Louisiana State University Press published his manuscript titled Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy. This scholarly military history of guerrilla warfare on the western border between 1861 and 1865 became a bestseller in its field. Because of its importance and popu­ larity, the Civil War Book Club made it one of the club's 1959 selections. Numerous reprintings attest to its continued significance.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Richard S. Brownlee became direc­ tor, secretary and librarian of the State Historical Society in 1960. 378 Missouri Historical Review

Brownlee taught as a part-time instructor and assistant professor in extension until 1960. In May 1960, the State Historical Society of Missouri named Brownlee director, secretary and librarian. In this position he oversaw the activities of all research libraries plus the art gallery. As one of his first duties he coordinated the move to new quarters for the Society's collection and staff. Once this task was completed, he spent many hours walking through the stacks to familiarize himself with the vast collec­ tion of materials. During his twenty-five years as director, he witnessed the tripling of library users and supervised the addition of numerous significant items to the Society's collections. Brownlee vigorously pursued manuscript collections to strengthen the research library. Besides supervising the Society's manuscript collec­ tion, in 1961 he also had been named assistant director of the Univer­ sity of Missouri's Western Historical Manuscript Collection. He con­ tinued in that position until 1963, when it became integrated with the Society's holdings. Brownlee then became the director of the Joint Collection, which expanded into a four-campus operation in 1968. He successfully negotiated such acquisitions as the papers of United States Senator Stuart Symington, Missouri governors John M. Dalton and Warren E. Hearnes and Missouri congressmen Thomas B. Curtis, Paul C. Jones, Durward G. Hall and William R. Hull, Jr. Selections for the reference library also received Brownlee's careful attention, and hundreds of important books were added to the library shelves for the benefit of students, scholars and patrons. In his later years as director, the attention he had given to this library allowed Brownlee to tell people that the Society already possessed most of the pertinent rare books on the history of Missouri. The fine arts collection also grew under his direction. With the assistance of fine arts curator Sidney Larson, significant gifts, including works by George Caleb Bingham and Thomas Hart Benton, came to the Society. The news­ paper library, in Brownlee's opinion, housed one of the most important collections of materials located at the Society, and he constantly worked with editors and publishers around the state to make certain that all issues of contemporary dailies and weeklies were added to the collection. When he retired, the Society had accumulated the largest state newspaper collection in the nation. Brownlee also supervised publication of the Society's quarterly, Missouri Historical Review, and coedited The Messages and Proclama­ tions of Governor James T Blair and The Messages and Proclamations of Governor John M. Dalton. In addition he coedited A Catalogue of Specialized Libraries in Missouri. Administrative duties gave Brownlee Richard S. Brownlee 11(1918-1990) 379

State Historical Society of Missouri Brownlee and fine arts curator Sidney Larson inspect the gallery in the Society's new quarters in 1961. little time to research and write. Even so, he wrote "The Battle of Pilot Knob" for the Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1961-1962 and coauthored The Civil War in Missouri, published by the Missouri Civil War Centennial Commission. Constantly in demand as a speaker, he gave some 900 talks to local historical societies, fraternal, patriotic and civic groups during his years at the helm of the State Historical Society. While director of the Society and Joint Manuscript Collection, Brownlee also provided valued services in allied programs and projects. He served as the director of the Missouri Cultural Exhibit in the Missouri Pavilion at the New York World's Fair. He was also a member of the Missouri State Park Board Historical Sites Advisory Committee, the State Historical Records Advisory Board, the Missouri Civil War Centennial Commission, the Missouri Press Association, the First Missouri State Capitol Restoration and Sesquicentennial Com­ mission, the Missouri State Records Commission, the Old Arrow Rock 380 Missouri Historical Review

Tavern Advisory Board, the Missouri American Revolution Bicenten­ nial Commission, the Mississippi River Tricentennial Committee and the Board of Directors of Bingham Sketches, Inc. He became a founder of the Missouri Archaeological Society, the Missouri Museum Associ­ ates and the Friends of the University of Missouri and State Historical Society Libraries. He was a past president of the University of Missouri School of Journalism Alumni Association. Besides being one of the state's most respected Missouri and Civil War historians, Brownlee also established an enviable reputation as an extremely competent amateur archaeologist. He published "Mounds on Chariton River in Macon County" and "The Big Moniteau Bluff Pictographs in Boone County: Missouri" in the April 1936 and Decem­ ber 1956 issues of the Missouri Archaeologist. Through his own searches he accumulated one of the more important private collections of Missouri Indian arrowheads and other artifacts. Another, and perhaps the most enjoyable, pastime for Brownlee was hunting. For many years he hunted quail in Boone and surround­ ing counties. But his favorite hunting took place in Chariton County near the vicinity of the Swan Lake National Waterfowl Refuge. After World War II Brownlee often hunted ducks and geese on land near the refuge owned by Columbia banker and State Historical Society trea­ surer, R. B. Price. Then with his friend, Warren Welliver, he started waterfowl hunting at Dalton Cut-off, a large body of water southwest of Dalton. Brownlee spent endless hours and days in a duck blind, proving time and again his marksmanship. For years, Welliver, Brown­ lee and a host of friends hunted out of "Towhead Blind," situated on the southern point of a large island surrounded by waters from the Cut-off. The hunters spent evenings in a lodge which, like the blind, they leased from the Marie Knight family, owners of extensive landhold- ings in Chariton County. Although always a "hard" hunter, Brownlee relaxed and proved to be an entertaining host or partner on those occasions when the birds did not fly. Welliver labeled him "my most famous fictional historian," commenting that Brownlee could expound on so much Missouri and Civil War history "that some of it had to be made up." And, on occasion, the historian did stretch the truth. His longtime friend Fletcher Parks recalled a trip by boat from the blind to the lodge. Parks noticed some of the long-stemmed plants along the shoreline and asked if they were cattails. "No," Brownlee replied, "those are Ursa Majors." Parks quickly let Brownlee know that he remembered his constellations and accused Brownlee of "trying to pull another fast one." Richard S. Brownlee II (1918-1990) 381

Courtesy Warren Welliver

Courtesy Warren Welliver Warren Welliver, left, and Brown­ lee end a successful hunt at Dalton Cut-off during the mid- 1970s, above. At right, Brown­ lee relaxes in "Towhead Blind."

Brownlee received numerous awards during his lifetime, including the State Historical Society's Distinguished Service Award and Medal­ lion and the Distinguished Friend of the University of Missouri and State Historical Society Libraries. The award that probably meant the most to him, however, was his selection to the Missouri Academy of 382 Missouri Historical Review

Squires, an elective academy of no more than one hundred citizens who have rendered distinguished service to state and community. He was inducted into this prestigious academy in 1967. On August 25, 1985, the staffs of the State Historical Society and the Joint Manuscript Collection hosted a reception to honor Brownlee. More than 350 people attended the function held at the University of Missouri Alumni Center in Columbia. During the reception, Society President Francis M. Barnes III read a resolution of appreciation passed by the Missouri House of Representatives commending Brown­ lee's service to the state. President Barnes also announced the estab­ lishment of the Richard S. Brownlee Fund. He told the audience that the Clifford W. Gaylord Foundation of St. Louis had donated $25,000 as the initial contribution. Additional personal and corporate contribu­ tions have been added to the Brownlee Fund since that time. Beginning in 1986 at the Society's annual meeting, cash awards from the fund have been given to support projects that increase or promote knowledge of the history of Missouri and the nation. Brownlee retired on August 31, 1985. While health problems limited his physical activities, he, nevertheless, enjoyed his early retire­ ment years. When possible, he renewed his efforts to locate Indian artifacts. Occasionally he went fishing, and he continued a favorite

At the retirement reception honoring Brownlee, Society President Francis M. Barnes HI, right, presents a check from the Clifford W. Gaylord Foundation establishing the Brownlee Fund. State Historical Society of Missouri Richard S. Brownlee II (1918-1990) 383 pastime—reading, particularly scholarly books pertaining to military subjects. But his health continued to deteriorate, and he suffered from a series of debilitating ailments. Finally, a congenital heart problem caused his death on February 14, 1990. Brownlee always enjoyed the artistry of George Caleb Bingham. The Executive Committee of the Society fittingly honored its director for twenty-five years by acquiring, in Brownlee's memory, a Bingham portrait of Mrs. Jacob Wyan. Bingham had painted the portrait in 1839. Memorials to the Brownlee Fund sent by a number of his friends assisted in the acquisition of the portrait. At the time of his retirement, Brownlee was asked by a journalist to name the one thing he would not miss after he left the directorship. He candidly answered, "Inquiries about Frank and Jesse James." He did not admire the brothers, stating "notoriety is not the same as fame." For Richard S. Brownlee, however, the word "fame" was most appro­ priate. He had gained fame and also respect through his unselfish dedication to the State Historical Society and his constant promotion of Missouri's history and heritage. As his longtime friend, Francis M. Barnes, remarked at the time of Brownlee's death, the State Historical Society's director from 1960 to 1985 had become "the finest public historian the state has ever known." Brownlee is survived by his wife, Alice; one son, Richard Brownlee III of Jefferson City; one daughter, Margaret Ann Madison of Colum­ bia; a sister, Betty Martin of West Plains and a nephew. Marie Turner Harvey and the Rural Life Movement

BY RUTH WARNER TOWNE*

State Historical Society of Missouri

The last years of the nineteenth century and opening decade of the twentieth witnessed a major transformation in American life. A com­ plex, industrial, urban society largely had replaced the simple agrarian order long associated with the democratic and egalitarian uniqueness of the United States. Instead of being the shining example to the "old world," the nation seemed on the road to becoming like Europe. Members of the urban professional class, confronted by the growing wealth and power of great corporations on the one hand and the poverty and misery of the cities' polyglot population on the other, often gravitated to reform efforts to counter these evils. Too sophisticated to believe it possible to return to the village economy, reformers hoped to combine the best of the old and new ways. They spearheaded the movement known as progressivism. One wing of that movement became concerned particularly with what it perceived to be rural problems, primarily the steady decline in farm population as young people trekked to the city. Urbanites feared the more ambitious and innovative migrated, leaving the less capable to

*Ruth W. Towne is professor of history at Northeast Missouri State University in Kirksville. She has the B.A. degree from Northeast Missouri State and the M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Missouri-Columbia.

384 Marie Turner Harvey and the Rural Life Movement 385 produce the nation's food and raw materials. The result would be declining production and higher prices with a decrease in consumers' standard of living. Clearly, urban dwellers felt they had a stake in a strong rural economy. Achieving such an economy constituted the essence of the Rural Life Movement.1 Although the movement exhibited many facets, emphasis tended to concentrate on education, that time-honored American panacea, as the chief vehicle for improving rural society. Another strain in progres- sivism—feminism—entered into education. By 1900 women largely had replaced men as rural school teachers; hence women educators likely would argue that rural schools needed considerable improvement be­ fore they could undertake the task of bettering country life. In addition, urban women of the progressive-minded classes identified strongly with rural sociologists' findings which indicated the isolation and drudgery of farm life bore more heavily on women. Marie Turner Harvey, a Northeast Missouri educator, represented the female teacher who became an ardent exponent of a new approach to rural education. Her efforts to reform rural schools became inter­ twined with a similar commitment by John R. Kirk, president of Missouri's First District Normal School at Kirksville. As state super­ intendent of schools from 1895 to 1899, he became aware of deficiencies in rural schools, both in their physical plants and courses of study. He concentrated first on the former defect and devised plans for a building providing all the "comforts and conveniences and serviceable appliances enjoyed by any city school." After he assumed the presidency of the normal school, he commissioned construction of a small model care­ fully built to scale, even to a tiny furnace and dynamo for heat and lighting. Armed with this "toy," he roamed corridors and anterooms at state and national teachers' conventions, explaining its features to anyone who listened.2 Kirk next obtained authorization from the college's board of regents to construct a full-scale model rural school on the campus, furnish it, employ a teacher and transport rural children to be the pupils. In 1907, the school became a reality.3 The first two teachers enjoyed short tenure, but in 1910 Kirk found an instructor already in tune with his ideas—Marie Turner Harvey. 1 William L. Bowers, The Country Life Movement in America, 1900-1920 (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1974); David B. Danbom, The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1979). 2 Walter H. Ryle, Centennial History of the Northeast Missouri State Teachers College (Kirksville, Mo., 1972), 175-179. 3 Ibid., 467. 386 Missouri Historical Review

Marie Harvey became associated with rural reform efforts before a national movement existed. Born on a farm near St. Louis in 1866 and educated in the district school, she almost accidentally received an opportunity to teach in a rural Kansas school. Although only fifteen and with no more education than the common school provided, she remained in Kansas eight years, teaching in rural schools and learning through her experiences. She returned to Missouri in 1889 to teach in a suburban St. Louis school. Later she became the principal of two Clayton elementary schools, yet she did not forget what she had seen in rural communities. Indeed, she grew more disturbed as she contrasted the comparative ease enjoyed by teachers and learners in the city systems with the deprivations endured by their rural counterparts. As her role in administration gave her more stature in educational associa­ tions, she used their forums to advocate equal rights for country children.4 Her marriage to H. Clay Harvey, an instructor in mathematics at

4 Marie Turner Harvey, autobiographical sketch, Harvey File, Pickler Memorial Library, Northeast Missouri State University, Kirksville.

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f mm ?wm w Marie Turner Harvey and the Rural Life Movement 387 the First District Normal School whom she met while attending sum­ mer session in 1901, and her subsequent "retirement" from the class­ room did not alter her conviction to do something about rural educa­ tion. The change in her personal life merely led to a different avenue for her efforts. Like many wives of urban professionals, she found in women's clubs contact with like-minded women and a medium to advocate social reforms. She used her positions as education chairman of the Missouri Federation of Women's Clubs and member of the executive board of the state Parent-Teacher Organization to publicize the "waste of a valuable social resource" because rural youth lacked educational opportunities.5 President Theodore Roosevelt's appointment of the Commission on Country Life in 1908 formally organized those interested in rural reform. Its report, delivered to the president shortly before his term expired, encouraged persons apprehensive about rural developments and furnished them an agenda. Such enthusiasts included the president of Kirksville Normal School and the wife of one of his instructors.6 In the small faculty community, Kirk and Marie Harvey doubtless shared their concerns. As the Rural Life Movement developed, they formed a partnership. He saw in her the teacher to make his model rural school a pattern for the future, and she viewed him as an instrument to publicize the conditions in farm communities and establish a statewide organiza­ tion to bring about reforms. An interesting aspect of Harvey's accepting the position of in­ structor in the model school was her separation from her husband. Apparently, the marriage soured in its early years. Later she charged he was abusive and had struck her in 1904 and again the following year. Perhaps as a safeguard, she brought her widowed mother to Kirksville to live in her home, a move which Harvey strongly opposed. Further, Marie Harvey evidently preferred teaching to housework, because she employed a servant over her husband's objections. In September 1910, he moved out of the house where she continued to live with her mother and maid.7 Marie Harvey incorporated the reformers' goals of improving farming and homemaking techniques into the curriculum and teaching methods of the model school. She established a garden adjacent to the school where the pupils practiced the precepts they studied in agricul-

5 Letterhead stationery showing positions in organizations held by Harvey, Harvey File. 6 Marie Turner Harvey to John R. Kirk, 30 March 1937, Harvey File. She referred to "that interesting period resulting from the report of the 'Country Life Commission . . .'." 7 Kirksville Daily Express, 19 April, 17 May 1912. 388 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri Marie Turner Harvey began teaching at the model rural school on the Kirksville campus in 1910. ture classes. She taught domestic science through preparation of hot lunches and the cleaning, laundering and other tasks necessary to maintain a sanitary and attractive building. Obviously, she accepted the philosophy of progressive education that pupils learned by doing. She believed the type of schooling pursued there would cultivate a faith in agriculture as the "noblest of professions." Furthermore, the specific things students learned about agriculture and domestic science would inspire their parents to improve farming and homemaking practices. This represented the reformers' confidence that schools would point the way to a more efficient rural economy. Harvey anticipated that schools imitating the normal school model would become centers for rural community life.8 However, criticism by some of the normal students, who did their practice teaching and observing in the model school, somewhat damp­ ened her enthusiasm. They tended to feel its location on a college campus in a small city provided an artificial setting. One fledgling teacher said sharply, "This cannot be done in the average rural school. The trouble with you, Mrs. Harvey, is that you do not understand country conditions."9 8 Rural School Bulletin of the First District Normal School, Kirksville, Missouri, 10 (December 1910). 9 Harvey to Kirk, 30 March 1937. She had told this story many times previously with minor differences in wording. Marie Turner Harvey and the Rural Life Movement 389

Meanwhile, Kirk took steps to form a state Rural Life Association. Convinced the causes for farm population loss could be directly traced to the "retarded state" of rural schools, the "coma" in which country churches "lingered," and the "dwarfed social life from which the home suffered," he theorized that specially prepared rural teachers could lead the attack on these problems. Such a teacher would enrich the course of study with a "farm flavor" and help rural communities organize recrea­ tional programs to develop cultural and ethical ideals. Kirk did not forget the farmer's wife. He suggested schools pioneer in removing her drudgery through introduction of home conveniences and labor-saving appliances. Above all, the schools must crystallize the "whole country­ side into a unity full of community spirit."10 To enlighten future teachers concerning these "propositions," Kirk used a study conducted by the Presbyterian Church Board of Home Missions as a springboard for a conference on the normal school campus, September 28, 1911. He invited interested persons to meet and discuss the problems facing country people and to form a state organization. Prior to the conference, Kirk asked Harvey and her pupils to prepare maps, charts and statistical tables illustrating data from the Presbyterian Church survey of three Northeast Missouri counties— Adair, Knox and Sullivan. The survey painted a gloomy picture of

10 Rural School Messenger 1 (December 1911): 3-4.

State Historical Society of Missouri

John R. Kirk, an early advocate of rural education reform, served as president of the First District Normal School at Kirksville from 1899 to 1925. 390 Missouri Historical Review conditions in these counties. It reported an alarming decline in popula­ tion between 1900 and 1910, with a corresponding decay of rural churches and schools—trends which might be reversed by increased farm productivity and a more enlightened rural outlook. The authors urged the schools to lead the way to a better rural society. They should include scientific agriculture principles in the curriculum and assist farmers to form marketing cooperatives and rural women to develop literary societies that would broaden their minds and enrich their lives. Above all, the schools must impress on students agriculture's importance as a great "calling" which stood at the "head of the professions."11 Not surprisingly this survey added impetus to the efforts of Kirk and Harvey. The meeting brought together officials from the Department of Agriculture and several Midwestern land grant colleges, county super­ intendents of schools and representatives of the Missouri Federation of Women's Clubs. It closed with the formation of the Missouri Rural Life Association, which held annual meetings for the next seven years. Both Harvey and Kirk played an active part. She spoke on several occasions about her work, and Kirk developed the Rural School Messenger, a newsletter to familiarize rural teachers with the Country Life Move­ ment and their important role in it.12 As Marie Harvey completed her second year as director of the model rural school, her marriage reached a crisis that would have far- reaching effects on her work with rural reform. Clay Harvey filed a divorce petition charging his wife with subjecting him to "indignities" which rendered his life "intolerable." As evidence, he cited her refusal to yield to his wishes concerning her mother and the servant. He further charged that his wife had told people he was a drunkard whose sanity she doubted.13 Marie Harvey responded angrily with a cross bill in which she alleged her husband had struck her and generally displayed a "lack of respect for womanhood." In support of that assertion, she accused him of "correspondence" with other women and of kissing and embracing a female student despite the young woman's objections.14 By that time Kirksville buzzed with gossip, and the daily paper published sensational front-page stories giving details of the Harveys' domestic quarrel.15 Evidently, Kirk and the board of regents were

11 Kirksville Daily Express, 28 September 1911. 12 Rural School Messenger 1 (December 1911): 2; Hannibal Courier-Post, 11, 18, 25 November, 2 December 1911. 13 Kirksville Daily Express, 19 April 1912. 14 Ibid., 17 May 1912. 15 Ibid., 20 May 1912. Marie Turner Harvey and the Rural Life Movement 391

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State Historical Society of Missouri School gardens reinforced lessons in agriculture taught in the classroom. disturbed by the unfavorable publicity, a fact which led both principals to request an opportunity to present their positions to the board at its May meeting when faculty reappointments would be considered. Marie Harvey took an oblique approach in which she informed the members that she would "welcome" an appearance before the board to answer questions about her "work, past or prospective."16 However, Clay Harvey addressed the divorce issue directly. In two lengthy letters he branded his wife's accusations "malicious and false" and requested a hearing to explain the particulars of the case.17 When the board met on May 23, 1912, the secretary read the Harvey communications, but after an informal discussion the board decided it was "best not to grant them a hearing." Instead, the board did not reappoint either Clay or Marie Harvey and directed President Kirk to find replacements for their positions.18 Meanwhile, lawyers for the litigants negotiated a settlement in which Clay Harvey agreed to drop his petition and permit his wife to obtain the divorce, provided she modified her charges. Before giving her consent, she insisted upon a property settlement.19 On a change of venue requested by Clay Harvey, the case came to trial in Monroe

16 Marie Turner Harvey to Dr. E. C. Grim, 20 May 1912, Kirk File, Pickler Memorial Library, Northeast Missouri State University, Kirksville. *7 H. Clay Harvey to Dr. E. C. Grim, 22, 23 May 1912, Kirk File. 18 Minutes of the Board of Regents, First District Normal School, Kirksville, Missouri, 23 May 1912, Archives, Northeast Missouri State University, Kirksville. 19 Kirksville Daily Express, 13 June 1912. 392 Missouri Historical Review

County. After a brief hearing, the court awarded Marie Harvey the divorce and the sum of $3,250 as her dower right in the couple's property. The verdict named her the "innocent and injured" party,20 which somewhat soothed her feelings; however, she later confessed that she emerged from the experience "heartsick, confused, and HUMILI­ ATED to the nth degree "21 Marie Turner Harvey determined to turn her unemployment into an opportunity to take her educational ideas to the country itself. There her demonstration of model rural pedagogy could not be dismissed as artificial and impractical.22 The choice of a particular location was almost automatic. Several children from the Porter district, located four miles northwest of Kirksville, were among her pupils in the model rural school, including the son of the president of the board of directors, Allen Conner. Conner had formed a favorable opinion of Harvey as a "great teacher"; therefore, when he learned of her dis­ missal, he asked her to teach at the Porter School.23 In the Rural School Messenger, John R. Kirk cautioned, "The wise thing for every teacher to do is to meet with the school board at the opening of the school year" in order to avoid a misunderstanding of "educational purpose between the parties."24 Mindful of this injunction, Harvey requested a meeting with the three-member board. She told them she would sign a contract provided they met two conditions. The board must accord her complete freedom in making changes in curricu­ lum and classroom procedure, and it must provide her with a place to live rather than subject her to boarding with various families in rotation.25 Later she explained the purpose behind the first stipulation: "Free a teacher from . . . arbitrary mechanical requirements, allow her to adapt the course of study and daily procedures to local conditions and needs, then . . . there will be a school where boys and girls are thinking, learning, growing."26 Her second requirement echoed Kirk's view that the teacher "must be much more than a class room mentor.

20 Ibid., 24 June 1912. 21 Harvey to Kirk, 30 March 1937. 22 As she told the story over the years, Harvey presented this as a premeditated decision undertaken quite voluntarily. The "public" version had her "resigning" her position at the college and requesting the county superintendent of schools to find the "worst" school in the county for her experiment. Porter School definitely did not meet this characteristic. 23 St. Louis Republic, 28 December 1913. 24 Rural School Messenger 1 (December 1911): 3, 4. 25 St. Louis Republic, 28 December 1913. 26 Address by Marie Turner Harvey before Department of Rural Education, Na­ tional Education Association, Columbus, Ohio, 1930, Harvey File. Marie Turner Harvey and the Rural Life Movement 393

He must understand rural life in its length and breadth, must under­ stand the important role held by this school in the reconstruction, and must, finally, act upon this knowledge by becoming a leader in and encourager of every progressive community enterprise."27 To accomplish this purpose, Harvey concluded the teacher must be a permanent resident. Evaluating her success in subsequent years, she emphasized the "absolute necessity" for a teacher to have a "home of her own" in order to have greater freedom and independence. The work done would not have been possible boarding in some patron's home.28 The board agreed to Harvey's demands, and she signed a contract. Then she went with the board members to view the school. It proved as bad as anything she had hypothesized in her many discussions about the deficiencies of country schoolhouses. Not only dirty and dilapidated, its proximity to the Wabash Railroad tracks had led to the building becoming a hostelry for tramps who ripped up boards for fuel for indoor campfires and used the structure "in disgusting and vulgar ways."29 She first requested a lock on the door, to which the men demurred. They theorized that locking out the tramps would likely

27 Rural School Messenger 1 (December 1911): 12. 28 Stanley Frost, "I Wish Every Parent Could See This Country School," Collier's Weekly, 19 May 1923, 14. 29 Marie Turner Harvey, "A Missouri School," The Grain Growers' Guide [9] (5 January 1916): 9.

Marie Harvey and Porter students enjoyed the house provided for her by the district school board. Courtesy Northeast Missouri State University 394 Missouri Historical Review cause the intruders to burn the entire building. Yet, she persisted and won her point.30 Meanwhile, Harvey pronounced the building unusable until thor­ oughly cleaned and renovated; she made a lengthy list of needs for the sympathetic board members. They wanted a better school, but they also understood their constituents' determination to keep the tax rate at the state-mandated minimum. Harvey had a ready answer—mobilize the community to do the work and ask patrons to donate supplies to keep costs minimal. Somehow she prevailed; she wheedled, cajoled and commanded pupils, parents and anyone else under her ken. She or­ ganized a brigade to scrub, disinfect, plaster, paint and hang wallpaper. She directed all efforts, even to shopping for the wallpaper, paint and other items with the assistance of a few older female students.31 The major project, digging a basement, became a community effort with men donating their time and equipment. One man used his team and wagon to haul sand from the river. With the hole dug and concrete poured, Harvey began to talk about a furnace and a water tank and pump to bring water into the schoolhouse. Here a stumbling block appeared. A furnace required a considerable outlay of funds, and a few taxpayers threatened to obtain an injunction to halt the expenditure. The school board, committed to the goal of a modern building, determined to act before the disgruntled could do anything. The board members drove to Kirksville, bought a furnace, loaded it into a wagon and hurried back. At the site, they "tumbled it [the furnace] into the hole" despite the basement not being completed. With this victory, Harvey and her supporters became convinced they had turned the corner, and progress appeared inevitable.32 Thus reassured, Harvey took advantage of the fact that work on the building necessitated postponing the opening of the school term and made a hurried trip to New York. Armed with statistics and pictures, she visited the Evening Post newsroom to expound her plans to implement the program of the Rural Life Movement. She impressed some reporter, for the paper published a glowing account, endorsing the "urgent timeliness" of her proposition. The reporter, like Harvey, anticipated the renovated school building would become the "socializ­ ing" center "which would bring the entire community together in cultural and civic interests."33

30 Helen Johnson Keyes, "A One-Room School," The Outlook 107 (23 May 1914): 206-207. 31 St. Louis Republic, 28 December 1913. 32 Ibid. 33 New York Evening Post, 19 September 1912. Marie Turner Harvey and the Rural Life Movement 395

Courtesy Northeast Missouri State University Porter School pupils and teacher posed for a first-day-of-school photograph. John R. Kirk pinpointed the major difficulty with Harvey's plans. When she visited his office upon her return home, he reminded her, "If you can stand one month of this, you will be in [a] position to [do] an outstanding thing for rural education."34 Harvey felt confident of her ability to survive, and she did. Although the Porter School term opened late in 1912, it began in a clean, remodeled and redecorated building. Pictures, maps, library books, magazines, newspapers and indoor games represented new in­ structional tools. Sanitary conveniences and cooking equipment housed in the basement along with tables and chairs accommodated lunches prepared by the students as a part of domestic science class. This dining room also provided facilities for community dinners and socials.35 Striving to make children's "education mean something to them," Harvey threw away the standard course of study and developed new lessons based on events from farm, home and the natural environment. In the spring came a big school garden where the pupils could apply what they had learned about horticulture and learn more by observing the growing plants. Thanks to a former Clayton student named Mar­ garet Crecelius, whose father operated a greenhouse, unusual vegetables planted in the garden broadened the children's knowledge and en­ couraged their parents to add such items to home gardens.36

34 Harvey to Kirk, 30 March 1937. 35 Harvey, "A Missouri School," 19. 36 Alice Mary Kimball, "Rallying Round a School," reprint of an article, no periodical name, Harvey File. 396 Missouri Historical Review

In the fall of 1913, Harvey asked two professors from the Univer­ sity of Missouri School of Agriculture to present a week-long seminar for farmers of the district. The professors lectured and demonstrated subjects such as "Live Stock Feeding" and "Elements of Soil Fertility." The experiment so pleased both farmers and college officials that subsequent short courses were presented in the Porter community. Harvey proudly pointed to this pioneer effort as proof the country school was the instrument to bring about agricultural improvement.37 In a similar vein, the innovative teacher helped her pupils organize a poultry club and a pig club. Club members kept detailed records on the development of their animals and the proceeds from their sale or, in the case of the chickens, egg production and sale. These accounts and experiences furnished materials for lessons in oral and written expres­ sion and arithmetic. As a by-product, pupils used profits to buy or rent musical instruments and formed a school band.38 Harvey also revolutionized discipline at Porter. She proudly af­ firmed that the school had "no rules, no punishments, and no artificial rewards." She believed that when children became interested in what they were learning because they could see its value and when their time was occupied with varied activities no incentive for disruptive behavior existed. In the classic progressive style of pedagogy, she encouraged pupils to move freely about the room and to shift pursuits before 37 St. Louis Republic, 28 December 1913. 38 Kimball, "Rallying Round a School." By encouraging such activities as a band, Harvey augmented the experi­ ences available to rural youth. State Historical Society of Missouri Marie Turner Harvey and the Rural Life Movement 397 boredom developed.39 One observer suggested Marie Harvey's personal qualities also influenced the success of her easy style of discipline. She seemed to have power to persuade people to her way of thinking. One example was her effort to introduce new games such as tennis, volley­ ball and croquet. When a few boys protested, preferring to play football, she explained the new sports required less expensive equip­ ment. The parents had given a great deal in time, money and furnish­ ings to the school so they might object to extra expense for a sport. After listening to her explanation, the children concluded she was right.40 If zeal were a prerequisite for achieving one's goals, Harvey appeared destined for victory. With single-minded devotion she pursued the goal to "save the children to life in the country ... I want to keep them on the farm and help them make those farms pleasant places in which to live."41 Every morning her pupils recited the "Country Boys' Creed": I believe that the country, which God made is more beautiful than the city which man made; and that life out of doors and in touch with the earth is the natural life of man. I believe that work is work, wherever we find it, but that work with Nature is more inspiring than work with the most intricate ma­ chinery. . . .42 A St. Louis reporter testified to the religious fervor of the recital which made his "spine prickle."43 Four years after she began teaching at Porter School, Harvey proudly affirmed the school was having an impact on the community's economic and social life. Land values had risen, she claimed, because people had purchased farms to gain the school's benefits. The Farmers' Club, the Farm Women's Club, the Shakespeare Circle and the Audubon Society which met in the school enhanced the cultural level of the district. More importantly, physical improvements in the building carried over to homes in the district. She quoted children who said, as they spoke of the comfort and convenience afforded by the furnace and the water system, "That's what we are going to have at our house as soon as we can; it would help mother a whole lot." Three families installed water at home in the first year after the school put in its system.44

39 Frost, "I Wish Every Parent Could See This Country School," 14. 40 St. Louis Republic, 28 December 1913. 41 Ibid. 42 Ibid. 43 Ibid. 44 Harvey, "A Missouri School," 19. 398 Missouri Historical Review

Further, she praised the growth of a cooperative spirit. "In the develop­ ment of a finer rural life," she mused, "there is room for the good old pioneer institution of cooperative labor. Cooperative labor on the Porter School brought to the community the merry zest of the 'barn raisings' and husking bees of long ago."45 Nonetheless, Marie Harvey willingly adopted twentieth-century public relations techniques to rescue the agrarian myth from oblivion. She traveled frequently to attend state and national teachers' meetings and appear on their programs. She made herself available to present workshops and seminars on the Porter School model. She wrote the story for numerous farm and education journals.46 Tall, handsome, with a commanding presence, she proved an excellent saleswoman for her cause. Her message had a special appeal to advocates of progressive education. It attracted the attention of Evelyn Dewey, daughter of John Dewey, the high priest of the new pedagogy. She spent a month at Porter School and wrote about the experiment under the title, New Schools for Old.47 Visitors from all parts of the United States and several foreign countries came to see and learn about the school. Their evaluations proved uniformly enthusiastic, perhaps reflecting their own predilections and Harvey's persuasiveness. A St. Louis Republic feature writer lauded Marie Harvey as the "preacher of a new era in country life. She is educating the boys and girls of the Porter School District to stay on the farm. . . .Mrs. Harvey is teaching them to love the farm, help one another and make the community better, and she is teaching by example and precept."48 In 1917, Alice Mary Kimball, a free-lance writer from Chicago, saw the people of the Porter community as a "heroic set of pioneers, who are fighting ignorance and prejudice and they are exploring the possibilities of cooperative work and cooperative play. . . . They are learning to apply scientific knowledge to the rebuilding of the soil and to the production of fruit, beef, pork, poultry and dairy products." She expressed confidence these farmers were replacing "catch-as-catch-can" ways of purchasing, marketing and accounting with the "business methods of the downtown office."49 Viewers of the Porter scene encountered enthusiasm among the patrons. One older resident had seen young people leave the area; now 45 Kimball, "Rallying Round a School." 46 Numerous speeches and programs, Harvey File. 47 Evelyn Dewey, New Schools for OZJ(New York: G. P. Putnam, 1919). 48 St. Louis Republic, 28 December 1913. 49 Kimball, "Rallying Round a School." Marie Turner Harvey and the Rural Life Movement 399

State Historical Society of Missouri

Under Harvey's guidance, the Porter School board members and patrons transformed the dingy building into a neat, modern structure. A furnace in the basement eliminated the need for a mid-room coal stove.

State Historical Society of Missouri he felt there had been a change. "It's different now. We can give our young men and women opportunities the city can't touch. The best of it is they know it, and they're planning to stay here and build homes of their own."50 In 1923, Stanley Frost, a member of Collier's staff, reported that a mother of three pupils in the school declared Harvey had "saved our children." The woman told Frost, "They didn't have a chance before. All they were fit for, when it [the school] got through with them, was to be poor, stupid, half-starved farmers, or cheap city labor. It didn't start them toward anything, or even teach them much."51 Waxing more eloquent, she added that Harvey had made the older

so Ibid. 51 Frost, "I Wish Every Parent Could See This Country School," 13. 400 Missouri Historical Review residents "better farmers and better husbands and wives and better citizens." This woman, too, testified that Harvey "keeps our children away from the cities. . . ,"52 Devotion to Harvey and her ideals remained strong even after she relinquished classroom teaching to her aide, Margaret Crecelius, who volunteered as an unpaid assistant during Harvey's first year at Porter. Thus Harvey devoted more time to writing and speaking engagements. Increasingly, she received invitations to share her experiences. She spoke at National Education Association conventions in 1918, 1926 and 1930. During the latter year she served on the Committee on Vocational Guidance and Child Labor for the White House Conference on Child Health and Protection. When she finished a round of speeches, she would come to Porter, gather the pupils around her and fascinate them with dramatic and graphic descriptions of what she had seen and heard.53 In 1924, twelve years after her dismissal over the divorce case, the board of regents of the by-then renamed Northeast Missouri State Teachers College appointed Marie Turner Harvey associate professor of rural education. John R. Kirk had been replaced as president, and his model rural school no longer operated, but Harvey remained true to the ideals of the Rural Life Movement. She continued to expound them to her students, and she used the Porter School for demonstration purposes. Under Crecelius's leadership, it continued the pattern estab­ lished by Harvey. Following her retirement in 1935, she devoted much time to arranging her papers and assisting students and friends in writing accounts of her work.54 Her eagerness to tell her story, as she wanted it remembered, indicated not only personal pride but also unflagging devotion to her cause. Her "ruling passion," a friend and former student declared, "still blazes." Adele Starbird, dean of women at Washington University in St. Louis, shared a note from Harvey which concluded, "Agriculture and education are the basic industries of civilization."55 Harvey remained convinced what she had done at Porter could be accomplished in "any school district in Missouri or any other

52 Ibid. 53 Harvey File; Emil Green, interview with author, Kirksville, Mo., 13 February 1989. 54 Harvey to Kirk, 30 March 1937; Bessie L. Ray and Ottie M. Greiner, "Marie Turner Harvey: Pioneer Rural Educator," manuscript in Harvey File. This account was written for a Delta Chapter, Delta Kappa Gamma project, 1948, with assistance from Harvey who was organizing her papers and gave Ray and Greiner access to the collection. 55 Adele Starbird, "The Dean Speaks Up," St. Louis Star-Times, 25 January 1947. Marie Turner Harvey and the Rural Life Movement 401

Courtesy Northeast Missouri State University A horse-drawn school wagon transported rural children to and from Porter School. state, if the right sort of co-operation can be secured between the teacher and those who should be most interested in the work of the school."56 Regardless of Harvey's hopes, time ran out for Porter School and the Rural Life Movement. Rural life reformers supported the consoli­ dation of rural school districts, but country people resisted determinedly. The locally controlled, one-room school seemed a last bastion of the old era crumbling before the new industrial society. However, a steadily declining rural population eroded the tax base in small districts and reduced voting strength needed to block consolidation. In 1947, the Missouri legislature adopted the enabling act which provided the mechanism and incentive for schools to work out con­ solidation proposals. The reformers' idea of combining several rural districts was no longer feasible. Instead, consolidation meant absorp­ tion of those districts by city systems. The Porter district held out longer than most, but in 1967 it and seven other districts, the last independent ones in Adair County, merged with the Kirksville district. Twenty-three other rural schools had previously closed, with their pupils going to Kirksville schools.57 An operator of a large farm purchased the Porter building, moved it to his land and used it for storage. In the broader context, the efforts to revitalize country life accord­ ing to the prescription of the progressives failed largely because it was based on faulty premises. Harvey, Kirk and others in the movement relied on education to teach technology and science, thus making

56 Harvey, "A Missouri School." 57 Kirksville Daily Express, 29 January, 1 February 1967. 402 Missouri Historical Review agriculture more efficient, competitive and profitable and keeping young people in the country. Unfortunately, these represented characteristics of twentieth-century industrial society rather than qualities of legendary rural Eden. Young people seeking the better life found it more easily in the city, and the exodus from the country continued. At the same time, more efficient agricultural practices reduced the need for producers, thus forcing the surplus to leave. Mechanization required larger units of land, and both increased the need for capital. The sharp decline in the export market for farm staples in the 1920s and 1930s further compli­ cated the problem. As prices plummeted, small, marginal farmers could not survive, and absentee urban individuals or companies incorporated these farms into larger ones. Such a situation had been one of the fears of the rural reformers. While at Porter, Marie Harvey proudly pro­ claimed, "Every child enrolled lives on the land owned by his father."5* In the 1930s, when the school ceased to reflect Harvey's influence, that no longer remained true. Reformers encouraged farmers to adopt the comforts and con­ veniences of urban areas as a way to make farm life more attractive. They did not realize that only a few well-to-do people in rural areas could undertake the major engineering feats of producing electricity

58 Marie Turner Harvey to John R. Kirk, 3 April 1920, Harvey File. Italics hers.

Cooking and cleaning facilities in the Porter School basement aided in teaching domestic science and promoted the building's use as a community center. Courtesy Northeast Missouri State University Marie Turner Harvey and the Rural Life Movement 403 and running water for their homes. To the average country person the only way to have such things was to move to town. The Rural Life Movement projected the country school as the nucleus for demonstrat­ ing the value of community cooperation, hopefully resulting in market­ ing and purchasing cooperatives. Ironically, the rural electrical coopera­ tives came not from a local groundswell but from depression-inspired social planning in Washington. The Rural Life Movement had an enthusiastic practitioner in Marie Turner Harvey. She devoutly believed what she did in the Porter district would serve as a model for restructuring rural education and revitalizing country life. This new twentieth-century rural community would preserve the best of the fading American past and combine with it the most desirable attributes of the industrial age. That her dreams failed to materialize was not due to want of effort or commitment on her part, but to the fact that the forces of the new era proved too strong to control.

Value of Civility Knob Noster Will Carr's Gem, January 4, 1889. Civility is a fortune in itself, for a courteous man usually succeeds in life, and that even when persons of ability sometimes fail. The famous Duke of Marlborough, Queen Anne's favorite, is a case in point. It was said of him by a contemporary that his agreeable manners often converted an enemy into a friend; and by another, that it was more pleasing to be denied a favor by His Grace than to receive one from other men. . . .—N. Y. Ledger

A Slippery Course Cameron, The Daily Vindicator, June 20, 1881. When a man begins to go down hill he finds everything greased for the occasion, says a philosopher, who might have added that when he tries to climb up he finds everything greased for that occasion, too.

Now You Know! Sedalia, Central Missouri News, August 2, 1989. From the news items of the Sedalia "Bazoo" of 1875. . . . Some of the farmers are killing grasshoppers with rollers. To hit them on the head with a club is a good way, too, but to choke them to death isn't bad. Brown's Book Store is no longer opposite a hole in the sidewalk. The store has not been removed, but the hole has been filled up. This is a clever truth told with home-like simplicity. . . . State Historical Society of Missouri German-born Franz Sigel helped prevent Missouri from joining the Confederacy.

The Strange Story of Major General Franz Sigel: Leader and Retreater

BY LAWRENCE E. GIFFEN, SR.* During the early months of 1861, the German-American popula­ tion of St. Louis and its charismatic leader, Franz Sigel, played a leading role in preventing Missouri from joining the South in the inevitable conflict. St. Louis, with its large German population, re­ mained strongly supportive of the Union. Outside of St. Louis many

•Lawrence E. Giffen, Sr., is a retired physician in Jefferson City. He has the B.A. degree from the University of Maryland, College Park; the M.A. in history from Lincoln University, Jefferson City; and currently is a doctoral candidate in history at the University of Missouri, Columbia.

404 The Strange Story of Major General Franz Sigel 405

Missourians sympathized with the South. So strong were these senti­ ments in the presidential election of 1860, Republican candidate Abra­ ham Lincoln received only 17,017 votes in Missouri, 10 percent of the popular vote. In Boone County, with approximately 2,600 votes cast, Lincoln received a total of twelve votes: one in Columbia, three in Ashland, and eight in the river town of Claysville.1 Politics and the military prove inseparable. The selection and promotion of Franz Sigel to a major general provide an example of the frustrations and disasters that can follow the appointment of a soldier of unknown military ability. To continue promoting him for political reasons even though he lacked military leadership augmented the tragedy. In early 1861, considerable military activity occurred in the St. Louis area. Congressman Frank Blair; Captain Nathaniel Lyon of the regular United States Army, who recently had been assigned to St. Louis; and the German-born Franz Sigel busily recruited troops, mostly German, for the Federal army.2 Sigel soon became the most popular German in America. Elected colonel of the 3d Infantry Regiment of the Missouri Volunteers, Sigel had prior military experience in Germany. Born November 18, 1824, at Sinsheim, Baden, Germany, he graduated from military school at Karlsruhe in 1843. While serving as a lieutenant in the grand ducal service, his liberal political views brought him into conflict with the existing regime. After critically wounding a fellow officer in a duel, he was forced to resign his commission. Soon thereafter, Sigel led an army of insurgents against the government forces in the Revolution of 1848 and twice suffered defeat; however, he made a "brilliant retreat" to the fortress of Rastadt. Soon arrested and taken to Le Havre for deportation, he was put on a ship bound for America. Without explanation, he disembarked in England and re­ mained there for a year. In 1852, he immigrated to New York City, taught school, edited a military newspaper and married Elsie Dulon, daughter of his employer. Five years later, Sigel moved to St. Louis and accepted a position as instructor of mathematics and history at the German American Institute.3

1 William F. Switzler, ed., History of Boone County, Missouri (St. Louis: Western Historical Co., 1882), 396. 2 James Peckham, General Nathaniel Lyon, and Missouri in 1861 (New York: American News Co., 1866), 56; John McElroy, The Struggle For Missouri (Washington, D.C.: The National Tribune Co., 1909), 65-66. 3 Dictionary of American Biography, "Sigel, Franz"; McElroy, Struggle For Mis­ souri, 142; Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, "Sigel, Franz." 406 Missouri Historical Review

The winds of war blew in St. Louis in the spring of 1861. Citizens experienced perpetual agitation with rumors of imminent war and a threat of invasion. The mood of the populace remained pro-Southern, and Confederate flags frequently embellished windows. However, Union army recruiting proved successful, particularly among German-born Americans. The army enrolled four infantry regiments of Missouri Volunteers and three infantry regiments of U.S. Reserve Corps, Mis­ souri Volunteers. The new recruits, with the exception of Blair's 1st Regiment, totaled 80 percent German, and Colonel Sigel's 3d Regiment enrolled almost all native-born Germans.4 Only James Peckham recruited non-Germans in St. Louis. Writing his mother from the St. Louis Arsenal on July 9, 1861, Peckham stated: "The Missouri volunteer force was composed almost exclusively of Germans and there was a strong antipathy towards them on the part of the American portion of the population; many Missourians were drift­ ing into rebellion through this antipathy." Peckham selected retired regular army sergeant Morgan L. Smith as colonel and reserved for himself, because of his lack of experience, the rank of lieutenant colonel.5 Sigel's first Civil War military adventure occurred in St. Louis on May 10, 1861, less than one month after South Carolina rebel forces fired on Fort Sumter. Camp Jackson had become an inauspicious training ground for Missouri's rebel sympathizers under the command of pro-Southern Brigadier General Daniel M. Frost. Of no significant military importance, it recently had acquired some military equipment, guns and supplies. The nearby federal arsenal, however, contained more military equipment and supplies than any arsenal in the South. A Confederate army at Camp Jackson would threaten the military supplies located in the arsenal. To prevent this, Colonel Blair's 1st Regiment, Sigel's 3d Regiment with six artillery pieces, and Captain Nathaniel 4 Robert J. Rombauer, The Union Cause in St. Louis in 1861 (St. Louis: Nixon- Jones Printing Co., 1909), 380. 5 James Peckham to his mother, St. Louis Arsenal, 9 July 1861, private collection of Wiley Sword, Birmingham, Michigan. Peckham, a member of the Missouri legislature and resident of St. Louis, became the primary organizer of the 8th Missouri Infantry, the "American Zouaves," in the late spring of 1861. Following operations against guerrillas on the North Missouri Railroad in July 1861, Peckham led the 8th Missouri at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson and Shiloh, where he was cited for gallantry. Promoted to colonel of the 29th Missouri Infantry in late 1862, Peckham led the unit at Chickasaw Bluff, December 29; here the 29th Missouri lost 200 men in twenty minutes of fighting. Peckham served under commanders including Frederick Steele, Peter Osterhaus and William T. Sherman. Severely wounded at Missionary Ridge, November 23, 1863, he resigned from the military in 1864. When he returned to St. Louis, he practiced law and wrote one of the first Civil War books, General Nathaniel Lyon, and Missouri in 1861. The Strange Story of Major General Franz Sigel 407

Lyon with his regulars surrounded the camp. General Frost surrendered without a shot; 1,110 enlisted personnel and 50 officers were captured and marched to the makeshift brig located at the arsenal. During the march, pro-Southern Missourians taunted the troops of Sigel, Blair and Lyon with "Hurrah for Jeff Davis" and "Damn the Dutch" and pelted them with mud and rocks. Someone fired several shots at Sigel's regiment, and the German soldiers fired back into the crowd. Twenty- eight civilians suffered fatalities, including men, women and children, and an unknown number were injured. Captain F.C. Blandovski of Sigel's regiment became the only military fatality.6 So ended Colonel Sigel's first experience in the American Union army. On June 13, 1861, newly appointed Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon left St. Louis by steamboat in pursuit of Confederate Major General Sterling Price and Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson. Price and Jackson moved toward Jefferson City from St. Louis after peaceful negotiations between Missouri's Unionists and secessionists had failed. Before leaving St. Louis, General Lyon had ordered Colonel Sigel and Colonel Charles E. Salomon and their regiments to southwestern Missouri. Captain Thomas Sweeny of the regular army, now acting

6 James W. Covington, "The Camp Jackson Affair: 1861, Missouri Historical Review 55 (April 1961): 197, 209.

U.S. volunteers attacked a mob at the corner of 5th and Walnut streets in St. Louis. State Historical Society of Missouri 408 Missouri Historical Review brigadier general, arrived in Springfield on July 1. Sigel sought to prevent the retreating forces of Price and Jackson from uniting with Confederate General Ben McCulloch in Northwest Arkansas.7 Sigel and his army traveled by train to Rolla, where they arrived June 20. The next day, his forces started their march through Waynesville and Lebanon, reaching Springfield on June 25. He received a warm wel­ come from the Union partisans of that city, and, because of his regiment's ragged condition, he regrouped there for three days before marching toward Southwest Missouri.8 When Sigel arrived in Sarcoxie, twenty-two miles from Neosho, he learned General Price, with a small contingent of soldiers, had en­ camped near Neosho the previous night but had left that morning, heading south to join McCulloch. Sources informed him that the greater part of Price's army, with Governor Jackson, was camped a few miles north at Lamar. Sigel had intended to attack Price at Neosho until he learned Price had broken camp; he turned his attention to the forces to his north. Colonel Sigel's army consisted of nine companies of the 3d Regiment, seven companies of the 5th Regiment under Colonel Salomon and two batteries of artillery—a total of about 1,200 men.9 With Price and McCulloch traveling north and Governor Jackson moving south, Colonel Sigel appeared trapped between two much larger armies.10 Leaving a company of almost one hundred men in Neosho "to protect Union loving people,"11 Sigel courageously marched north to engage Jackson and most of Price's army. He hoped to make contact with General Lyon, known to be pursuing the Jackson forces. Governor Jackson, in his gubernatorial capacity, commanded the Missouri rebel army; his forces had a numerical superiority of four to one over Sigel's. Most of Jackson's field commanders were without combat, or even military, experience. An odd assortment of politicians among them included former U.S. Senator David Rice Atchison, General James Rains and Colonels R.Y.L. Peyton and Benjamin C. 7 Hans Christian Adamson, Rebellion in Missouri 1861 (Philadelphia: Chilton Company, 1961), 148; Edwin C. McReynolds, Missouri: A History of the Crossroads State (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962), 225. 8 John T. Buegel Civil War Diary, 1861-1864, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia, translated by William G. Bek, 1945: 4. Hereafter cited as Buegel Diary. 9 U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies 4 ser. 128 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880-1901), ser. 1, vol. 3, 16. Hereafter cited as O.R. with all references to series 1 unless otherwise noted. 10 Wiley Britton, "Pioneer Life in Southwest Missouri," Missouri Historical Review 17 (October 1922): 74. •» O.R.,3: 17. The Strange Story of Major General Franz Sigel 409

Brown—all state senators. Only a few had prior military and combat experience, including Colonel Richard Weightman, a West Point grad­ uate; Brigadier General John Clark, a veteran officer in the Missouri Militia and member of Congress; and M.M. Parsons, a Jefferson City attorney representing Cole County in the state senate who had been a captain in the Mexican War. Two thousand of Jackson's forces had no weapons.12 The two groups met and formed battle lines about nine miles north of Carthage. Sigel's artillery fired first, followed immediately by the rebels. Both sides inflicted little damage. Sigel noted two rebel cavalry units under General Rains and Captain Jo Shelby appeared to be flanking his army. He also observed two thousand of Jackson's men scurrying for cover in the nearby woods to keep out of harm's way. Not realizing they were unarmed, Sigel mistook this as an attempt to encircle his army and cut him off from his supply train. He ordered a retreat, firing upon the rebels when they moved too close. This retreat proceeded in an "orderly" fashion from the battlefield area to Carthage and then Sarcoxie, Mount Vernon and finally Springfield.13 Eastern newspapers, particularly the German-American publica­ tions, praised Colonel Sigel for this masterful retreat. The New York Times reported Sigel to be the real winner.14 The Battle of Carthage, more of a skirmish than a battle, was officially listed as an engage­ ment.15 Union forces counted thirteen killed and twenty-one wounded; the rebels reported seventy-one killed or wounded. In his official report, Sigel exaggerated—his custom throughout the war—and reported the rebel loss as not less than 350 to 400 men. He "regretfully" noted his surprise at the capture of Captain Joseph Conrad and his company of ninety-four men left at Neosho.16 Sigel had not accomplished his mission; the forces of Price and McCulloch had united, and Sigel's German-American army retreated all day before the poorly armed, ill-trained Missourians. When General Lyon and the main body of Missouri's Federal

12 Ward L. Schrantz, "The Battle of Carthage," Missouri Historical Review 31 (January 1937): 142-143; Robert E. Miller, "General Mosby M. Parsons: Missouri Secessionist," ibid., 80 (October 1985): 35. 13 Thomas L. Snead, The Fight For Missouri: From the Election of Lincoln to the Death of Lyon (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1888), 227; Jay Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border 1854-1865 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1955), 154-155. 14 New York Times, 14 July 1862. 15 Billie H. Smith, ed., "A Chronology of the Principal Military Activities in the State of Missouri During the Civil War," Pioneer Times 8 (January 1984): 3. 16 O.R., 3: 19. 410 Missouri Historical Review

The Battle of Carthage, Mis­ souri, occurred July 5, 1861.

troops disembarked in Jefferson City, they discovered the Southerners had hurriedly departed. Leaving another German officer, Colonel Henry Boernstein, in charge of three companies at Jefferson City, Lyon scurried up the river toward Boonville with the remainder of his army, totaling about 1,700. They had received information from travelers coming down the river that Price and Jackson were preparing for battle in Boonville. Here Lyon's troops routed the Southerners in about twenty minutes, and the rebels began their retreat south. Casualties on both sides at the Battle of Boonville proved negligible. Lyon found it necessary to obtain supplies for his train before he could continue his pursuit of Jackson. To accomplish this, he remained in Boonville for two weeks. In addition to equipment, Lyon purchased an iron-gray horse for his personal use and recruited a bodyguard of ten German soldiers, former St. Louis butchers by trade.17 A regiment of Iowa Volunteers joined Lyon at Boonville, and on the march south, Lyon heard sketchy details about the Jackson-Sigel battle at Carthage. Joining forces with Major S.D. Sturgis at the Grand River, a branch of the Osage, Lyon added another 2,200 men to his 17 Ashbel Woodward, Life of General Nathaniel Lyon (Hartford: Case, Lockwood &Co., 1862), 281,291. The Strange Story of Major General Franz Sigel 411

I '.vJ*. Colonel Sigel's division gallant- :f ^ ly attacked superior rebel * ^ troops but soon retreated.

State Historical Society of Missouri army. He ordered all nonessentials discarded and effected a forced march. The 1st Iowa Volunteers, in an effort to outpace Lyon's regulars, marched forty-eight miles in twenty-four hours, singing "Happy Land of Canaan." Lyon's troops marched the 200 miles in eleven days.18 Sigel arrived in Springfield a few days .before Lyon. After confer­ ring with Sigel about the Carthage fiasco, Lyon concluded that Sigel appeared more frightened than hurt. In early August 1861, Colonel John Du Bois, a Federal officer and West Point graduate, wrote in his journal that Sigel told him in glowing terms about his brilliant retreat. Sigel's 3d Regiment had killed at least 500 enemy rebels. Du Bois said: "I don't believe a word of it." He wrote that Sigel exhibited poor judgment in leaving 100 of his men at Neosho to be captured the next day.19 Sigel, as well as Lyon, attempted to get reinforcements for the impending showdown with Price. Sigel wrote to his benefactor, Con-

18 Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 148; Woodward, Life of Lyon, 295. 19 Jared C. Lobdell, ed., "The Civil War Journal and Letters of Colonel John Van Deusen Du Bois, Part I," Missouri Historical Review 60 (July 1966): 453. Hereafter cited as "Du Bois Journal." 412 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri Congressman Frank P. Blair proved a valuable link between Union troops in Missouri and Washington of­ ficials.

State Historical Society of Missouri gressman Frank Blair, back in Washington, asking for more troops and more cavalry. Sigel also asked Blair to propose him for brigadier general.20 General Lyon obtained reliable information that Price and Mc­ Culloch had combined forces and were in the immediate area. He correctly surmised an attack by Price on Springfield appeared imminent. Lyon considered two alternatives. With his numerically inferior forces, he could justifiably retreat or attack immediately, using the element of surprise to help offset the numerical difference. Lyon called a meeting of his officers on August 8 and presented his plan for an immediate attack. Colonel Sigel suggested he take his 3d Regiment and Colonel Salomon's 5th Regiment and flank the enemy, surrounding them and cutting off a retreat. All of Lyon's officers objected to dividing their numerically small army.21 The next day, Sigel visited Lyon privately and again urged him to consider his "flanking movement." Finally, General Lyon deferred to Sigel's supposedly su­ perior tactical military knowledge and split his army. He ordered about 4,200 men in a frontal assault against Price and McCulloch, while

20 Peckham, General Nathaniel Lyon, and Missouri in 1861, 374. 21 McElroy, Struggle For Missouri, 158. The Strange Story of Major General Franz Sigel 413

Sigel's 3d and Salomon's 5th regiments, with two companies of artillery (a total force of about 1,100) proceeded in a flanking rear-action maneuver.22 A few hours before the battle, Lyon said he made the change in plans because Major General John Charles Fremont, com­ manding general, Department of the West, "will not back me. Sigel has a great reputation, and if I fail against Sigel's advice, he will give Sigel my command and ruin me. Unless Sigel has his way, I fear he will not carry out my plans."23 Lyon's chief of staff, Major John Schofield, a West Point gradu­ ate, shared a blanket with Lyon the short night before the battle and reported the general seemed depressed. Other than the necessary orders, Lyon said only: "I would give my life for a victory." When Schofield discreetly asked why he divided his command, Lyon replied: "It is Sigel's plan." Perhaps so, but after Wilson's Creek Sigel never admitted his complicity in the plan. In a letter to General Fremont from headquarters, Camp of Good Hope, near Rolla, August 18, 1861, Sigel wrote: "On Friday, August 9, General Lyon informed me it was his intention to attack the enemy—that the attack should be made from two sides and that I should take command of the left."24 Sigel, in attempting to carry through his course of action, lost control of his army. After initially scattering a portion of Colonel T.J. Churchill's Arkansas Mounted Rifles with artillery fire, some of Sigel's German-Americans began plundering Churchill's campsite and became completely routed when the Confederates returned. Sigel, a short time later, blundered when he mistook McCulloch's men in their gray uniforms for the similarly clad 1st Iowa. He ordered his men to hold fire—only to be decimated by losing their artillery, battle flag and their army.25 Private John Buegel recalled, "We were in position and re­ mained inactive for hours; no orders came—no Sigel—the other German officers would not assume responsibility."26 Sigel lost most of his equipment and returned to Springfield walking, running, hiding and on horseback when possible. He wore a blue woolen blanket over his uniform and a droopy yellow hat. This disguise created a slight resem­ blance to one of McCulloch's Texas Rangers and further effected his

22 Snead, Fight For Missouri, 265. 23 "Du Bois Journal, Part II," 61 (October 1966): 28. 24 Sigel collection; Sigel to John Fremont, clipped from Parke-Bernet auction catalogue, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis; McElroy, Struggle For Missouri, 161. 25 Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 177. 26 Buegel Diary, 6. 414 Missouri Historical Review escape. He arrived in Springfield before the battle ended; exhausted, he went to bed.27 Both armies suffered devastation. General Lyon had been killed; the next highest ranking Federal officer on the field, Major Samuel Sturgis, assumed command and ordered a retreat to Springfield. The depleted Confederates did not attempt to pursue.28 Arriving in Springfield, the Union officers met and elected Sigel, senior in rank, to command. Colonel Sigel ordered a retreat of the army from Springfield to Rolla, starting early the next morning. The retreat did not go well according to Captain Frederick Steele and fellow officers. The troops resembled refugees and rabble more than an army. Camp followers and children, wagons, horses, mules and dogs inter­ mingled with the troops. The command moved out each morning before sunrise, only to stop several hours later so Sigel's men could cook and eat breakfast. During this "snack time" the remainder of the army waited in the hot sun. On the third day, during the "breakfast break," the officers revolted and demanded that Major Sturgis again assume command. Sigel did not object because his commission had expired.29 The army arrived in Rolla on August 17, seven days after the battle.30 Sigel received notification of his promotion to brigadier gen­ eral on August 28. Private John Buegel had been in Sigel's command since the start of hostilities in St. Louis. He had participated in the Camp Jackson affair and retreated with Sigel at Carthage, Wilson's Creek and, more recently, from Springfield to Rolla. His three-month term up, he received his discharge in St. Louis on September 3, 1861, at 10:00 A.M. Buegel went to the beer hall, back to the recruiter and reenlisted, this time for three years. He recalled, "All in one day, I was a soldier, a free man, and then again a soldier." On September 29, Buegel went to Sedalia and became part of a division of some 5,000 men again commanded by his com­ patriot—the newly appointed Brigadier General Franz Sigel. He char­ acterized Sigel as having military book knowledge, but ambitious and vain. Sigel and his forces, including Private Buegel, left Sedalia October 13, arriving in Springfield for the third time on October 27, where the division went into camp.31

27 Edwin C. Bearss, The Battle of Wilson's Creek (Bozeman, Montana: Artcraft Printers, 1975), 97; O.R., 3: 94; Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 177-178. 28 Buegel Diary, 7. 29 O.R., 3: 88, 98. 30 William Larkin Webb, Battles and Biographies of Missourians; or, the Civil War Period of Our State (Kansas City: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Co., 1900), 85. 31 Buegel Diary, 9, 10. The Strange Story of Major General Franz Sigel 415

Confederate Ben McCulloch com­ manded rebel troops in Arkan­ sas.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Between October 27 and November 6, 1861, a large army assembled near Springfield. General John Fremont visited the Springfield area on November 7 and gave a stirring speech to the troops. Unfortunately, according to Buegel, Fremont was relieved of command and ordered to Washington—a great disappointment to both Buegel and Sigel. On November 11, General Sigel's division left Springfield, arriving in Rolla eight days later to establish winter quarters.32 Problems developed for Sigel; reports of his actions in the Wilson's Creek conflict, already known by the Federal officers at Springfield, became widely circulated to other officers. His friend and benefactor, Major General John C. Fremont, had been recalled.33 Not feeling well, Sigel suffered from recurrent "rheumatism,"34 probably partly the result of his frequent exposure to the elements and the emotional stress of command. The troops experienced little activity during that fall—one march from Rolla to the Gasconade River and back. According to Buegel's descrip­ tion written at that time: "Everything was quiet as a cemetery."35

32 Ibid., 11. 33 New York Times, 4 November 1861. 34 Columbia Missouri Statesman, 18 April 1862. 35 Buegel Diary, 11. 416 Missouri Historical Review

Sigel thought he would receive Fremont's command. On December 24, 1861, Major General Henry W. Halleck assigned to him all troops at Rolla and vicinity, including the 4th Division. The next day, Halleck ordered Sigel to get his troops ready for the field.36 Then, by Special Order No. 921, Brigadier General S.R. Curtis received assignment to the Southwestern District, which included Sigel's division. This sup­ posed insult proved too much for Sigel; on December 31, 1861, he presented his resignation to General Curtis, who forwarded it through proper channels to Major General Halleck in St. Louis. Halleck tried to placate Sigel. He wrote Sigel that the selection of Curtis was in no way a reflection of Sigel's competency—it was never intended that Sigel command all of the troops, and that Sigel had the same command that he had in November—furthermore the War Department decided that General Curtis outranked him.37 Supporters of Sigel, both in St. Louis and the East, demonstrated for him. Anonymous letters, written to publishers of German-language newspapers as well as to the Eastern press, criticized the military hierarchy and attacked the government. The plan attempted to force President Lincoln to promote Sigel to major general. Many German insurrectionists were politicians of the old Fremont party, and they intended to return Fremont to power.38 Mass demonstrations support­ ing Sigel were held in New York City at the Cooper Institute on January 16, 1862, and in Brooklyn on January 17. More than 5,000 partisans attended each meeting. Speeches, which extolled Sigel's mili­ tary ability, appeared extremely biased with little factual truth. A committee was appointed to meet with President Lincoln and present the "Sigel Story." After the meeting, A.A. Witthaus, committee chair­ man, reported that Lincoln had not received Sigel's resignation, official or otherwise. Furthermore, Lincoln would not accept General Sigel's resignation and planned on giving the general a new command. When a slot for an additional major general became available, Lincoln would consider Sigel.39 The president intended to look into any "wrongdoings" that might have occurred involving Sigel. The New York Times re­ ported, "since there was no resignation," the partisan action had been too hasty, and the language used would hurt the German cause; calmer

36 O.R., 8: 460,461. 37 Earl J. Hess, "Sigel's Resignation: a Study in German-Americanism and the Civil War," Civil War History 26 (March 1980): 7-8. 38 Ibid., 11. 39 Frank Moore, ed., The Rebellion Record, 6 vols. (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1861- 1863), Doc. 15, "The Resignation of Gen. Sigel," 4: 32-34. The Strange Story of Major General Franz Sigel 417 judgment should have prevailed.40 On January 12, Sigel addressed his troops and expressed no threat of resignation.41 President Lincoln wrote to Major General Halleck suggesting he make greater efforts to get along with Sigel and the Germans—true patriotic people. The president offered to send Illinois Lieutenant Governor Gustave Koerner to mediate between Halleck and the Ger­ mans. He suggested making Koerner a brigadier general, but not a field general, in order to effect harmony in the Department of the West.42 Halleck replied that he was a German and knew German character and the allegations of ill treatment were imaginary.43 In December Halleck had written Major General George McClellan in Washington mention­ ing Sigel's illness and recommending another German, Colonel Peter J. Osterhaus, as a replacement.44

40 Editorial, "Sigel's Resignation," New York Times, 17 January 1862. 41 Moore, ed., Rebellion Record, Doc. 14, "General Sigel's Address," 4: 31. 42 O.R., 8: 826, Lincoln to Halleck. 43 Ibid., 827, Halleck to Lincoln. 44 Ibid., 438, Halleck to McClellan.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Major General Henry W. Halleck succeeded General Fremont in com­ mand of the Department of Mis­ souri. 418 Missouri Historical Review

All the time the elusive Sterling Price remained on the loose, reportedly in southern Missouri and northern Arkansas. Preparations had commenced for a great campaign to drive him from Missouri. On February 1, 1862, Sigel's division moved out from Rolla.45 Thus began the Pea Ridge campaign, during which Sigel had one good day—his best in the war. On the march toward Northwest Arkansas, Halleck continually telegraphed General Curtis not to divide his army: "Lyon made that mistake at Wilson's Creek, and Sigel's detour lost the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Don't let him lead you into the same error."46 On March 7, Halleck again warned Curtis: "Newspaper correspondents speak of Sigel's division being separated from you. Keep your forces together, do not allow Sigel to go off on an independent excursion."47 Sigel showed little aggressiveness and took a minimal part in the action on the first day at Pea Ridge. That night at headquarters, General Curtis received information that Sigel was marching his men back to their encampment for supper, some two miles distance. Already irritated by Sigel's inactivity, Curtis ordered the meal brought to Sigel's army, and the troops stayed in place. He again admonished Sigel for not taking the initiative. The following morning Sigel began his finest hours. According to Sigel, the battle progressed the way battles should be fought. He employed forty guns, and 250 yards behind his batteries, he placed his 45 Buegel Diary, 12. 4* O.R., 8: 556, Halleck to Curtis. 47 Ibid., 596, Halleck to Curtis; McElroy, Struggle For Missouri, 304.

Sigel displayed his finest hours at the Battle of Pea Ridge where Union forces drove the rebels further south. State Historical Society of Missouri The Strange Story of Major General Franz Sigel 419 infantry. After the order to fire, he rode calmly between the guns, as dignified as if he were on dress parade. Sigel remarked "just like in the old country" and "Oh dat was lofely." The men were then ordered forward, and Curtis remarked, "This charge was the finest ever made in America."48 Later Halleck wrote to Curtis, "You did not let Sigel separate from you. I suspected he would be absent at the critical moment: you prevented this, and saved your army and a victory by not taking his advice."49 Private Buegel also wrote, "General Sigel has shown himself to be a great field marshall, and according to the German papers won the victory at Pea Ridge alone."50 Officials recalled and reassigned General Sigel, and Colonel Gen­ eral Peter Osterhaus succeeded him. Also a German, Osterhaus was liked and respected by both his men and fellow officers. Osterhaus advanced in the Federal army in a different manner than Sigel. Sigel had relied on ethnic partisanship, public relations and both the German language and other American eastern newspapers, such as the New York Times and Harper's Weekly, to further his reputation; Osterhaus performed his military duties quietly, efficiently and effectively without publicity. Osterhaus played a leading role in the Battle of Pea Ridge and shared some of the excessive praise given to Sigel. The Senate approved Osterhaus's promotion to brigadier general on June 9, 1862.51 Frank Blair again helped Sigel obtain a promotion. This time Blair needed German votes in his congressional campaign of 1862. The St. Louis Democrat, Blair's partisan newspaper, had turned against him, accusing him of being too conservative and deserting the Germans and the Republican party. Blair proved helpful and partly instrumental, along with German lobbying and partisan support, in getting Lincoln to appoint Franz Sigel major general. After that, German papers began to write favorable articles about Blair, and he won reelection to Congress in November 1862.52 Earlier in March 1862, the Senate had confirmed Sigel as major general.53 Reassigned in the East, Sigel received command of the 1st Corps under Major General John Pope and his army in Virginia. A

48 Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 247. 49 O.R., 8: 626, Halleck to Curtis. 50 Buegel Diary, 14. 51 Earl J. Hess, "Osterhaus in Missouri: A Study in German-American Loyalty,' Missouri Historical Review 78 (January 1984): 160-165. 52 Sceva Bright Laughlin, "Missouri's Politics During the Civil War, Chapter IV,' Missouri Historical Review 24 (October 1929): 100-101. 53 Moore, ed., Rebellion Record, "Diary of Events, March 3, 1862," 4: 47. 420 Missouri Historical Review strange ill-fated campaign, it ended with a loss at the Second Battle of Bull Run in early September. General Fitz-John Porter, relieved of command in November, was charged with disobedience and miscon­ duct, resulting in his court-martial and release from the army.54 Major General John Fremont asked to be relieved of command almost im­ mediately; Pope had served under Fremont in the Department of the West, and now Fremont would be under Pope. Sigel inherited Fre­ mont's army with its large number of German soldiers.55 The strange story continued. Either Sigel or some of his com­ patriots alleged that on the battlefield Sigel had detected a fellow officer, Major General Irvin McDowell, waving his white handker­ chief—a treasonable signal—in order to march his men to the enemy and surrender. At this precise moment, Sigel approached McDowell and demanded an explanation for his traitorous conduct. Receiving no satisfactory explanation, Sigel shot and killed General McDowell on the spot.56 This rumor was leaked to the newspapers and widely circulated—even telegraphed to the New York Times. The next day, when McDowell obviously was not dead, the revised report said Sigel's bullet had glanced off McDowell's saber. These stories continued to circulate, and thousands believed them. Others reported McDowell had refused to assist fellow officers on the battlefield and alleged to his drunkenness [McDowell was a teetotaler] and "derogatory" remarks he made about Sigel.57 No one ever filed formal charges against General McDowell. But rumors became so widespread and virulent that McDowell, on his own initiative, requested a Court of Inquiry to clear his reputation. Con­ vened in Washington during the latter part of 1862, this court con­ tinued during the first two months of 1863, about the same time as the Porter court-martial. The Court of Inquiry, in session for sixty-seven days, completely exonerated McDowell of all wrongdoing and recom­ mended no further investigation.58 Reportedly, in an editorial in the New York Times, Sigel, under oath, made no mention of the extraordinary incidents that prompted the Court of Inquiry. Sigel testified that he did not kill General McDowell, nor did he shoot at him; he did not see McDowell wave a

54 Ralph Newman and E.B. Long, The Civil War Digest (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1960), 218-220. 55 Ezra J. Warner, Generals in Blue (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964), 160-161. 56 O.R., vol. 12, pt. 1,298-318. 57 Editorial, New York Times, 23 December 1862. 58 O./?., vol. 12, pt. 1,332. The Strange Story of Major General Franz Sigel 421

Major General Irvin McDowell found his conduct severely criti­ cized by Sigel at the Second Battle of Bull Run. A Court of Inquiry exonerated McDowell of all wrongdoing.

State Historical Society of Missouri white flag, and he did not charge him with treachery. The New York Times labeled the whole story a deliberate lie, which some military men used to establish their reputations at the expense of others. Why did Sigel permit this slander to circulate for so long?59 A later revelation concluded that "Sigel was placed under the command of McDowell on the field, an unusual proceeding for which General Pope must have had a good reason, but even that should not have provoked such action by Sigel."60 After his poor performance at the Second Battle of Bull Run and the nerve-racking cross-examination by Major General McDowell at McDowell's Court of Inquiry, Sigel went on sick leave for an exacerba­ tion of his previous illnesses. When he returned to active duty, he received a lesser command in the reserve army of Pennsylvania in June 1863. During this time, his German followers again lobbied for another important position for him. On Leap Year Day 1864, Lincoln appointed Sigel commander of the Department of West Virginia. Ten days later, he assumed this responsibility.61 With presidential election time close,

59 Ibid.; Editorial, New York Times, 23 December 1862. 60 Editorial, New York Times, 27 December 1862. 61 William C. Davis, The Battle of New Market (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1975), 10. 422 Missouri Historical Review

Lincoln (like Frank Blair in 1862) did not want to antagonize the large German vote. Sigel wrote to the president thanking him for his con­ fidence.62 Soon after Sigel arrived in West Virginia, he incurred the wrath of General U.S. Grant for bypassing official channels and requesting two regiments of cavalry from Congressman Kellian Whaley of West Vir­ ginia. Grant received copies of the correspondence and became furious. He agreed that Sigel could have the two regiments he requested, but Sigel should learn to carry on official correspondence through proper channels and not through members of Congress.63 By April, the belief spread widely that Sigel's appointment had been a terrible mistake. With bad troop morale Sigel, like Lyon at Wilson's Creek, became withdrawn and spoke only if absolutely neces­ sary. In his usual frame of mind regarding Sigel, Halleck, on April 29, wrote to William Sherman, "It seems little better than murder to give important commands to such men as Sigel." Grant had sent General E.O.C. Ord to assist Sigel in preparation for the coming campaign; unfortunately, the two quarreled, and Ord requested reassignment.64 Then on April 15, Grant sent Lieutenant Colonel Orville Babcock to help Sigel with the final plans.65 Sigel's mission was to move south and engage, or at least divert, segments of Lee's army.66 Apprehensive about Sigel, Grant seemed resigned to him. Grant said, "I do not count on great results from the Department of West Virginia, but it is the only way I can utilize those troops. The enemy must detach from its army a large force to fight Sigel." Then borrowing one of Lincoln's expressions, he said, "If Sigel cannot skin himself, he can hold a leg while someone else skins."67 On April 27, shortly before moving his forces out, Sigel decided to have a grand review of his army; at two o'clock sharp, his troops marched out to the parade ground where disorder reigned supreme. The troops became so confused they could not find proper places in their respective companies. The entire muddled scenario embarrassed Sigel and produced little calming effect on his already jagged nerves.68 On April 29, still vague about his responsibilities in this conflict,

62 O.R., vol. 51, pt. 1, 1151, Sigel to Lincoln. 63 Ibid., 33: 734, Grant to Halleck. 64 Davis, Battle of New Market, 22-23. 65 O.R., 33: 874, Grant to Sigel. 66 Ibid., 828, Grant to Meade. 67 Ibid., vol. 32, pt. 3, 246. 68 Davis, Battle of New Market, 24. The Strange Story of Major General Franz Sigel 423

Sigel moved out from Martinsburg toward Winchester. Rumors pre­ vailed about the great Confederate force already in the Shenandoah Valley; rebel spies and scouts seemed omnipresent. This too unnerved Sigel. Confederate guerrillas, Captain John McNeill and Lieutenant Colonel John Mosby, hit Sigel's line with increasing frequency. They also attacked the B & O Railroad and other vital areas under the jurisdiction of Sigel's Department of West Virginia. At every available opportunity, Sigel drilled his army two hours in the morning and one hour in the afternoon. On April 30, they drilled for four hours.69 The next day, eleven miles from Winchester, the army marched by shallow graves from a battle of June 1863. Parts of bodies lay exposed. This, naturally, had adverse effects on Sigel's troops. Endless drilling and reviews continued after they arrived in Winchester; Sigel's other gen­ erals, Julius Stahel and Jeremiah Sullivan, participated in these ex­ ercises. Sigel thought a "sham" battle was an elegant way to sharpen his troops and planned one for May 5. The night before, the three generals studied furiously all night, pouring over maps and manuals. The next morning, on the big day, even the "play battle" resulted in disaster. The non-Germans could not understand orders from the German officers; Sigel had his army advancing, retreating and charging from one end of the line to the other. He ordered the 116th Ohio to the right wing, then

69 Ibid., 33, 35. At every opportunity, Sigel drilled his army. State Historical Society of Missouri 424 Missouri Historical Review the left wing and then to charge. They went so far they could not hear the recall, and a staff officer had to go fetch them. It appeared great sport, and one Ohioan called it a grand comedy. Not so funny for the 34th Massachusetts, they remained out skirmishing after dark because no one had ordered them back. They could see the lighted campfires in the distance. Because of the sloppy showing, Sigel ordered a repeat performance for the next day, but it had to be postponed because most of the officers refused to participate. Many officers and soldiers thought Sigel wasted time drilling when a real campaign appeared at hand. Enemy scouts and spies lurked all around. One of Sigel's officers said, "When Sigel reviews his troops, the Rebels count them." Yet Sigel remained in Winchester, exaggerating the estimated enemy strength to his superiors and planning a retreat if necessary. When Sigel received favorable reports showing little Confederate activity in the valley, he notified Washington of his move for Staunton.70 Grant may have precipitated this decision when he heard on May 8 that Sigel remained in Win­ chester. Sigel left the next day and moved into Woodstock two days later. Here he captured documents in the telegraph office referring to all of the troop movements of Confederate General John Breckinridge. Sigel had accomplished part of his mission—drawing off the rebels. Now he could stay and wait for Breckinridge. At this time Sigel lost a golden opportunity to cripple Lee with a lightning raid, but Sigel, lacking aggressiveness, elected to remain in Woodstock and drill.71 Finally, he decided again to split his command; he placed about one-third of his army in the New Market area and kept the balance at Woodstock. Sigel had outnumbered Breckinridge, but by dividing his army into two battle lines, he lost this numerical superiority. Both lines gave under Breckinridge's attack, and Sigel was forced into a disorderly retreat. Again in this battle, Sigel demonstrated his courage. But it took more than Sigel's personal courage to stop General John Breckinridge and his Confederate soldiers, accompanied by sixteen- and seventeen-year-old cadets from the Virginia Military Institute. Early on May 17, Grant wired General Halleck to order Sigel to leave Woodstock and go to Staunton, not knowing Sigel had left Woodstock two days earlier. Halleck wired Grant: "Instead of advanc­ ing on Staunton, he is already in full retreat on Strasburg. If you expect anything from him you will be mistaken. He will do nothing but run. He never did anything else."72 And run he did; the pike became a 70 Ibid., 43, 44. 71 Ibid., 57-58. 72 O.R., vol. 36, pt. 2, 840, Halleck to Grant. The Strange Story of Major General Franz Sigel 425

Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early served with the Army of Northern Virginia in the spring of 1864.

State Historical Society of Missouri racetrack for Sigel. It took five days for him to go from Strasburg to New Market, a distance of thirty-two miles. Retreating to Strasburg required only twenty-two hours.73 Grant removed Sigel from his command on May 20.74 Things moved from bad to worse for Sigel. His compatriots, particularly in the East, still worked to help him but proved unsuccessful. Sigel's suc­ cessor, General David Hunter, found a conflict of interest involving Sigel and civilian speculators which further discredited him. Sigel seemed content to take a reserve command at Harper's Ferry. In his last action, Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early, in his raid on Washington, sent an advance cavalry unit toward Martinsburg and Sigel. Now severely depressed, with a high anxiety level, Sigel, on July 3, became overly excited and withdrew, although he had 10,000 troops.75 Exasperated, Grant wired Halleck on July 7: "All of General Sigel's operations from the beginning of the war have been so unsuc­ cessful that I think it advisable to relieve him from all duty. I do not feel certain at any time that he will not abandon stores, artillery, and trains, and make a successful retreat to some safe place."76 Colonel David Strother, Sigel's former aide-de-camp, wrote, "We can afford to lose such a battle as New Market to get rid of such a

73 Davis, Battle of New Market, 166. 74 O.R., vol. 34, pt. 1, 20; ibid., vol. 37, pt. 1, 508. 75 Davis, Battle of New Market, 170, 172. 76 O.R., vol. 40, pt. 3, 59, Grant to Halleck. 426 Missouri Historical Review mistake as Major General Franz Sigel."77 Dejected, disappointed and frustrated, Sigel again began making accusations against fellow officers, much as he did against General Irvin McDowell in the Pope campaign. He accused General Halleck of being a traitor and giving aid to the enemy. Many probably thought the greatest aid Halleck could give the enemy would be to appoint Sigel to another command in the Union army. By any standard, Sigel's military record appears dismal. He "bril­ liantly" retreated at Carthage; his retreat at Wilson's Creek proved less than brilliant—in fact, a rout; his artillery had one good day at Pea Ridge. He contributed to the unsuccessful, unusual and confusing campaign of General John Pope and was defeated and routed by the Confederates and the cadets of Virginia Military Institute under Breck­ inridge at New Market. He retreated from General Jubal A. Early at Martinsburg. Sigel finished the war in New York and Washington. Like many other generals without command, he waited for orders that never arrived.78 During this time, he went to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, on sick leave. With no slots available to him, he resigned his commission on May 4, 1865. Sigel first went to Maryland as editor of the Baltimore Wecker, then after two years moved to New York City. Because of his extraordinary popularity with the German people, he entered politics as the Republican candidate for secretary of state in 1869 but suffered defeat; he was appointed collector of internal revenue and then a pension agent for the state of New York. In 1876, he switched from the Republican to the Democratic party and supported Samuel Tilden for president. Sigel predicted that 500,000 German-American citizens would vote for and elect Tilden—Tilden lost.79 Sigel was nominated for coroner of New York City in 1884.80 From 1887 to 1890, Sigel edited the New York Monthly, printed in both English and German. Old and poor, without means of support, General Sigel applied for, and received, a pension of one hundred dollars a month by an act of Congress approved February 7, 1891, for distinguished military service. He died at his home in the Bronx, New York, on August 21, 1902.81 At his visitation, more than 10,000 people paid their respects with thousands more turned away.82 77 Davis, Battle of New Market, 169. 78 Ibid., 174. 79 Letter to New York Herald, 10 August 1876; Jefferson City Tribune, 16 August 1876. 80 Columbia Missouri Statesman, 24 October 1884. 81 McElroy, Struggle For Missouri, 143; New York Times, 22 August 1902; Department of the Interior, Bureau of Pensions. Washington, D.C., January 15, 1898. Franz Sigel No. 539610. 82 John A. Bush, "I Fights Mit Sigel," Missouri Journal of Numismatics 10 (July 1985): 52. The Strange Story of Major General Franz Sigel All

Four years after his death, an equestrian statue of Sigel was dedicated at McKinley and Government streets in Forest Park, St. Louis. That same year, St. Louisans dedicated the Franz Sigel School, a public elementary school, in Lafayette Square.83 In 1909, forty-eight years after the start of the Civil War and seven years after the death of the general, a massive demonstration of 100,000 people in New York City honored the memory of Sigel with a huge parade. New York Governor Charles E. Hughes paid tribute to the German-American paragon; he unveiled a bronze equestrian statue of Sigel facing east, overlooking the Hudson River.84 More recently, General Sigel was one of thirty-three Missourians honored in World War II by having a Liberty ship named for him.85 The serious, slightly built, rather intense Civil War general will not be acknowledged as a great military tacti­ cian. Rather a charismatic, patriotic leader of his fellow Germans, he played a leading role in keeping Missouri within the Union during the critical early part of the Civil War.

83 Sarah Guitar, "Monuments and Memorials in Missouri," Missouri Historical Review 19 (July 1925): 597; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 16 July 1922. 84 Jacob Picard, "The General on the Black Horse—A Statue on the Hudson," American German Review 10 (August 1944): 33. 85 "Historical Notes and Comments," Missouri Historical Review 41 (October 1946): 110. State Historical Society of Missouri

A monument honoring Franz Sigel stands in Forest Park, St. Louis. Courtesy John McCormick Collection Theodore Pease Russell As He Appeared About 1880

Theodore Pease Russell: Connecticut Yankee To Missouri Jeffersonian BY LYNN MORROW* Theodore Pease Russell reaped the pioneer's reward—as land­ owner, as community leader in church, school and politics, as father of a large, admiring family, as an eminent village elder and philosopher, and finally as author of a fifteen-year-long newspaper reminiscence, "Old Times," published in Ironton, Missouri. A classic nineteenth- century "improver," Russell believed in a New England republicanism that embraced economic modernization, a conservative social and moral philosophy, and an organic community bound by church and

*Lynn Morrow is a historical research consultant of Forsyth, Missouri. He has received the B.S. in education and the M.A. in history, both from Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield.

428 Theodore Pease Russell: Connecticut Yankee 429 state. When he arrived in Missouri in 1838, these values dominated his vision of the future.1 But in Missouri, a democracy of small-scale, subsistence yeomen preached agrarianism, limited government, and caution of the power of money and institutional banking. Russell would come to know Missouri's devotion to a simpler world through his own complex life history.2 The Russell family knew the power of money, corporate organiza­ tion, and a literate culture; they believed in progress and technology; they had participated in urban marketing; and in Madison County, Missouri, they expected an increase in land values as the population expanded. As townspeople in the Connecticut River Valley, the Rus­ sells had combined commercial farming between Springfield, Massa­ chusetts, and Hartford, Connecticut, land speculation in Ohio's Western Reserve, and merchants' trading activities in New England towns. Those activities equipped the Russells with a capitalist tradition in the accumulation of wealth. Their allegiance to the Congregational Church united the family in a corporate effort to promote education and religion—both necessary institutions in their Congregational hope of salvation. Lured to a small valley-basin in Missouri's St. Francois Mountains by an urban dream—a model industrial town called Mis­ souri City, replete with New England community ideals embracing major reform movements of Jacksonian America such as education, health care and evangelical religion—the Russells worked toward their image of "good society" in republican America. Russell kinsmen owned and managed a series of New England mercantile establishments in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. During the national speculation of the 1830s, kith and kin, already successful in Ohio, planned an entrepreneurial venture in Missouri. Missouri's legendary minerals lay at the center of the attraction, and the New Englanders promoted a vision of industry, mines, railroads and prosperity for all. They planned Missouri City at the base of Iron Mountain and bought Pilot Knob to include in their Missouri Iron Company. The economic vision included a social facet—education, health care, churches, public parks and a picturesque cemetery modeled on Boston's Mount Auburn. In the end, after the national depression,

1 The distinction in two varieties of republicanism—New England and Southern— referred to in this essay are summarized by Robert Shalhope, "Republicanism and Early American Historiography," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 39 (April 1982): 342. Russell wrote about competing, often contradictory, underlying values contained within the rhetoric of republican America. 2 See Paul Nagel, "Jeffersonian Missouri: Benton's Era," in Missouri: A Bicenten­ nial History (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1977), 102-119. 430 Missouri Historical Review the vision disappeared, but it resulted in a new place named Arcadia.3 In Missouri the Russells were atypical in the semisubsistence, southern hill-country society. Southern republicans honored free will unrestricted in thought and action, and southerners supported a weak central government, a government that sustained the institution of slavery. The plain folk of Madison County lived in relative isolation, and they persisted in traditional social patterns, including a dynamic oral culture that relied upon folk traditions. They subsisted with little division of labor, primarily used a barter economy, had few schools and other public service institutions, built few roads and bridges, and displayed a profound localism. Most of the Russells' new neighbors employed a woodlands agriculture, utilizing common access to unen­ closed land, instead of practicing a capital-based, labor-intensive agri­ culture. Although cash-crop agriculture existed in many southern areas and Russell's father Cyrus had engaged in commercial agriculture in the Connecticut River Valley,4 the Russell family entered a region domi­ nated by livestock herders. They found that animals, driven to town markets, and trapping and hunting comprised the region's cash crops. Local southerners, having moved several times in their migration through the uplands, had little or no identity with educational, religious, fraternal or civic institutions and scant need for economic competition in the forest of the Ozarks.5 The dispersed rural neighborhood of Stout's Settlement allowed Cyrus Russell to purchase a squatter's claim and a large federally owned tract in the heart of the small basin. Both the Russells and their neighbors considered themselves republicans and independent citizens, but they had different traditions and views of independence. Russell often wrote about social and economic judgments he made based upon his New England heritage. Russell's experience as a "naturalist" challenged him to reflect upon dramatic environmental change. Indeed, his deliberation about 3 The Russells' arrival in the Arcadia Valley is described by Robert Flanders in the introduction to A Connecticut Yankee in the Frontier Ozarks: The Writings of Theo­ dore Pease Russell, James F. Keefe and Lynn Morrow, eds. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1988). 4 For the larger economic context see Christopher Clark, "The Household Econ­ omy, Market Exchange and the Rise of Capitalism in the Connecticut Valley, 1800- 1860," Journal of Social History 13 (1979): 169-189. The Pease and Russell family histories are contained in John Steele McCormick and Howard M. Johnson, comps., Descendants of Theodore Pease Russell and Emily Guild Russell (privately printed, 1963), and John McCormick, "The Pease Family of Enfield, Connecticut," typescript, 1985; additional family details in this essay are contained in Theodore Russell's "Old Times" reminiscences in the Ironton Iron County Register, 1884-1899. 5 The best summary about southern hillmen is John Solomon Otto, "The Migration of the Southern Plain Folk: An Interdisciplinary Synthesis," Journal of Southern History 51 (1985): 183-200. Theodore Pease Russell: Connecticut Yankee 431

Courtesy Lynn Morrow This map appeared in J. L. Van Doren and Henry Pease, Prospectus of the Missouri Iron Company and Missouri and Iron Mountain Cities (1837). It illustrates a visionary image of Southeast Missouri. 432 Missouri Historical Review changes in land use constitutes a rare chronicle of a nineteenth-century yeoman farmer. As he wrote romantic musings for another age, he also championed a more active government that regulated the natural world to support both hunters and naturalists. Russell's philosophy contained diverse and contradictory elements as he tried to embrace industrial and technological innovation. He observed that "our fathers and mothers used to do for us what corporations and factories do now." Never yielding his agrarian re­ publicanism, he continually hoped that agrarian simplicity, corporate family responsibility, and a Protestant community would triumph over an increasingly complex industrial society. In the end, Russell blended the ideals of New England republican­ ism and Jeffersonian agrarianism into a philosophy that seemed blatantly contradictory. Russell, for example, wanted local society to enjoy traditional community virtues yet to be progressive. Seeing the dismantling of customary traditions made him fear the future would not be better than the past. Material progress was not moral improve­ ment; both resistance and accommodation to change are woven through­ out Russell's writings. With that blend, Theodore Russell died an ambivalent Jeffersonian, a romantic champion of open range, market hunting and herding and a supporter of modernity.6 Cyrus Russell, a new resident of the Far West, nevertheless held on to his Connecticut land. The Russells sold most of their belongings and brought a "three or four years" surplus of goods and clothing to endure the beginning of a new life. They spent their first year getting acquainted with the Ozark range, arriving too late in the growing season to engage in any substantive agriculture. In spring 1839, however, the Russells planted their first crops, learned about subsistence economies7 from the locals, and imported manufactured goods from merchant relatives in Hartford, Connecticut. In this way, Russell began a sixty-year residence in the rural Ozarks that he seldom left. A sickly youngster, his parents did not expect him to survive childhood. His mother kept him under her watchful eyes and taught him the ways of woman's work; later, Russell termed his youth a "boy- girl childhood." Doctors in the East advised the lad to experience all the outdoor life that he could tolerate, and just maybe he would live a

6 The important quality of ambivalence in the mind of Russell and other Victorians is treated extensively by Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981). 7 That is "limited participation in a commercial market economy." See James A. Henretta, "Families and Farms: Mentalite in Pre-Industrial America," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 35 (January 1978): 15. Theodore Pease Russell: Connecticut Yankee 433 normal life span. According to Russell, one doctor proclaimed, "It's no matter whether you live or don't, you ain't no account no how." A Farmington, Missouri, doctor advised Russell "to hunt, lie out, ride horseback and rough it" or he would never live to be a man. Russell followed the advice religiously, combing the Ozark hills on foot and horseback; his health improved, and he became the chief hunter for a large New England family in their Arcadian Far West. At age seventeen in 1838, Russell and his family arrived in Arcadia Valley. At nearby Caledonia, he began a lifelong career of public appearances. He read magazines and newspaper adventure tales to the locals at the Caledonia post office; he read and wrote letters for miners at Pilot Knob; he read stories and books to his hunting friends and his family; he read sermons when the Russell family was without a Con­ gregational minister; and a generation later, he presented formal ad­ dresses to audiences in Ironton. A firm believer in the necessity of education for salvation, Russell advocated literacy: "To be a good reader is one of God's best gifts to us ... to read well is health to the soul, as marrow to the bones. It is the chief cornerstone of all knowledge, upon which rests the intellectual well-being of society."8 In 1841, after the Russells had opened the post office in Arcadia, Cyrus Russell bought a small sawmill from tanner and Baptist minister William Polk;9 Polk's sawmill stood on lower Brewer's Creek some eight miles northeast of the Russell homeplace. The Russells operated the mill in winter seasons. The remainder of the time they planted

8 Ironton Iron County Register, 26 February 1891. Hereafter cited as Register. 9 A famous regional Separatist among the antimission Ozark Baptists, William Polk's life is chronicled in H. F. Tong, Historical Sketches of the Baptists of Southeast Missouri (St. Louis: National Baptist Publishing Co., 1888), 55-57.

This view illustrates Pilot Knob in 1854. State Historical Society of Missouri 434 Missouri Historical Review orchards, cleared forest land for meadows and crop land and planned new buildings on Cyrus and Rebecca's several hundred acres of land (holdings eventually totaling over 4,000 acres in Madison—and later Iron—County).10 Taking advantage of leisure hours at Brewer's Creek mill and the seasonal leisure of a yeoman farmer, Russell exercised a diverse and voracious reading appetite. Schooled in Hall's academy, Ellington, Connecticut, Russell approached his maturity with a background in the classical education of the 1830s. In Missouri, he read Jane Porter's Scottish Chiefs, Oliver Goldsmith's Grecian History, the adventures of Lewis and Clark and the Expeditions of John Charles Fremont. As he grew older, especially after his marriage in 1846, Russell subscribed to more printed matter—Arthur's Magazine, Century Magazine, Harper's Weekly, Youth's Companion, Christian Parlor Magazine, Family Circle and Parlor Magazine, The Ladies Wreath and the most famous Vic­ torian fashion journal, Godey's Lady's Book. Russell men read Congre­ gational sermons and led singing classes, prayer and devotional meetings and debates in the lyceum; all took turns teaching a free public school; and the family promoted a Sons of Temperance League. Russell experimented with progressive farming techniques from the American Agriculturalist and Farm and Garden. Newspapers in the Russell homes included the New York Observer, Times and World, the Phila­ delphia Dollar, the St. Louis Republican, the Jackson Herald and the Jefferson City papers.11 During the 1840s, the face of Arcadia Valley underwent dramatic physical and social changes; Russell later remembered scenes of work, play and storytelling that delighted the young men. He reflected, "We Yankee boys had never seen such events as told by the storytellers." Customs that combined work and recreation—log rollings, house rais­ ings, rail maulings, shoe making, hunting bee trees, guarding corn cribs from marauding 'coons, holding brush arbor revivals, quilting and more—entertained the Easterners, who only knew frontier traditions in story form. In his delight with his new life in the West, Russell

10 At his death in 1860, Cyrus Russell owned 3,253 acres in Iron County in addition to the land that he had given to his children years before. He also served as a gentleman banker, holding thirty-nine notes and accounts receivable in excess of $6,100. See Cyrus Russell Probate Case #485, Iron County Courthouse, Ironton. 11 References to books and subscriptions are contained in Russell's "Old Times" and in receipts in a Russell family collection assembled by the author. The Caledonia postmaster claimed that Arcadia Valley inhabitants subscribed to the largest number of serials in southeast Missouri. See Register, 26 February 1891. Theodore Pease Russell: Connecticut Yankee 435

State Historical Society of Missouri A frontier custom that combined work and recreation included hunt­ ing bee trees. recounted his Protestant work ethic. In old age, he counseled, "Boys and girls, work, 'Work for the night is coming, Work through the sunny noon; Fill brightest hours with labor, Rest comes sure and soon. Give every flying minute Something to keep in store; Work for the night is coming, When man works no more.' "12 Russell's rhetoric on the value of work did not exclude him from his own measure of recreation and leisure hours in the forest. In 1847 when he began cutting cord wood for the Madison Iron Company, he assigned himself a task—three cords per day at fifty cents each—no more, no matter what time he finished. By so doing, Russell accepted the preindustrial work rhythm of task-oriented work, and he certainly did not require himself to adhere to a capitalist discipline. Russell appeared too much enamored with his life in the forest—pursuing natural science, renewing his health and hunting for recreation and

12 Register, 6 October 1892. 436 Missouri Historical Review profit—to become wedded to labor for wages or for maximum pro­ ductivity. Cyrus Russell speculated in several thousand Missouri acres and became irritated at Theodore, especially following the 1854 Graduation Act, because his son also did not invest in Missouri land.13 Instead, the younger Russell prided himself in being a "book farmer," utilizing a couple of hundred acres and experimenting with techniques suggested in agricultural trade journals. After all, he won a melon-growing contest with J. L. Van Doren by using a Chinese method of fertilizing, and he later saved his flooded wheat crop by implementing advice from the American Agriculturalist. He espoused tilling smaller acreages for higher yields. The Russells, in general, farmed for higher production by hauling manure from their barns to fertilize their fields, an innovative practice in antebellum Southeast Missouri. By assigning himself task- oriented work and by refusing to speculate in land, Russell resisted a portion of capitalistic modernization. For him, "the opportunity of

13 Due to the Graduation Act, thousands of Missouri Ozarks acres became available at fifty cents, twenty-five cents, and twelve and one-half cents per acre. See an explanation of the act in Benjamin Horace Hibbard, A History of the Public Lands (Madison and Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965), 299-304.

Clearing land on the Missouri frontier required hard physical labor. State Historical Society of Missouri Theodore Pease Russell: Connecticut Yankee 437 earning more was less attractive than that of working less,"14 and certainly less attractive than enjoying a spontaneity of life in the Ozarks forest. As Missouri's population became increasingly urban, Theodore Russell continued to believe that virtuous living lay in a farmer's kingdom near a small community with moderate progress and improve­ ments. Nevertheless, the champion of the independent citizen worried about the erosion of traditional values. He observed that all human activity appeared subject to moral judgments; he desired that trains respect the Fourth Commandment—no work on the sabbath. The trains disrupted the pastoral sabbath in Arcadia Valley, an affront to any God-fearing, decent man, he believed. Russell wrote, "I do not believe those corporations that disobey the commands of God, and set His laws at defiance will be blessed."15 The ever-increasing secularism of America, for Russell, had transgressed the bounds of traditional decency; those who persisted in the new economic order of industrial capitalism while disregarding Christian precepts were doomed to disaster. Russell, known as Judge Russell following terms as a justice of the peace and county judge during the 1850s and 1860s, also promulgated a strict criteria of judgment for those applying for residence at the county poor farm. He invoked his republican and Protestant tradition by creating three categories for classification of the applicants. First, he recognized the Lord's poor—people in their situation for reasons beyond their control; second, he saw a Devil's poor—people in dire straits due to wanton living; and third, he classified poor devils—people who lived off citizens' taxes who "are just as able to make their living as I, or who have relatives to help them, 'For he that provideth not for his own household hath denied the faith and is worse than an infidel.' " Corpo­ rate family responsibility continued as a social duty for all in Russell's view. He concluded, "If they won't do it, they should be made to do it."1* Russell, in trying to explain the plight of the unfortunate, vented a sharp antimodernist complaint. He admonished landholders to possess

14 A conclusion expressed by Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958), 60, and for task-oriented work vs. capitalist work discipline, see the classic essay by E. P. Thompson, "Time, Work- Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism," Past and Present 38 (December 1967): 56-97. ^Register, 11 March 1886. 16 Ibid., 3 April 1884. The Russells actively maintained family cohesion. In addition to Thanksgiving and Christmas, they celebrated two other annual feasts—a New Year's Day supper and reunion and a May reunion that commemorated the date of their arrival in Arcadia Valley. 438 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri Before the age of modern machinery, farmers used oxen to pull the plow. only as much land as they could manage themselves and to "quit buying everything that has got a coat of red paint on it, and go back to old time ways now. ..." Farmers had invested in too much labor-saving machinery that sat idle most of the year. Too much machinery had been introduced in the valley to work patented land, bringing poverty upon squatters used to open-range, stockmen lifestyles; the amount of sea­ sonal work for wages declined. Russell reflected: "Nobody wants their labor. Why? Because we use machinery. I can remember when we had no paupers and no tramps. Why? Because everybody could get some­ thing to do . . . hire those that live right next door to us to help us do our work and pay them for their labor. The Good Book says some­ where, 'Work no evil to thy neighbor,' and they will have a chance to get a living."17 In the face of sweeping modernization in Victorian America, Russell's ideal of an organic, self-sufficient community suffered serious problems. Although he tried his best to accommodate himself to change, Russell castigated his progressive generation for its immorality and the increasing divisions in social class. Russell's criticisms of new class relations by no means made him a socialist, but a man's right to work was crucial in his definition of independence. In 1887, he reacted against reformers and socialists by noting that "When I read of the class of men who have come into the world who have never done any good for the world or themselves, who are trying to bring about the time when all the labor of others shall be

17 Register, 5 May 1898. This particular criticism is within a much larger one aimed at support of Populism and free silver ideals. Theodore Pease Russell: Connecticut Yankee 439 divided up, I feel that if that time should come in my day, that God will keep my eyesight good that I may use it in defending our homes and property once more." The agitation of socialists and labor unions in the 1890s drew a further complaint that "no man or set of men has the right to say you shall take this and no more, or this and no less."18 He challenged socialist philosophy by using a metaphor drawn from his life in the forest. He compared socialists to the ignoble eagle that habitually stole the honest catch of hard-working hawks, a feat reserved for those who prey upon the property and good fortune of others. His family's affluence created certain expectations in Russell's judgment of "good society." As a result of the Panic of 1837, his relatives failed to attract investors in their Missouri City promotion, but the Peases and Russells came to Missouri's interior Ozarks with economic resources beyond those of most immigrants. They endured the depression, and when new investors opened the iron mines in the 1840s, the Russells contracted for crops and timber. During the 1840s and 1850s, Cyrus's sons and daughters married. The patriarch, after each wedding, built houses and provided farms for all his children and their spouses. Cyrus built Henry's in 1842, his own (and the church and school) in 1844, Cyrus Jr.'s in 1845, Theodore's in 1847, and both Giles's and William's in 1849-1850; properties for his daughters followed in the 1850s. Thus, he endowed his sons and daughters with new farms in Arcadia Valley—Theodore never paid a mortgage. Russellville—the church, school and family farms—became a distinct vista of a "row of mansions fronting the Fredericktown pike," a view planned and land­ scaped by Cyrus Russell. By 1850, Cyrus Russell's property had the second highest valuation in Madison County. The Russells' diverse economic endeavors and desire to accumulate property were fortuitously tied to the emerging industry at Pilot Knob. The mine's appetite for goods and services offered a convenient opportunity for mercantilist Yankees to satisfy their anxious spirit of gain. Thus, the Russells attained a position as economic elites, in the top 5 percent of Madison County's antebellum population based on valuations.19 Russell, as a member in a family secure in land and the leisure it provided, passionately pursued the remedy for his poor health—a virtual love feast with the natural environment.20 Though he killed a

18 Ibid., 17 March 1887, 11 March 1886. Russell directed his criticisms especially toward Henry George and Edward Bellamy. 19 Compilation by author from the 1850 Madison County manuscript census schedules. 20 Russell's life follows the social ideal expressed by James F. Cooper and outlined by Henry Nash Smith in Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973). The "Arcadian dream of the adventurous first years. ... a transient phase" had to evolve into a stratified society where 440 Missouri Historical Review bounty of game for his family's table, Russell's forest life satisfied multiple goals. These goals included: education—"I love to study natural science"; moral self-betterment—"I don't think I was ever in the woods by myself hunting but what my better feelings and the finest sentiments I possess were brought out. . . it is but natural that our communings would be of an elevating nature"; recreation—he searched the creeks and rocky ledges for snakes "just to shoot their heads off"; and market hunting—he remarked after killing an otter and losing it in deep water, "I felt sorry for his hide would have brought five dollars; no mean sum in those days." Russell credited hunter-hillman James Brown with teaching him how to be a man in the woods, so much so that Russell "gave that old hunter my whole heart." Like a Davy Crockett, he described the excitement of riding a wild buck bareback, and his mother "was always ready to listen to my talk of what I had seen and all about my hunt." Russell prided himself in meeting the challenge of a real hunter—the ability to find and kill deer asleep in their beds. Russell credited nature and his hunter's life in the lush Missouri forests with building his weak constitution into a robust frontiersman—a man not unlike images in his favorite adventure accounts of Western life. Russell proudly sported his nickname Old Boone. The exploits of Ozark hunters reached new proportions during the 1870s with the extension of the St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad south of Pilot Knob. The railroad opened the Courtois Hills to an unprecedented game harvest by market hunters. The hunters supplied the tables of St. Louisans hungry for passenger pigeons, turkey and venison. Russell, himself, killed as many as eighty deer in one week, thirteen turkeys in less than one hour and twenty-four turkeys with four shots—all feats of a distinguished local hunter that Arcadians passed by word of mouth and through the Iron County Register. Russell con­ cluded, "With my old musket I could about clean the woods of deer."21 The slaughter of the 1870s gave way to a readily observable decrease in Ozarks game supply in the 1880s. Urban sportsmen from St. Louis joined locals in bringing highly trained deer dogs to hunt in Southeast Missouri. Sportsmen wrote in the Register about game laws being in force, but "it was tacitly understood that no one was to allow himself to be bitten by either deer or turkey." Russell lamented the "refinement and gentility were conceivable only in members of an upper class with enough wealth to guarantee its leisure." Russell lived the scenario, but he longed for a stasis of transition and not the full culmination of a modernized society. Thus, in desiring the machinery of the new while keeping traditions of the old, Russell exhibited a characteristic ambivalence. 21 Register, 28 June 1888. Theodore Pease Russell: Connecticut Yankee 441

State Historical Society of Missouri Theodore Pease Russell enjoyed hunting in the woods. great changes in the environment. Whereas enormous amounts of game had been exported to St. Louis in the 1870s and early 1880s, hunters in the late 1880s often killed only one deer or reported seeing just one deer. In the 1890s, Russell compared the past fullness of the Missouri game environment to the contemporary years of scarcity. During the 1840s, he "would not [have] thought to look, for rabbit tracks—they were beneath my notice." In fact, he complained about standing day after day in his cornfield shooting squirrels that were eating his young corn. "I used to get so tired shooting them that I sometimes wished there were no squirrels; it got monotonous and too much like work." In his old age, squirrels were about all Russell did see when he rode his horse over his old hunting grounds. Russell realized that uncontrolled hunting and fishing had depleted the Ozarks environment to the point that it resembled "a banquet hall, deserted, with all the guests departed." However, he never forcefully criticized what he called the hunting of the true sportsmen or his own killing of "hack loads of ducks on Stout's Creek." His favorite scape­ goat for game depletion was the indiscriminate use of dogs, "the curse of the country." Russell asserted that dogs represented the major threat to the deer population. He claimed that a man who depended upon his 442 Missouri Historical Review hounds to drive his game to him—like an ox to the slaughter—was no hunter. At the same time, Russell admired the new sixteen-shot Winchester rifles. He boasted that if he had had such a gun in his early hunting days, "I should not have left many deer in the woods"—a remarkable comment from someone whom the local editor had recognized earlier for shipping out a kill of eighty deer in one week! Indeed, Russell claimed that he and his friends did not consider it any great feat to kill from one to six deer a day, including "several turkeys for a relish." He admitted in 1891 that he occasionally went to the woods to "see how much and what I could kill. Then anything and everything was game. But now we would be glad to find anything in the shape of game"; still, he resisted blaming himself and his friends for contributing to the noticeable game depletion. During the extension of the St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad to the south, Russell assessed property damages in south Iron County. After the road connected St. Louis with southeastern trade, he in­ spected regional timber resources for an old acquaintance, Norman Colman, the first United States secretary of agriculture.22 These audits of property and natural resources allowed Russell to closely examine natural and cultural landscapes evidencing a transition from subsistence to market economies. A believer in improvements and progress, Russell praised the technology and the modernizing cultural landscape of good roads—wagon and rail—brick and painted frame buildings, commercial orchards, wheat fields, good fences, fish ponds and more. Russell encountered unhappy south Iron County farmers who "thought they ought to have heavy damages for right-of-way over their land." Later, in 1885, the assessor smugly rebuked their attitude by observing that they would not like to have the railroad removed from them. "The timber and land that were worth nothing before the railroad came are the most valuable part of their possessions. The timber has paid them more than their farms were worth before." Many of the hillmen considered that the combined railroad and timber interests had done them a great favor—they removed the obstructive forest and paid the owner to boot—a great windfall some stockmen thought, and Russell agreed.

22 Colman had inspired the planting of antebellum nurseries in Arcadia's locale. He later organized the Colman Hunting Club and raised what some people thought were the best deer hounds in the country. He exercised his hounds during seasonal hunting safaris to southeast Missouri. For a superb biography see George F. Lemmer, Norman J. Colman and Colman's Rural World: A Study in Agricultural Leadership (Columbia: University of Missouri, 1953). Theodore Pease Russell: Connecticut Yankee 443

As Russell looked approvingly upon the changing landscape, he continued to disagree with those who criticized railroads. A wilderness may be romantic and entertaining, but for the improver it had little economic value. For Russell, the railroad represented a great oppor­ tunity in independence. He wrote: "Let a railroad be located through countries lying waste and see how quick inhabitants develop industries and the refinements of civilized society. It is surprising how many ways will be found to make money, which had never before been thought of. [Railroads produce] occupations that require no capital or skill [italics added]."23 Russell also believed that the humblest laborer could "carry on at his door" marketing his personal products, a symbol of republi­ can independence and equal opportunity to sell one's labor. Further­ more, the Yankee moralist said, "We are apt to judge the character of the people by their works." With great satisfaction, Russell looked upon the new schools and churches, the worshipers every sabbath, the women dressed fashionably, and the painted frame houses that replaced log houses as signs of permanence appropriate to his vision of yeoman independence and town culture. A special highlight, according to Russell, in Ozarks modernization was Lesterville, a tiny village on the Black River in what was the

23 Register, 13 January 1887.

This 1870s photo shows North Main Street in Ironton. Iron County Historical Society 444 Missouri Historical Review

remotest of Missouri hinterlands in 1897. Here a town without a railroad had acquired the materialism of necessity and of civility. "I saw the [Dobbins, Carter and Co.] store had as great a variety and as good an assortment of goods as you will find in any country store. You could get anything from a cambric needle to a cross cut saw, everything from an iron spoon to the finest of table ware; from a spool of thread to a bunch of carpet yarn; from bed ticking to the finest dress goods; from a palm hat to a hat with ostrich plumes."24 Thus, after sixty years in his adopted state of Missouri, Russell championed the state's self-suffi­ ciency in its blend of rural and town culture. He concluded his reminiscence with a quote from Governor Lon Stephens: "If you were to build a Chinese wall around the State of Missouri she could sustain herself. Everything that a man wants could be procured or manufac­ tured in her own territory."25 Theodore Russell had become a Jeffersonian, though an ambivalent one. Looking back upon his personal success in living a model life of republican, agrarian independence that exploited resources at hand and built new, prosperous towns, why should it ever be any different? But it was different in the 1890s; Russell's Puritan, republican moralizing indicated that he perceived a crisis of cultural authority in the mainte­ nance of rural lifestyles. Anxiety over the increasing hegemony of cities and industry and the ending of many rural traditions inspired Theodore Russell to record the transformations of society and nature. Russell's pioneer reward from his family's entrepreneurial capitalism kept him secure at his Oak Hill estate; he never became alienated from his land, and he did not work for wages in the late nineteenth century. He continued to applaud material progress, especially during his trips to the annual St. Louis fair, Exposition Hall, and sightseeing tours of downtown St. Louis. But at home Russell voiced fear and uncertainty about the new order. The material prosperity did not bring a moral improvement, as is shown by his disgust with sabbath-breaking trains, families who did not care for the extended kin, and young men who drifted from the farms to the cities. Russell's work, whether market hunting, making decisions as a county official, selling products to the Pilot Knob mine, or managing his commercial orchard, never separated him from the security of his homeplace. By the time Russell wrote his reminiscences, most Missourians could not expect to attain genuine economic independence. The hunting, fishing and foraging of southern subsistence hillmen had

24 Ibid., 9 December 1897. 25 Ibid., 6 January 1898. Theodore Pease Russell: Connecticut Yankee 445

•V;*:^B Courtesy John McCormick Collection

Early photos of the Russell homes depict Oak Hill, above, in the 1870s, and the re­ modeled Oak Hill, right, as it appeared in the late 1880s.

become seriously challenged in the Ozarks by an overindulgence in laissez-faire entrepreneurship and by expanding corporate capitalism. The reliance upon open-range subsistence economies ended in the valley as the formerly communal land became a commodity to buy and sell. Accelerated economic development, especially in timber and agriculture during the late nineteenth century, eroded communal lifestyles and hindered access to the natural environment that had supported the earlier agrarians. Arcadia Valley was no longer a preindustrial society. Russell, and especially his hunter-Populist friends, suffered a loss of their former economic self-reliance. In the life of Theodore Russell, rural Missourians may see a part of their past and contemporary selves. Republican virtue in the right to 446 Missouri Historical Review work, face-to-face business dealings, sacrosanct private property, reli­ ance upon the wisdom of conservatism, and a measure of skepticism toward industrial and technological advances are all a part of Missouri Jeffersonians, an uncomfortable unity of traditions in the late twentieth century. Both Russell and twentieth-century Missourians have felt deep pain about the destruction of an environment once alive with flora and fauna and traditionally filled with quiet, intimate places. Missouri established a conservation commission as a necessity to reconstitute the Ozarks wilderness. The commission became a national model in exercis­ ing governmental control and popular concern. During the 1986 hunt­ ing season, Missouri hunters killed a record 100,000 deer.26 In the late twentieth century, Russell would have smiled upon our environmental conservation, but still he would caution us about the perils of mod­ ernization.

26 The official count was 103,059. See Conservation Federation of Missouri, CFM Newsletter, January 1987.

Getting the Hang of It Edina, The Sentinel, January 6, 1876. One of those noble foxhunters got the hang of the thing on the occasion of the last hunt. His horse cleared a two rail fence and left him hanging in a small tree by the seat of his pantaloons.

The Hawthorn and Its Kin Missouri, September 1934. The hawthorn, Missouri's state flower, belongs to the rose family, closely resem­ bling the apple group of that family as to leaf and trunk structure, although the blossom more nearly resembles the plum. There are said to be more than twenty-five species of the hawthorn growing within the state.

News from the University City of Jefferson, Jefferson Inquirer, February 17, 1849. [House of Representatives . . . February 12, afternoon session . . .] Mr. Speaker . . . laid before the House a communication from the Secretary of State in relation to the State University—number of students 63 from five different States. Historical Notes and Comments 447 HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS NEWS IN BRIEF The Friends of the University of Mis­ At the Missouri Writers' Guild meeting souri-Columbia Libraries and the State in Hermann, April 28, Dains received an Historical Society of Missouri Library held award for the best 75th anniversary history their annual luncheon and meeting on April of the Guild. The contest was sponsored 27 at the Country Club of Missouri, Co­ by the Sheba Review. lumbia. Howard Nemerov, poet laureate of the United States, was the guest speaker. Ruth C. Ellis, Rosemary Ginn and Uni­ On March 23, Society Newspaper Li­ versity of Missouri President Emeritus brary staff members Kay Pettit and Mark James C. Olson received Distinguished Thomas traveled to Vandalia, Palmyra, Friend Awards for their outstanding con­ Moberly and Huntsville to pick up and tributions to the libraries. Robert J. return newspapers loaned to the Society Stuckey Memorial Library Awards were for microfilming. Issues of the Vandalia presented to the first- and second-place Leader from 1880-1882, 1895-1898 and winners of the Stuckey Essay Contest, a 1901 were returned to Lora D. Steiner, written competition for high school stu­ Vandalia. In Palmyra, Lee Keck loaned dents. John Scott, a senior from Poplar the Palmyra Missouri Whig & General Bluff, and Jeanette Goeller, a junior from Advertiser, 1839-1851, Palmyra Marion St. Elizabeth, received plaques and cash County Herald, 1883-1898, and Perry En­ awards for their essays. terprise, 1900-1903, 1905-1906. Mr. and Council members elected to serve 1990- Mrs. Karl Rice of Moberly loaned issues 1993 included Bradley Arthaud, Francis of the Clifton Hill Rustler, Higbee News, M. Barnes, Alice R. Brownlee, Noble E. Huntsville Randolph County Times-Herald, Cunningham, Jr., Frank L. Martin III, Magic City Free Press and the Moberly George W. Showalter, Audrey Walsworth Paper and Sound Off. From Mr. and Mrs. and Henry J. Waters III. William Block of Huntsville, the Society borrowed the Clifton Hill Rustler, 1907- 1960, Huntsville Randolph County Times, Society staff members Leona S. Morris 1920-1930, and Moberly Paper, 1974-1976. and Mary K. Dains presented the slide Other recent acquisitions of the News­ show, "Missouri Women in History," paper Library include the Hunnewell March 29, for the Federal Women's Pro­ Graphic, 1896-1956, loaned by Kathleen gram at the Truman Memorial Veterans' Wilham of Shelbyville; Utica Times, loaned Hospital Auditorium, Columbia. They also by Lois McCain of Utica; Joplin Daily presented the slide show at a PEO meeting, Herald, loaned by Joan E. Atkins of the April 2, in the home of Virginia Ross, Joplin Genealogical Society; Alexandria Columbia. Commercial, 1875-1880, loaned by the University of Illinois-Urbana and Sam Murphy; and several single newspaper is­ Mary K. Dains, associate director of sues loaned by Mildred Melton, Texas the Society, presented a program on "Noted County Missouri Genealogical and Histori­ Missouri Women" at the March 20 meet­ cal Society. ing of PEO in the home of Bernice Schroe­ der in Columbia and at a meeting of Co­ lonial Dames, April 4, in the Columbia Kay Pettit, of the Society Newspaper Country Club of Missouri. Library, and Laurel Boeckman, of the So- 448 Missouri Historical Review ciety Reference Library, jointly presented chairman; and Mary Jean Barker, treas- a program on April 13 at the Church of urer. The not-for-profit organization, which Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in Co­ assists the George Washington Carver Na­ lumbia. They discussed the resources for tional Monument, Diamond, has estab­ genealogical research available at the So­ lished a fund to restore the Moses Carver ciety. Family Cemetery.

James W. Goodrich, executive director The Concordia Historical Institute, St. of the Society, chaired a session, "Pro- Louis, announced the election of the fol­ gressivism and War in Missouri," at the lowing board of governors officers: James Missouri Valley History Conference in Waltke, president; Joyce Sauer, vice presi­ Omaha, on March 9. He was commentator dent; Scott Meyer, secretary; and Harold for J. Christopher Schnell's "Missouri's Olsen, treasurer. Because of rising costs, Ewing Young Mitchell and Fifty Years of the Institute has increased membership Progressive Politics" and Lawrence O. rates effective July 1. Interested persons Christensen's "Missouri and World War I." should write the Institute at 801 De Mun Dr. Goodrich contributed "Bennett Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63105 for member­ Champ Clark" to the recently published ship fee information. Harry S. Truman Encyclopedia, edited by Richard S. Kirkendall. His article, "Roy Shoop's Canadas," appeared in the May- Descendants of Civil War Union soldiers June issue of the Decoy Hunter. may be interested in joining the Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War 1861- 1865. For further information, contact Sue On May 10, the Missouri Law Enforce­ Ladage, 8521 Eulalie, Brentwood, MO ment Memorial Foundation held its fourth 63144. annual memorial ceremony at the State Capitol in Jefferson City with over one hundred people in attendance. James W. Fulcrum Publishing, a nonfiction, trade Goodrich made brief remarks. Society staff book publisher, has announced that west­ members are compiling research material ern American history or western biography for the Foundation's planned monument is the subject for the 1992 Fulcrum Ameri­ to officers killed in the line of duty. can Writing Award. Unpublished, book- length manuscripts should be submitted for consideration between March 1 and In January, the Campbell House Mu­ September 30, 1991. Writers interested in seum, St. Louis, received the Cityscape the award competition should contact Fulcrum Publishing, 350 Indiana Street, Award from the Beautification Committee Suite 510, Golden, CO 80401, and enclose of Downtown St. Louis, Inc. On March 4, a self-addressed, stamped envelope. in conjunction with its spring reopening, the museum hosted an authors' reception; local authors honored included Frances The Forest History Society, affiliated Hurd Stadler, Elaine Viets, Quinta Scott, with Duke University, has established the J. Neal Primm and Julius K. Hunter. Alfred D. Bell, Jr., visiting scholars pro­ gram for persons wishing to use the so­ ciety's library and archives. Travel grants Officers for the George Washington Car­ up to $750 are available. Contact Harold ver Birthplace District Association elected K. Steen, Forest History Society, 701 for 1990 include the Reverend Harry F. Vickers Avenue, Durham, NC 27701, for Givens, president; Steve Beimdiek, vice grant information. Historical Notes and Comments 449

On January 8, David A. Ucko became in St. Joseph celebrated the 130th anniver­ the new president of the Kansas City Mu­ sary of the Pony Express. The program seum. A longtime museum professional, included special Pony Express videos and Ucko came to Kansas City from the Cali­ proclamations by Missouri Governor John fornia Museum of Science and Industry, Ashcroft and St. Joseph Mayor Glenda Los Angeles. Kelly.

Victorian Carthage, Inc. sponsored its The Oral History Association will hold second historic homes tour in the city on its 1990 annual meeting November 8-11 in May 5. The tour featured five homes plus Cambridge, Massachusetts. Program infor­ Lowell Davis's Red Oak II, the former mation can be obtained from Richard C. Lincoln School, the Jasper County court­ Smith, OH A Executive Secretary, 1093 house and the Powers Museum. Proceeds Broxton Avenue, #720, Los Angeles, CA from the tour will be used in the restora­ 90024. tion of historic Kendrick Place north of Proposals for papers, panels and speak­ Carthage. ers for the association's 1991 meeting (October 10-13), due by December 1, 1990, should be sent to either of the program The Missouri Conference on History cochairs: Jay M. Haymond, Utah State held its 32nd annual conference on April Historical Society, 300 Rio Grande, Salt 19-21 in Springfield. James W. Goodrich, Lake City, UT 84101; or Rebecca Sharp- executive director of the Society, served as less, c/o Institute for Oral History, B.U. a panelist on "The Missouri Historical Box 7271, Baylor University, Waco, TX Records Assessment Project: Retrospect 76798-7271. and Prospect" session. Other panel mem­ bers were Secretary of State Roy Blunt, William Foley of Central Missouri State The National Frontier Trails Center, lo­ University, Benedict Zobrist of the Harry cated in Independence and developed by S. Truman Library and Museum and Mark the state of Missouri and the city of Inde­ Stauter of the Western Historical Manu­ pendence in consultation with the National script Collection-Rolla. Paula McNeill, Park Service, staged its grand opening on Society manuscript specialist, presented a March 23-28. The center houses the only paper on George Caleb Bingham and his years at the University of Missouri. museum, library and archives devoted to the Santa Fe, California and Oregon trails. Missouri Mansion Preservation, Inc. has recently released a new videotape on the Members of the Santa Fe Trail Associa­ Governor's Mansion, "Missouri's Master­ tion have copies of the National Park piece—Our Governor's Home." The video Service videotape, "All's Set on the Santa includes historical photographs of the home Fe National Historic Trail," available for as well as photos taken before, during and viewing. In Missouri, persons interested in after restoration. It is available for loan showing the video should contact either ($10, includes postage and handling) or Sylvia Mooney, 7120 Harecliff Drive, Kan­ purchase ($30 plus $2 postage). Persons or sas City, MO 64133, or Dan Holt, National groups interested in either borrowing or Frontier Trails Center, 111 East Maple, purchasing the video should contact: Man­ Independence, MO 64050. sion Video, Missouri Mansion Preservation Inc., P.O. Box 1133, Jefferson City, MO 65102; Attention: Mary Pat Abele, Execu­ On April 3, the Pony Express Museum tive Director. 450 Missouri Historical Review

The St. Louis Art Museum held a major The junior division, individual projects exhibit of paintings, drawings and portraits winners were Caroline L. Foster, East Bu­ by nineteenth-century Missouri artist chanan Middle School, Easton, and Jason George Caleb Bingham between February Talley, Joplin Junior High; senior individ­ 24 and May 13. Organized by the museum ual projects winners, Linda Lesue, Sarcoxie in association with the National Gallery of High School, and Rory Starkey, Marquand- Art, Washington, D.C., this gathering of Zion High School. more than 100 of Bingham's works was Group projects, junior division, awards the most extensive exhibition of his art in went to Lynette Archdekin and Nancy nearly twenty-five years. Giddens, East Buchanan Middle School, Beginning in mid-July, the genre paint­ Easton, and Mike Heinz, Michael Couch, ings and the drawings will be seen, respec­ Greg Campbell and Mickey Cronk, Prairie tively, at the National Gallery of Art and View Elementary School. Senior awards the National Museum of American Art in in the category went to Scott Baldwin and Washington, D.C. Grants from the Nation­ Chris Bunten, Nevada High School, and al Endowment for the Arts and the Mis­ Roy Wilson and Scott Sinclair, Excelsior souri Arts Council in part supported the Springs High School. exhibit. Winners of junior individual perform­ ance medals included Tonya Stewart, Han­ Carolyn Collings, Society reference spe­ nibal Middle School, and Nicole Winfrey, cialist, received a Masters of Education School of the Osage; and senior individual degree in Art Education with an emphasis performance winners, Matthew Baker, Sar­ in Museum Studies, May 12. Collings at­ coxie High, and Michelle Catalfamo, tended "George Caleb Bingham: A Portrait Lebanon High School. of His Time," a symposium held February In group performances, junior division 23, at the St. Louis Art Museum and awards went to Todd Richardson, Drew "Visions of the Past: A Forum on Art, Brown, Julie Farris and Peter Montgom­ History, and George Caleb Bingham" on ery, Poplar Bluff Junior High, and Justin April 28, at the Missouri Historical So­ Taylor, Carrie Davis, Matt Boehner and ciety, St. Louis. Cindy Gillespie, Strafford Elementary; senior awards to Rebecca Massey, Shelly Duggan, Brian Bethel, Laurie Vote and Paula McNeill, Society manuscript spe­ Sheri Stearns, Lebanon High School, and cialist, presented a paper on George Caleb Gregory Maynard, Chad Snyder, Chad Bingham and the University of Missouri Mathes, Joshua Benner and Paula Quest, at the National Art Education Association Nevada High School. annual meeting in Kansas City, April 5-9. Junior division, individual media win­ ners were Brian P. Baker, Carl Junction, Five hundred eight students from 78 and Chris M. Henderson, Gallatin; senior schools attended the History Day in Mis­ winners in the category, Julie M. Rabe, souri 1990 contest held in Columbia on Lebanon High School, and Chasity Ste­ April 7. There were 250 separate entries phens, Marquand-Zion High School. and 96 teachers involved at the state level. In group media junior division, awards First- and second-place winners represented were presented to Jill K. Murawski and the state at the National History Day con­ Jessica Taylor, East Buchanan Middle test June 10-14 in Washington, D.C. School, Easton, and Amy R. Pitts, Heather State winners in the historical papers M. Hoyle and Brandi T. Baker, Carl Junc­ category, junior division, were Andrew C. tion Junior High; and senior awards to Trueblood, Cape Girardeau Junior High, Patricia K. Reynolds and Chelsea D. Tay­ and Jefferson L. Grout, Mount Vernon lor, Sarcoxie High, and Eric D. Eden, Middle School; in the senior division, Jen­ Darrel Thomas, Paul Pearson, Jennifer nifer Murphy, De Soto High School, and M. Dieckhoff and Aaron Robinson, Mount Jenni Otto, Newtown-Harris High. Vernon High. Historical Notes and Comments 451 LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Affton Historical Society "Blind" Boone grand piano during a pro­ On April 26 at Oakland, the St. Louis fessional audiovisual taping session. The Zoo Friends Association presented "St. Society hosted the Columbia League of Louis Zoo—The Tradition Continues." The Women Voters' annual meeting and annual lawn sale was held May 9. luncheon on April 24; Society president Bill T. Crawford spoke on "Museum Op­ Barton County Historical Society portunities for Historical Recognition in On April 7-8, the Society held an open the Boone Area." Phil Gottschalk pre­ house in their new museum in the court­ sented "Divided Missouri, 1861-1864" on house basement, Lamar. May 6. Belton Historical Society Boone-Duden Historical Society Robert Talbott and Dan Hadley, Mis­ Members gathered at the New Melle St. souri Civil War Re-Enactors Association, Paul Lutheran Church on February 26 for spoke about military organization and a program on the Boonslick Trail by Shel­ equipment used in the Civil War on April by Peters, chief highway coordinating engi­ 22 at the Old City Hall. neer for St. Charles County. On April 22, members toured the Francis Howell, Old Bethel German Colony Dardenne and Castlio cemeteries. At the The 5th Annual Woodcarving Show and Society's annual meeting on April 30 at Sale and the 1st Annual Quilt Show and the Femme Osage Church, Ralph Gregory Sale occurred in Bethel on April 21-22. discussed Mark Twain. The Society suc­ The exhibit, "Life in Bethel German Com­ ceeded in its goal to have the St. Charles munal Colony, 1844-1879," was on display County Commissioners and the County at the Colony Gift Shop, and colony homes Planning and Zoning Commissioners desig­ opened for tours. Lisa Horn, Lincoln Uni­ nate a 150-square-mile Boone Historic versity home economics instructor, lectured Area in southern St. Charles County. on "Preservation and Conservation of Quilts, Coverlets and Textiles." Brown County Historical Association Josephine Lawrence of Marshall reported Blue Springs Historical Society on Pennytown, the only registered Black Meetings are held in the Dillingham- hamlet in Missouri, during the February Lewis Museum. On March 6, Allen Cooper 11 meeting. On April 10, Wendy Hearn, showed slides and displayed artifacts from producer of Heritage Account, Inc., pro­ his trip to Guatemala. Doll houses and vided a video presentation titled "The End furnishings made by Denise Walters and of the Line: Orphan Trains," which was George Nuckles were the focus of the April cosponsored by the Missouri Humanities 3 meeting. On May 1 in conjunction with Council. Both meetings were held at the the Adopt-A-School program, Society First Baptist Church in Sweet Springs. members enjoyed "A Little Bit of Blue Springs History" presented by Elaine Butler County Historical Society Meadows and some of her students. The Over 400 people toured the Spurlock annual pancake breakfast was held on May cabin at Hendrickson Park, Poplar Bluff, 19. on April 15. Five homes and one church took part in the Society's annual house Boone County Historical Society tour on May 20. Other Society activities Meetings are held at the Walters-Boone included their move into the Poplar Bluff County Historical Museum, Columbia. On Historical Museum, renovation of the April 16, Nadine Coleman, Boone County Mark Twain Elementary School into a pianist and ragtime celebrity, played the museum and the installation of two 452 Missouri Historical Review cabooses and a baggage car in front of the Civil War Round Table of Kansas City Frisco station at the MoArk Railroad Mu­ At the February 27 meeting, Wiley "Tex" seum, Poplar Bluff. Imboden provided a slide show and lecture on the "Evacuation of the Wounded after Caldwell County Historical Society Gettysburg." James A. Rawley, professor The Society displayed publications and emeritus of history at the University of antique hand tools at the Early American Nebraska-Lincoln, reported on "Turning Arts, Crafts and History Fair sponsored Points of the Civil War" on March 27. by the fifth-grade class of Braymer School Richard E. Beringer, University of North on April 21. Dakota, discussed "Mrs. Jefferson Davis" on April 24. Meetings are held at the Carondelet Historical Society Homestead Country Club, Prairie Village, Frank E. Janson, manager of infrastruc­ Kansas. Member Sonny Wells, administra­ ture for the Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer tive coordinator of last summer's 125th an­ District, spoke on River Des Peres con­ niversary Battle of Westport, reported the struction projects during the April 22 meet­ use of the photographs and videotape of ing at the Carondelet Historic Center. On the reenactment in local schools. Burns May 20, the Society placed a historic and McDonnell Engineers-Architects-Con­ plaque on the former Gamache residence sultants provided funding for the project. at 6215 Michigan Avenue. Civil War Round Table of St. Louis Cass County Historical Society The February 28 program, "The Edifice Bill Stevick recounted the history of the Built to Honor Our Martyred Sixteenth "Gunn City and Bond Swindle" during the February 25 meeting at Pearson Hall, Har­ President," by Carol A. Andrews, superin­ risonville. tendent at the Old State Capitol in Spring­ field, Illinois, dealt with Lincoln's funeral Cedar County Historical Society and subsequent interment in Springfield. Bob Estes used slides to illustrate the Dennis Frye, historian at Harper's Ferry, history of Caplinger Mills at the January presented a program on John Brown on 29 meeting in the Community Building, El March 28. Gary Gallagher discussed his Dorado Springs. On February 26, at the book, Fighting for the Confederacy, on Old Jail Museum, Stockton, Don Owen April 25. Meetings are held at Garavelli's showed slides of Civil War scenes. Polly Restaurant. The Round Table held a Shipley discussed old glassware on display Ladies Night on May 10 on board the at the Shipley Antique Shop, Jerico Spirit of St. Charles. Springs, on March 26. Clay County Museum and Historical Centralia Historical Society Society Displays at the Centralia Historical Mu­ The 1990 officers are Gene Welch, presi­ seum during May and June included "Wed­ dent; Bev Corum, vice president; Ann ding Memories" from 1890 to 1990. Snopek, secretary; and Jim Patterson, Chariton County Historical Society treasurer. James Harmon, Northeast Mis­ New officers are Sally Guilford, presi­ souri State University, Kirksville, explained dent; Carol Bentley, vice president; Kath- an eighteenth-century German prince's ryn Winkelmeyer, secretary; and Gertrude summer palace in the Rhine Valley in Loth, treasurer. On April 22 at the Chari­ "Palace Gardens of Schwetzingen" on ton County Historical Society Museum, April 21 at Jericho's Restaurant, Glad­ Salisbury, Marlies Wilkerson, a native of stone. On May 10 at the museum in Lib­ Germany, detailed the motivation and erty, Sandra Givens presented a program method for her "Escape from Germany." on "First Ladies." Historical Notes and Comments 453

Dade County Historical Society include: March 23-24, "Caught in the Vil­ The Society sponsored a sixth-grade bas­ lain's Web"; April 9, Central Missouri State ketball tournament on February 28-March University Jazz Band and Boonville High 1. Dedication of the 109-year-old Sinners School Jazz Band; and May 20, the Fine Union Church, deeded to the Society by Arts Chorale of Independence. The Boons- church trustees, was held May 27. lick Community Art Show was held June 13-24 at the Main Street Project Office. Dallas County Historical Society The state has provided funding for the pur­ Meetings are held in the Dallas County chase of the Ballentine House, which the Museum, Buffalo. On March 15, Jim Friends will attempt to stabilize for a quick Hamilton, editor of the Buffalo Reflex, sale to a private developer. discussed "Newspapers in Buffalo" since 1867. Max Hunter provided a folk music Friends of Jefferson Barracks program on April 19. The Society has Members enjoyed a square dance with published the Dallas County Marriage caller Earl Kinsey on April 21 at Grant Records Book 5:1886-1894. Shelter. The annual World War II Days in Jefferson Barracks Historic Park were held DeKalb County Historical Society April 28-29. Events included skirmishes, The Society met at the Clarksdale City displays of military materials and a Can­ Hall on March 25. Greg Carrel, a descen­ teen Dance at Grant Shelter with Buddy dant of original settlers of the area, traced Moreno's orchestra. Three government the settlement of Boxford, Dayton and films praising New Deal agencies were Bayfield, forerunners of the town of shown in the Visitors' Center on May 6. Clarksdale. Exhibits included "Official Images: New Ferguson Historical Society Deal Photography" circulated by the Smith­ The April 19 meeting at the First Presby­ sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition terian Church consisted of a slide show by Service and "German Wehrmacht Panzer LeRoy Behle on early businesses in Fergu­ Division—1944," Bob Parkinson's collec­ son. tion of model vehicles and soldiers. Florissant Valley Historical Society Friends of Missouri Town-1855 The Society sponsored the Valley of the New officers are Bette Broughton, presi­ Flowers House Tour on May 5. dent; Mavis Simmons, vice president; Marilou Hart, secretary; and John Welsh, Friends of Arrow Rock treasurer. The Community Docents pre­ Dr. and Mrs. Roy Stubbs presented "In sented slide shows on March 1 at John the Days of J. P. and Nannie Sites" during Knox Village and on April 4 at Gladden the April 29 annual meeting at the Old School in Belton. Roger Berg and Lee and Schoolhouse Community Building in Ar­ Pat Wright gave a program on the Shawnee row Rock. The Friends and the Arrow Indian Mission on April 1 at Woods Rock State Historic Site conducted a chil­ Chapel. The dancers performed March 11 dren's education program during April and at the Ruskin Heights Presbyterian Church May; over 1,700 elementary school stu­ and March 26 for the opening of the Na­ dents participated. tional Frontier Trails Center, Indepen­ dence. Friends of Historic Boonville A February 13-14 antique valentine ex­ Friends of Old St. Ferdinand hibit at the Hain House featured an 1884 On April 9, the Friends met in the school Victorian scrapbook of valentines loaned building to elect new officers: Bob Zack, by Missouri Mansion Preservation, Inc. president; Maurice Moellering, vice presi­ Recent performances held at Thespian Hall dent; John Caravelli, treasurer; and Tom 454 Missouri Historical Review

Flynn, secretary. The Valley of Flowers Schlipp. Elmer Cowan and Elizabeth and was held at the Shrine of Old St. Ferdi­ Bill Bruns presented a program on trees. nand, Florissant, on May 4-6. Henry County Historical Society Glasgow Area Historical and Preservation On February 20 at the Museum Annex Society, Inc. in Clinton, nationally known travel expert James W. Goodrich, State Historical and educator Clay Adair Francisco, origi­ Society of Missouri, Columbia, spoke on nally of Clinton, presented a travelogue on the value of collecting and preserving local "Hollywood—Then and Now." On April 6 history during the March 28 meeting at and 8, the Henry County Museum and the Baptist church in Glasgow. Willard Cultural Arts Center held spring opening Warford and Jim Thies won a contest to receptions. Claude Norcross, Drexel, re­ identify antique kitchen utensils displayed counted the "History of Huntingdale," the by Society president William Meyer. Steve second oldest village in the county, during and Dorothy Anderson attended the 5th the April 19 meeting at the museum. annual Preservation Conference in Jeffer­ son City on April 7-8. Heritage Seekers The Heritage Seekers are assisting Eagle Glendale Historical Society Scout Mark Meade to produce audiotapes The 1990 officers are Mary Derrick and videotapes for his Palmyra Historic Smit, president; Roger Zimmermann, vice Tour project. Howard Kiser donated his president; Marion Dowell, treasurer; Don­ book, The Drug Store Cowboy, consisting na Lykens, corresponding secretary; and of family history and personal recollec­ Betty Schmitt Tharp, recording secretary. tions, to the Gardner House museum's reference library. On April 16 at the Pal­ Golden Eagle River Museum myra State Bank, local and state oratorical The Museum dedicated the Oliver C. contest winner April Langwell presented Parmely Library of river books and ma­ her winning speech on constitutional rights. terials during an open house on April 22 in Bee Tree Park, south St. Louis County. Hickory County Historical Society In addition, Peter W. Mueller entertained The Society displayed antique machinery members with slides of his "Grand Canyon at the Rendezvous near Pomme de Terre Adventure." Dam on May 5-6. Grandview Historical Society Historical Association of Greater Meetings are held in the Depot Mu­ Cape Girardeau seum, Grandview. The Society's annual The Association met on March 12 at the Green Dinner was held on March 5. On Carriage House; Mary K. Dains, associate April 2, John Makin entertained members director of the State Historical Society of with pictures and stories of historical Missouri, Columbia, gave a slide presenta­ events and businesses in Grandview. The tion on "Missouri Women in History." Society's participation in Harry's Hay The Glenn House and Carriage House Days, May 18-20, included a float in the opened for the season on April 1, deco­ parade and a booth. rated around the theme, "A Victorian Courtship." Phoebe Apperson Hearst Historical Society Historical Association of Greater During an April 8 celebration of Arbor St. Louis Day, at Hearst Friendship Park near St. On April 8, members toured the Holy Clair, members planted ten rose bushes Family Church, Cahokia, Illinois, and the and five trees, including two trees planted Museum of Archaeology at Cahokia in memory of former Society director Lena Mounds Park. Historical Notes and Comments 455

Historical Society of Maries County president; Dan Crutcher, Kelly Woestman The January 21 meeting at the court­ and J. Randall Miller, vice presidents; Reta house in Vienna focused on volume 1 of Morris, secretary; Nadine Crockett, treas­ the History of Maries County, published urer; and Marvin VanGilder, archivist. by the Society. On March 4, the Society Members gathered at the Dorothea B. began participation in the "Adopt-A-High- Hoover Historical Museum in Schiffer- way" project. The 7th annual Vienna Revue decker Park, Joplin, for a tour by Mr. and featured country music and variety acts on Mrs. Olen Redding on March 11. March 10 at Allen Auditorium, Vienna. Jefferson Barracks Civil War Historical Society of Polk County Historical Association Members enjoyed a video on the Na­ The Association is assisting with the tional Parks System at the March 22 meet­ establishment of a living history village at ing in the Northward Museum, Bolivar. the Daniel Boone Home Historical Site, Nita and John Paul Campbell hosted and near Defiance. chaired the Ozarks Museum Association meeting at the Northward Museum in Jennings Historical Society April. New Society officers include: Linda On April 22 at the Jennings Civic Center, Crawford, president; Virginia Roder, vice Kathy Peterson of the Missouri Historical president; George Hooper, secretary; and Society, St. Louis, presented "Meet Me at Wilma Johnson, treasurer. the Fair," a slide show on the 1904 World's Fair. Historical Society of University City Johnson County Historical Society Robert Holtz permitted the Society to In cooperation with the Society, the 5th host an open house and brief program at Missouri Infantry, Company A, a Civil his Pinckney French house on April 8. "A War reenactment group, gave living history Taste of University City" was the theme presentations at several Johnson County for the April 29 University City House schools during March. On March 31, So­ Tour; restaurants in the Delmar Loop area ciety members portrayed Missouri-Kansas suggested menus for various occasions at border ruffians at Missouri Town in Jack­ each house. Easley Hamilton, architectural son County. Susan L. Pentlin, Central historian for the St. Louis County Depart­ Missouri State University, discussed "Ger­ ment of Parks and Recreation, was the man Settlements in Johnson County" dur­ featured speaker for a program on the ing the May 6 meeting at the Old Court­ history of University Hills. The Society house, Warrensburg. Copies of the Johnson sponsored this public program, May 12, at County Historical Society Cookbook, con­ the First Presbyterian Church. taining old family recipes and vignettes of Iron County Historical Society people and county history, may be pur­ Officers elected at the April 16 meeting chased from Christie Wilson, Route 6, at the First Baptist Church, Ironton, were Box 426, Warrensburg, Missouri 64093, Elizabeth Holloman, president; Betty Rus­ for $6.00 plus $1.25 postage. sell, vice president; Carolyn Sheehy, secre­ Kansas City Fire Brigade tary; and Mary Etta Killen, treasurer. Isa- Members celebrated the Brigade's first belle Edgar, Polly Hollie and Velma Parker anniversary with a February 15 dinner discussed historic houses. The Society con­ meeting at Shoney's in North Kansas City. ducted a tour of five historic homes on On April 19 at the Red Cross building, May 6; the newly redecorated museum 211 West Armour Boulevard, Brigade also opened. board members voted to lease old fire Jasper County Historical Society station #10 from the city. Dick Larson is Officers for 1990 are Eleanor Coffield, the new treasurer. 456 Missouri Historical Review

Kansas City Westerners ing. History Day student competitors pro­ On February 13, Roy Ranck displayed vided the April 23 program at Toot's glassware to accompany his talk on the Wyota Restaurant. Officers for 1990 are history of American glass. Members gath­ Quentin Melvin, president; Esther Griffin, ered on March 13 to hear Jim Turpin, Frank Rhinehart and Brent Barton, vice custom maker of flintlock rifles, discuss presidents; Lena Burns, secretary; Lois riflemaking and the history of the flintlock Hill, recording secretary; Kirk Pearce, re­ rifle. Dan Jackson spoke on "1750—The porter; Vic Jeffries, historian; and Dorothy First White Man in the Kansas Territory" Calton, treasurer. The Society and the at the April 10 meeting. During the May 8 Laclede County Genealogical Society meeting, Mark McKiernan, coauthor of hosted the Missouri State Archives work­ Missouri Folk Heroes of the Nineteenth shop, "Connecting Links: Tracing Family Century, discussed "Frank James, Mis­ and Community History in Missouri," on souri's Most Wanted Man Who Got May 19 at the First Baptist Church, Away." All meetings are held at the Here­ Lebanon. ford House Restaurant, Kansas City. Lafayette County Historical Society Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society The Society held the annual Founders' Dedication of the monument to mark Day Banquet, April 26, at St. John the the Sayers Cemetery occurred at the April Baptist Catholic Church, Dover; Virginia 8 meeting at the Auxvasse Community Fischer shared stories about growing up Hall. The Missouri Humanities Council near the Santa Fe Trail. sponsored a June 18 talk, "This Old House: Lexington Historical Association Victorian Architecture in Missouri," given Gregory Franzwa, an author of the bill by Southeast Missouri State University which designated the Santa Fe Trail as a professor Michael Roark. National Historic Trail, spoke at the April Kirkwood Historical Society 29 annual membership dinner in Lexington. Officers for 1990 are Barbara Lawton, Congressman Ike Skelton spoke at opening president; Joseph Godi, vice president; ceremonies for the living history museum Marion Phelps, secretary; and Don Walla, at the 1830s Log House. treasurer. Marian Brooks, retired Kirk­ Linn County Historical Society wood High School social studies teacher, Officers elected at the April 19 annual presented "Black History in Kirkwood and meeting at the Carrousel Restaurant, Brook­ Father Dickson's Cemetery" on March 13 field, included: May Bartee Couch, presi­ at Grace Episcopal Church. Bill Lane is dent; Gary Howell and Robin Black, vice selecting buildings for "Charter House— presidents; Audrey Stigall, secretary; and 125 Plus," a listing of homes for the 125th John Dinsmore, treasurer. The meeting anniversary of the incorporation of Kirk­ featured Judge Walter Allen's videotape of wood. The 1990 Spring House Tour was the recent exhibition of George Caleb held April 26. Bingham paintings. The Society has printed Laclede County Historical Society a Linn County tourism brochure. Jim Vandergriff, professor of English at Macon County Historical Society Southwest Missouri State University, Judge Clyde Burch spoke on Bethel and Springfield, gave a presentation on folk­ Macon and Shelby counties at the Macon lore at the Shepherd Hills Restaurant in County courthouse on April 5. Lebanon on January 22. Members enjoyed a show and tell program on February 26. Meramec Station Historical Society Flossie and Ernie Young provided musical During May, the Society awarded entertainment during the March 26 meet­ plaques to four historical sites in Valley Historical Notes and Comments 457

Park: Sacred Heart Church, Zion Luth­ Monroe County Historical Society eran Church, the First Baptist Negro Christie Menefee presented a travelogue Church and the Lions Club. on her October 1989 trip to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, on March 26 at the Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table Community Federal Building, Paris. Ed Crosby presented "A Look at Ben Butler—Beyond the Beast" at the Columbia Neelyville Area Historical Society Tribune lunchroom on March 20. Members The Society organized on January 8. journeyed to Mobile, Alabama, to observe Officers elected on February 8 at the the April 8 reenactment of the last major Neelyville Elementary School were Orville Civil War battle. On April 17 at the Jef­ D. Allen, president; Mrs. Earl Greeson, ferson City library, Chris Edwards dis­ vice president; and Mrs. Ed Lazalier, secre­ cussed guerrilla actions in Missouri. tary-treasurer. Sylvester Dollins, of the Miller County Historical Society Coon Island community, related his family history and shared historical photographs Elected at the April 8 meeting at the from the area. Anchor Mill Museum, Tuscumbia, were Frances Varner, president; Rex Wyrick, John G. Neihardt Corral of Westerners vice president; Peggy Hake, secretary; and Meetings are held at the Days Inn, Co­ Helen Gibson, treasurer. Larry Kallenback lumbia. Donald Lance, professor of English provided a slide show and lecture on Miller and linguistics at the University of Mis­ County's six swinging bridges built in the souri-Columbia, discussed "The Westward 1920s and 1930s. Spread of American Dialects" on January Mine Au Breton Historical Society 8. Joel A. Hartman, professor of rural Proceeds from the April 7 "P-O-T-O-S- sociology at the University of Missouri- I (Passel Of Treasures and Other Sundry Columbia, presented "The Amish, 17th Items) Sale" went toward the restoration Century Immigrants in the 20th Century" of the 1864 Long (Banta) House Museum. on March 8. Virginia Norris of the Co­ A public forum on April 28 featuring C. lumbia Art League discussed "Historic Ray Brassieur, Missouri Cultural Heritage Bethel German Community" on April 12. Center, Columbia, and Rosemary Hyde Thomas, St. Louis Community College- Newton County Historical Society Meramec, opened the Heritage Center's Members enjoyed a Thomas Hart Ben­ exhibit, "La Vieille Mine: The Enduring ton birthday observation at the museum, Community," in Potosi. On May 5, the Neosho, on April 14. Spring programs in Society presented a photograph and plaque the Americana Room were: March 15, to the Potosi Hotel to commemorate Harry "Historical Newton County in Pictures" S. Truman's stay at the hotel in July 1934. by Larry James; April 19, "Coin Collect­ ing" by Ed Porter; and May 17, "Teaching Missouri Historical Society in the Early Rural Schools" by Jean Cook, The Society and St. Louis Women Minnie Speak, Wilma Williams and Easter Historians cosponsored a conference cele­ Rubrecht. brating Women's History Month on March 24. Nodaway County Historical Society Moniteau County Historical Society Meetings are held at the Northwest On March 12 at the Larry Petree's Con­ Missouri State University Alumni House, vention Center, Tipton, Pam Miner, of the Maryville. On March 26, Tom Carneal, State Archives, presented a program on associate professor of social science at the the Tipton Prerelease Center, which opened university, reported on business and tech­ in 1916 as the Missouri Industrial Home nology in Japan. Mary Jackson's May 21 for Negro Girls. program related "Memories of Maryville." 458 Missouri Historical Review

Old Trails Historical Society Cleve reported on the Lee Line and other Eileen Sherril discussed the history of cargo boats on February 23. Fannie Givens, Valley Park, Missouri, on January 17 at Noel Dean, S. C. Dunehew and Charlie the Olive Garden Restaurant, Des Peres. Malone received Pioneer Heritage Awards Members gathered at the Manchester during the April 27 meeting. United Methodist Church on March 21 for Yvonne Condon's "Meet Me at the Pettis County Historical Society Fair" and brought 1904 World's Fair The Society showed the movie Scud- souvenirs for a related show and tell pro­ dahoo-Scuddahay on March 26 at the State gram. Gary Micanek's "Olde Tyme Phono­ Fair Community College, Sedalia, in re­ graph" and his vintage recordings provided membrance of the film's Sedalia premier the entertainment at the Bacon Cabin on on March 10, 1947. April 18. Phelps County Historical Society Mark C. Stauter and John F. Bradbury, Oregon-California Trails Association, Jr., of the Western Historical Manuscript Trails Head Chapter Collection, University of Missouri-Rolla, Officers include James Lee, president; gave an April 22 slide presentation on Ona Geishen, vice president; Henry Bop- "Rolla: Then and Now" at the Eugene part, treasurer; and Sylvia Mooney, sec­ Northern Community Hall, Rolla. retary. On February 24 at the Johnson County Museum, Janet Campbell, direc­ Pike County Historical Society tor of the Johnson County Museum Sys­ Nora Foutes, of Frankford, chronicled tem, discussed the museum's permanent "Life Among the Utes and Navahos" dur­ trails exhibit, the traveling exhibit for local ing the April 10 meeting at the V.F.W. schools and the preservation of Lanesfield Building, Bowling Green. School on the Santa Fe Trail near Gard­ ner, Kansas. Juan Lombardo-Rivera's Pio­ Pleasant Hill Historical Society neer Woman Statue was unveiled at the On April 29 at the museum, Vickie March 24 grand opening of the National Smith spoke to members about antiques Frontier Trails Center and OCTA head­ and the restoration of the downtown build­ quarters in Independence. Other activities ing occupied by her business, the Missouri on March 26-28 honored the Oregon, Cali­ River Antique Company. fornia and Santa Fe trails. Pony Express Historical Association New exhibits in the Patee House Mu­ Osage County Historical Society seum, St. Joseph, include a 1920s service The May 29 meeting began with a quilt station and an Oriental exhibit. On Feb­ show at Bescheinen's Furniture Store, ruary 4 at the museum, Sheridan Logan Loose Creek, followed by tours of the discussed "Abe Lincoln's Visit to St. Jo­ Dauphine Hotel and Krautman's Korner seph." The Association observed the 130th in Bonnots Mill. Fred Goodwin, Southeast anniversary of the Pony Express on April Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, 1; Joe Nardone, author of In Search of the was the speaker at the St. Louis Parish Pony Express, was the featured speaker at Hall; his topic featured "America's Love/ Patee House Museum. Hate Relationship with Free Speech." Ralls County Historical Society Pemiscot County Historical Society Father Kenneth Brokel, of St. Williams The Society meets in the Colonial Fed­ Parish, Mrs. Mike Couch and Charles eral Building, Caruthersville. On January Leake presented "The Restoration of St. 26, Stephen Price reported on ALPHA, a Paul's Catholic Church" during the March program to help teenagers with alcohol or 19 meeting at the Senior Citizen's Building substance abuse problems. Josephine Van- in Center. Historical Notes and Comments 459

Randolph County Historical Society erty, Washington State University, spoke During the January meeting, Howard on "Sacred Encounters: Jesuit Missionaries Marshall, director of the Missouri Cul­ and the Indians of the Rocky Mountain tural Heritage Center, Columbia, spoke West" on April 20. Both meetings were on Ludwig Abt, a Moberly and central held at the Salad Bowl restaurant. Missouri architect. New officers are Karl Rice, president; Willmuth Dougherty and Schuyler County Historical Society Raymond Hunt, vice presidents; Marjorie The Society unveiled a portrait by Toni Randolph, treasurer; Ralph Gerhard, re­ Moore of Lancaster native Bob Melvin cording secretary; and Anna M. Stroud, during an April 22 open house at the corresponding secretary. William P. Hall Museum, Lancaster. Mel­ vin had a thirty-year career as "The Man Ray County Historical Society With Two Faces" with a Coney Island Recent Ray County genealogy meetings carnival. at the Ray County Museum, Richmond, included LaVeta Capps on Quaker re­ Scotland County Historical Society search, March 12, and "Migration Patterns On January 22, Kathy Kratzer, a local in the U.S.," on April 9. The Society sheep raiser, discussed differences in farm­ meets at the Eagleton Center, Richmond. ing and customs in Europe and the United Larry Olpin, Central Missouri State Uni­ States she observed during her ALOT agri­ versity professor, presented "Stuff of cultural trip to East and West Germany Legends: John Brown and William Clarke and the Soviet Union. On February 26, Quantrill," sponsored by the Missouri Irvin Johnson, of Rutledge, shared a Humanities Council, at the Society's April March 7, 1864, letter telling of his an­ cestor's success in convincing Abraham 23 meeting. Ron Bremer, Salt Lake City, Lincoln to release J. B. Hayden from mili­ Utah, genealogy author and lecturer, spoke tary prison because of family need. Both at the May 8 meeting. meetings were held at the Boyer House in Raytown Historical Society Memphis. On April 25, Bill Stilley presented a program on genealogy and family history Sons and Daughters of the Blue at 9705 East 63rd Street. and Gray During the January 21 meeting at the St. Charles County Historical Society American Bank, Maryville, James Curram Stephen Powell, director of the St. discussed Louisa May Alcott's Hospital Charles Convention and Visitors' Bureau, Sketches, dealing with her experiences as a spoke on "Creating the Image, Preserving Civil War nurse. George Hinshaw asked the Past" on April 19 at the Stegton Civil War trivia questions during the Feb­ Restaurant, St. Charles. ruary 18 assembly at the Senior Citizen's Center in Maryville. On March 18 at the St. Francois County Historical Society American Bank, Martha Cooper shared Members gathered at the Ozarks Fed­ her knowledge of Nodaway County resi­ eral Savings and Loan Building in Farm­ dents who fought in the Civil War. Tom ington on March 28 and April 25 to discuss Keaveny discussed Union and Confederate family life during the early 1900s in the prisoners of war during the April 15 county. meeting. St. Louis Westerners Stone County Historical Society James Sterling Pope presented "Still Current officers are Carl Logan, presi­ They Come: Wagon Wheels on Paddle dent; Opal Plummer, vice president; Fern Wheels to the Heads of the Oregon Trail" Angus, secretary; and Nelson Holt, trea­ on March 16. Jacqueline Peterson Swag- surer. 460 Missouri Historical Review

Texas County Genealogical and the History Center in Webster Groves. On Historical Society March 27, Wayne Leeman discussed "The Ronald A. Bremer, professional gene­ Changing Face of Webster Groves." The alogist and editor of Genealogy Digest, Hawken House Associates held their an­ conducted a seminar at the Stained Glass nual Jumble Sale on April 21. Theater, Houston, on May 2. Wentzville Community Historical Union Cemetery Historical Society Society The 1990 officers are Judy Wempe, Layne Chartrand and Ken Irving, mem­ president; Sue Wickern and Liz Gordon, bers of the 11th Mississippi, a Civil War vice presidents; Ona Gieschen, correspond­ reenactors group, were the featured speak­ ing secretary; Bea Cornish, recording sec­ ers at the March 19 meeting at the Cross­ retary; and John Wempe, treasurer. On roads Cafe in Wentzville. March 31 at the Loose Park Garden Cen­ ter, Bill Gann discussed the cemetery re­ Westport Historical Society movals necessitated by the TVA dams. The February 23 meeting at the Wood- side Racquet Club featured artist Mari- Vernon County Historical Society jana Grisnik. Six of her paintings were Society members gathered at the Ne­ exhibited, with many others shown in a vada City-County Community Center on slide presentation. Her art depicts the cul­ March 4 for a show and tell program; ture and customs of her native Croatian objects on display included maps, post­ community in Kansas City, Kansas, known cards, photographs, glass and guns. Patrick as Strawberry Hill. Roy Ranck spoke Brophy, Bushwhacker Museum curator, about his display of glassware from Moser gave an interesting account of the found­ Glassworks of Karlsbad, Austria, at the ing of Nevada in 1855. Harris-Kearney House on April 21. The Society's 1990 spring tour of historic and Warren County Historical Society scenic sites along the Missouri River oc­ The Society has reprinted the 1877 War­ curred June 9-10. ren County atlas and the December 18, 1914, fiftieth anniversary issue of the War­ White River Valley Historical Society renton Banner. Gary Kremer, Missouri State Archivist, provided a slide show and lecture on "The Webster Groves Historical Society Many-sided Personality of George Wash­ On February 20, Ward Parker spoke ington Carver" during the March 11 meet­ about "Old St. Louis County Post Of­ ing at the Friendship House at The School fices" at the Society's regular meeting place, of the Ozarks, Point Lookout.

Schoolmaster Wanted St. Joseph Morning Herald, September 2, 1865. There must be a lack of schoolteachers in our neighboring county of Clinton. Here is a marriage certificate recently given by a Justice of the Peace there: "States of mo an County of Clinton I the JP of laferat tonship I did mare jorg w Sales an Suzen grizle on the 28 day of June B Bass JP ad 1865" If Mr. Bass has not yet taken "the oath" of loyalty, we suggest that it be administ[er]ed at once. Of course he "understands the third section of the Constitution." He couldn't write so, if he didn't. Historical Notes and Comments 461

GIFTS

Eugene Audsley, DeWitt, donor: Grand Army of the Republic, Stephen Estle Post No. 178, DeWitt, Records. (M)* Glenn L. Audsley, Lexington, donor: The Audsleys. (R) Ruth E. Barrett, Jefferson City, donor: St. Louis Republic, 17 October 1897, containing article on the James family. (N) Arlo Dwight Baty, Torrance, California, donor: Items extracted from Unionville Republican, 1867-1911. (N) Terry A. Baxter, Des Moines, Iowa, donor: Black and white photographs of Civil War soldiers. (E) Laurel Boeckman, Columbia, donor: Programs, Concert Series, University of Missouri-Columbia, 1990, and Columbia telephone directories (R); postcard photographs of white squirrels at Marionville. (E) Bosworth R-V School, donor, through Sharon Miller, Bosworth: Yearbook, Bulldog, 1989. (R) Trenton Boyd, Columbia, donor: St. Louis telephone directory. (R) Pamela Lenck Bradford, Columbia, donor: Framed pencil drawing, by donor. (A) Marilyn D. Cain, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, donor: Wright-Boedecker-Duffner Family Histories, compiled by donor. (R) Tom Clatworthy, Harrisonville, donor: Three volumes of Cass County cemetery records, by Cass County Historical Society, Inc. (R) Columbia Missourian Reference Library, donor, through Robert Stevens, Columbia: Eighty-five black and white aerial photographs of Columbia and vicinity, ca. 1965- 1975. (E) Pearl Mix Cox, Warrensburg, donor: Durbin, Witt, Wagers, Richardson, Stephens and Related Families Via Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, compiled by donor. (R) Beverly J. Craft, Kinsley, Kansas, donor: Peebles: 1763-1988, by Bettie L. (Peebles) Saltzman, with revisions by donor. (R) Daniel Boone Regional Library, donor, through LaDonna Justice, Fulton: Over 60 Missouri telephone directories. (R)

•These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. (M) refers to Manuscripts; (E), Editorial Office; (R), Reference Library; (RFC), Reference Fitzgerald Collection; (N), Newspaper Library; (B), Bay Room; and (A), Art Room. 462 Missouri Historical Review

Damian L. Dietlein, St. Meinrad, Indiana, donor: Theodore Peters & Agnes Heembrock and Theodore Peters & Victoria Furrer. Descendants, compiled by donor. (R) Denny Donnell, Columbia, donor: Russell Henderson Papers. (M) First Christian Church, Columbia, donor, through Sam Langley: Church financial records, 1917-1981. (M) First Christian Church, Jefferson City, donor, through Tom Drake: Publications and church board records for 1989. (R) Ethlyn Henderson Fisher, Indianapolis, Indiana, donor: Henderson Ancestors and Descendants, by Alvena Wells Henderson and donor. (R) Alice Irene Fitzgerald, Columbia, donor: Twenty-eight books for Fitzgerald collection (RFC); books relating to Missouri and the Ozarks and various pamphlets and publications on education, tourism and Missouri communities. (R) Christine L. Gatermann, St. Louis, donor: Color photographs of trains in St. Louis, 1990. (E) Skip Gatermann, St. Louis, donor: Slides of St. Louis area (E); clippings and articles on St. Louis and Missouri. (N) Pamela C. Goodrick, Columbia, donor: Leaflets and newsletters by the Missouri Cultural Heritage Center describing its programs. (R) Lorine S. Goodwin, Columbia, donor: Christian College, Columbia, yearbooks, The College Widow. (R) Mary Ellen Goslin, Rocheport, donor: Two political buttons. (R) Dean Gray, Waxahachie, Texas, donor: Missouri sales tax receipt—one mill. (R) Peggy Smith Hake, St. Elizabeth, donor: Pioneer Families of Miller County, Missouri, Journey to the Past, by donor. (R) Veryl Hoenig, Columbia, donor: Wallace Cemetery, Howard County, transcription and photocopy of Harrisburg High School Booster (R); genealogical collection pertaining to eight families. (M) Harold Hoey, Marshall, donor: Game Warden? Shoot the S.O.BI, v. 2, by donor. (R) Larry A. James, Neosho, donor: Family history material. (R) John J. Keenan, Largo, Florida, donor: The Mariner, published by U. S. Naval Training School (Diesel), University of Missouri, 1943. (R) Historical Notes and Comments 463

Harold A. and Catherine Lademann, Columbia, donors: A Lademann Family History, compiled by Harold A. Lademann. (R) Wayne Lammers, Boonville, donor: Black and white copy photograph of excursion boat Nadine, copy of donor's drawing of Franklin Junction depot (E); and typescript by donor. (R) Grace Sechler Leary, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, donor: Sechler family histories. (R) Nelda McCrory, Columbia, donor: Family histories, loaned for copying. (R) Nelda McCrory, Columbia, and Missouri State Genealogical Association, donors: Missouri State Genealogical Association publications and miscellaneous genea­ logical materials, loaned for copying. (R) Ronald W. McReynolds, Warrensburg, donor: The Blooding, and Other Mostly Missouri Poems and A Time Between, and Other Poems. (R) Mary Jo Sisson March, St. Peters, donor: Henry Ross Sisson Papers. (M) Marion County Historical Society, Salem, Oregon, donor: Dr. Luke A. Port, Builder of Deepwood, by David Duniway. (R) Winona Christine Markovich, Anita Tyre and John Markovich, donors, through Howard A. Johnson, Slater: News stories and resolutions pertaining to Frank Thomas Markovich. (R) Lena Knight Maxwell, Jasper, donor: Nathaniel Maxwell Family, 1741-1990, by donor. (R) Marjorie M. Miller, Montgomery City, donor: "Montgomery County Marriages." (R) Beverly H. and Walter L. Pfeffer II, Columbia, donors: Miscellaneous publications, programs and brochures from a variety of educational, civic, cultural, charitable and political organizations and associations (R); and University of Missouri, Alumni Association, Boone County Chapter, Records. (M) Elaine Pohl, Columbia, donor: University of Missouri-Columbia, Museum of Art and Archaeology Muse, 1988. (R) R. L. Polk & Co., Kansas City, donor: Polk's Greene County (Missouri) Directory, 1965; city directories for Trenton, 1987, and Blue Springs, Brookfield, Carthage, Clinton, Excelsior Springs, Liberty, Neosho, Rolla, Trenton and Washington, 1988. (R) Stephen J. Raiche, Washington, D.C, donor: Over 175 color slides of St. Louis buildings and neighborhoods, 1970s. (E) Mrs. George S. Reuter, Jr., Holden, donor: A History of Some of Holden, Missouri's Early Leaders, by George S. Reuter, Jr. (R) 464 Missouri Historical Review

Janice Richardson, Richmond, donor: Dudley Thomas record book. (M)

Patty D. Schroeder, Columbia, donor: "Brinkmeyer-Busekrus Family," compiled by donor. (R)

Sue Shaw, Columbia, donor: Records of Christian Leaders Sunday School Class at First Christian Church, Columbia. (M)

Mary Dameron Shearholdt, Springfield, donor: William Thomas Dameron Civil War letters. (M)

Louise Simpson, Muskogee, Oklahoma, donor: Robert H. Simpson Papers. (M)

Irene and Marvin Smith, Sciota, Illinois, donors: William Miles Todd Collection, including genealogical materials and information on Gentry and Worth counties. (M)

Paul and Kathy Szopa, Columbia, donors: Six slides of Missouri women in education. (E)

Texas County Missouri Genealogical and Historical Society, donor, through Mildred F. Melton, Houston: 1890 Texas County Missouri Tax Payers List. (N)

Tuolumne County Museum, donor, through Patricia H. Rhodes, Sonora, California: Textor Bros., St. Joseph, business card, St. Louis World's Fair card tray and Saint Louis Union Station, Terminal R.R. Association of St. Louis, 1895. (R)

Helen E. Vogt, Brownsville, Pennsylvania, donor: D. L. Stevenson Papers. (M)

Kathleen Wilham, Shelbyville, donor: . . . Palmyra Newspaper Abstracts, 1856-1858. (N)

Joe Wood, Kirkwood, donor, through Bill Miller, Washington: My Jesse James Story, by donor, reprinted from the Washington Missourian. (R)

Bob G. Woods, Columbia, donor: Brief Historical Sketch of the School of Education, 1928, pamphlets and miscellany (R); over 80 photographs and slides of University of Missouri College of Education events and buildings. (E)

Barbara Yarberry, Phoenix, Arizona, donor: Casteel Family Research, compiled by Jean Casteel Brown. (R)

Dorothy B. Young, San Diego, California, donor: A Glover Family History; Descendants of Amos and Ann Katherine (Smith) Holmes Glover, compiled by Elizabeth (Hatfield) Glover and donor. (R) Historical Notes and Comments 465

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Adrian Journal February 22, 1990—"Falloon Ranch Then and Now," by Art Evans. March 15—"The historic Haymaker Bridge over the Marais Des Cygne SW of Adrian," by Art Evans. Ash Grove Commonwealth February 8, 1990—Ash Grove First Christian Church, "Building is 100 years old . . . Special occasion for local church." Ash Grove Shopping News February 21, 28, March 7, 14, 21, 28, April 4, 11, 18, 25, 1990—"The way it was . . . ," a series, featured old area photographs. March 7—"Old [Nathan] Boone homestead funding is proposed." March 28—"Remember when . . . Willard 1876 ..." Ashland Boone County Journal March 8, 1990—Old area photograph. Belle Banner March 21, 1990—Old area photograph. Bethany Republican-Clipper April 12, 1990—"Old courthouse was a subject of Thomas Hart Benton sketch." Bland Courier March 14, 21, 1990—Old area photographs. Bolivar Herald-Free Press February 28, 1990—"Changing times, Fair Play hardware closing brings finish to 66 years of Wright family ownership," by Clarice Beaman. Boonville Cooper County Record February 6, 13, 20, 27, March 13, 20, 27, April 3, 10, 17, 24, 1990—"Historical Footnotes from The Friends of Historic Boonville," a series, featured old area photo­ graphs. Bowling Green Times February 7, 21, 28, March 7, 14, 21, 28, April 4, 11, 18, 1990—Old area photo­ graphs. Buckner Villager March 13, 1990—"Fort [Osage] improved for season." Buffalo Reflex March 21, 1990—Old area photograph. Cabool Enterprise April 5, 1990—"Cabool's First Public Well," by Jack E. Johnson. California Democrat February 7, 1990—Old area photographs. Camdenton Reveille March 8, 1990—Bagnell Dam, "A dam across the Osage," a special edition. 466 Missouri Historical Review

Campbell Citizen April 18, 1990—"History of the Battle of Chalk Bluff," by Peggy Johnson. Canton Press-News Journal February 8, 15, 22, March 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, April 5, 12, 19, 26, 1990—"Yesteryear's Pictures," a series. Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian January 23, 1990—"Local policemen [killed in the line of duty] included on [National Law Enforcement Officers] memorial," by E. J. Rotert. February 1, 8, 15, 22, March 1, 8, 15, April 5, 26—"The River City of Cape Girardeau and its environs," a series by K.J.H. Cochran, featured respectively: the Mississippi River, riverboat gambling, Louis Houck, George Washington Carver, Susan B. Anthony dollar, Missouri becomes a U.S. territory, Lotto, the Pony Express and Battle of Cape Girardeau. February 4—"Another section of former Idan-Ha [Hotel] disappears, Workers dismantle burnt building," by B. Ray Owen. February 18—"Arena [Building] brings 'firsts', Civic center's first event was boxing." February 18—"Cape [Girardeau] marks 25th year of city manager form of gov­ ernment." February 25—"Looking back 75 years ago, Cape [Girardeau] purchases fairgrounds; opens doors to Central High" School. February 25—"Looking back 100 years ago, Cape County stands up to be counted." February 28—Wills Farm, "Oldest farm in the county to be honored," by B. Ray Owen. March 8—Royal N'Orleans restaurant, "Old opera building 'total loss'," by David Hente. Carrollton Daily Democrat February 9, March 1, 23, 30, 1990—Old area photographs. Carthage Press February 13, 1990—" 'Blacks in Blue' Program being planned." February 14—"Pioneer period topic of talk on local history." April 21—"Berlin wall segment has a Missouri home." April 24—"Century's two top astronomers [Edwin P. Hubble and Harlow Shapley] were Southwest Missouri natives," by Marvin L. VanGilder. Caruthersville Democrat-Argus March 1, 1990—Old area photograph. Centralia Fireside Guard January 31, February 7, 14, 1990—A three-part series on the Centralia Massacre during the Civil War, by Joan Gilbert. Charleston Enterprise-Courier April 19, 1990—"Beginning of East Prairie—Hibbard." April 26—"Continuing History of East Prairie," by Faye Law. Chillicothe Constitution- Tribune February 19, 1990—"Lock Springs Masonic Hall sold." March 15—Safeway "Cab company closing marks the end of an era," by Karen Summerville. Historical Notes and Comments 467

Clarence Courier February 14, 1990—"The Corncob Pipe." Clayton St. Louis Countian February 3, 1990—"A look back: The state court system, Circuit Court history began with the Louisiana Purchase," a special section, reprinted. February 17, 24, March 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, April 7, 14, 21, 28—"Centennial Scrapbook," a series, featured old area photographs. March 3—"Federal court in St. Louis dates back to 1822," reprinted. March 3—"U.S. district courts have a proud history," by Richard S. Brownlee, reprinted. April 21—"A history of women in the law," by Joseph Fred Benson; " 'Simple values' a common theme for women in law," by Virginia Davis. Clinton Daily Democrat February 2, 13, March 2, 9, 23, 29, April 2, 5, 9, 12, 16, 19, 20, 24, 26, 27, 30, 1990—"Remember When," a series, featured old area photographs. March 2—"From Years Ago," featured the White Swan Mills. March 16—"Change is on the way for the Henry County town of Deepwater, Missouri," a reprint. Columbia Missourian February 18, 1990—"The legend of Abe Lincoln's romance in Columbia," by Cheri Vogt. March 18—"Missouri women in history," by Jeanne Fogler. Concordia Concordian April 11, 1990—"Martin Bruns addition platted in 1883," by Nora Hartwig. Creve Coeur West Citizen Journal March 11, 1990—"Group lacks funds to uncover city's past," by Michael Pearson. Cuba Free Press March 22, 1990—"The Great Onyx Cave," by Lorene Davis. Drexel Star February 8, 1990—Les Adams Farm, "Farm dates back to Indian time." February 22—Rex Centennial Farm, "Area farm takes roots from royalty." March 22—"Groves farm dates back to near the Civil War." April 12—Henry Clinton "Bundy's farm dates to 1872." April 19—Charles Atwood Farm, "Jingo farm has long heritage." Dexter Statesman April 19, 1990—"To re-enact Civil War in Bloomfield in May." EI Dorado Springs Sun March 15, April 12, 1990—Old area photographs. Ellington Reynolds County Courier February 1, 8, 15, 22, March 1, 8, 22, 29, April 5, 12, 19, 1990—"Historical Reynolds County," a series, featured old area photographs. Elsberry Democrat February 28, 1990—Old area photograph. 468 Missouri Historical Review

Excelsior Springs Daily Standard February 23, 1990—History of the Daily Standard, part I, a series. February 23—Harry S. "Truman spent his election eve at Elms" hotel, by Harry Soltysiak. February 23—Old area photograph.

Faucett Buchanan County Farmer March 29, April 19, 1990—Old area photographs. April 19—"Gower Home Receives New Life," by Sondra Brinton.

Fayette Advertiser March 21, 1990—Dr. Merrill E. "Gaddis Papers Found."

Fredericktown Democrat-News February 1, 1990—"Volunteers begin preserving history of Marquand," by Mike Viola.

Fulton Sun April 1, 1990—"Capitol corridors showcase Missouri."

Gallatin North Missourian February 7, 1990—"Archaeologist outlines $2,000 plan to preserve unique water wheel" at Lewis Mill. February 14—"Reference to Lewis Mill dates back to 1862." March 7—"Trails lead to unpublished mill list, Lewis Mill research uncovers more unknown," by David Stark. March 14—Old area photograph.

Glasgow Missourian March 8, April 19, 1990—"Civil War Correspondence," reprinted.

Greenfield Vedette February 15, 1990—"The History of Hulston Mill."

Hamilton Advocate March 7, 1990—"Hamilton Hotel, built in 1884, could face wrecking ball soon," by Anne Chadwick. March 14—Old area photograph.

Hannibal Courier-Post January 31, February 7, 14, 1990—A series on James Brady, Hannibal's first mayor, by J. Hurley and Roberta Roland Hagood. February 3, 10, 17, March 3, 10, 31, April 4, 7, 14, 28—"In days gone by," a series, featured old area photographs. March 26—"Newspaper trumpeting [Hannibal-LaGrange College] dedication found," by Mary Lynne Pfaff. April 11—"Hannibal Moose Lodge notes 40th anniversary." April 18—"Old letter describes immigration to Hannibal," contributed by Noraleen Frank Davidson.

Hermann Advertiser-Courier February 14, 21, 28, 1990—"The German School," a series by Ed Steinhardt. Historical Notes and Comments 469

Hermitage Index February 1, 8, 15, 22, March 1, 8, 15, 22, April 5, 12, 17, 26, 1990—"Hickory County History," a series, featured old area photographs. High Ridge Meramec Journal February 4, 1990—"Residents Long For Rebirth Of Once-Active Morse Mill," by Paul Thompson. February 25—"On The Road, Old Lemay Ferry [Road] Rich In History Of Jefferson County," by Deborah S. Dallas. Hopkins Journal April 4, 18, 1990—Old area photographs. Humans ville Star-Leader February 15, 1990—"History is 150 years old at Judy's Gap." Jefferson City Catholic Missourian April 13, 1990—An article on the 25th anniversary of the Monsignor Joseph Vogelweid Learning Center for developmentally disabled youth, by Juliana Crane. Jefferson City News Tribune February 4, 1990—"The Missouri White House: Idea wasn't so far-fetched in 1845," by Ed Schafer. February 4—"Capitol clocks: Self-winding tickers installed in 1917," by Mike Soraghan. Jefferson City Post-Tribune February 5, 1990—Old area photograph. Joplin Globe February 4, 1990—"Lot sale prompts news story," by Charles Gibbons. February 20—"Chronicle of [Thomas Hart] Benton mural to open March 24," by Susan Redden. April 1—"Joplin on proposed [St. Louis to Amarillo, Texas] airline link in 1940," by Charles Gibbons. April 12 "John Sergeant, pioneer, left mark on city" of Joplin, by Mary Guccione. Kahoka Media April 4, 1990—"Highland School."

Kansas City Star April 22, 1990—"Two truly tough guys died in the duel that never was," by James J. Fisher.

Kansas City Times February 9, 1990—"Postcard from old Kansas City," a series by Mrs. Sam Ray, featured: Jaccard Watch and Jewelry, Co., 1888. February 28—"In Our Time, A Chronicle Of The Changing World As Reported By The Kansas City Star And Times," a special section by Jennifer Howe.

Kennett Daily Dunklin Democrat April 15, 1990—"The old house at Four Mile—full of county history," by Linda Redeffer. 470 Missouri Historical Review

Kirksville Express & News March 4, 25, 28, April 15, 1990—Old area photographs. April 1—Rupe "Rinehart's News Agency: Heartbeat On History." This and the articles below by David L. Fortney. April 8—"Bamburg's [Clothing Store] Still Flying High After 86 Years." April 19—Friedman-Shelby Shoe Company, "Shoe Factory Oldest Adair County Manufacturer." Kirksville Town & Country Shopper March 6, 1990—"Kirksville's Winter Storms Not Always Gentle Ones," by David L. Fortney. LaBelle Star March 28, 1990—Old area photographs. Lamar Democrat February 17, 1990—"Day Before Yesterday," by Dale Wootton, featured: 1910 Civil War Cannon dedication ceremony. Lebanon Daily Record April 29, 1990—Old area photographs. Lee s Summit Journal February 7, 1990—"The early days in Lee's Summit, Lives of the pioneers unfold on newspaper pages," by Dolly Breitenbaugh. Licking News April 26, 1990—Old area photograph. Louisiana Press-Journal March 28, 1990—Milton "Duvall [Jr.] relates history of Clarksville." April 25—Old area photograph. Macon Chronicle-Herald February 28, 1990—"Macon Grew From 1852 Settlement." Marble Hill Banner-Press April 5, 1990—Old area photograph. Marshall Democrat-News February 1, 2, 5, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 23, 26, 28, March 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 19, 22, 23, 29, 30, April 2, 5, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 1990—Old area photographs. Marshfield Mail February 15, 1990—"Pipe has controversial history." April 19—"Kesterson family roots go back to 1800s," by Dan Warman. Marthasville Record April 5, 1990—"Log House [located on Paul W. Godt's farm] Moved To Marthas­ ville." Maryville Daily Forum February 17, 1990—"Baldwins' Nodaway [County] roots stretch back to 1869," by Opal Eckert. March 16, 24, 29—"Salute to the women of Nodaway County," a series by Martha Cooper. Historical Notes and Comments 471

Milan Standard February 22, 1990—"Glaze ancestral home now history." Moberly Monitor-Index March 18, 1990—Moberly Railroad Depot, "Beginning the second 100 years," by Ralph E. Gerhard. March 18—Moberly in the 1880s, by Orville Sittler. March 23—"1922 railroad strike and Fourth of July celebration in Moberly," by Orville Sittler, reprinted.

Mount Vernon Lawrence County Record February 8, March 15, April 5, 12, 19, 26, 1990—Old area photographs. March 8—"Town's first hospital goes tumbling down." Neosho Daily News March 5, 1990—Old area photograph. New Madrid Weekly Record February 16, 1990—"The New Mill," reprint of 1881 article. Oak Grove Banner March 1, April 12, 1990—Old area photographs. April 12—"County churches." Odessa Odessan April 26, 1990—"Wellington Methodists to celebrate 150 years." Osage Beach Lake Express March 21, 1990—"Montreal—Where's That?" by Vicky Moore. Osceola St. Clair County Courier April 26, 1990—"Gerster," Missouri. Owensville Gasconade County Republican March 14, 1990—Heckmann's Mill, "Down by the old mill stream," by Dorothy Heckmann Shrader, reprinted. Ozark Headliner March 29, 1990—Old area photographs. Paris Monroe County Appeal February 22, 1990—"Yesteryears," a series, featured an old area photograph. April 26—"Alfred Lee Talley," by Chris Talley. April 26—"Monroe County Appeal history," by Debbie Douglas.

Perryville Monitor February 22, April 26, 1990—"Perry County Album," a series, featured old area photographs. Perryville Perry County Republic February 27, March 6, April 24, 1990—"Perry County Album," a series, featured old area photographs. April 24—"Little is known of Perry County during Civil War," by Diana Berg. 472 Missouri Historical Review

Perryville Sun Times February 14, 21, March 14, 21, 1990—Old area photographs. Piedmont Wayne County Journal-Banner February 1, 8, 15, 22, March 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, April 5, 12, 19, 26, 1990—"Historical Wayne County," a series, featured old area photographs. Pierce City Leader-Journal March 22, 1990—Old area photograph. Pleasant Hill Times February 21, March 7, 14, 28, April 11, 18, 25, 1990—"Snapshots Of Yesterday," a series by Norma Middleton, featured old area photographs. March 7—"Pleasant Hill through the years," by Norma Middleton. April 11—"Shakertown at Pleasant Hill," by Linda Lyle. April 18—"Path leading to 1948 and the 'Big Build'." April 25—"The Pool Hall—place to be since 1907," by Stephanie Stamps. Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic March 4, 1990—"Neelyville Holding on to Its History." This and article below by Linda Garrett Nickell. March 7—"Women's Fashions on Display." Potosi Independent Journal April 19, 1990—Old area photograph. April 26—"Some Area History Still Speculation," by Pierre "Pete" Boyer. Richland Mirror March 1, 1990—"Gasconade trail led to river life," by Maurice Robinson. Richmond Daily News February 9, 1990—"On growing up in small town Missouri," by Lee Meador. April 27—"1920: Bond issue for waterworks fails in Hardin," compiled by Lee Meador. Rolla Daily News March 4, 1990—"Time when Ozarkers made living by hunting, fishing recalled," by Marianne A. Ward. April 11—"McNutt trustees endow UMR music fund in honor of John W. Scott," by Minnie Breuer. Ste. Genevieve Herald March 7, 14, 28, 1990—"Women In The History Of Old Ste. Genevieve," a series, featured respectively: Marianne, a slave; the Valle women; Lucille Basler, Frankye Donze and Fran Ballinger. St. James Leader-Journal February 28, 1990—Old area photographs. St. Joseph News-Press/Gazette February 25, March 25, April 22, 27, 1990—"Looking back," a series, featured old area photographs. March 4—"Pony Express marks 130-year anniversary," by Gary Chilcote. March 11—"Event commemorates luck of Patee House founder." March 18—"Postcards from past, Views of the city from previous decades." Historical Notes and Comments All

April 1—"After 130 years, Pony Express still rides our dreams, Mail service secured a place in history for our city," a special section on the Pony Express, by Gary Chilcote. April 7—"Tale of two St. Joseph post office buildings," by Frederick W. Slater. April 17—An article about the bears on the Missouri State Seal, by James F. Wolfe. April 27—"Young at Heart," a monthly special issue, featured accounts by area senior citizens. April 29—"Women to join Pony Express ride," by Gary Chilcote. St. Louis Business Journal February 12, March 5, 1990—"Looking Back," a series, featured old area photo­ graphs. St. Louis Daily Record February 17, 24, 1990—"Centennial Scrapbook," a series, featured photographs of local historic sites. March 3—"Footnotes to history," by Joseph Fred Benson. St. Louis Neighborhood Journal November 29, December 6, 13, 20, 27, 1989, January 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, February 7, 14, 21, 28, 1990—"Now and Then," a series by Skip Gatermann, featured respectively: Mosenthien Island, St. Louis Agricultural and Mechanics Fair, blacksmiths, horse troughs, Indians in St. Louis, the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad, Dr. Henry Clay Davis, "Frankie and Johnnie," Jonathan Goble, Beliefontaine Cemetery, Perry Tower, Eliza Haycraft, Eugene William Sloan and Lajos "Louis" Kossuth. December 13—Cherokee Cave, " 'Boring' hole in the ground," by Robbi Courtaway. January 10—"Where's Dogtown?" January 24—Old area photograph. St. Louis North Side Journal March 1, 1990—"Kinloch's Rich History Is An Unread Book," by Walter Pritchard. St. Louis Post-Dispatch January 29, 1990—Fifth Baptist "Church Goes Back To Its Roots, Pagedale Congregation, Started In 1868, Returning To City," by Charlene Prost. February 4, 18, March 11, 18, 25, April 1, 8, 15, 29—"Look Here," a series, featured old area photographs. February 14—"Charles Russell's Valentines," by Patricia Rice. February 15—"The Cupples Station Story," by Charlene Prost. February 22—"Black And White Together, The Sharecroppers' March," by Patricia Rice. April 25—Old area photograph. St. Louis Suburban Courier Journal February 18, 1990—"Kimmswick Nears 200 Years." March 28—Old area photograph. St. Louis West County Journal February 14, 1990—"St. Peter's [Catholic Church] a pioneer in local Catholic education," by Jean Neunreiter. February 14—"Trains, St. Louis disasters helped Kirkwood's birth," by Jean Neunreiter. March 11—"Rock Hill Presbyterian [Church] celebrates 145 years," by Mikhailina Karina. 474 Missouri Historical Review

St. Peters Sunday Home Journal February 18, 1990—"This Defiance home has seen some history," by Amy Kelley. Salem News March 22, April 19, 1990—Old area photographs. Sedalia Central Missouri News March 7, April 18, 1990—"Central Missouri Heritage," by Lyn Allison Yeager. April 4—The Sedalia, Warsaw and Southern Railway, "The Warsaw Branch." April 18—"Sedalia Society News of 1869," by Lawrence Roe, reprinted. April 25—Sedalia Republican, "History of the local newspapers," by Lawrence Roe.

Senath Dunklin County Press March 15, 29, 1990—Old area photographs. Sikeston Standard Democrat February 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 23, March 1, 2, 6, 9, 16, 25, 29, April 2, 11, 15, 16, 30, 1990—"Through The Mists of Time," a series, featured old area photographs. February 28—Keith Dill, "Big change for former resident," by John Launius. Slater News-Rustler March 1, 1990—"Comprehensive of [George Caleb] Bingham, famed 1800 area artist, is now on display in Saint Louis." Springfield News-Leader February 16, 1990—"John Ray House encapsulates history," by Mike Penprase. March 13—R. Ritchie Robertson Memorial, "Admiration, gratitude spawn contri­ butions." March 13—"Boys' band still inspires, Melody of respect plays on for [R. Ritchie] Robertson," by Al Carlson. Steel ville Star Crawford Mirror March 28, 1990—"Historical Homes Tour," a series, featured the A.J. Sanders Home. Stockton Cedar County Republican February 7, 21, 28, 1990—"Cedar County yesterday," a series, featured old area photographs. Sullivan Independent News April 11, 1990—"Bank of Sullivan to Observe 95th Year."

Sweet Springs Herald February 21, 28, 1990—Old area photographs.

Thayer South Missouri News April 11, 1990—"Thomasville History," Part II, compiled by Carl Williams.

Tipton Times March 15, 1990—Industrial Home for Negro Girls, "Correctional facility opened here in 1916."

Troy Free Press February 21, 1990—Old area photograph. Historical Notes and Comments 475

February 28, March 28—"Lincoln County Recollections," a series by Charles R. Williams, featured respectively: the Missouri Edison Company and City Cafe. February 28—"Big Dig: Youth finds prehistoric artifact near local creek during outing," by Theresa Dunlap. Troy Lincoln County Journal March 6, 1990—"Thorn and Nancy Richardson are active in collecting and protect­ ing of historic artifacts," by Theresa Dunlap. Van Buren Current Local February 1, 1990—Old area photograph. Vienna Maries County Advertiser March 21, April 11, 1990—Old area photographs. Warrenton Banner April 6, 1990—"Bernheimer: a town rich in history," by Lee Cavanagh. Warrenton News-Journal March 7, 1990—"Hopewell: easy to miss, hard to forget," by Lee Cavanagh. Washington Missourian February 28, 1990—"Marthasville Makes Plans for Museum, Park," by Suzanne Hill. March 3—"Miller's Landing Reopens With Historical Flair," by Suzanne Hill. March 14—"Courthouse Fire 100 Years Ago Sparked Volunteer Department," by Jon Bauer. March 31—"State to Acquire Historic Pelster Housebarn in County." Waynes ville Daily Ft. Gateway Guide February 4, 1990—"Basket making kept food on the table for many in 1930s," by Marianne A. Ward. April 5—"Victory Pub serves variety," by Margaret E. Jorgensen. April 30—"One-room schools saluted," by Debbie Hefner. Webb City Sentinel March 23, April 13, 27, 1990—"Ancestors Legends & Time," a series by Jeanne Newby, featured respectively: Charles H. Craig; J. C. Stewart and W. W. Wampler.

It Is Useless to Fret Springfield Advertiser, June 4, 1844. This is a world of ups and downs, of crossness and contradictions. . . . But it is worse than useless to fret. ... If a man cheats and then laughs at you for a verdant one, make the best of it, and keep cool. If you break your leg, or find your favorite seat at the Lyceum occupied; if the stage upsets, or the cars leave you behind; if the cook spoils your dinner, or the thick-headed servant mis-delivers an important message; if 'the dear image of its beautiful mother' repays your caresses by thrusting its tiny fingers into your plate of soup and wiping them on your 'snow white' shirt bosom; if banks fail and States repudiate, keep your temper. Repeat the alphabet, read the one hundred and nineteenth psalm, do and say any thing . . . but as you value quietness of mind and the good temper of others, don't fret. It is marvelous how much good nature and patience will do toward curing the ills to which flesh and spirit are heirs. 476 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES Adventure Road January/February, 1990: "Mark Twain Country," by Patricia Brooks.

American Studies Fall, 1988: "The View From The Road: Katharine Kellock's New Deal Guide­ books," by Christine Bold. Barrs Post Card News January 29, 1990: "St. Louis Controversy, Frankie and Johnnie," by Skip Gater­ mann. Bear Facts, Missouri National Guard November, 1989: "Guard Leaders, [Lawrence B.] Adams, [Jr.,] [Robert E.] Buechler lead Guard during 60s and 70s," by Antonio F. Holland and Dennis White and Mary Bales; "Citizen Guard units organize during Civil War," by Orval Henderson. December, 1989: "Guard Leader, [Charles M.] Kiefner becomes first A.G. to serve fourth term," by Antonio F. Holland and Dennis White and Mary Bales. January, 1990: "First militia unit in Missouri formed in 1806," by Orval Henderson; "Noteworthy, 135th Army Band strikes up good sounds for Missouri," by W.D. Hobbs. February, 1990: "Tradition of honorary colonels ends in 1973," by Orval Henderson. March, 1990: Charles "Kruse becomes assistant A.G. Army," by Rennie Davis; "Blacks have served military since 1770s," by Antonio F. Holland; "Increased N[uclear] B[iological] C[hemical Warfare] training reflects big change," by Orval Henderson. April, 1990: "Guard lost tradition with end of pay call," by Orval Henderson.

Bentley House Beacon, Museum of Ozarks' History Spring, 1990: "Reflections On History, Violence in Ozark Folklore," by Jim Vandergriff. Boone-Duden Historical Review April, 1990: "August F. Grabs—First Follower of Duden To Missouri," by Ralph Gregory, reprinted; "Marthasville Makes Plans for Museum, Park" on former Grabs property, by Suzanne Hill, reprinted. Bulletin of the Johnson County Historical Society, Inc. April, 1990: "The 1860 Census" of Johnson County, compiled by Helen Vogel; "1865: The Stubborn and Lawless Continue, The Civil War in Johnson County," by Bruce Nichols; "Maude Williams Martin: Ballad Collector," by Susan L. Pentlin. Bushwhacker Musings, Vernon County Historical Society February 20, 1990: "A Rebel Reminiscence," by Mary Elizabeth Schiff; "Schell City Founding," by Margaret Ann Haddix.

Carondelet Historical Society Newsletter Winter, 1990: "History Gleaned From A Photograph," by Lois Waninger; "John B. Albers, Sr.—Florist," by Dorothy Groetegeers Dierker, reprinted.

Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter April, 1990: "Major Stephen Long's Expedition and Chariton County," by David Blake Sasse; " T Left A Good Job In The City . . .'," reminiscence by Jane Haskin Helander. Historical Notes and Comments All

Cherry Diamond February, 1990: K.C. (Casey) "Scheibal: Working To Secure The [Missouri Athletic] Club's Future"; Lou "Tevlin, Sports Producer Has It All." March, 1990: Chuck "Borchelt Resourceful In Club Changes." Christian County Historian Spring, 1990: "Bound for Texas-A Bloomer History," written by Asbury Bloomer in 1933, submitted by William Yates; "Through the Ice Near Pippinville," by George McDaniel; "I Visited Grandpa's Farm" in Christian County, by Tom Lawing; "Rural Free Delivery Comes to Petelo," by Bonnie Agnes Gardner; "Recruiting in Dixie," by Lymon G. Bennett. Civil War History March, 1990: "The Western Sanitary Commission," by William E. Parrish; " 'The Doom Of Slavery': Ulysses S. Grant, War Aims, And Emancipation, 1861-1863," by Brooks D. Simpson. Collage of Cape County, Cape Girardeau County Genealogical Society March, 1990: "Voyage To America, Of The Cape Co. Busche Family," by Heinrich Busche; "General Nathaniel Watkins, Early Jackson, MO Settler." Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly Fall, 1989: "Original By-Laws of Trinity Lutheran Church, Altenburg, Missouri," translated by Vernon R. Meyr. Winter, 1989: "Grace Lutheran Church, Uniontown, MO," by Wilbert E. Bok. Florissant Valley Quarterly January, 1990: "Florissant Acquires Fire-Fighting Truck"; City Hall, "Florissant Landmark," by Rosemary Davison; "The Great Earthquake of 1811-Florissant Felt It," by Andy Theising; "Planning The City Beautiful, The Story of Harland Bartholomew," by Andrew J. Theising; "City Planning In Florissant," by Rosemary Davison. May, 1990: "The Garrett Family," by Rosemary Davison; "St. Louis' Beer Industry (and its Florissant Connection)," by Andy Theising. Gateway Heritage Spring, 1990: "Bloody Island: Honor and Violence in Early Nineteenth-Century St. Louis," by Charles van Ravenswaay; "The Radical Crusade: [Francis P.] Blair, [Nathaniel] Lyon, and the Advent of the Civil War in Missouri," by Christopher Phillips; "German Church, Irish Church: Late Nineteenth-Century Inter-Ethnic Rivalry in St. Louis's Catholic Community," by Elaine C. Tillinger; "St Francis de Sales Church," by Elaine C. Tillinger; "America's Ring-Tailed Roarer: Speaker of the House Champ Clark," by Geoffrey Fahy Morrison. Gateway Postcard Club News January/ February, 1990: "History-On-A-Postcard No. 5," by Mark Eisenberg. March/April, 1990: "St. Louis Hotels: The Chase-Park Plaza," by Kathy Danielsen; "History-On-A-Postcard No. 6," by Mark Eisenberg. Goingsnake Messenger, Goingsnake District Heritage Association February, 1990: "David W. Wilson: King of Amarugia," by Donald W. Read. Griffon News, Missouri Western State College February 15, 1990: "Bicentennial brings change," by Kimberly Foster. 478 Missouri Historical Review

Grundy Gleanings Spring, 1990: "Delilah Ervin Dunham," reprinted. The Happenings, St. Joseph Museum, Pony Express Museum Volume 17, Number 1, 1990: "February 1859, The Railroad Arrives," by Jackie Lewin. Historical Society of University City Newsletter March, 1990: "Dreaming About Delmar's 'Other Mansion'," the Pinckney French House, 6925 Delmar, University City. Indiana Magazine of History March, 1990: Samuel Myers Family, "A Hoosier Family Moves West, 1868-1895: Part I," edited by Rodney O. Davis. JB Newsletter, Friends of Jefferson Barracks Spring, 1990: "The First Days of Air Corps Control of Jefferson Barracks, 1940," Part 2. Kansas City Genealogist Winter, 1990: "The Old Men Of Clay County, Missouri." Kirksville Magazine, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine Winter, 1990: George W. "Rea remembered for devotion to family, profession," by Pamela J. Fleming. Kirkwood Historical Review September, 1989: "The Rott and Harris Families and Rott Hardware," by R. T. Bamber. December, 1989: "Kirkwood Seminary—Keeley Institute—Oakwood Hotel," by R. T. Bamber. Laclede County Historical Society February, 1990: "From Frank C. Hill's Diary of the year 1911," by Lois Hill. Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin April, 1990: "Pioneer Organization: Buck Prairie Church," by Fred G. Mieswinkel; "Pioneer Family In Vineyard Township: The Downey Family—Missouri Bound," contributed by Catherine Mattson; "The Blue And The Gray: Captain Green C. Stotts," by Fred G. Mieswinkel; "Historic Old Burial Ground: Buck Prairie Cemetery," by Fred G. Mieswinkel; "Genealogical Notebook, Abel Landers," submitted by John A. Mead. Lenoir Life Spring, 1990: "A History Of Lenoir." Maries Countian, Newsletter of the Historical Society of Maries County Spring, 1990: "A Story of Lambeth School." Matkins* Journal of Genealogical Research Winter, 1990: "Great Grandchildren of Francis Matkin and Sarah, his wife, Grandchildren of Michael Matkin and Ann Marriott, Children of George Gordon Matkin and Zalon Susan Davis." MHTD News, Missouri Highway and Transportation Department March, 1990: "Ted Sare Admits: He's a Free Thinker," by Jim Dickson. Historical Notes and Comments 479

Midwest Quarterly Spring, 1990: "Small Town Missouri in 1890," by Lawrence O. Christensen. Missouri Alumnus Spring, 1990: Mizzou men's basketball, "Stormin' through the '80s," by Terry Jordan. Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly October-December, 1989: Jesse Erwin Wrench, "The Grandfather of Missouri Archaeology," by Henry W. Hamilton, reprinted; "The Conley House . . . Revisited: The Excavations of 1986-88," by Robert T. Bray. Missouri Archaeologist December, 1987: "Boone's Lick Salt Works, 1805-33," by Robert T. Bray; "Archaeo­ logical Investigations At The Area Directly North Of The Old Courthouse In Arrow Rock, Missouri," by Thomas D. Holland and Christopher B. Pulliam. Missouri Dental Journal November-December, 1989: "75 years ago. ..." March-April, 1990: "25 years ago. . . ."; Dr. Dan Lavitt, "An Olympian in our midst." Missouri Farm March/April, 1990: Darold Rinedollar, "A blacksmith with a past - and a future!" by Pamela Selbert. Missouri Magazine Winter, 1990: "Meteorite or Volcano," by Jeanne Lafser; "The Saint-Scientist, George Washington Carver," by Bill Nunn; Richard Pilant, "The Man Behind The [George Washington Carver] Monument," by Bill Nunn. Missouri Municipal Review February-March, 1990: "It All Comes Together In Cabool," by Mike MacPherson. April, 1990: "The St. Peters Centre Special District," by Dan R. Lang. Missouri Partisan March, 1990: George Robert Edmonds. Missouri Press News April, 1990: The Star and the Times, "2 Kansas City Dailies Join as Morning Star," by Jennifer Howe, reprinted. Missouri Record, Missouri School for the Deaf January/February, 1990: "From the Historical Perspective," by Richard D. Reed. Missouri Resource Review Winter/Spring, 1990: Chronology of Environmental Concerns in Missouri, "Path­ way to Protection," by Joe Scott; "Meramec State Park," by Sue Hoist. Missouri Review Volume XII, Number 3: "The Road To California," by E. P. Howell. Missouri Ruralist March 1, 1990: Melvin Shepherd, "Vanishing Heritage," by Charlie Rahm. April 15, 1990: "Scully's Land, An Irish landlord brought this feudal farming system to Missouri and gave the land his name," by Larry Harper. 480 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri State Genealogical Association Journal Fall, 1989: "Revolutionary Soldiers, Peter Keen - Gersham Gard (Le Garde)," by B. J. Walter; "Dr. Thomas Gibson Shadburne"; Isaac Hayes, "A Remarkable Old Man," by Rev. W. S. Mahan. Mojuco News, Moberly Area Junior College January/February, 1990: "Memories," by Ralph E. Gerhard. Muleskinner, Central Missouri State University February 1, 8, 22, 1990: A series of articles on James Kirkpatrick, by Keener Tip- pin II. Newsletter of the Phelps County Historical Society March, 1990: "The Building Of The Phelps County Courthouse," by Earl Strebeck; "Extracts From Minutes Of The County Court," compiled by John F. Bradbury, Jr. and Art Smith; "Proposals to Build a New Phelps County Courthouse, 1946-1960," by John F. Bradbury, Jr. Newton County Saga March, 1990: "James S. Scott"; "The First Of May." The Old Mill Run, Ozark County Genealogical & Historical Society January, 1990: "Rise and Fall of White Star District No. 86," by Shirley Carter Piland; "Conditions of Schools in Ozark County," by Harry T. Brundidge, reprinted; "Locust School District Formed About 1910," by Leslie Breeding; "Letter to Etzel Wilhoit from Ruby Delp," submitted by Ruby Delp; "They Migrated from 'Little North Carolina,' Alphonso L. Easter and His Family," by Nancy D. Pope; "No 'Nockin' Off of Hats and No Sparkin' at Igo School District No. 5." Osage County Historical Society Newsletter February, 1990: "Memories Of St. Aubert,"by R. A. Huckstep. March, 1990: "More Memories From 'Steamboat Bill'," on Gasconade River, by William Heckman, reprinted; "The Howerton Family: Osage County Nobility," by Hallie Mantle, reprinted. April, 1990: "Hettie Dougherty's Career of Crime and Violence." The Otter, Ozark Outdoor News February, 1990: "Spanning the years at Caplinger Mills," by Gar Garman. Ozarks Mountaineer February, 1990: "Historic Swinging Bridges of Miller Co.," contributed by Peggy Smith Hake; "The Ozarks Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "Fire Towers: A Vanishing Monument," by Margaret Rose; "Ghost Towns: Shadows of a Booming Past," by Larry Wood; James Brock, "A Son Remembers His Civil War Dad," by Marti Attoun; Stella Colson, "For the Love of Rug Making," by Jim Long. April, 1990: "Missouri Megaliths," by Fern Nance Shumate. Ozarks Watch Winter, 1990: "Old Fashioned Country Cooking," by Robert Flanders; "The Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station," by Robert Gilmore; "German Food Customs and Traditions in the Missouri Ozarks," by Erin McCawley Renn.

Patrol News December, 1989: "Patrol History Trivia," by Sgt. E. M. Raub. Historical Notes and Comments 481

January, 1990: "Patrol History Trivia," by Sgt. E. M. Raub. February, 1990: "Patrol History Trivia," by Sgt. E. M. Raub. March, 1990: "Clete Kramer, A Former POW Who Later Gave Away Patrol Cars," submitted by Sgt. E. M. Raub; "Patrol History Trivia," by Sgt. E. M. Raub. April, 1990: "Patrol History Trivia," by Sgt. E. M. Raub; "Lt. Walter E. Wilson," submitted by Sgt. G. D. Overfelt. Pioneer Times, Mid-Missouri Genealogical Society October, 1989: "Sixteenth Regiment Cavalry, Missouri Volunteers," submitted by Roger Baker. Platte County Missouri Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin Winter, 1990: "Many Marked Changes, Ann Elizabeth Settle Styne," submitted by Linn Cassity, reprinted. Prologue, National Archives Winter, 1989: "In Search of The Big One: Earthquakes in United States History," by Henry J. Gwiazda II. Ray County Mirror March, 1990: "Memories Of A Coal Mine," by Claude Nance; "Orrick, MO and Southwest Ray Co., Recollections of John Thomas Ross (1850-1925)," compiled by Charles E. Ross; "Teacher's Contract—1923." Reporter Quarterly, Genealogical Society of Central Missouri Spring, 1990: "Ledger of Rocheport Telephone Company, 1912," extracted by John L. Funk; "The Stephens Family of Boone and Callaway Counties, Missouri," submitted by Emma Sebastian Renfro; "John Hanson McNeill of McNeill's Rangers," extracted by John L. Funk, reprinted; "Simon Peter Kemper," submitted by Mrs. Kathryn Quisen- berry Brown, reprinted. Rural Missouri March, 1990: "The Hawken Heritage, The Rifle That Shaped The Frontier," by J. Hassler Moresi. St. Charles Heritage April, 1990: "The Old Boonslick Trail," by Ruby Menscher, reprinted; "Early Fire Fighting Days," by Edna McElhiney Olson, reprinted; "Unsung Heroes of the Twenties," by Mary Meyer Decker; "Benton School Days 1931-1937," by Melba Gray McCollum. St. Louis February, 1990: "Missouri Roots, Most of the world's ginseng is distributed from a small town near Hannibal," by Linda Tucci. April, 1990: "Official Tour of Tours, Guide to the Homes," by Janet Keller; Julian A. Steyermark's Flora of Missouri, "Back to the Future, Thirty years after its publica­ tion, the definitive book on Missouri plant life gets an update," by Linda Tucci. St. Louis Art Museum Magazine March-April, 1990: "Special Exhibition, George Caleb Bingham." St. Louis Bar Journal Spring, 1990: "The St. Louis Law Practice of Justice [Louis D.] Brandeis," by Marshall D. Hier. 482 Missouri Historical Review

St. Louis Commerce February, 1990: "Everyone Loves A Winner, Phoenix Textile Corporation enjoys the thrill of victory as the 1989 St. Louis Small Business of the Year"; "Clayco Construction, A young St. Louis Construction firm is building success from the ground up." March, 1990: "Behind The Scenes, H. Edwin Trusheim, Chairman and CEO of General American Life Insurance Company and President of Civic Progress"; "On The Move: Chesterfield." April, 1990: "Masters Of The Game, A look at the behind-the-scenes players who manage the business of baseball and work to make the St. Louis Cardinals the city's pride and joy"; "Isn't It Grand?, Grand Center Inc.'s President Richard Gaddes discusses the development of the arts and entertainment center for St. Louis." Scott County Historical Society February, 1990: "King's Highway To Be Auto Speed Way," reprinted. Seeking N Searching Ancestors April, 1990: "East Tennessee Pioneers Who Settled Miller County, Missouri," by Peggy Smith Hake, reprinted. Springfield! Magazine February, 1990: "When TV Was Young," a series, by Bob Glazier; "The Year of The Eagle, Veteran Eagle Scout Reviewer Monroe Dennison To Pass 200th" Eagle Scout candidate, by Eleanor Williamson; "The Turbulent History of Jordan Creek," Part I, by Hayward Barnett; "A Master at Classic Decorations, Don Stocker," by Sherlu Walpole; "Debbie Carroll: Uncommon Courage," by Lloyd Purves; "Jill Jensen's TV News Career Began in Ditch," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Cavalcade Of Homes," Part X, a series by Mabel Carver Taylor, featured the Wells-Plank House; "Those were the days . . . ," by Bob Burke; "Growing Up in the 1940s," Part XI, a series by Steve Widders. March, 1990: "When TV Was Young," a series; "Those were the days . . . ," by Bob Burke; "Cavalcade Of Homes," Part XI, a series by Mabel Carver Taylor, featured the Gaffga-McCroskey House; "The Turbulent History of Jordan Creek," Part II, by Hayward Barnett; "The Little Engine That Could Save Lives," by Carolyn Krause; "Don Russell, Designing Springfield," by Sherlu Walpole; "Growing Up in the 1940s," Part XII, a series by Steve Widders. April, 1990: "When TV Was Young," a series, featured "Springfield Public Schools' Early TV Classroom Offered Varied Fare"; "Growing Up in the 1940s," Part XIII, a series by Steve Widders; "The Elfindale Mystique, when elves played in the dale . . . ," by Betsey Scruggs; "The Salvation Army, 100 Years of Caring in the Queen City," Part I, by Shirley McDonald; "Cavalcade Of Homes," Part XII, a series by Mabel Carver Taylor, featured the Jefferson-Brown House. Stephens Fall, 1989: "New Life in Senior Hall," by Eleanor Bender. Todays Farmer March, 1990: Salem, Missouri, "Revival," by James D. Ritchie. Todays Woman Journal March, 1990: "Women In Springfield's History," by Laura Scott. Travelhost January 7, 1990: "Miss America and an American Astronaut, Leading The Way." Historical Notes and Comments 483

The Twainian July-August-September, 1989: "Sam Clemens: Florida Days," by Harold Roberts. October-November-December, 1989: "Sam Clemens: Florida Days," continued from last issue, by Harold Roberts. United Daughters of the Confederacy Magazine March, 1990: "Joseph Orville Shelby," by Jody Miller Council. United Methodist Reporter, Mid-Missouri Advocate Edition February 16, 1990: "History Of Auxvasse." April 20, 1990: "History Of Steedman UMC." Wagon Tracks, Santa Fe Trail Association February, 1990: "Jedediah Smith's Last Journey," by Virginia Lee Fisher; "Fort Osage, Missouri," by Joseph L. Cartwright. Washington, Washington University Magazine Spring, 1990: Fred Kuhlmann and Dal Maxvill, "Playing Their Cards," by Robert Lowes. Waterways Journal October 9, 1989: Back Woods Jazz in the Twenties, "Book Recalls Excursion Boat Orchestras," by James V. Swift. January 29, 1990: "River Gambling as It Was in Steamboat Days," by James V. Swift. March 5, 1990: "A Big Cotton Trip on the Mississippi," by James V. Swift. March 12, 1990: "The Str. Pargoud Was Rebuilt in 1894," by James V. Swift. March 26, 1990: "This Towboat Had 'Submarine Engines'," by James V. Swift. April 9, 1990: "River Gauges Were Important to Pilots," by James V. Swift. April 16, 1990: "Small Boats Served Upper Missouri River," by James V. Swift. April 23, 1990: "The Enterprise Made River History," by James V. Swift. Webster Groves Historical Society March, 1990: "Our Little History Lesson This Month." Western States Jewish History April, 1990: "Congregation Adath Joseph" in St. Joseph, Missouri. Westporter, Westport Historical Society March, 1990: "Commemorating 40 Years of The Westport Historical Society." Whistle Stop, Harry S. Truman Library Institute Newsletter Volume 18, Number 1, 1990: Harry S. "Truman And The Press," by Robert Underhill. White River Valley Historical Quarterly Winter, 1990: "Transportation and Tourism in the Shepard of the Hills Country: The Case of the Y-Bridge," Part II, by Lynn Morrow and David Quick; "The [Jacob] Roller Family Papers, 1866-1871," Part I, by Mark C. Stauter; "A conversation with Ed Nave," transcribed by Kathleen Van Buskirk. Worth County Reporter Spring, 1990: "Jesse Engle and the Beau Blanchard Herefords," by William G. Gladstone; "Schools: Molar, District #5," by Pansy Rinehart; "Worth Countian Pony Express Rider, Robert C. Stricklen One of 200 Riders." 484 Missouri Historical Review

IN MEMORIAM E. MAURICE BLOCH 1986 volume, Bloch located an additional E. Maurice Bloch, professor emeritus of hundred of the artist's works. art history at the University of California- Bloch held memberships in the College Los Angeles and noted George Caleb Art Association of America, Art Historians Bingham scholar, died November 29, 1989, of Southern California, Art Students at St. John's Medical Center, Santa Mon­ League, and State Historical Society of ica, California. Bloch, age 74, was born in Missouri. New York City, the son of Leonard and Rose (von Auspitz) Bloch. He received the FLAVEL JEFFERSON BUTTS Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from New Flavel J. Butts, longtime Missouri legis­ York University in 1939 and the Master of lator and Camdenton resident, died March Arts and Ph.D. degrees from the same 17, 1990, at Lake of the Ozarks General institution in 1942 and 1957. Prior to mov­ Hospital, Osage Beach. A Camden County ing to Los Angeles in 1956, Bloch taught native, Representative Butts served nine at the University of Missouri, 1943-1944, terms as a Republican member of the state New York University, 1945-1946, the Uni­ legislature. The son of the Reverend Clyde versity of Minnesota, 1946-1947, and E. and Ollie Flippin Butts, he was born Cooper Union, New York City, 1949-1953. April 12, 1922, and attended Climax In addition to teaching art history at Springs High School; General Motors, UCLA, Bloch served as curator of the Ford and Chrysler School, Detroit, Michi­ university's Grunwald Center for the gan; and Moler Barber College, Kansas Graphic Arts. During his tenure as cura­ City. A veteran of World War II, he served tor, the Center grew from 5,000 to over in the Pacific theatre for three years. He 35,000 prints, drawings and photographs married Eileen Tucker Russell in Detroit and became known as one of the major on October 14, 1943. print collections in the nation. Bloch left Representative Butts served as a deacon UCLA in 1983 to assume the curatorship of the First Baptist Church, Camdenton, of the Virgnia Steele Scott collection of and was a member of the American Legion, American art at the Huntington Library, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Disabled Ameri­ San Marino, California. can Veterans, Abou Ben Adhem Shrine, In addition to teaching, Bloch served as Lake Ozark Shrine, Masons, Elks and vice president and a member of the board Scottish Rite. Survivors include his wife, of directors of the Virginia Steele Scott Eileen; one son, Joe; and two grandsons, Foundation and on the boards of directors all of Camdenton. of the Tamarind Institute, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Print Council CHARLES VAN RAVENSWAAY of America; Lovis Corinth Memorial Charles van Ravenswaay, noted historian Foundation; UCLA Art Council; American and author, former director of the Mis­ Art Council and Los Angeles County Mu­ souri Historical Society, St. Louis, died seum of Art. Bloch's forty-year study of March 20, 1990, in Hockessin, Delaware. the work of George Caleb Bingham resulted Born August 10, 1911, in Boonville to Dr. in several publications, including George Cornelius H. and Bettie (Lionberger) van Caleb Bingham: The Evolution of an Art­ Ravenswaay, he received the A.B. and M.A. ist, 1967, The Drawings of George Caleb degrees from Washington University, St. Bingham, 1975, and The Paintings of Louis, in 1933 and 1934. He served as George Caleb Bingham, 1986. Between the state supervisor of the Missouri arm of the publication of his first catalogue raisonne Federal Writers' Project from 1938 through of Bingham's paintings in 1967 and the 1941. The project resulted in publication Historical Notes and Comments 485 of the guidebook, Missouri: A Guide to Webster served in the state senate longer the "Show Me " State. After military service than any other Republican in Missouri in World War II, van Ravenswaay became history. Active in Republican politics since the director of the Missouri Historical So­ age sixteen, he was first elected to the ciety in St. Louis. During his tenure, the Missouri House of Representatives in 1948, society rose from second-class status to and reelected in 1950 and in a special national recognition. He headed the society election in 1953. He became Speaker of until 1962, when he left to take charge of the House in 1954 at age 32, the youngest Old Sturbridge Village, a re-creation of a speaker ever to serve. First elected to the New England village in Massachusetts. In senate in 1962 to represent Missouri's 32nd 1966, he became director of the Henry District, he was reelected 1966-1986. He Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum in served as Minority Floor Leader in the Wilmington, Delaware. He served there Senate from 1983 to 1988. ten years before retirement in 1976. Born in Carthage, April 29, 1922, Web­ The following year he had two books ster graduated from Carthage High School published, The Arts and Architecture of in 1940 and received a law degree from the German Settlements in Missouri: A Survey University of Missouri, Columbia, eight of a Vanishing Culture (Columbia: Uni­ years later. He interrupted his education versity of Missouri Press) and A Nineteenth- to serve in the U.S. Coast Guard from Century Garden. Active in many historical 1942 to 1946, on active duty during the and museum organizations, van Ravens­ Philippine Campaign. He also served in waay also held memberships in Phi Beta the U.S. Navy Reserves from 1945 to 1968. Kappa and Sigma Delta Chi and was presi­ In 1948, Webster directed activities for dent of the American Association of Mu­ young voters for the Republican State Com­ seums, 1963-1966. While in St. Louis, he mittee. He then served as president of the served as chairman of the St. Louis County Missouri Federation of Young Republi­ Buildings Commission and the St. Louis cans, 1949-1951. A member and elder of Bicentennial Planning Committee and as First Christian Church, Carthage, he be­ adviser on historic preservation and restora­ longed to the Masonic Lodge and Knights tion projects in Missouri and Illinois. He of Phythias. He served as president of the received civic service awards from Washing­ board for the YMCA and Community ton University, the St. Louis Newspaper Chest and member of the Civil War Cen­ Guild and Maryville College, St. Louis. A tennial Committee. longtime member and friend of the State In the legislature, Webster championed Historical Society, van Ravenswaay had the causes of education, workers' benefits, donated many photographs and manuscript civil rights and the disadvantaged and material over the years and at his death crafted strong legislation against child bequeathed over twenty boxes of personal abuse. One of his proudest achievements research material and correspondence to concerned the sponsoring of legislation the Manuscript Collection. that created Missouri Southern State Col­ Survivors include two brothers, Dr. Arie lege in Joplin. It became a two-year state van Ravenswaay of Tucson, Arizona, and institution in 1965. Then Webster pushed William T. van Ravenswaay of Bedford, legislation which gave it four-year status Texas. in 1977. The college honored him by nam­ RICHARD M. WEBSTER ing its first permanent dormitory the Rich­ Missouri senior state legislator, Richard ard M. Webster Hall. Many professional, M. Webster of Carthage, died March 4, at governmental, judicial, medical and trade the Boone Hospital Center, Columbia. He associations honored him for his outstand­ had undergone heart surgery a few days ing service to the state and nation. earlier. On July 3, 1948, Webster married Janet 486 Missouri Historical Review

Whitehead. Mrs. Webster survives along HUNTER, ELIZABETH, Columbia: with their two sons, Richard M. Webster, October 7, 1896-March2, 1990. Jr., of Carthage, and William L. Webster, presently Missouri Attorney General of KASTEN, LOUIS, Cape Girardeau: Jefferson City. There also are four grand­ February 25, 1895-January 10, 1990. children. LEEDY, HAROLD GAVIN, Kansas City: BRANDENBURGER, MARY E., Cuba: 1892-July28, 1989. January 9, 1906-December 28, 1989. LIVERMORE, HAZEL RUTH SNIDER, Shel- BURNETT, JACK J., Lexington: bina: August 6, 1901-January 29, 1990. May 2, 1909-December 11, 1989. LONDON, DR. H. H., Hugo, Oklahoma: COOK, DENIS, Cedar Hill: October 12, 1900-January 28, 1990. September 10, 1904-September 3, 1989. MCCART, FAYE, Moberly: DARLING, JAMES L., Borrego Springs, July 30, 1913-December22, 1989. California: September 8, 1899-October 16, 1989. MACKAY, MRS. PHIL A., JR., Osceola: DERQUE, JOSEPH A., Crystal City: October 23, 1919-February 5, 1990. Died September 13, 1989. MEANS, EVANGELINE BOGGS, Kenilworth, ESCHRICH, ALBERT G., St. Louis: Illinois: April 4, 1898-December 9, 1989. March 5, 1897-August 13, 1989. MURPHY, MICHAEL R., Cassville: GORMAN, HUGH F., Joplin: September 30, 1944-December 18, 1989. March 4, 1911-February 24, 1989. NICHOLS, EVERETT G., Shawnee Mission, HALL, VIRGINIA E., St. Joseph: Kansas: February 28, 1902-December 29, May 1, 1930-November 6, 1989. 1989. HARRISON, LEO DALE, St. Louis: SCHWADA, JOHN, Phoenix, Arizona: Sep­ February 16, 1920-December 19, 1989. tember 23, 1919-April 19, 1990. First dean HEIMAN, DAVID, Glasgow: of the faculty at University of Missouri, August 7, 1912-February 26, 1990. then first chancellor of the University of HOWARD, BESS, St. Louis: Missouri-Columbia and later president of June 20, 1900-December 20, 1989. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.

HOWERY, D. E., Bethany: THOMPSON, REV. JOSEPH W., Kirksville: October 25, 1899-July 22, 1989. January 8, 1897-May 28, 1989. Historical Notes and Comments 487

BOOK REVIEWS Young Brothers Massacre. By Paul W. Barrett and Mary H. Barrett (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1988). 149 pp. Illustrations. Notes. No index. $9.95. Here is the story of a cold-blooded killing of six lawmen who went to a farm home near Springfield, Missouri, to arrest a couple of local farm boys for car theft. In thirty minutes, more lawmen lost their lives than in any other single event in our nation's history. No Missouri Ozarks event in this century attracted more media attention. Over fifty news items appeared in three Springfield daily newspapers during the two weeks following the massacre. Coauthor Paul W. Barrett, Retired Judge of the Supreme Court, in his youth lived near the Young family. As assistant prosecuting attorney and Springfield city attorney, he had been an intimate acquaintance of all the law enforcement officers involved in the massacre and counsel to three of the victims: Sheriff Marcell Hendrix and deputies Ollie Cross- white and Wiley Mashburn. Coauthor Mary H. Barrett, a former St. Louis Globe-Democrat writer, currently edits the Mills College alumnae publications. The authors followed every lead, checked all available sources and interviewed scores of persons with personal knowledge of the affair. The Young Brothers bizarre tragedy is performed in three acts. Act One. On January 2, 1932, early afternoon at the two-story farm home of widow Mrs. Willie "Mom" Young just west of the "Queen City," two of her sons are inside armed with a rifle and a shotgun. Greene County Sheriff Hendrix, his two deputies, seven Springfield city policemen and a police station buff arrived on the scene. Thirty minutes later, after the shoot-out, six of the ten lawmen were dead or dying, and another three seriously wounded. The brothers, expert marksmen, used the advantage of surprise and shot down from upstairs windows with shotgun and rifle. Act Two. The chase occurred when the killers, Harry and Jennings Young, somehow got to Springfield and fled in a stolen Model A Ford coupe. They wrecked their car on the flight to Houston, Texas. Act Three. On January 5, the brothers were riddled with bullets inside a rooming house in Houston. One report indicates they died from bullets fired from the pistols taken from the slain Springfield policemen. The lawmen strove mightily to preserve a reputation for bravery. But the authors spared critical comment as to their unwise decisions 488 Missouri Historical Review and actions. They conclude the massacre did teach a lesson: need for scientific, intelligent training of law enforcement people, including a procedure to effect capture and arrest. The authors develop their principal point that the slaying is a historic event in the annals of crime in U.S. history. Indeed, the largest number of law enforcement personnel killed in a single episode remains yet today a record in the history of our nation. Springfield John K. Hulston

Civil War Eyewitnesses: An Annotated Bibliography of Books and Articles, 1955-1986. By Garold L. Cole (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988). 351 pp. Index. $24.95. This reference work annotates 1,395 published items, ranging from single letters to multi-volume sets, all published personal narratives written by Civil War era contemporaries. Compiler Cole chose 1955 as a point to begin his coverage because of the plethora of publication for the upcoming centennial celebration of the conflict. Cole intended his book to be a continuation of, and supplement to, three predecessor Civil War bibliographies: Civil War Books (Allan Nevins, James I. Robertson, Jr., and Bell I. Wiley); Military Bibliography of the Civil War (James Dornbush); and Travels in the Confederacy (E. Merton Coulter). Cole's volume is so useful that it must be termed "indispensable." However, its many shortcomings also render it something of a disap­ pointment. The most serious defect, the index is inaccurate in places and not complete. Hence, any scholar determined to profit from the work is obliged to read it through entirely. (Fortunately, the interesting and worthwhile material makes a thorough reading not altogether unpleasant.) The book provides three sections of entries: Northern accounts, Southern accounts, and anthologies and special studies. Some annota­ tions are much more detailed than others. All include the date of the original writing and type of publication, soldier's rank or civilian's occupation, and nationality if a foreign traveler. Each numbered entry enhances cross-referential usage. Despite his obviously prodigious effort, the author missed a large number of pertinent entries. Many Louisiana items are absent, as well as the Butler-Paisley letters (University of Arkansas Press, 1985). Ex­ perts on the Confederate states doubtless could provide a further share of missing entries. In addition, numerous inexcusable errors reflect inadequate proof- Historical Notes and Comments 489 reading and poor editing. Herbert Mitgang, cited correctly in entry 749, erroneously became Herman Mitgang in both the index and in entry 660. Ashley Halsey became Ashley Hassey in entry 563. The reviewer would quibble with Cole's indication that only twenty of the letters in Hudson Strode's Jefferson Davis Private letters, 1823-1889 are "by and to Davis during the war years." (p. 165) Text appears to be missing between pages 176 and 177, and item 933 obviously is incomplete. And two lines are repeated at the bottom of page 180. One's curiosity goes unassuaged at the question why Henry McCall Holmes (so listed in both entry 955 and the index) might have entitled his reminiscence the Diary of Henry Holmes McCall, as cited on page 185. And one wonders about the eventual impact on poor Peter Welsh, "morally wounded in the arm at Spotsylvania." (p. 118) But to dwell upon the unfortunate errors and further denigrate this important offering would be a far greater sin. Civil War Eyewitnesses is a valuable tool which cannot be ignored. University of Missouri-Kansas City Herman Hattaway

Threshing in the Midwest, 1820-1940: A Study of Traditional Culture and Technological Change. By J. Sanford Rikoon (Bloomington: In­ diana University Press, 1988). 214 pp. Illustrations. Appendixes. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $35.00. "When older farmers talk about 'threshing,' " J. Sanford Rikoon explains, "they use the term to name a whole complex of traditions, symbols, and values woven together in an agricultural and social event." (p. 135) Using rich and diverse sources—diaries, farm journals, secondary works, interviews and photographs—the author not only explains the evolution of threshing over 120 years but also raises intriguing questions about the process of change. The book provides an excellent study of work, technology and community. Farmers made practical decisions about whether or not or when to move from one type of threshing process to another. "There is no evidence," he concludes, "of 'cultural fixations' in the sense of farmers consciously maintaining manual techniques because of their association with a particular agricultural style identified with a 'better' way of life." (p. 27) The central part of the book deals with the rise (1880s) and decline (1930s) of threshing rings. As steam power replaced draft animals, the man who operated the steam engine had the highest status in the threshing process. As Rikoon notes, the transition from flailing to feeding bundles into the separator to tending the steam engine "results in increasing separation of the thresherman from the actual threshing process and the need to physically handle the crop." (p. 79) 490 Missouri Historical Review

Threshing rings began as community labor arrangements that shared machinery and labor. Members informally tallied the various work exchanges, meals and other expenses. By the 1920s many thresh­ ing rings formalized; that is, they had a charter and elected officers. Yet formalization did not threaten the ring tradition—nor did the tractor or automobile. Rather the combine, adopted throughout the Midwest in the 1930s and 1940s, successfully united the remaining work processes. Significantly, it allowed farmers to tend their own land—much as they had in the flailing and treading age. After threshing had been completely mechanized, there were few activities left that brought the community together; farmers stood or fell on their own. Anyone who evaluates the process of mechanization during the last century and a half, he warns, should be surprised not at how it produced social disruption, but "that until recent generations, Mid­ western communities effected material improvements with minimum disruption of other aspects of regional culture." (p. 157) This is the most provocative aspect of Rikoon's argument. While mechanization per se does not threaten customs or values, at some point the combina­ tion of science, technology and government programs can drastically transform a rural culture. He points out that "Midwestern rural families throughout most of the nineteenth century looked to their neighbor­ hoods, community leaders, and cultural heritage for definitions of appropriate values towards technology and for the criteria for evaluat­ ing competing farming styles." (p. 159) In contrast, the " 'agribusiness' style of farming includes the valuing of innovation as a mark of progressiveness and the reliance on broader geographic and social frames of reference." (p. 169) To put it another way, farmers today look to experts (or to advertisements) rather than to friends or neighbors for information and perhaps for values. As a result, many rural people feel "a sense of decline in the quality of rural life as a result of their abandonment of traditional cultural traits." (p. 163) This is not nos­ talgia, Rikoon asserts, but rather a reflection on the process of change and a tallying of old and new values. Given how easily Midwesterners accommodated to technology until the last generation, present intro­ spection about the notion of progress indicates a significant change in rural thinking. National Museum of American History Pete Daniel

Good Year Promised St. Joseph Daily Herald, July 2, 1884. Good crops of all kinds are promised now. Even the paw-paw crop is said to be good in Missouri, which insures another Democratic victory. Historical Notes and Comments 491

BOOK NOTES The First Thirty Years: The Story of the Fulton Housing Authority. By Griffin A. Hamlin (Fulton: The Housing Authority of the City of Fulton, Missouri, 1989). 119 pp. Illustrations. Index. Appendix. $2.00, cloth. Hamlin's major sources include official documents of the Housing Authority and interviews with board members, executive directors and residents in the housing units. The organization of the Housing Author­ ity, its building program and services to the residents are among the topics covered. The book is available from the Housing Authority of the City of Fulton, Missouri, 350 Sycamore St., P.O. Box 814, Fulton, MO 65251.

A Guide to the Architecture of St. Louis. By George McCue and Frank Peters (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1989). 212 pp. Illustra­ tions. Index. Bibliography. Appendix. $14.95, paper. This functional guide divides St. Louis and the surrounding area into thirteen regions. Entries within each section include a photograph, address, architect, construction date and descriptive and historic infor­ mation. Maps assist in locating each structure. Introductory essays provide a short architectural history of the city; a section on vernacular house types describes lower- to middle-class homes. The guide is avail­ able in bookstores or from the University of Missouri Press, 2910 LeMone Boulevard, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201.

Starr Tracks: Belle and Pearl Starr. By Phillip W. Steele (Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company, Inc., 1989). 112 pp. Illustra­ tions. Index. Bibliography. Appendix. $6.95, paper. Phillip Steele uses recently discovered family papers, interviews, and numerous other sources to separate the truth about Belle Starr from the popular fictional tales. He also examines the suspects in her murder. Part 2 looks at the life of Pearl Starr and her descendants.,The book is available in bookstores and from Pelican Publishing Company, Inc., 1101 Monroe Street, Gretna, LA 70053.

Grandin, Hunter, West Eminence and the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company. By Jerry Ponder (Doniphan, Missouri: Ponder Books, 1989). 145 pp. Illustrations. Index. Bibliography. $10.45, paper. The history of the lumber industry in southern Missouri is ex- 492 Missouri Historical Review amined through the details of the Missouri Lumber and Mining Com­ pany's business transactions. Established in Grandin in the 1880s, it became the world's largest sawmill by the early 1890s. This book covers the history of the three company towns and the corporation from its establishment at Grandin, through its sale to the Forked Leaf White Oak Company in 1919, to the closing of the West Eminence mill in 1927. The book may be ordered from Ponder Books, P.O. Box 573, Doniphan, MO 63935.

Guide to Women s Collections. Edited by Lynn Wolf Gentzler (Colum­ bia: Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia, 1989). 63 pp. $5.00, paper. Women played a significant role in creating the collections de­ scribed in this guide to the resources on women available in the four branches of the Joint Collection, University of Missouri Western His­ torical Manuscript Collection and State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts. The collections illustrate the status and roles of women and the causes they advocated. The book is available from Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia, University of Missouri, 23 Elmer Ellis Library, Columbia, MO 65201.

How Firm a Foundation: A History of the First Baptist Church of Columbia, Missouri 1823-1865. By John Daniel Day (1989). 96 pp. Illustrations. Bibliography. Appendix. $3.00, paper; or $5.25 postpaid. Day's history of the First Baptist Church of Columbia illustrates the roles of the church and its members in theological, denominational, social and political controversies in the first half of the nineteenth century. The life of William Jewell, founder of the church, is chronicled. The book may be purchased from First Baptist Church, 1112 E. Broadway, Columbia, MO 65201.

Sweet, Hot and Blue: St. Louis* Musical Heritage. By Lyn Driggs Cunningham and Jimmy Jones (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., 1989). 245 pp. Illustrations. Index. Bibliography. Glossary. $35.00, cloth. This book consists of biographies of 124 musicians born in St. Louis, Missouri, or East St. Louis, Illinois. Jazz or blues musicians predominate, but all types of musical styles are represented. The entertainers themselves provided most of the material; many of the entries are in the form of transcribed interviews. The book is available Historical Notes and Comments 493 from McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Box 611, Jefferson, NC 28640.

The Osages, Dominant Power of Louisiana Territory. By Wallace T. Talbott (New York: Carlton Press, Inc., 1989). 95 pp. Illustrations. No index. Bibliography. $8.95, cloth. Wallace Talbott interviewed members of the Osage Tribal Council and studied archaeological findings, explorers' maps and numerous monographs on American Indians. His book traces the history of the Osage Indians from their arrival in North America to the present. He explains tribal government, society, agriculture, housing and money. The book is available in bookstores or from Carlton Press, Inc., 11 West 32 St., New York, NY 10001.

Robert Alexander Long: A Lumberman of the Gilded Age. By Lenore K. Bradley (Durham, North Carolina: Forest History Society, Duke University Press, 1989). 233 pp. Illustrations. Index. Chronology. $9.95, paper. Bradley chronicles Robert Alexander Long's establishment of Long-Bell Lumber Company in 1875 in Kansas and his subsequent rise to distinction in the lumber industry. His philanthropic, religious and architectural projects are described. Labor problems, antitrust legisla­ tion and Gifford Pinchot's conservation activities were among the issues dealt with by Long. The book is available in bookstores or from Duke University Press, 6697 College Station, Durham, NC 27708.

Just Joking St. Joseph, The Morning Herald, September 2, 1865. The St. Louis Republican gets off the following good joke on Kansas City. "We must ask our friends in this enterprising place to let us know the truth of a report we have heard, that there was great excitement among them lately on the introduction of a water cart to sprinkle the streets. It is said that the boys hurrahed, the newspaper reporters followed it from street to street to see how it worked—and a good- hearted old woman ran out to inform the driver that his water was wasting!"

True Words Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, February 2, 1861. A wise man may be pinched by poverty, but only a fool will let himself be pinched by tight shoes. 494 Missouri Historical Review Workshops The State Historical Society of Missouri will offer workshops on Saturday, November 10, 1990, to coincide with the annual meeting. The workshops will feature: • Beginning Genealogy. Mary Ray, a professional genealogist, Co­ lumbia, will discuss research tools available at the State Historical Society, starting with the use of census records and covering the use of secondary sources, such as newspapers, biographical sketches found in county histories and compiled county records. (Memorial Union S204) • Oral History. Sandy Rikoon, faculty member of Rural Sociology, University of Missouri-Columbia, will discuss the technique for collecting historical and cultural information through personal interviews. The pre­ senter has completed hundreds of interviews on rural and agricultural history for articles and books. He will emphasize the process of setting up local historical topics and provide an overview of some nuts-and-bolts considerations in doing oral interviews. (Memorial Union S206) • How to Do a Newsletter That Gets Read. Linda Benedict is an extension communications specialist and agricultural journalism instructor at the University of Missouri-Columbia. She says newsletters are more prolific than ever, but often they become junk mail instead of vital pieces of communication. She will offer tips and a plan for making your newsletter a winner, discussing clear, crisp writing about topics that interest your audience; designing a newsletter so it is easy and functional to read; and organizing your newsletter so it is fast and efficient to produce. (Memorial Union S207) Each workshop above will be held from 9:00 to 10:30 A.M. in the Memorial Union on the campus of the University of Missouri-Columbia. The registration fee for each workshop is $10.00. Membership in the Society is not required for participation. To reserve a place in a workshop, send a check and choice of workshop to Mary K. Dains, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry, Columbia, Missouri 65201. • History Day for Classroom Teachers. This special workshop is designed for elementary and high school teachers involved in the 1991 National History Day. Presenters will offer an overview on the theme, "Rights in History," and individual sessions will concentrate on research and production methods in the various categories: papers, projects, performance and media. This workshop will consist of both morning and afternoon sessions, and there will be no charge. (Ellis Library Auditorium, University of Missouri, Columbia) To reserve a place in this special workshop, send a reservation to Laura Bullion, 23 Ellis Library, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Historical Notes and Comments 495

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS AND GIFTS

Memberships in The State Historical Society of Missouri are available in the following categories:

Annual Membership $5.00 Contributing Annual Membership $25.00 Supporting Annual Membership $50.00 Sustaining Annual Membership $100.00 to $499.00 Patron Annual Membership $500.00 or more Life Membership $250.00

Each category of membership is tax deductible. Memberships help The State Historical Society preserve and disseminate the history of Missouri. The Missouri Historical Review is included as a membership benefit of the Society.

Gifts of cash and property to the Society are deductible for federal income, estate and gift tax purposes. Inquiries concern­ ing memberships, gifts or bequests to the Society should be addressed to:

James W. Goodrich, Executive Director The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 Phone (314) 882-7083

INDEX TO VOLUME LXXXIV COMPILED BY HIROKO SOMERS

Barnett, Marguerite Ross, 235 Adams, Henry, Thomas Hart Benton, An American Barrett, J. W., 64 Original, 241-243 Barrett, Paul W., obit., 369 Adams, Lawrence B., Jr., 476 Barrett, Paul W. and Mary H., Young Brothers Adams, Les, farm, 467 Massacre, 487-488 Adams School, Worth County, 238 Bartholomew, Harland, 227, 477 Agin, Frankie, 231 Barton County, 108; courthouse, 216 Agriculture, 118, 233, 479, 489-490 Baruch, Bernard, 316 —cattle, 483 Baseball —Southeast Missouri, 225 —Fulton, 356 Alband, Christ, 307 —Negro leagues, 116 Alband, Wilhemina, 307 —St. Louis Browns, 227 Albers, Henry and August, 115 —St. Louis Cardinals, 482 Albers, John B., Sr., 476 -World Series, 1987, 120 Alderton family, 358 Basler, Lucille, 472 Altenburg, Mo. Bates County —Concordia Theological Seminary, 354 —Falloon Ranch, 465 —Trinity Lutheran Church, 477 —Haymaker Bridge, 465 Amighetti, Marge, 236 Bates, W. H. (Bert), 365 Anderson, Mo., 353 Baur, Tee, 120 Andrae, Henry, 309 Beach, Charles, 119 Anthony, Susan B., Dollar, 466 Bear Creek 4-H Club, 221 Appleseed, Johnny, 355 Beatles, 221 Aquilla, Mo., 225 Beck, Ace F., obit., 240 Arabia (steamboat), 237 Belden, Henry M., 233 Arcadia, Mo., 430, 433; Ursuline Academy, 228 Bell, James Thomas, 116 Arcadia Valley, 433, 434, 437, 439, 445 Bell, Morris Frederick, 46, 48, 59 Archaeology, 112,233,479 Belle, Mo., 104, 465 Architects, St. Louis, 232, 365 Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis, 473 Architecture Ben Branch Lake, 234 —Beaux-Arts, 57, 58 Benecke, Eleanor Magruder, obit., 123 —St. Louis, 491 Bent, Silas, 77 —University of Missouri-Columbia, 42-62 Benton, Mo., 363 Argyle Elementary School, Osage County, 108 Benton County Arkansas, newspapers, Civil War, 270-292 -jail, 113 Arlington Hotel, Excelsior Springs, 235 —Waisner family, 120 Armstrong, John M., 119 Benton, M. E., 137-139 Arnold, Charles, 78 Benton, Rita, 132, 148, 149 Arrow Rock, Mo., 117,228,479 Benton School, St. Charles, 481 Ash Grove, Mo., 104, 214, 353, 465 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), 10, 24, 114, 116, 122, Ashland, Mo., 104, 353, 465 131-150, 234, 237, 241-243, 364, 366, 370, 465, Ashley, William, 219 469; An Artist in America, 137, 140-147 Askew, Dan, 116 Benton, Thomas Hart (senator), 138, 224 Atchison, David Rice, 408 Bergt, Otto and Paula (Lueders), 224 Atwood, Charles, farm, 467 Bernheimer, Mo., 475 Auxvasse, Mo., 483 Bertrand, Mo., 216 Ava, Mo., 353 Betts, Robert B., obit., 240 Bevier, Mo., 222 B Binder, Fred H., 49 Babcock, Orville, 422 Bingham, George Caleb, 112, 115, 383, 474, 481 Baderville, Mo., 109 Bingham, Mrs. M. A., 231 Baer, Mrs. David, Jr., obit., 123 Black Oak Flat School, Douglas County, 116 Bagnell Dam, 465 Black River School, Butler County, 363 Bailey, Anne J., "Texans Invade Missouri: The The Black Struggle for Public Schooling in Nine­ Cape Girardeau Raid, 1863," 166-187 teenth-Century Illinois, by Robert L. McCaul, Bailey, James A., obit., 369 245-246 Baker, Josephine, 363 Blackmar, Charles B., 232 Bald Knobbers, 109, 114, 225, 230, 365 Blacks Baldwin, Mo., 470 -baseball, 116 Ballinger, Fran, 472 —civil rights, 246-247 Barnes, Francis M., Ill, 382, 383 -Civil War, 233 Barnett, Gerard L., obit., 369 —education, 245-246

497 498 Index

—lawyers, 116 Bray family, 118 —military, 476 Braymer, Mo., 105, 107, 118,214 -slavery, 111, 117, 128, 477 Breckenridge family, 119 Blacksmiths, 130,473 Breckinridge, John, 424 Blair, Francis P. (Frank), 405, 406, 412, 419, 422, Brett, George, 233 477 Bridges Blair, Milo, 64, 65 —Allen, Neosho, 223 Blair, Sam, 36 —Chouteau, 232 Blake, Leonard W., 233 —covered, 237 Bland, Mo., 104 —Garretsburg, 226 Blandovski, F. C, 407 —Gasconade River, 366 Blankenship, Floyd, 365 —Georgia City, 113 Bledsoe, Albert Taylor, 25 —Haymaker, Bates County, 465 Blendville, Mo., 365 -Lewis Mill, 226 Blitt, Rita, 232 —Osage County, 221 Bloch, E. Maurice, obit., 484 -St. Charles Highway, 120 Bloody Island, 116,477 —swinging, Miller County, 480 Bloomer family, 477 -Y, 368, 483 Bloomfield, Mo., 104, 359, 467 Brinkman, Francis George Dewey, 364 Blue Springs, Mo., 104 Britton, Mrs. Blaine S., obit., 240 Blue Water School, Butler County, 363 Brock, James, 480 Bluff School, 104 Brookfield, Mo., 233, 353 Boats, excursion, 483 Brooks, Stratton Duluth, 33, 34 Bodmer, Karl, 231 Brophy, Patrick, ed., "Found No Bushwhackers": Boekerton, Mo., 109 The 1864 Diary of Sgt. James P. Mallery, 374 Boernstein, Henry, 410 Brown, B. Gratz, 10 Bogard, Mo., 105 Brown, Benjamin C, 408-409 Boggs, Lilburn W., 296 Brown, Darius A., 259, 260 Bonne Terre, Mo., 106, 356 Brown, Ephraim, grave, 234 Book Notes, 129-130, 249-250, 374, 491-493 Brown, John Robert, family, 355 Book Reviews, 125-128, 241-248, 371-374, 487-490 Brown, Leonard, 356 Boone County, 3, 6, 20, 114 Brown, Mary, 307 —horse raising, 115 Brown, Sam, grave, 225 —Petty family, 366 Brown Schools, Richwoods Township, 236 —Stephens family, 481 Browning, Betty, 233 —Tree, state champion, 230 Brownlee, Richard S., II, 375-383 Boone, Daniel, 114, 115 Brownwood, Mo., 359 Boone-Duden Society, 229 Brugger, Brenda S., comp., Guide to the Historical Boone, Nathan, 228, 465 Records of the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Boone village, New Melle, 359 Company, and its Predecessor, Subsidiary and Boone's Lick Salt Works, 479 Constituent Companies, 374 Boonslick Trail, 356,481 Brumley, Mo., 236 Boonville, Mo., 104, 115, 117, 214, 217, 222, 353, Bruns, Martin, 467 465; Battle of, 410 Brunswick, Mo., 122, 353 Boonville Topic, 75 Buchman, Frank N. D., 329 Borchelt, Chuck, 477 Buechler, Robert E., 476 Bostic, Charles and Arminda, 230 Buegel, John, 413-415, 419 Boswell, Janet, 237 Buffalo, Mo., 215, 353, 465 Boulson, Charles, and Carl Young, St. Luke of The Builders: A History of Macks Creek, compiled Webster County, Missouri 1988; one hundred by Hoyt Young et al., 129 fifty years of community service, 249-250 Bullion, Laura, 190, 192 Bowen, John Alexander, 119 Bundy, Henry Clinton, farm, 467 Bowler, Maggie, 307 Burbridge, John, 169 Bowling Green, Mo., 214, 353 Burford, Nathaniel M., 169, 171, 174 Bowling Green Bend, 105 Burkhart, E. A., 258 Bradley, Lenore K., Robert Alexander Long: A Burnett, Jack J., obit., 486 Lumberman of the Gilded Age, 493 Burney, Clarence A., 257, 261, 262, 267, 268 Bradley, Robert, 236 Burns, Ken, 147 Brady, James, 356, 468 Burtch, Levi, 225 Brady, Thomas A., 36, 38 Busche family, Cape Girardeau County, 477 Brandeis, Louis D., 481 Bushwhackers, 223, 230, 476 Brandenburger, Mary E., obit., 486 Businesses Brandon, Dillie Rose, 111 —American Publishing Co., 233 Branson School, 119 —Amighetti Bakery, St. Louis, 236 Bray, Bill, 234 —Ash Grove Lime Co., 214 Index 499

-Atlas Powder Plant, Carthage, 116 —Piggott/ Wiggins ferry, 111 -Balke, Garret A., Inc., St. Louis, 120 —Rice MFA gas station, Ashland, 353 -Bamburg's Clothing Store, Kirksville, 470 —Rocheport Telephone Company, 481 -Bank of Gainesville, 234 —Rott Hardware, Kirkwood, 478 -Bank of Hazelgreen, 232 —Royal N'Orleans Restaurant, Cape Girardeau, -Bank of Sullivan, 474 466 -Banks Service Station, Piedmont, 224 —St. Louis, 226 -beer industry, St. Louis, 477 —St. Louis Cotton Factory, 226 -Braniff Airlines, 216 —St. Louis Illuminating Co., Ill -Busch Brewery, 113 —Safeway Cab Company, Chillicothe, 466 -CPI Corporation, St. Louis, 367 —Sater & Company, 106 -Clayco Construction, St. Louis, 482 —Schnuck's Market, St. Louis, 367 -Comlink 21, St. Louis, 367 —Southwest Bank, St. Louis, 120 -Concordia, 106 —Spencer's Grill, Kirkwood, 117 -Cox's Stable, Platte County, 224 —Steffes Store, Brookfield, 353 -Cramer, G., Dry Plate Works, St. Louis, 111 —Stinson Press, 225 -Detmold Corn Cob Pipe Factory, Boeufcreek, —taxi companies, Baden, 114 156 —Tibbe, H., and Sons, Washington, 156 -Doe Run Company, St. Louis, 235 —Top Care Inc., St. Louis, 235 -Dubbins, Carter and Co., Lesterville, 444 —Trautwein Shoe Store, St. Louis, 111 -Emerson Electric Co., St. Louis, 227 —Veteran and Railroad Men's Certified Leg and -Fashion Square, St. Louis, 227 Arm Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, 111 -Finch Cattle Farm, Rolla, 353 Butler County -First National Bank, Carrollton, 215 —agriculture, 225 -Friedman-Shelby Shoe Company, Adair —families, 363 County, 470 -schools, 114,363 -Gateway Outdoor, St. Louis, 120 Butler family, Butler County, 363 -General American Life Insurance Company, Butler, Samuel Baxter, 116 482 Butler School, Worth County, 368 -General Motors, Kansas City, 357 Butler, William Edward, 116 -Gramex Corporation, St. Louis, 235 Butts, Flavel Jefferson, obit., 484 -Grand Center Inc., St. Louis, 482 Buzzard Roost, Mo., school, 234 -Great Southern United Savings Association, Byrd, Amos, family, 354 109,112 Byrd, Harry F., 162 -Grey Eagle Distributors, St. Louis, 120 Byrd, Richard E., 329 -Haden House, Columbia, 106 -Halls General Store, Faucett, 218 -Hammett, J. M., Bank, 107 Cabool, Mo., 465, 479 -Hibbard Hardware Store, St. Clair, 112 Cain, Joe, 367 -Hirschl and Bendheim, Washington, 156 Caledonia, Mo., 114,433 -Hirsch's, St. Joseph, 360 Calhoun, Mo., mining industry, 361 -Jaccard Watch and Jewelry Co., Kansas City, California, Mo., 465, 479 469 Callaway County, Stephens family, 481 -John Deere, Higginsville, 118 Camdenton, Mo., 215, 353 -Kane, D. P., Co., St. Louis, 111 Cameron, Mo., 364 -Kellwood Company, St. Louis County, 120 Cameron, A. G., obit., 123 -Koplar Communications Inc., St. Louis, 120 Camp Jackson, 406 -Lesan-Gould, St. Louis, 227 Campbell, Mo., 353 -Lewis Furniture, Sikeston, 112 Campbell, E. Taylor, obit., 123 -Lodge of the Four Seasons, 121 Campbell, Richard, 237 -Lukins Ranch, 230 Campbell, Robert, 307 -Missouri Auto Club, 120 Cannon, Clarence, 151-165 -Missouri Edison Company, 475 Cansler, Loman, Collection, 233 -Missouri Lumber and Mining Company, Canton, Mo., 105,215,353,466 491-492 Cape Fair High School, 217 -Missouri Meerschaum Company, Washington, Cape Girardeau, Mo., 230, 354, 363, 466 154, 156, 161, 162, 165 —buildings, 466 -Morrison-Wentworth Bank, Lexington, 221 —Central High School, 466 -Null and Son Funeral Home, 362 -Civil War, 166-187 -Pemiscot Publishing Co., 233 -flood,354 -Pet Incorporated, St. Louis, 236 —homes, 215 -Peters Shoe, St. Louis, 227 —Marquette Hotel, 215 -Phoenix American Cob Pipe Works, Washing­ —Shivelbine House, 114 ton, 156 Cape Girardeau County, 230, 466 -Phoenix Textile Corporation, St. Louis, 482 —families, 363, 477 500 Index

-Wills farm, 466 -Bethel, 223 Caplinger Mills, Mo., 112,480 —Bethel Chapel, 109 Carondelet, Mo., Gruen-Jennemann Store, 363 —Blackwater United Methodist, 214 Carondelet Landmarks, Volume I, compiled by —Buck Prairie, 478 Stephanie Mitchell, 130 —Buffalo Methodist, 353 Carrington, Lynn, 219 —Buffalo Presbyterian, Louisiana, 114 Carroll, Debbie, 482 —Carthage Congregational, 216 Carrollton, Mo., 105,215,354,466 —Christ United Church of Christ, Maplewood, Carson, A. B., 254 364 Carter, George W., 169-171, 173, 174, 176-182, 184 —Church of Assumption, Perryville, 122 Carthage, Mo., 216, 234, 354, 466 —Concordia Lutheran, 224 -Battle of, 407-410 —Cumberland Presbyterian, 229 -fire, 105 —Ebenezer Evangelical, 366 —fire truck, 220 —Ebenezer Presbyterian, Greenfield, 114 —Lincoln School, 216 —Faith-Salem United Church of Christ, 231 —marble, 105 —First Baptist, Charleston, 354 —mill site, 354 —First Baptist, Columbia, 492 Caruthersville, Mo., 105, 216, 466 —First Baptist, Jefferson City, 238 Carver, George Washington, 466, 479 —First Baptist, Keytesville, 108 Case family, 115 —First Baptist, Oak Grove, 223 Cassell, Elbert L., obit., 369 —First Baptist, Ste. Genevieve, 360 Cassville, Mo., 234 —First Christian, Ash Grove, 465 Casto, Martha, 296 —First Presbyterian, Independence, 114 Catlin, George, 231 —First Presbyterian, Palmyra, 224 Catron, Mo., 109 —Fourth Baptist, St. Louis, 237 Caves, 226, 467, 473 —German Methodist, Joplin, 357 Cedar County, 112,228,474 —Grace Lutheran, Uniontown, 359, 477 Cemeteries —Grace United Methodist, 228 —Boonslick region, 370 —Hanover Evangelical Lutheran, 215 -Cedar Hill, 105 —Holy Trinity Parish, Kansas City, 220 -Colley, 365 —Hopewell Baptist, 229 —Father Dixon, 226 —Immaculate Conception, St. Mary's, 359 —Independence, 220 —Immanuel United Church of Christ, Holstein, —Lawrence County, 117, 232, 478 115 —Lewis-Gregg family, Jackson County, 115 —Indian Mission, 122 —Milan, 109 —Ivy Chapel United Church of Christ, Chester­ Central High School, Cape Girardeau, 466 field, 231 Central High School, Kansas City, 108 —Jennings United Church of Christ, 231 Central Missouri State University, 366 —King's Point Baptist, 222 Centralia, Mo., 354, 466; Hope-Early-Chance —Lafayette Park United Methodist, 117 Home, 217 —Laredo Baptist, 231 Chambers, Jane Mullanphy, family, 115 —Latour, 107 Chariton County, 476 —Liberal United Methodist, 108 Charleston, Mo., 354 —McKendree Methodist, 215 Charleston Enterprise-Courier, 116 —Methodist Episcopal, 122 Chase Hotel, 223, 229 —Middlefork, Worth County, 227 Chase-Park Plaza Hotel, St. Louis, 477 —Mt. Carmel, 224 Chenowith, B. D., 187 —Mt. Comfort Presbyterian, 105 Chesterfield, Mo., 231, 482 —Mount Olive United Methodist, 216 Chestnut Ridge, Mo., 363 —Mt. Sinai Baptist, Christian County, 114, 230 Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 361 —Mt. Zion Baptist, 121 Chiles, Henrietta Mercer, 232 —New Beginnings Church of the Brethren, 229 Christensen, Lawrence 0., 190, 192; "Presidents —Otterbein United Methodist, 367 and the Presidency," 23-41 —Owensville Methodist, 223 Christian County, 114, 230, 477 —Palmer, 110 Christmas, 357, 366 —Parish of Sacred Heart, Rich Fountain, 129 Chrysler, Walter P., 361 —Pleasant Hill United Methodist, 119 Chula, Mo., St. John Parish, 107 —Presbyterian, Sweet Springs, 112 Churches, 471 —Rock Hill Presbyterian, 473 —Alexandria, Lincoln County, 361 —St. Charles Borromeo Catholic, 225 —Anna Bell Chapel, 362 —St. Francis de Sales, St. Louis, 477 —Atherton United Methodist, 235 —St. Joan of Arc Parish, 227 -Atlas, 222 —St. John Parish, Chula, 107 —Bellefontaine Methodist, 122 —St. John's United Church of Christ, 358 —Bellevue Presbyterian, Caledonia, 114 —St. Joseph Catholic, 218 Index 501

—St. Louis, 477 Civilian Conservation Corps, 114, 365 —St. Luke Parish, St. Louis, 226 "Clarence Cannon, The Corn Cob Pipe, And The —St. Luke, Webster County, 249 Hawley-Smoot Tariff," by Charles A. Jarvis, —St. Margaret Mary Parish, Braymer, 107 151-165 —St. Patrick Parish, Leopolis, 107 Clark, Bennett Champ, 154, 155, 312, 325-327 —St. Paul A.M.E., Columbia, 250 Clark, Champ, 477 —St. Peter's Catholic, St. Louis, 473 Clark, Charles, 164 —St. Peter's United Church of Christ, 223 Clark County, 357 —Shannondale Community, 227 Clark, Harvey C, 225 —Slater Christian, Saline County, 235 Clark, John, 409 —Spickard United Methodist, 364 Clark, Joseph, 163-165 —Steedman United Methodist, 483 Clark, Simpson, 237 —Steffenville Prairie View Christian, 357 Clark Spring, Mo., 229 —Timber Ridge Southern Baptist, Webster Clark, William, 364 County, 249 Clarksville, Mo., 470 —Trinity Lutheran, Altenburg, 477 Clay County, 116, 120, 232, 365,478 —Trinity Lutheran, St. Louis, 115 Clay family, St. Charles County, 120 —Troy Presbyterian, 363 Clayton, Mo., 354 —Turkey Creek Church of the Brethren, Fristoe, Clemens, Samuel, 483; see also Twain, Mark 113 Clements, Mariam, 298 —Union Presbyterian, 104 Clinkingbeard, Robert E. and Hanna M., family, —United Methodist, 122 364 —Verona Baptist, 357 Clinton, Mo., 105,217,354,467 —Wellington Methodist, 471 Clinton, Jerry, 120 —Woollam United Methodist, 223 Cockrell, Francis Marion, 112, 113 —Yates Baptist, 218 Cole Camp, Mo., 227, 229 —Zion Lutheran, 226 Cole, Doll, 225 —Zion United Church of Christ, Arrow Rock, Cole, Garold L., Civil War Eyewitnesses: An An­ 228 notated Bibliography of Books and Articles, Churchill, Thomas J., 287, 290, 292, 413 1955-1986, 488-489 Civil War, 12, 13, 110, 118, 222, 225, 228, 237, 363, Coleman, Nadine, 217 364, 404-427, 476, 477, 480 Colley Cemetery, 365 —Arkansas newspapers, 270-292 Colman, Norman J., 27, 63-65 —Battle of Boonville, 410 Colson, Stella, 480 —Battle of Cape Girardeau, 466 Colter, John, 114 —Battle of Carthage, 407-410 Columbia, Mo., 81, 106, 115,217,467 -Battle of Chalk Bluff, 466 —Conley House, 479 —Battle of Franklin, 355 —First Baptist Church, 492 —Battle of Fredericksburg, 117 —Greenwood (house), 106, 355 -Battle of Glasgow, 217, 219, 222, 228 —Haden House, 106 —Battle of Newtonia, 358 —Harrell House, 106 —Battle of Pea Ridge, 418, 419 —Jewish community, 355 -Battle of Pilot Knob, 216, 217, 218, 220, 223 -St. Paul A.M.E. Church, 250 —Battle of Springfield, 361 —Stephens College, 122,482 -Battle of Wilson's Creek, 236, 270-292, 412-414 —University of Missouri, 1-85 —bibliography, 488-489 Columbia College, 4, 5 —blacks, 233 Columbia Missouri Statesman, 47 —Bloomfield, 467 Columbia Missourian, library, 121 —Cape Girardeau, 166-187 Columbia University, 73 —Centralia, 466 Commercial Hotel, Boonville, 214, 217 —Department of the Missouri, 167 Commission on Country Life, 387 —Gordonville, 215 Concordia, Mo., businesses, 106 —Johnson County, 476 Concordia Theological Seminary, 117, 354 -letters, 221, 468 Congregation Adath Joseph, St. Joseph, 483 —Lexington, 218 Conkling-Freeman House, Springfield, 367 —Maries County, 117 Conley House, Columbia, 479 —Perry County, 471 A Connecticut Yankee in the Frontier Ozarks: The -Second Battle of Bull Run, 420, 421 Writings of Theodore Pease Russell, edited by —Texas cavalries, 166-187 James F. Keefe and Lynn Morrow, 372-374 —Trans-Mississippi Department, 166 Conner, Allen, 392 —veterans, 122 Conrad, Joseph, 409 —Westport, 221 Cook, Denis, obit., 486 Civil War Eyewitnesses: An Annotated BibliographyCoolidge , Calvin, 313 of Books and Articles, 1955-1986, by Garold L. Coon-Sanders Original Nighthawk Orchestra, Kan­ Cole, 488-489 sas City, 108 502 Index

Cooper families, Jackson County, 221 Dickens, Charles, 226 Cooper, Martha, 222 Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery, edited by Copper, J. Robert, 236 Randall M. Miller and John David Smith, 128 Corn Cob Pipes, 151-165,467 Dill, Keith, 474 Cotton, 228, 366 Dingus, Phillip M., obit., 240 Coughlin, Charles, 313, 325 Dirck, Brian, " 'We Have Whipped Them Beauti­ Coultas, Susan, obit., 123 fully': The Arkansas Press and Wilson's Creek," Courthouses, 465 270-292 —Barton County, 216 Disney, Walt, 214, 366 —Gasconade County, 219 Dixon, Mo., 217 —Howell County, 236 Donnelly, Phil M., 38, 39 —Jackson County, 263 Donze, Frankye, 472 —Ozark County, 356 Dorsey, Jerry S., 62 Cowan, Leslie, 36, 38 Dougherty, Hettie, 480 Craig, Mo., Old Mill, 109 Douglas County, schools, 116, 365 Craig, Charles H., 475 Doust, W. J., 261 Crain, Arthur C, 230 Dow, Charles, 183 Crane, Mo., 217, 355 Downey family, Lawrence County, 478 Crawford, Bill, 115 Drexel, Mo., 467 Crecelius, Margaret, 395, 400 Drury College, 115 Creve Coeur, Mo., 467 Dryden, Leonida, 229 Crews, Doug, 234 DuBois, John, 411 Crighton, John, 190, 192 Dudley, Mo., 110 Cross, H. W., 292 Duke, G. Nelson, 238 Crow, Trammell, 236 Duncan, William H., 9 Crowley's Ridge, Mo., 119, 234 Dunham, Delilah Ervin, 478 Croy, Homer, 70 Dunklin County, 366; post offices and postmasters, Cummings, Al and Bill, 119 121,236,367 Cunningham, Lyn Driggs, and Jimmy Jones, Sweet, Dutzow, Mo., 229 Hot and Blue: St. Louis' Musical Heritage, 492 Duvall, Milton, Jr., 470 Cupples Station, St. Louis, 473 Current River, 235; Dam, 119 Curtis, Samuel R., 167,416,418 Early, Jubal A., 425, 426 Cypress School, 214 Earthquakes, 226, 228, 237, 360, 477, 481 East Prairie, Mo., 466 D Easter, Alphonso L., family, 480 Dade County, Sater family, 234 Easter, Laurie, 237 Dailey, Janet, 233 Eckel, Edmond, 226 Daily Dunklin Democrat, 118 Eddy, Ann Amelia, 294-296 Dallas County, newspaper, 215 Edgar Snow: A Biography, by John Maxwell Dalton, John M., 40 Hamilton, 125-126 Dalton, Mo., massacre, 215 Edina, Mo., 106,218 Darner, Ed, 254 Edina Sentinel, 106 Damerons (family), 363 Edmunds, George Robert, 479 Danley, C. C, 276 Education Darling, James L., obit., 486 -blacks, 245-246 David family, 119 —higher, 1-83 Davidson, Dorothy, 358 —journalism, 63-83 Davis, Henry Clay, 473 -rural school, 384-403 Davis, Zalon Susan, 478 —teachers, 481 Day, John Daniel, How Firm a Foundation: A Edwards, John C, 296, 297, 299 History of the First Baptist Church of Columbia, Edwards, John N., 174, 175, 180 Missouri 1823-1865, 492 El Dorado Springs, Mo., 355, 467 De Soto, Mo., 217, 355 Elections, presidential, 1896, 230 Deaconess Hospital, St. Louis, 226 Elivin, Herbert, 329 Deepwater, Mo., 467 Elks' Club, 235 Defiance, Mo., 122; home, 474 Ellis, Elmer, 36, 38-41, 377; obit., 239 Deguire-LaRose family, Ste. Genevieve, 225 Ellis family, 115 Delp, Ruby, 480 Ellis Library, University of Missouri-Columbia, 217 Dennison, Monroe, 482 Ellison, Andrew, obit., 240 Denver, Mo., 238 Elm Grove School, Christian County, 363 Derque, Joseph A., obit., 486 Elms Hotel, Excelsior Springs, 468 Deutschman, Don and Milly, 362 Elsberry, Mo., 467 Dewey, Evelyn, 398 Elsie, Dulon, 405 Dexter, Mo., 355, 359 Elsperman, Robert P., 363 Index 503

Elwyn, Esther Enyart, obit., 240 Floral Hall, Palmyra, 224 Emerson, Burr Hamilton, 120 Florida, Mo., 110,224 Emigration, German, 114 Florissant, Mo., 115, 477 Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography, by Dan L. -City Hall, 477 Thrapp, 247-248 —Garrett family, 477 Engelhardt, Tom, 367 —houses, 231 Engle, Jesse, 483 Flues, A. Gilmore, 161 English, Earl, Journalism Education at the Univer­Folk Music, 233 sity of Missouri-Columbia, 250 Folklore, 233, 476 Enterprise (boat), 483 Foner, Philip S., 254 Eschrich, Albert G., obit., 486 Football, University of Missouri, 217 Esrey, Niles, 120 Forest City, Mo., 223 "Establishing the School of Journalism," by William Fort Leonard Wood, 111, 115 H. Taft, 63-82 Fort Osage, 221, 465, 483 Etling, Howard F., 118 Foster, Francis G., obit., 123 Evans, A. H., 284 Foster Museum, Point Lookout, 228 Everton, Mo., 104 "Found No Bushwhackers": The 1864 Diary of Sgt. Ewing, Henry, 179-181 James P. Mallery, edited by Patrick Brophy, Ewing, Mo., homes, 357 374 Excelsior School, Douglas County, 365 Four Mile, Mo., house, 469 Excelsior Springs, Mo., 218, 355, 468 Frailey, Mo., 358 -hotels, 218, 235, 468 Frailey, Daniel Webster, 358 -World War I, 355 Frame, Floyd H., 37 Excelsior Springs Daily Standard, 355 Francis, David R., 32, 44, 49, 231 Frankenstein, Mo., 107 Franklin, Mo., Hickman House, 106 Fair Play Hardware, 465 Franklin County, 109, 235, 475; Noser's Mill, 362 Fairmont Park, Kansas City, 108 Frazier, Mr. and Mrs. John P., 235 Fairview, Mo., 238 Fredericksburg, Mo. Fairyland Park, Kansas City, 108 -Battle of, 117 Falloon Ranch, Bates County, 465 —ferry, 356 Fankhauser, Tillie, 226 Fredericktown, Mo., Lake Park, 106 Farber, Mo., 229 Free Speech Fight, Kansas City, 253-269 Farmington, Mo., 106, 218 Freedmen's School, Rolla, 118 Farms, 355, 467, 477 Freeman family, Butler County, 363 —Oak Dale, Sedalia, 361 Fremont, John C, 287, 367, 413, 415, 416 —Old Mill Spring, Ray County, 120 Frontier biography, 247-248 —Wills, Cape Girardeau County, 466 Frost, Daniel M., 406, 407 Faucett, Mo., 218, 468; Armour depot, 106 Frost, Stanley, 399 Faughts family, 363 Fry, Harvey, 237 Fayette, Mo., 218 Fullerton, John M., 105 Ferrell, William, 119 Fulton, Mo. Ferries, 111,356 —baseball, 356 Fesperman, Don, 121 —home, 219 Festus, Mo., 106 —Housing Authority, 491 Ficklin, Joseph, 21, 53 Fulton State Hospital, 107 Field, Lyman, 188, 194; "Thomas Hart Benton Remembered," 131-150 Finch Cattle Farm, Rolla, 353 Gaddes, Richard, 482 Fine, Phillip, 120 Gaddis, Merrill E., 468 Fire Towers, 480 Gallatin, Mo., 219, 468 First District Normal School, Kirksville, 385, 387, -Lewis Mill, 219, 468 388 —Ray, A. Taylor, Home, 356 The First Thirty Years: The Story of the Fulton Gantner, George, obit., 369 Housing Authority, by Griffith A. Hamlin, 491 Gard (Le Garde), Gersham, 480 Fisher, Mrs. Joe, obit., 240 Garretsburg, Mo., bridges, 226 Fisher, M. M., 21 Garrett family, Florissant, 477 Fisk, J. Howard, 237 Garth, John and Helen, 115 Fite, Gilbert, 40 Gasconade County, 116; courthouse, 219 Fitz-Leonard, Hugh N., 227 Gasconade River, 234, 472, 480; Bridge, wreck, 366 Fitzpatrick, Daniel, cartoons, 317, 320, 336 Genealogy, 117 Flat River, Mo., 218, 356 Gentry, F. D., 121,236 Fleet, A. F., 21 Gentzler, Lynn Wolf, ed., Guide to Women's Col­ Fletcher, Thomas C, 15, 27 lections, 492 Flora of Missouri, 481 George, Jeri, 121 504 Index

Georgia City Bridge, 113 Hake, Peggy Smith, Iberia Academy and the Town, German-Americans, 227, 235, 404-427, 468 Its History, 130 Gerster, Mo., 471 Halcro, Tom, 266, 267 Geyer, Henry S., 3 Hale, Alan, 190, 192 Gibson family, Butler County, 363 Hall, M. E., 304 Giddings, D. C, 174-176 Hall, Virginia E., obit., 486 Giffen, Lawrence E., Sr., "The Strange Story of Halleck, Henry W., 167, 416-419, 422, 424-426 Major General Franz Sigel: Leader and Retreat- Hallenscheid, Anna, 307 er," 404-427 Hallenscheid, Henry, 307 Gifts, 98-103, 209-213, 349-352, 461-466 Hamilton, Mo., 107, 468 Gilman, Nora, 364 Hamilton, Anne, obit., 124 Gilmore, Solon T., 258, 259 Hamilton, John Maxwell, Edgar Snow: A Biog­ Ginseng roots, 481 raphy, 125-126 Glasgow, Mo., 356; Battle of, 217, 219, 222, 228 Hamlin, Griffith A., The First Thirty Years: The Glendale, Mo., 231 Story of the Fulton Housing Authority, 491 Goble, Jonathan, 473 Hammett, J. M., Bank, 107 Godt, Paul W., farm, 470 Hammon, John W., Jr., 115 Golden Eagle (steamboat), 122 Handcox, John L., 233 Gonzalez, William J., 226 Handy School, Christian County, 114, 230 Goodhope, Mo., 365 Hannibal, Mo., 107, 111,219,356,468,481 Goodman, Mo., 356 —Moose Lodge, 468 Goodrich, James W., 189; "Richard S. Brownlee II —railroads, 219 (1918-1990)," 375-383 Hannibal-LaGrange College, 468 Gordonville, Mo., Civil War, 215 Harder, Grace Moore, obit., 240 Gorman, Hugh F., obit., 486 Hardin, Mo., 472 Governor's Garden, Jefferson City, 220 Hardin, Charles H., 116, 302, 303, 307 Grabs, August F., 358, 476 Harlan, Andrew J., 15 Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History, 370 Harlin, John Layton, 234 Graham, Mo., 222 Harms, Florian L., 230 Grandin, Hunter, West Eminence and the Missouri Harney, Paul E., 116 Lumber and Mining Company, by Jerry Ponder, Harris family, Kirkwood, 478 491-492 Harris, Reuben, 365 Grant City, Mo., fires, 238 Harris, S. S., 181,182 Grant, Julia Dent, 360 Harris, William Torrey, 364 Grant, Ulysses S., 169, 187, 226, 363, 422, 424, 425, Harrison, Leo Dale, obit., 486 477 Harrisonville, Mo., 130 Grant, Ulysses S., Ill, 115 Harrisonville Heritage Association, comp., History Grant's Hill, Mo., 238 of Harrisonville, Missouri, 130 Greene, Colton, 169, 171, 174 Harry S. Truman: Fair Dealer & Cold Warrior, by Greene County, 122, 237 William E. Pemberton, 371-372 Greenfield, Mo., 114, 356 Harvey, H.Clay, 386, 387, 390, 391 Greer Spring, 233 Harvey, Marie Turner, 384-403 Gridley, Reuel, 231 Hawken rifle, 226, 481 Grierson, Benjamin H., 186, 187 Hawkins, Rebecca, 294 Griffen, W. E., 258, 259, 261-263, 265-267 Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 151-165 Griffin, Albert, 15 Haycraft, Eliza, 473 Groves farm, 467 Haymaker Bridge, Bates County, 465 Guenther, Charles, 235 Hays, Sadie, 306 A Guide to the Architecture of St. Louis, by George Hazelgreen, Mo., Bank, 232 McCue and Frank Peters, 491 Hearnes, Warren E., 357, 361 Guide to the Historical Records of the St. Louis- Heartland Blacksmiths: Conversations at the Forge, San Francisco Railway Company, and its Pre­ by Richard Reichelt, 130 decessor, Subsidiary and Constituent Companies, Heckman, William, 480 compiled by Brenda S. Brugger, 374 Heckmann Mill, 364, 471 Guide to Women's Collections, edited by Lynn Heermance, J. Noel, The History of St. Paul Wolf Gentzler, 492 A.M.E. Church, Columbia, Missouri, 1867-1900, Gypsies, 229 250 Hees, Ralph B., obit., 369 H Heiman, David, obit., 486 H. T Pott (towboat), 122 Heisler, Charles, 111 Hack, John, 231 Helmig, Nellie, 108 Haden, Sarah, 106 Henderson, Paul, and Merrill J. Mattes, The Pony Hadley, Herbert S., 120 Express: From St. Joseph to Fort Laramie, 249 Hagler, J. A., 368 Henry County, 467 Haines, Harold, 356 Hermann, Mo., 107, 234 Index 505

-Concert Hall, 219 —Long family, 221 —German school, 468 —Loyles, Weston, 224 —Market House, 219 —Maggio, Everton, 104 -Star Mills, 356 —Oliver, Jackson, 354 —Whiskey Jack's Museum, 119 —Pelster Housebarn, Franklin County, 235, 475 -White House Hotel, 219 —Pinckney French, University City, 478 Hermix, Mo., 219 —Proctor Place, Sturgeon, 217 Herron Homemaking Circle, 222 —Ray, A. Taylor, Gallatin, 356 Hess, Tom, 356 —Ray, John, Springfield, 474 Hibbard, Mo., 466 -Redd, 224 Hicklin, Mrs. J. R., obit., 240 —Reed, Barnabas, 236 Hickok, Wild Bill, 228 —Reese, Ironton, 232 Hickory County, 107, 219, 356, 469 —Ruxton-Graves, Springfield, 236 Higginsville, Mo., John Deere dealership, 118 -St. Louis, 236, 481 Hill, Albert Ross, 32, 74, 75 —Saffarrans, Palmyra, 224 Hill, Frank C, 478 —Sanders, A. J., Steelville, 474 Hills, Stephen, 4, 59 —Schwieder, Steelville, 361 Hillsboro, Mo., 106,218 —Shivelbine, Cape Girardeau, 114 Himmel Reunion, 217 —Snelson-Brinker Cabin, 111, 112 Hindman, Thomas C, 271 —Steele Mansion, Mansfield, 222 History of Harrisonville, Missouri, compiled by —Stough, Sion, Steelville, 361 Harrisonville Heritage Association, 130 —Truman-Carlson, Springfield, 121 The History of St. Paul A.M.E. Church, Columbia, —Truman, Harry S., Independence, 220 Missouri, 1867-1900, by J. Noel Heermance, 250 —Turner, Springfield, 237 Hodge, Leta, Soldiers, Scholars, Gentlemen: The —Washington, 229 First One Hundred Years of the Missouri Mili­ -Wells-Plank, Springfield, 482 tary Academy, 129 Hoover, Dorothea B., Historical Museum, 220 Hodgson, AlvaL., 119 Hoover, Herbert, 313 Hoge, William M., 216 Hopewell, Mo., 475 Holden, Mo., 219 Hopkins, Mo., 469 Holman, Lawrence, obit., 369 Hopkins, Ebenezer, 221 Holmes, Theophilus H., 166-170, 173 Hopkins, John and Verleen, 109 Holt County, museums, 234 Horses, 115,234,235 Homes, 368 Hosmer, George W., 71, 72 —Belleville-Castello, Florissant, 231 Hospitals —Brand, Florissant, 231 —Deaconess, St. Louis, 226 —Cape Girardeau, 215 —Fulton State, 107 —Conkling-Freeman, Springfield, 367 —Kansas City, 357 —Conley, Columbia, 479 —Mount Vernon, 471 —Cooper, Steelville, 228 Hotels —Defiance, 474 —Arlington, Excelsior Springs, 235 —Dohman-Boessen, 235 -Chase, 223, 229 —Dulle family, Jefferson City, 107 —Chase-Park Plaza, St. Louis, 477 —Ewing, 357 —City, Tipton, 112 —Gaffga-McCroskey, Springfield, 482 —Commercial, Boonville, 214, 217 —Gardner, Palmyra, 224 —Elms, Excelsior Springs, 468 —Glaze, Milan, 471 —Governor, Jefferson City, 221, 222, 354 —Gower, 468 —Hamilton, 468 —Grabs, 358 —Idan-Ha, Cape Girardeau, 466 —Greenwood, Columbia, 106, 355 —Marquette, Cape Girardeau, 215 —Hamilton, 104 —Oakwood, Kirkwood, 478 —Harrell, Columbia, 106 —Relief, Excelsior Springs, 218 —Harris, St. Clair County, 366 —Russell, 216 —Harwood-Haydon, Springfield, 122 —Savoy, Kansas City, 357 —Heer-Lohmeyer, Springfield, 237 —White House, Hermann, 219 —Hickman, Franklin, 106 Houck, Louis, 466 —Highdowne, 224 Houseman, Robert L., 78 —Holland-Davis-Bingham, Springfield, 367 How Firm a Foundation: A History of the First —Hope-Early-Chance, Centralia, 217 Baptist Church of Columbia, Missouri 1823-1865, —Jefferson-Brown, Springfield, 482 by John Daniel Day, 492 —Keet-Johnson, Springfield, 367 Howard, Bess, obit., 486 —La Fon, 224 Howe, James, 262 —Lackland, Dennis, St. Louis, 226 Howell County, courthouse, 236 —Latham, Vienna, 104, 112 Howerton family, Osage County, 480 —Lee-Roper, Springfield, 121 Howery, D. E., obit., 486 506 Index

Hoy family, 235 —Dulle family home, 107 Hoyt, Charles A., obit., 369 -Hotel Governor, 221, 222, 354 Hubble, Edwin P., 466 —Porth Home, 107 Hudson, William W.,'7, 11, 21, 24, 25 —schools, 469 Hughes, Charles E., 427 Jefferson County, 107, 360; Lemay Ferry Road, 469 Hull, Cordell, 323 Jefferson, Thomas, 44, 46, 49, 55-57 Hulston Mill, 468 Jensen, Jill, 482 Humane Society of Missouri, 367 Jesse, Richard H., 22, 31, 32, 41, 42, 44, 46, 54, 62, Humansville, Mo., 220 69, 75 Hunter, Mo., 491-492 Jews, Columbia, 355 Hunter, David, 425 Johns, George S., 70 Hunter, Elizabeth, obit., 486 Johnson, Bob, 367 Hunter, Elliott, 216 Johnson County, 476 Hunter, Josephine, 358 Johnson, Lyndon B., 165 Hunter, Julius K., Westmoreland and Portland Johnson, Robert W., 271 Places: The History and Architecture of Ameri­ Johnston, Albert Sidney, 167 ca's Premier Private Streets, 1888-1988, 244-245Jones , Ivor M., obit., 124 Hunter, Max, Collection, 233 Jones, Jimmy, and Lyn Driggs Cunningham, Sweet, Hunter, N. L. (Missy), obit., 369 Hot and Blue: St. Louis' Musical Heritage, 492 Huntsville, Mo., 220 Jones, John Carleton, 33, 36, 74 Hurst School, Worth County, 238 Jones, Margaret A., 235 Joplin, Mo., 361, 469; House of Lords, 357 I Journalism Education at the University of Missouri- Iberia, Mo., 130 Columbia, by Earl English, 250 Iberia Academy and the Town, Its History, by Judy's Gap, Mo., 469 Peggy Smith Hake, 130 Junior League of St. Louis, 367 Igo School, Ozark County, 480 Independence, Mo., 114, 220 Independence and the Opening of the West (mural), KATY Railroad, Clinton, 217 137 KFRU (radio station), Columbia, 81 Indians, 119,214,226,355,473 KOMU-TV, Columbia, 81 —burial mounds, 360 KSPR, Springfield, 121 —Kansa, 365 Kahoka, Mo., 221, 235 —Mandan, 231 Kanell, Billie G., 115 —mission, 122 Kansa Indians, 365 —Missouri, 233 Kansas City, Mo., 108, 116, 220, 357, 469 —Osage, 233, 493 —Arrowhead Stadium, 357 Industrial Home for Negro Girls, Tipton, 474 —Board of Police Commissioners, 258-260 Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 253-269 Ingersoll, Ralph, II, 236 -Central High School, 108 Irish, 228; St. Louis, 364 -Cliff Drive, 221 "Iron Mountain Baby" (song), 233 —election, 1936, 357 Ironton, Mo., 220; Reese House, 232 —hospital, 357 Isolationism, 311-337 —Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, 147, 149, 234 -parks, 108 J —Petticoat Lane, 221 Jackson, Mo., 107, 220; Oliver House, 354 —Unity School of Christianity, 108 Jackson, Claiborne F., 9, 24, 270-272, 275, 407-410 Kansas City Art Institute, 143, 144 Jackson County, 115, 116,235 Kansas City, Clinton and Springfield Railway, 110 —Cooper families, 221 "Kansas City Free Speech Fight of 1911," by Tom —courthouse, 263 N. Mclnnis, 253-269 —Jail Museum, 231 Kansas City Journal, 259-260, 262 —Leeds Farm, 257 Kansas City Morning Star, 479 —Rider families, 120,235 Kansas City Museum, 221; archives, 121 Jails, Phelps County, 118 Kansas City Star, 69, 70, 74, 469, 479 James, Jesse, 110,121,218,220,226 Jamesport, Mo., 357 Kansas City Times, 70, 469, 479 Jarvis, Charles A., "Clarence Cannon, The Corn Kasten family, 230 Cob Pipe, And The Hawley-Smoot Tariff," Kasten, Louis, obit., 486 151-165 Keefe, James F., and Lynn Morrow, eds., A Con­ Jasper County, 354, 357 necticut Yankee in the Frontier Ozarks: The Jazz, 105 Writings of Theodore Pease Russell, 372-37'4 Jefferson, Albert T., obit., 369 Keeley Institute, Kirkwood, 478 Jefferson Barracks, 364, 478 Keeley, Mary Paxton, see Paxton, Mary Jefferson City, Mo., 220, 238, 357, 366, 469 Keen, Peter, 480 Index 507

"Keeping the Powder Dry: Senator Harry S. Lavitt, Dan, 479 Truman And Democratic Interventionism, 1935- Lawrence County, 117, 232, 365 1941," by Mark Steven Wilburn, 311-337 —Buck Prairie Church and Cemetery, 478 Kellock, Katharine, 476 —schools, 232 Kemp, Hardy A., obit., 240 Laws, Samuel Spahr, 2, 20, 21, 30, 31, 53, 60 Kemper, Simon Peter, 481 Lawson, John, 78 Kemper, William T., Jr., 232 Lawson, Leonidas M., 66 Kennett, Mo., 357 Lead, 235 Kerry Patch, 364 Lebanon, Mo., 221, 470; United Savings and Loan Keshler, John, 116 Association, 109, 112 Kesterson family, 470 Leeds Farm, Jackson County, 257 Kiefner, Charles M., 476 Leedy, Harold Gavin, obit., 486 Kimball, Alice Mary, 398 Lee's Summit, Mo., 470 Kimmswick, Mo., 473 Leffingwell, Edward H., 7, 21 King, Adaline M., obit., 240 Legg, Jerome B., 232 King, Henry, 70 Leitwein, Anna Lee, 121 Kinloch, Mo., 473 Lemons, Al, 237 Kirby-Smith, see Smith Lenoir Retirement Community, Columbia, 478 Kirk, John R., 385, 387, 389-392, 395, 400, 401 Leora, Mo., 225 Kirkpatrick, James, 480 Lesterville, Mo., 443 Kirksville, Mo., 108, 221, 357, 470; First District Lewis and Clark Expedition, 120, 220 Normal School, 385, 387, 388 Lewis-Gregg Family Cemetery, Jackson County, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, 365 115 Kirkwood, Mo., 117,473,478 Lewis Mill Bridge, 226 —Harris family, 478 Lewis Mill, Gallatin, 219,468 —Rott family, 478 Lexington, Mo., 108, 221 Kirkwood News, 232 -Civil War, 218 Kirkwood Seminary, 478 —Morrison-Wentworth Bank, 221 Kling, S. Lee, 120 Liberty, Mo., 225 Knox, Frank, 330 Libraries Koerner, Gustave, 417 —Columbia Missourian, 121 Koffman, Robert, 222 —Ellis, University of Missouri-Columbia, 217 Konantz, Wallie, 108 —Park College, 121 Kossuth, Lajos "Louis," 473 —St. Louis, Main, 232 Kramer, Clete, 481 —State Historical Society of Missouri, news­ Kremer, Gary R., "Strangers to Domestic Virtues: paper, 236 Nineteenth-Century Women in The Missouri Pri­ —Truman, 214 son," 293-310 Licking, Mo., 470 Kruse, Charles, 476 A Life in the Struggle: Ivory Perry and the Culture Kuhlmann, Fred, 483 of Opposition, by George Lipsitz, 246-247 Kuklenski, June, 367 Lighthouses, 237 Limbaugh, Rush H., 354 Lincoln, Abraham, 117, 367, 405, 416, 417, 421, La Belle, Mo., 357, 470 422, 467 La Plata, Mo., 358 Lincoln County, 361, 475 La Rose School, Chariton County, 230 Lincoln School, Carthage, 216 Labunski, Stanislaw, 220 Lindbergh, Charles A., 106, 220, 327 Lacoff, Theodore, 49 Linn, Mo., 358; telephones, 234 Lafayette, Marquis de, 111 Linn County, 230 LaForce family, 112 Linnwood, Mo., 366 Lakes Lipsitz, George, A Life in the Struggle: Ivory Perry —Ben Branch, 234 and the Culture of Opposition, 246-247 -Weber, 120 Little, Frank, 255-258 Lamar family, 216 Litton, Abraham, 12 Lambeth School, Maries County, 478 Livermore, Hazel Ruth Snider, obit., 486 Lancaster, Mo., 221 Lock Springs Masonic Hall, 466 Landers, Abel, 478 Locust School District, Ozark County, 480 Landwehr, Burton F., obit., 240 Lodge of the Four Seasons, 121 Langston, William C, 117 Loeb, Isidor, 33, 34 Larson, Sidney, 190, 192, 378 Loeber, Gotthold Heinrich, 230 Lathrop, Mo., 221 Log Cabins, 215, 361, 470 Lathrop, John H., 2, 4-9, 12-14, 16, 21, 24-27, 40, Loh, Jules, 135 41 London, H. H., obit., 486 Latzel, Geraldine, obit., 240 Long family, mansion, 221 LaValle, Mo., 359 Long, Huey, 313 508 Index

Long, Robert Alexander, 493 Marmaduke, John S., 108, 166-187 Long, Stephen, 476 Marmaduke, Meredith M., 296, 297 Longview Farm, 108 Marquand, Mo., 468 Lore, Welcome Decker and Mary Ellen, 119 Marrs, Nora and Ora, 364 Louisiana, Mo., 108, 114,470 Marshall, Mo., 108, 222, 358, 470 Luck School, Walnut Grove, 214 Marthasville, Mo., 109, 362, 470, 475, 476 Ludlow, Louis, 317 Martin, Frank Lee, 77-79 Lukins Ranch, Christian County, 230 Martin, Maude Williams, 233, 476 Lumber industry, 491-493 Maryville, Mo., 109, 222, 358 Lynch, Jay, 107 Masonic Homes, 115, 231 Lyon, Nathaniel, 274-292, 405-414, 418, 477 Massie, Gerald R., obit., 239 Massie, Margaret Holloway, 232 Mc Mathews, Peter Harrison, 117 McAlester, Andrew W., 21 Mathias, John, 261,267 McAnally, David R., Jr., 66 Matilda (ship), 226 McCart, Faye, obit., 486 Matkin, Francis and Sarah, 478 McCarthy, Eugene, 163-165 Matkin, George Gordon, 478 McCaul, Robert L., The Black Struggle for Public Matkin, Michael and Ann Marriott, 478 Schooling in Nineteenth-Century Illinois, 245-246 Matkins, William, 232 McClellan, George, 417 Mattes, Merrill J., and Paul Henderson, The Pony McClurg, Joseph, 18 Express: From St. Joseph to Fort Laramie, 249 McComb, Esther Stark, obit., 124 Matthews, George H., 12, 21, 53 McCue, George, and Frank Peters, A Guide to the Mattox, Morgan, 122 Architecture of St. Louis, 491 Maupin, Carlene, obit., 124 McCullagh, Joseph B., 65 Maxvill, Dal, 483 McCulloch, Ben, 276, 277, 280, 282, 291, 408, 409, Mayes, Wiley, 120 412,413 Maynard, William, 67 McDonald County, 228 Maysville, Mo., 222 McDowell family, 119 Means, Evangeline Boggs, obit., 486 McDowell, Irvin, 420, 421, 426 Meramec Dam, 364 McGraw, Jesse "Beason," 225 Meramec State Park, 479 Mclnnis, Tom N., "Kansas City Free Speech Fight Mercer, Ella, 232 of 1911," 253-269 Mexican-American War, 116 Mcintosh, James, 290 Mexico, Mo., 226; Missouri Military Academy, MacKay, Mrs. Phil A., Jr., obit., 486 116,129 McKinney, William N., 355 Meyer, Max, 33 McManus, James, Jr., obit., 124 Meyer, Peg, 105 MacMurray, J. Wilson, 59 Middlebush, Frederick A., 32-38 McNabb, Cloie Burtner, Timber Ridge Southern Milan, Mo., 222, 358; Glaze home, 471 Baptist Church, 249 Milan Cemetery, 109 McNeil, John, 173, 178-181, 183-185 Military, 481; blacks, 476 McNeill, John, 423 Mill, Charles, 262, 264, 267, 269 McNeill, John Hanson, 481 Millard, Filmore C, obit., 240 McNeill's Rangers, 481 Miller, Charles, obit., 369 McPherson, Elijah Tipton (Doc), 122 Miller, Chyrel Love, 237 Miller County, 482; swinging bridge, 480 M Miller, E. B., 70 Macks Creek, Mo., 129 Miller, Mrs. Fount, obit., 240 Macon, Mo., 108, 358, 470 Miller, James L., Sr., obit., 369 Madison County, 429, 430, 434, 439 Miller, P. T., 301, 302 Madstone, 232 Miller, Randall M., and John David Smith, eds., Magnan, Bill, 226 Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery, 128 Mahnkey, Douglas, 120 Miller, Wilhelmine Lauerman, 364 Major, Robert J., obit., 124 Miller's Landing, Washington County, 475 Maiden, Mo., 358 Mills, 105, 219 Mallery, James P., 374 —Carthage, 354 Mandan Indians, 231 -Craig, 109 Manewel, Wilton L., Jr., obit., 124 —Heckmann, 364, 471 Mann, Clair V., 37 —Hulston, 468 Mansfield, Mo., 222; Steele mansion, 222 —Lewis, Gallatin, 219,468 "Marie Turner Harvey and the Rural Life Move­ —Morse, 469 ment," by Ruth Warner Towne, 384-403 —New Madrid, 471 Maries County —Noser's, 362 -Civil War, 117 —Star, Hermann, 356 —Lambeth School, 478 —Watts, Jackson County, 104 Index 509

—White Swan, 467 Moore Cemetery, Lawrence County, 117 —Wommack, 105 Moore, John C, 174 Mills, Louis, 362 Moore, Louise, 121 Minehart, Henry, 285, 289 Moral Rearmament, 328, 329, 337 Miner, Pamela Ann, "Rise Like A Phoenix: The Morawitz, Nadine, obit., 124 Creation of Francis Quadrangle," 42-62 Morgan, Charles, 169, 182, 183 Mines and mining Morrill Federal Land Grant Act, 51, 52 —Calhoun, 361 Morrill, Justin Smith, 51 —chert, 117 Morrow, Lynn, "Theodore Pease Russell: Connecti­ —coal, 481 cut Yankee to Missouri Jeffersonian," 428446 —lead, 117 Morrow, Lynn, and James F. Keefe, eds., A Con­ Mingo Swamp, 225 necticut Yankee in the Frontier Ozarks: The Minor, Benjamin B., 12, 26 Writings of Theodore Pease Russell, 372-374 Mississippi County, 216 Morse Mill, 469 Mississippi River, 111, 216, 237, 354, 466, 477, 483 Mosby, John, 423 Missouri, 106, 216, 221, 235, 363, 466, 469, 474 Mosenthien Island, 473 —Boone settlement sites, 363 Mott, Frank Luther, 78 —boundary, 114 Mt. Vernon, Mo., 109, 223, 471; hospital, 471 -Capitol, 105,468,469 Mount Zion Bible School, 368 —court system, 467 Mountain Grove, Mo., 223 —covered bridges, 237 Mucci, Nick, 111 —folk music, 233 Mudd, Mo., 222 -folklore, 233 Mueller, Frederick H., 160 —nickname, 106 Mueller, Ludwig Wilhelm, 114, 230, 363 —place names, 232 Muir, Donald E., obit., 124 —plants, 481 Mules, 215, 233, 234 —railroads, 104, 360 Murphy, Michael R., obit., 486 -Seal, 357, 473 Museums —slavery, 117 —Excelsior Springs Historical, 355 Missouri Athletic Club, 477 —Foster, Point Lookout, 228 Missouri Auto Club, 120 —Holt County, 234 Missouri Botanical Garden, 118, 233, 367 —Hoover, Dorothea B., Historical, 220 Missouri Day, 215, 216, 220 —Jackson County Jail, 231 Missouri Dental Association, 365 —Kansas City, 121,221 Missouri Edison Company, 475 —National Museum of Transport, 237 Missouri Federation of Women's Club, 387, 390 —Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, 147, 149, 234 Missouri Folk-Lore Society, 233 —Patrol, Jefferson City, 220 Missouri Highway Patrol, 480, 481 —Pony Express, 232 Missouri History in Magazines, 114-122, 230-238, —Tri-County Historical, 234 363-368, 476-483 —Whiskey Jack's, Hermann, 119 Missouri History in Newspapers, 104-113, 214-229, Musicians, biographies, St. Louis, 492 353-362, 465-475 Musick, Ruth Ann, 233 Missouri Indians, 233 Myers, Alta, 119 Missouri Iron Company, 429, 431 Myers, Samuel, family, 478 Missouri Lumber and Mining Company, 491-492 Missouri Meerschaum Company, Washington, 154, N 156, 161, 162, 165 National Folk Festival, St. Louis, 233 Missouri Military Academy, Mexico, 116, 129 National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial, 466 Missouri National Guard, 121, 476; Company K, National Museum of Transport, 237 121, 122,236,237 National Railroad Convention, 1849, 370 Missouri Press Association, 63-65, 67, 68, 73, 75, Nave, Ed, 483 76, 234, 365 Naylor, Ignatius, 235 Missouri River, 104, 217, 228, 232, 234, 235, 249, Neelyville, Mo., 472 264,266,361,368,483 Neff, Ward A., 81 Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station, 480 Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, 147, Missouri State Penitentiary, 293-310 149, 234 Missouri Western State College, 477 Neosho, Mo., 109, 234, 471; Allen Bridge, 223 Missourian Magazine, 80 Neutrality Acts, 314-317, 330, 335 Mitchell, Stephanie, comp., Carondelet Landmarks, Nevada, Mo., 118 Volume 1, 130 New Haven, Mo., 109, 113 Moberly, Mo., 218,222,223,471 New London, Mo., 109 Moberly Area Junior College, 480 New Madrid, Mo., 109,471 Monett, Mo., 358 New Madrid Earthquake, 226, 228, 237, 360 Monroe City, Mo., 109,223 New Melle, Mo., Boone village, 359 Montreal, Mo., 471 New Truxton, Mo., 362 510 Index

New York World, 71 Olson, James C. and Vera, 25, 32, 35; The University Newbern, John H., 288 of Missouri: An Illustrated History, 126-128 Newburg, Mo., flood, 110 Only the Rivers are Peaceful: Thomas Hart Benton's Newell, Samuel, 118 Missouri Mural, by Bob Priddy, 241-243 Newlon, Mr. and Mrs. R. B., 306 Onyx Cave, 467 News in Brief, 86-88, 195-196, 339, 447-450 Ord, E. 0. C, 422 Newspapers, 224, 360 Oregon, Mo., 221 -Arkansas, 270-292 Oronogo, Mo., 362 -Boonville Topic, 75 Orphan Trains, 358 —Charleston Enterprise-Courier, 216 Osage County, 108,221,480 -Civil War, 270-292 Osage Indians, 233, 493 -—Columbia Missourian, library, 477 The Osages, Dominant Power of Louisiana Terri­ - Daily Dunklin Democrat, 118 tory, by Wallace T. Talbott, 493 —Dallas County, 215 Osterhaus, Peter J., 417, 419 —Edina Sentinel, 106 Otto, E. H., 154, 160, 164 —Excelsior Springs Daily Standard, 355 Owen, Mary Alicia, 233 —Kansas City Journal, 259-260, 262 Owensville, Mo., 223, 359 —Kansas City Morning Star, 479 Ozark County, 118, 122 -Kansas City Star, 69, 70, 74, 469, 479 —courthouse, 356 —Kansas City Times, 70, 469, 479 —postal service, 119 —Kirkwood News, 232 —postmasters, 366 —New York World, 71 -schools, 480 —Paris Monroe County Appeal, 471 Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 119 —Pleasant Hill Times, 118 Ozarks, 108, 118, 119, 223, 232, 234, 361, 366, 428- —St. Louis Daily Record, 354, 360 447,471,472,480 —St. Louis Herald, 284 -folklore, 476 —St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 71, 364 -Germans, 235, 480 —St. Louis Republic, 398 —St. Louis Sun, 236 —Sedalia Republican, 474 Padron, Jorge, 115 — University Missourian, 66, 80, 81 Painton, Mo., 359 Newtonia, Mo., Battle of, 358 Palmyra, Mo., 109, 223, 224, 356; massacre, 109 Nichols, Everett G., obit., 486 Pargoud (steamboat), 483 Nixa, Mo., 223, 363 Paris, Mo., 471 Noble, Mo., 366 Paris Monroe County Appeal, 471 Nodaway County, 470 Park College, library, 121 Noel, Missouri, 1887-1987, compiled by Noel Cen­ Parks tennial Book Committee, 129 —Kansas City, 108 Noel, Mo., 129,234 —Lake Park, Fredericktown, 106 Norris, George W., 313 —Memorial, Jefferson City, 220 Northeast Missouri State Teachers College, Kirks­ —Meramec State, 479 ville, 400 —Pinnacles, Boone County, 114 Northeast Missouri State University, Kirksville, 121 —Riverfront, St. Joseph, 226 Norwood, Atlas C, 183 —St. Louis, 111 Norwood, Joseph, 21, 53 —Trail of Tears, 215 Noser's Mill, Franklin County, 362 Parks, Fletcher, 380 Nottinghill, Mo., 366; Bray family, 118 Parkville, Mo., 110 Nye, Gerald, 313, 317, 318 Parsons, Charles Bunyan, 106 Parsons, M. M.,409 O Parsons, William H., 169-171 Oak Grove, Mo., 109, 116,223,471 Partenheimer, Edwin Franklin, 234 Oates, Stephen, 178, 187 Patee House, St. Joseph, 472 Odell, Jeremiah, 120 Patrol Museum, Jefferson City, 220 O'Hare, Kate, 231 Patterson, Mo., 174, 175 Patterson, Jefferson, 233 Old Mines, 217; French Project, 233 Pawpaws, 233 Old Spanish Cave, Stone County, 237 Paxton, Mary, 79, 80 Old Spanish Fort, Lawrence County, legends, 117, Pea Ridge, Ark., Battle of, 418, 419 232, 365 Peach, George, 120 Oliva, Angelo, 122 Peacher, Quinton, 366 Oliver family, 122 Pearce, N. Bart, 277, 280 Oliver, Marie, 354 Pearce, Richard, 363 Olson, Delia, obit., 240 Peckham, James, 406 Olson, James C, "A Turbulent Half-Century: The Pemberton, William E., Harry S. Truman: Fair Early Years of the University of Missouri," 1-22 Dealer & Cold Warrior, 371-372 Index 511

Pendergast, Thomas J., 363 —St. Joseph, 473 Pendleton, Mo., 229 —Sycamore, 119 Penney, J. C, 105 —Turners Station, 119 People of the Troubled Water: A Missouri River Postmasters, Springfield, 112 Journal, by Nancy M. Peterson, 249 Potosi, Mo., 110,225,359,472 Perry County, 110, 224, 359, 364, 471; court, 119 Powell, Don and Jim, 216 Perry, H. G., 258 Pratt, George C, 7 Perry, Ivory, 246-247 Pratt, Joseph H., 170,174 Perryville, Mo., 122, 224, 359, 472 Presbyterian Church Board of Home Missions, 389 Pertle Springs, Mo., 230 "Presidents and the Presidency," by Lawrence O. Petelo, Mo., 477 Christensen, 23-41 Petelo family, 230 Price, Sterling, 11, 13, 25, 218, 277, 283, 285, 407- Peters, Frank, and George McCue, A Guide to the 409,411,412,418 Architecture of St. Louis, 491 Priddy, Bob, 190, 192; Only the Rivers are Peaceful: Peterson, Nancy M., People of the Troubled Water: Thomas Hart Benton's Missouri Mural, 241-243 A Missouri River Journal, 249 Prince of Wales, 226 Petty family, Boone County, 366 Puckett family, 225 Peyton, R. Y. L., 408 Pulitzer, Joseph, 70-74 Phelps County, 225 Puxico, Mo., 225 —courthouse, 480 Pyle, Ernie, 225 -jail, 118 Phi Beta Kappa, Alpha Chapter, 116 R Phillips, Cabell, 155 Ragsdale, John Wesley, 114, 230 Phillips, Doris C, obit., 124 Railroads, 111, 223, 231, 360, 473, 478 Phillips, Jesse, 363 —Chicago Burlington and Quincy, 361 Photographs, 476 -Hannibal, 219 Pierce, Austin, 118,365 —Kansas City, Clinton and Springfield, 110 Pierce City, Mo., 359, 472 -KATY,217 Pike County, 104 —mail, 360 Piland, "Big Billy," 118 —Missouri, 104 Pilot Knob, Mo., 429, 439; Battle of, 216, 217, 218, —Rock Island depot, Pleasant Hill, 115 220, 223 —St. Louis and Iron Mountain, 440, 442 Pine School, 106 —St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern, 473 Pineville, Mo., 359 —St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Company, Pinkston family, 121 232, 374 Pinnacles Park, Boone County, 114 —Sedalia, Warsaw and Southern, 474 Pippinville, Mo., 477 -wrecks, 222, 223, 366 Plattdeutsch, 227 Rains, James, 408 Platte City, Mo., 224 Rainwater, Charley, 175 Plattsburg, Mo., 110 Randolph County, 122 Pleasant Hill, Mo., 119,472 Randolph, Vance, 233 —post office, 110 Rathbone, Claud Henry, 367 —Rock Island depot, 115 Raven, Peter H., 367 Pleasant Hill Times, 118 Ray County, 120, 481; Civil War, 110 Poeschel, William, 107 Ray, S. J., cartoons, 323, 332, 334 Politics, 23-41, 151-165, 311-337 Ray, Samuel Perkins, family, 358 Polk County, physicians, 366 Rea, George W., 478 Ponder, Jerry, Grandin, Hunter, West Eminence Read, Daniel, 2, 15, 16, 18, 19, 27-30, 41, 52, 53, 59, and the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company, 60 491-492 Rector, Henry M., 275-277 Pony Express, 214, 249, 466, 472, 473, 483; Reed, Jake, 355 women, 473 Reichelt, Richard, Heartland Blacksmiths: Conver­ The Pony Express: From St. Joseph to Fort Lar­ sations at the Forge, 130 amie, by Merrill J. Mattes and Paul Henderson, Remley, Theodore, 259 249 Reves, Timothy, 174 Pope, John, 419-421, 426 Rex Centennial Farm, 467 Poplar Bluff, Mo., 359; physicians, 225 Reynolds County, 106, 218, 467 Porter, Fitz-John, 420 Reynolds, John, 305-306 Porter, Sam, 119 Reynolds Schoolhouse, 215 Porter School, Adair County, 392-402 Reynolds, Thomas, 294, 295 Portland neighborhood, St. Louis, 244-245 Rich Fountain, Mo., Parish of Sacred Heart, 129 Post Offices Rich Hill, Mo., 359 —Dunklin County, 121, 236, 367 "Richard S. Brownlee II (1918-1990)," by James W. -Pleasant Hill, 110 Goodrich, 375-383 -Rolla, 359 Richards, William O., obit., 369 512 Index

Richardson, Thorn and Nancy, 475 Russell, Cyrus, 430, 432-434, 436 Richmond, Mo., 472 Russell, Don, 482 Richmond Heights, Mo., 365 Russell, L. M., 307 Rider families, Jackson County, 120, 235 Russell, Rebecca, 434 Rikoon, J. Sanford, Threshing in the Midwest, Russell, Theodore Pease, 372-374, 428446 1820-1940: A Study of Traditional Culture andRutledge , Perrin, 365 Technological Change, 489-490 Ryals, Hazel, obit., 369 Riley, Charles Valentine, 370 Ryan, Chuck, 215 Rinedollar, Darold, 479 Ryan, Don, 367 Rinehart, Rupe, News Agency, Kirksville, 470 Ryors, Mo., 366 Ringer, Paula, 121 Ringo, Martin, 234 St. "Rise Like A Phoenix: The Creation of Francis St. Aubert, Mo., 480 Quadrangle," by Pamela Ann Miner, 42-62 St. Charles, Mo., 220, 225, 235 Rivers —Benton School, 481 —Current, 235 —fire fighting, 481 —gambling, 483 —highway bridge, 120 -Gasconade, 234, 472, 480 —schools, 366 —gauges, 483 St. Charles County, 120, 366; postal service, 235 -Mississippi, 111, 216, 237, 354, 466, 483 St. Clair, Mo., 229; Hibbard Hardware Store, 112 -Missouri, 104, 105, 217, 228, 232, 234, 235, St. Clair County, Harris House, 366 249,361,364,366,368,483 Ste. Genevieve, Mo., 118,225 -South, 219 —Deguire-LaRose family, 225 -White, 122, 237 —Rottler family, 225 Robert Alexander Long: A Lumberman of the —women, 472 Gilded Age, by Lenore K. Bradley, 493 St. George School, St. Louis, 111 Roberts, Samuel E., 117 St. James, Mo., 472 Robertson family, 231 St. Joseph, Mo., 111,225,360,472 Robertson, James Marion, 365 —Congregation Adath Joseph, 483 Robertson, R. Ritchie, 367, 474 -Hirsch's, 360 Robidoux, Joseph, family, 119 —Patee House, 472 Robinett, James L., Jr., obit., 369 —post offices, 473 Rocheport Telephone Company, 481 —Riverfront Park, 226 Rock Island Railroad depot, Pleasant Hill, 115 -Robidoux Hill, 226 Rock Port, Mo., 110 —schools, 360 Roe, Albert, 255, 258-260 St. Louis, Mo., Ill, 116, 156, 226, 230, 301, 307, Roe, Erwin, 235 310,360,367,467,473,481 Rolla, Mo., 231, 359 —architects, 232, 365 —Extension Center, 110 —architecture, 491 —Finch Cattle Farm, 353 —beer industry, 477 —Freedmen's School, 118 —Bellefontaine Cemetery, 473 —post office, 359 —Bellefontaine Methodist Church, 122 Roller, Jacob, family, 483 —businesses, 111, 120, 226, 227, 235, 236, 367, Rollins, James S., 2, 9, 15-18, 20, 27-30, 41 482 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 311-337 —Catholic community, 477 Roosevelt, Theodore, 387 —cave, 473 Root, Oren, 53 —Chase-Park Plaza Hotel, 477 Rosa, Joseph, 215 —civil rights, 246-247 Roseberry, Nathan, family, 355 —Cupples Station, 473 Ross, Charles, 77 —Deaconess Hospital, 226 Ross, John Thomas, 481 —Exposition and Music Hall, 111 Rothe, Beau, 362 —Fire Department, 231 Rothwell, Gideon F., 44, 62 —Fire Engine House No. 34, 114 Rott family and Rott Hardware, Kirkwood, 478 —Fourth Baptist Church, 237 Rottler family, Ste. Genevieve, 225 —German-Americans, 404-427 Rowden, Nathaniel, 119 —Grand Center Inc., 482 Royal N'Orleans Restaurant, Cape Girardeau, 466 —historic buildings, 227 Rucker, Frank, 75 —homes, 236 Rule, John, 119 —Indian attack, 226 Rule, William S., 119 -Irish, 364 Rural Life Association, 389, 390 —Junior League, 367 Rural Life Movement, 384-403 —Lackland, Dennis, house, 226 Rural School Messenger, 390, 392 —Lucas Place, 114 Rush Ridge, Mo., 105 —Main Library, 232 Russell, Charles, 473 —Municipal Museum, 142 Index 513

—musicians, 492 Schoolcraft, David, 361 —neighborhoods, 235 Schools, 235 —parks, 111 —Argyle Elementary, 108 —Perry Tower, 473 —Benton, St. Charles, 481 —Piety Hill Neighborhood, 111 -Bluff, 104 —private streets, 244-245 —Branson, 119 —public bathing, 364 —Brown, 236 —St. Francis de Sales Church, 477 —Butler County, 363 —St. George School, 111 —Buzzard Roost, 234 —St. Luke Parish, 226 —Cape Fair High, 217 —St. Peter's Catholic Church, 473 —Catholic, Joplin, 361 —School Board, 370 —Central High, Cape Girardeau, 466 —steamboats, 237 —Central High, Kansas City, 108 —Sunset Hills, 227 —Charleston High, 354 —theatres, 360 —Christian County, 114, 230, 363 —Trinity Lutheran Church, 115 —Concordia Theological Seminary, 117, 354 —Tucker Station, 111 —Cypress, 214 —Washington Place, 227 —Douglas County, 116, 365 -Zoo, 117 —Drury College, 115 St. Louis Agricultural and Mechanics Fair, 473 —First District Normal, Kirksville, 385, 387, 388 St. Louis Arena, 360 —Florissant, 115 St. Louis County, 120 —Freedmen's, Rolla, 118 St. Louis Daily Record, 354, 360 —German, Hermann, 468 St. Louis Herald, 284 —Iberia Academy, 130 St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad, 440, 442 —Jefferson City, 469 St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad, —Kansas City Art Institute, 143, 144 473 —Kirkwood Seminary, 478 St. Louis Mercantile Library Association, 117 —Lambeth, Maries County, 478 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 71, 364 —Lawrence County, 232 St. Louis Republic, 398 —Lincoln, Carthage, 216 St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Company, 374 —Luck, Walnut Grove, 214 St. Louis Sun, 236 —Missouri Military Academy, Mexico, 116, 129 St. Louis Workingmen's Party, 370 —Mount Zion Bible, 368 St. Louis World's Fair, 1904, 354 -Ozark County, 480 St. Luke of Webster County, Missouri 1988; one —Pine, 106 hundred fifty years of community service, by —Porter, 392402 Carl Young and Charles Boulson, 249 —Reynolds, 215 St. Mary Regional School, West Plains, 361 -rural, 114,358,384403,475 St. Peters, Mo., 360 —St. Charles, 366 St. Peters Centre Special District, 479 —St. George, St. Louis, 111 —St. Joseph, 360 —St. Mary Regional, West Plains, 361 Sacred Heart Sesquicentennial, 1838-1988, Rich -Tilsit, 105 Fountain, Mo., compiled by Joe Welschmeyer, —Unity School of Christianity, 108 129 —Ursuline Academy, Arcadia, 228 Salem, Mo., Ill, 227, 360, 474, 482 -Wild Cat, 106 Salisbury, Mo., 227 -Worth County, 238, 368, 483 Salomon, Charles E., 407, 408 Schulz, Susie, 358 Salvation Army, Springfield, 482 Schwada, John, obit., 486 Sanborn Field, University of Missouri, 233, 237 Schweitzer, Paul, 21 Sanborn, Jeremiah W., 21, 31 Scott Countv Sandburne, Thomas Gibson, 480 —cotton, 228 Sandford, Emma, 305 —King's Highway, 482 Sanford, Bob, 147, 148 Scott, Don, 263 Santa Fe Trail, 122,232,368 Scott, Hugh, 255, 256, 267 Santacruz, Jose, 220 Scott, James S., 480 Sapp, Paul E., obit., 240 Scott, John W., 472 Sarcoxie, Mo., 216 Scully's Land, 479 Sare, Ted, 478 Sedalia, Mo., Ill; newspapers,474 Sater family, Dade County, 234 Sedalia, Warsaw and Southern Railway, Warsaw Saults, Dan, 119 Branch, 474 Savannah, Mo., Ill Seddon, James A., 166 Scheibal, K. Casey, 477 Senath, Mo., 227, 474 Schell City, Mo., 476 Sergeant, John, 469 Schofield, John, 413 Severin, Walter L., obit., 240 514 Index

Seymour, Mo., Ill, 227 -YMCA, 228 Shannon, James, 9-11, 20, 25, 26 Stahel, Julius, 423 Shapley, Harlow, 466 Star Mill, Hermann, 356 Sharecroppers, 473 Starbird, Adele, 400 Shebl, Joseph J., obit., 369 Stark, Lloyd, 325, 326 Shelby County, settlers, 227 Starke, J. D., 310 Shelby, Joseph, 169, 173, 174, 180, 182, 409, 483 Starr, Belle, 491 Shepard, Mrs. Crawford, obit., 124 Starr, Pearl, 491 Shepherd, Melvin, 479 Starr Tracks: Belle and Pearl Starr, by Phillip W. Sheridan, Mo., 122 Steele, 491 Sherman, William, 422 State Historical Society of Missouri, 224, 378, 382 Shoal Creek, Mo., 107 —annual meeting, 188-194 Shoemaker, Floyd, 64 —Newspaper Library, 236 Shults, Marion, 362 Steamboats, 237, 483 Sigel, Franz, 275, 278-282, 285, 287, 290, 404-427 —Arabia, 237 Sikeston, Mo., 112,227,361,474 —Golden Eagle, 122 Sixteenth Regiment Cavalry, Missouri Volunteers, —Pargoud, 483 481 Steedman, Mo., 219,483 Slater, Mo., 235, 361 Steele, Frederick, 414 Slavery, 111, 117, 128, 477 Steele, Phillip W., Starr Tracks: Belle and Pearl Sloan, Eugene William, 473 Starr, 491 Smart, Edwin, 174, 175 Steelville, Mo., 112; houses, 228, 361, 474 Smith Creek, Mo., 229 Stephens College, Columbia, 122, 482 Smith, Edmund Kirby, 166, 167, 169, 187 Stephens, E. W., 68, 69 Smith, Jedediah, 483 Stephens family, Boone and Callaway counties, 481 Smith, John David, and Randall M. Miller, eds., Stephens, Frank, 34 Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery, 128 Stephens, Lon, 444 Smith, Lutie Long, 229 Smith, Mercedes (Dede), 367 Stephenson, Greg, 237 Smith, Morgan L., 406 Steury, Peter, 363 Smith, Ozzie, 233 Stewart, J. C, 475 Smith, Pete, 119 Stewart, Robert Marcellus, 298, 300, 301 Smith, Thomas B., 170 Steyermark, Julian A., Flora of Missouri, 481 Smith, W. Wallace, 236; obit., 123 Stimson, Henry L., 330 Smith, Walker, 265-267 Stocker, Don, 482 Smith, William D., 365 Stokes v. Stokes, 367 Smithville, Mo., 112, 365; railroads, 228 Stone, Caleb, 12 Snodderly, Quintina, grave, 234 Stone County, 217; cave, 237 Snow, Edgar, 125-126 Stoneman, Helen and Harold, 115 Social History of Missouri, mural by Thomas Hart Stony Point, Mo., 366 Benton, 134,370 Stotts, Green C, 478 Soldiers, Scholars, Gentlemen: The First One Hun­ Strachan, William R., 179 dred Years of the Missouri Military Academy, "Strangers to Domestic Virtues: Nineteenth-Century by Leta Hodge, 129 Women in The Missouri Prison," by Gary R. South River, 219 Kremer, 293-310 Southeast Missouri, farming, 225 Stricklen, Robert C, 483 Southeast Missouri State University, 215 Strother, David, 425 Southworth, Nancy, 237 Struckhoff, Richard, 367 Spear family, Cape Girardeau County, 363 Sturgeon, Mo., Proctor Place, 217 Spencer, Alfred E., obit., 240 Sturgis, Samuel D., 282, 283, 285, 290, 410, 414 Spencer's Grill, Kirkwood, 117 Styne, Ann Elizabeth Settle, 481 Spitzmiller, Ermal Eden, obit., 124 Sullivan, Jeremiah, 423 Springfield, Mo., 121, 122, 168, 232, 236, 237, 277, Summers, Edward D., obit., 124 278,361,367,482 Sutherland, George, obit., 369 -Battle of, 361 Swallow, George C, 11, 12, 21 —Great Southern Savings and Loan Association, Swan Creek, 218 109, 112 Sweeny, Thomas, 407 -houses, 121, 122, 236, 237, 361, 367, 474, 482 Sweet, Hot and Blue: St. Louis' Musical Heritage, -KSPR, 121 —Little Theatre, 236 by Lyn Driggs Cunningham and Jimmy Jones, —postal service, 112 492 —Salvation Army, 482 Sweet Springs, Mo., 112,361,474 —schools, 482 Switzler, William F., 9, 14, 66-68 -television, 121, 236, 237, 367, 482 Swope Park, Kansas City, 108 —women, 482 Sycamore, Mo., post office, 119 Index 515

-Library, 122, 214 Taft, William H., "Establishing the School of Jour­ Truman, Olive L., obit., 369 nalism," 63-82 Trusheim, H. Edwin, 482 Talbot, Joseph E., 158-160 "A Turbulent Half-Century: The Early Years of the Talbott, Wallace T., The Osages, Dominant Power University of Missouri," by James C. Olson, 1-22 of Louisiana Territory, 493 Turner, Betty Jane, 115 Talley, Alfred Lee, 471 Turners Station, Mo., post office, 119 Taney County, 120; bridge, 218 Twain, Mark, 110, 111, 118, 219, 224, 226, 353, 354, Tariffs, 151-156 476 Tarkio, Mo., 228 Tau, Andrew, obit., 123 U Taylor, Mary S., obit., 240 U.S. Highway 61, 354 Taylor, Richard, 167 U.S. Route 66, 111,216,359, 362 Taylor, Samuel, 307 Underwood, Melvin "Monk," 238 Tevlin, Lou, 477 Union Station Massacre, 233 "Texans Invade Missouri: The Cape Girardeau Unionville, Mo., 221 Raid, 1863," by Anne J. Bailey, 166-187 United States Government, 311-337 Thayer, Mo., 112,228 —Army, 476 Theaters, 120,236,360,366 —district courts, 467 "Theodore Pease Russell: Connecticut Yankee To Unity School of Christianity, Kansas City, 108 Missouri Jeffersonian," by Lynn Morrow, 428446 University City, Mo., Pinckney French House, 478 Thomas Hart Benton, An American Original, by University of Missouri, 1-83, 106, 112, 115-117, Henry Adams, 241-243 126-128,236 "Thomas Hart Benton Remembered," by Lyman —basketball, 479 Field, 131-150 —College of Agriculture, 17-19, 21, 396 Thomas, Robert S., 7 —Engineering School, 21, 53 Thomasville, Mo., 474 -football, 217 Thompson, Dorothy, 327 —presidents, 2341 Thompson, George, 296 —Sanborn Field, 233, 237 Thompson, Joseph W., obit., 486 The University of Missouri: An Illustrated History, Thompson, Julia, obit., 124 by James C. and Vera Olson, 126-128 Thornfield, Mo., 118 University of Missouri-Columbia, 42-62, 63-83 Thorwegen, Capt., 122 —bibliography, 84-85 Thrapp, Dan L., Encyclopedia of Frontier Biogra­ —folklore research collections, 233 phy, 247-248 —Francis Quadrangle, 42-62 Threshing in the Midwest, 1820-1940: A Study of -Lowry Hall, 115 Traditional Culture and Technological Change, —School of Journalism, 63-82, 250 by J. Sanford Rikoon, 489490 —Western Historical Manuscript Collection, 378 Tibbe, Henry, 154, 156, 157 University of Missouri-Rolla, 472; Chancellor's Tilsit School, 105 Residence, 231 Timber Ridge Southern Baptist Church, by Cloie University of Missouri-St. Louis, 235 Burtner McNabb, 249 University Missourian, 66, 80, 81 Tinker, George Cameron, 365 University of Virginia, 44, 49, 55, 56 Tipton, Mo. Ursuline Academy, Arcadia, 228 -City Hotel, 112 —Industrial Home for Negro Girls, 474 Tobacco, 233 Van Buren, Mo., 475 Todd Shorthorn Farm, Howard County, 356 van Ravenswaay, Charles, obit., 484485 Toft, Carolyn, 230 Vandever, Frank, 180, 182 Toombs, Mrs. Muriel, obit., 240 Vasquez, Baronet, 365 Tornado, Worth County, 122 Vertrees, Joseph, obit., 240 Totten, B. C, 275 Veterans, 114; Civil War, 122 Towboats, 483 Vickery, Ray, 234, 365 Towne, Ruth Warner, "Marie Turner Harvey and Vienna, Mo., 112,475; Latham House, 104, 112 the Rural Life Movement," 384403 Viessman, Anthony, 359 Towosahgy State Historic Site, 112 Vietnamese reunion, 234 Trail of Tears State Park, 215 Viles, Jonas, 6, 8, 18,24,30,32 Trees, 221,230 Villa Ridge, Mo., 229 Tri-County Historical Museum, 234 Votaw, Maurice, 78 Trolley cars, Carthage, 216 Troy, Mo., 229, 361,362,474,475 W Truesdale, Mo., 362 Waisner family, Benton County, 120 Truman, Harry S., 110, 137, 220, 224, 237, 311-337, Walker, Joseph R., 363 370,371,468,483 Waller, Hanna, 306 —home, 220 Walnut Grove, Mo., Luck School, 214 516 Index

Walsh, Thomas Waryng, 365 Wills farm, Cape Girardeau County, 466 Walther, Beatrice Holscher, 231 Wilson, Curtis, 40 Walton, Buck, 175, 183, 185, 186 Wilson, David W., 477 Wampler, Homer, 237 Wilson, Henry Squire, 116 Wampler, W. W., 475 Wilson, Walter E., 481 Wappapello Project, 224 Wilson, Woodrow, 322 Warner, Clarence E., obit., 369 Wilson's Creek, Battle of, 236, 270-292, 412-414 Wars, see also Civil War Witt, Jesse Marion, 121,234 —Mexican-American, 116 Witthaus, A. A.,416 -World War I, 355 Wofford, Kenneth, 216 -World War II, 220 Woman's Literary and Civic Improvement Club of Washington, Mo., 113, 117, 156, 229, 235, 362; Richmond, Missouri, 366 Missouri Meerschaum Company, 154, 156, 161, Women, 119,492 162, 165 —authors, 121 Washington County, 233, 475 —fashion, 472 Washington University, 364 —judges, 120 Waters, H. J., 69 —law, 467 Watkins, Nathaniel, 477 —Missouri history, 467 Watson, Benjamin W., 178, 179 —Nodaway County, 470 Watts Mill, 104 —Pony Express, 473 Wayne County, 110, 224, 359, 472 -prison, 293-310 Waynesville, Mo., Victory Pub, 475 —rights, 361 " 'We Have Whipped Them Beautifully': The Arkan­ —Ste. Genevieve, 472 sas Press and Wilson's Creek," by Brian Dirck, —Springfield, 482 270-292 Wommack Mill, 105 Weaver Brothers & Elviry, 121, 236, 237, 367 Wood, Patricia, obit., 240 Webb City, Mo., 229, 362 Woodward, Calvin M„ 4448, 59, 60 Weber Lake, 120 World Court, 313, 318 Webster County, churches, 249 World War I, Excelsior Springs, 355 Webster, Richard M., obit., 485 World War II, 220 Weightman, Richard, 409 Worth, Mo., 368 Welliver, Warren, 217, 380 Worth County, 227 Wellsville, Mo., 113,229 -schools, 238, 368, 483 Welschmeyer, Joe, comp., Sacred Heart Sesquicen­ —tornado, 122 tennial, 1838-1988, 129 Wrench. Jesse Erwin. 479 West Eminence, Mo., 491492 Wright, C. B., 229 West Plains, Mo., 113, 229, 362; St. Mary Regional Wright family, 465 Catholic School, 361 Wright, Harold Bell, 121,236 Western Sanitary Commission, 477 Wrinkles, Linda, 121 Westmoreland and Portland Places: The History Wyatt, William, 216 and Architecture of America's Premier Private Streets, 1888-1988, by Julius K. Hunter, 244-245 Wyman, Frances, 120 Weston, Mo., Loyles Home, 224 Westphalia, Mo.,"221 Y Westport, Mo., Civil War reenactment, 221 Y-Bndge, Ozarks, 368. 483 Whaley, Kellian, 422 YMCA, Springfield, 228 Whiskey Jack's Museum, Hermann, 119 Yost, Caspei, 66 White, Horace, 72 \osti, Fmelian, 120 White, R. M., 73 Your!^. Bennett ii.. i"•'-*. IM White River, 122,237 }'.-;< 0 Br th,>< ^,*.c- . b\ Pau: W Barrut and White Star District, Ozark County, 480 v . SI n. u; 4o''* White Swan Mills, 467 ;c V Lii**, ' ••'. ..i,>'-\*>\un\t\ .^nut\ 249 terventionism* I935-194K" 3{1-337 :. v- Hira.n. 36S Wild Cat School, 106 Wildcat Cave, Stone County, 237 Y-'i.'ne. Ho\l, et al.. comp.. The Builders: A Hivi^r. Wilhoit, Etzel, 480 oj Macks Creek. 129 Willard, Mo., 229, 465 Young, Samuel, 294 Williams family, Cape Girardeau County, 363 Yount, George C 122 Williams, George W\, 310 Williams. Howard and Frances. 219 Williams, Marshall Houlton. 119 Zimmerman. Seawillow, 214 Williams, Sara, 70 Zion Lutheran School House, St. Louis, 226 Williams, Walter, 34. 64. 67-69, 75-78, 82 Zuber, William, 172, 178-180, 182, 183 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

Copyright © 1990 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

LYNN WOLF GENTZLER VOLUME LXXXIV ASSOCIATE EDITOR OCTOBER, 1989- LEONA S. MORRIS RESEARCH ASSISTANT JULY, 1990 CONTRIBUTORS VOLUME LXXXIV, NOS. 1, 2, 3 AND 4

BAILEY, ANNE J., assistant professor of history at Georgia Southern College, Statesboro.

CHRISTENSEN, LAWRENCE O., professor of history and chairman of the Department of History and Political Science at the University of Missouri-Rolla.

DIRCK, BRIAN, Ph.D. candidate at Rice University.

FIELD, LYMAN, partner in the law firm of Field, Gentry, Benjamin & Robertson, Kansas City.

GIFFEN, LAWRENCE E., SR., doctoral candidate in history at the Uni­ versity of Missouri-Columbia; retired physician in Jefferson City.

GOODRICH, JAMES W., executive director of the State Historical Society of Missouri.

HORWOOD, IAN A., doctoral student in the Department of History at Pennsylvania State University.

JARVIS, CHARLES A., professor of history at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

KREMER, GARY R., director of the Missouri State Archives.

MCINNIS, TOM N., assistant professor of political science at Wells College, Aurora, New York.

MINER, PAMELA ANN, archivist for the Missouri State Archives.

MORROW, LYNN, historical research consultant at Forsyth, Missouri.

OLSON, JAMES C, president emeritus of the University of Missouri.

TAFT, WILLIAM H., retired professor and associate dean of the graduate program, School of Journalism, University of Missouri.

TOWNE, RUTH WARNER, professor of history at Northeast Missouri State University, Kirksville.

WILBURN, MARK STEVEN, assistant professor of history at Jefferson Community College, Louisville, Kentucky. CONTENTS VOLUME LXXXIV, Nos. 1, 2, 3 AND 4

CLARENCE CANNON, THE CORN COB PIPE, AND THE HAWLEY-SMOOT

TARIFF. By Charles A. Jarvis 151

ESTABLISHING THE SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM. By William H. Taft 63

THE KANSAS CITY FREE SPEECH FIGHT OF 1911. By Tom N. Mclnnis 253 KEEPING THE POWDER DRY: SENATOR HARRY S. TRUMAN AND DEMOCRATIC INTERVENTIONISM, 1935-1941. By Mark Steven Wilburn 311

MARIE TURNER HARVEY AND THE RURAL LIFE MOVEMENT. By Ruth Warner Towne 384

PRESIDENTS AND THE PRESIDENCY. By Lawrence O. Christensen 23

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE II (1918-1990). By James W. Goodrich 375

RISE LIKE A PHOENIX: THE CREATION OF FRANCIS QUADRANGLE. By Pamela Ann Miner 42 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY: UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA. Compiled by Ian A. Horwood 84

THE STRANGE STORY OF MAJOR GENERAL FRANZ SIGEL: LEADER AND RETREATER. By Lawrence E. Giffen, Sr 404

STRANGERS TO DOMESTIC VIRTUES: NINETEENTH-CENTURY WOMEN IN THE MISSOURI PRISON. By Gary R. Kremer 293

TEXANS INVADE MISSOURI: THE CAPE GIRARDEAU RAID, 1863. By Anne J. Bailey 166

THEODORE PEASE RUSSELL: CONNECTICUT YANKEE TO MISSOURI

JEFFERSONIAN. By Lynn Morrow 428

THOMAS HART BENTON REMEMBERED. By Lyman Field 131

A TURBULENT HALF-CENTURY: THE EARLY YEARS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI. By James C Olson 1 "WE HAVE WHIPPED THEM BEAUTIFULLY": THE ARKANSAS PRESS AND WILSON'S CREEK. By Brian Dirck 270

Summer and the Soap Box Derby

The 1958 derby was held in Columbia, August 3. At right, Optimist L C. Carpen­ ter, left, and the 1957 winner Randy White- sides, center, congratulate Terry Lenz, right, winner of the 1958 event.