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The Computational Turn : Past , Presents , Futures ? PROCEEDINGS IACAP 2011 FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF IACAP THE COMPUTATIONAL TURN : PAST , PRESENTS , FUTURES ? 4 – 6 JULY , 2011 AARHUS UNIVERSITY Proceedings IACAP 2011 PRINTED WITH THE FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF THE HEINZ NIXDORF INSTITUTE , UNIVERSITY PADERBORN , GERMANY © VERLAGSHAUS MONSENSTEIN UND VANNERDAT OHG AM HAWERKAMP 31 48155 MÜNSTER - 2 - The Computational Turn: Past, Presents, Futures? “The Computational Turn: Past, Presents, Futures?” Dear participants, In the West, philosophical attention to computation and computational devices is at least as old as Leibniz. But since the early 1940s, electronic computers have evolved from a few machines filling several rooms to widely diffused – indeed, ubiquitous – devices, ranging from networked desktops, laptops, smartphones and “the internet of things.” Along the way, initial philosophical attention – in particular, to the ethical and social implications of these devices (so Norbert Wiener, 1950) – became sufficiently broad and influential as to justify the phrase “the computational turn” by the 1980s. In part, the computational turn referred to the multiple ways in which the increasing availability and usability of computers allowed philosophers to explore a range of traditional philosophical interests – e.g., in logic, artificial intelligence, philosophical mathematics, ethics, political philosophy, epistemology, ontology, to name a few – in new ways, often shedding significant new light on traditional issues and arguments. Simultaneously, computer scientists, mathematicians, and others whose work focused on computation and computational devices often found their work to evoke (if not force) reflection and debate precisely on the philosophical assumptions and potential implications of their research. These two large streams of development - especially as calling for necessary interdisciplinary dialogues that crossed what were otherwise often hard disciplinary boundaries – inspired what became the first of the Computing and Philosophy (CAP) conferences in 1986 (devoted to Computer-Assisted Instruction in philosophy). - 3 - Proceedings IACAP 2011 Since 1986, CAP conferences have grown in scope and range, to include an extensive array of intersections between computation and philosophy as explored across a global range of cultures and traditions – issuing in fruitful cross-disciplinary collaborations and numerous watershed insights and contributions to scholarly reflection and publication. In keeping with what has now become a significant tradition of critical inquiry and reflection in these domains, IACAP'11 celebrates the 25th anniversary of CAP conferences by focusing on the past, present(s), and possible future(s) of the computational turn. Aarhus, July 2011 Charles Ess Organizer Department of Information- and Media Studies Aarhus University Ruth Hagengruber Program Chair Paderborn University - 4 - The Computational Turn: Past, Presents, Futures? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Happily, in planning and organizing IACAP’11, I have received generous support and encouragement from more persons and institutions than can be fully listed here – beginning with the Track Chairs, members of the Program Committee / Comité scientifique, and the keynote speakers who have kindly accepted our invitation to join us in Aarhus for our conference. In addition, I would like to express deep gratitude to my colleagues in the Department of Information- and Media Studies (IMV), Aarhus University, including the highly competent members of the secretariat and our chair, Steffen Ejnar Brandorff. Without your on-going encouragement, assistance, and financial support, IACAP’11 would simply not have taken place at Aarhus University. I am also very grateful to Aarhus University for additional forms of support, including their conference facilities and most especially the very able assistance of Ulla Rasmussen Billings (Faculty Secretariat) for her assistance and advice on multiple conference matters, including budgeting and the conference registration page. For the first time in its now 25-year history, IACAP has offered travel bursaries to support the participation of our younger colleagues: Dr. Johnny Søraker has ably taken on the difficult chore of coordinating the awarding of these bursaries. Many thanks ( mange tak !). Finally, a thousand thanks ( tusind tak !) to Prof. Dr. Ruth Hagengruber (Universität Paderborn) who has undertaken not only the daunting role of Program Chair, but also for editing, and producing these Proceedings for IACAP’11. Aarhus, July 2011 Charles Ess - 5 - Proceedings IACAP 2011 Table of Contents Keynotes Presidential address Beavers, Anthony 19 F. IS ETHICS COMPUTABLE , OR WHAT OTHER THAN CAN DOES OUGHT IMPLY Aas, Katja Franko 21 (I N)SECURE IDENTITIES : ICT S, TRUST AND BIOPOLITICAL TATTOOS Covey Lifetime Achievement Award Bynum, Terrell 22 Ward INFORMATION AND DEEP METAPHYSICS Herbert A. Simon Award for Outstanding Research in Computing and Philosophy Sullins, John P. 24 THE NEXT STEPS IN ROBOETHICS Brian Michael Goldberg Award for Outstanding Graduate Research in Computing and Philosophy (sponsored by Carnegie Mellon University) Buckner, Cameron 25 COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR THE 21 ST CENTURY PHILOSOPHER : RECENT ADVANCES AND CHALLENGES IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE AND METAPHILOSOPHY - 6 - The Computational Turn: Past, Presents, Futures? Panel Charles Ess / 26 Elizabeth Buchanan INTERNET RESEARCH ETHICS / Jeremy Mauger INTERNET RESEARCH ETHICS: CORE CHALLENGES, NEW DIRECTIONS Tracks Track I: Philosophy of Computer Science Bengez, Rainhard 29 Z. RULES AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Blanco, Javier O. 30 et alia A BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS Boltuc, Peter 34 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN YOUR FRIEND AND A CHURCH TURING LOVER Chokvasin, 37 Theptawee HAECCITY AND INFORMATION Duran, Juan M. 40 THE LIMITS OF COMPUTER SIMULATIONS AS EPISTEMIC TOOLS Franchette, Florent 43 WHY TO BUILD A PHYSICAL MODEL OF HYPERCOMPUTATION Geier, Fabian 46 THE MATERIALISTIC FALLACY - 7 - Proceedings IACAP 2011 Meyer, Steven 49 THE EFFECT OF COMPUTERS ON UNDERSTANDING TRUTH Monin, Alexandre, 53 Halpin, Harry PHILOSOPHY OF THE WEB AS ARTIFACTUALIZATION Pagano, Miguel 54 ONTOLOGICAL COMMITMENTS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Riss, Uwe 60 SEMANTICS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Sinclair, Nathan 64 QUINEAN HOLISM AND THE INDETERMINANCY OF COMPILATION Smith, Lindsay 67 IS FINDING A ‚B LACK SWAN ‘ POPPER , (1936) POSSIBLE IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT ? Solodovnik, Iryna 71 ONTOLOGY: FROM PHILOSOPHY TO ICT AND RELATED AREAS . PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES Thürmel, Sabine 74 THE EVOLUTION OF SOFTWARE AGENTS AS DIGITAL OBJECTS Turner, Raymond 77 MACHINES AND COMPUTATIONS Track II: Philosophy of Information and Cognition Funcke, Alexander 79 ON THE LEVEL OF CREATIVITY . PONDERINGS ON THE NATURE OF KANTIAN CATEGORIES , CREATIVITY AND COPYRIGHTS Giardino, Valeria 83 THE FOURTH REVOLUTION AND SEMANTIC INFORMATION - 8 - The Computational Turn: Past, Presents, Futures? Heersmink, 87 Richard EPISTEMOLOGICAL AND PHENOMENOLOGICAL ISSUES IN THE USE OF BRAIN -COMPUTER INTERFACES Hewlett, David, 91 Cohen, Paul AN INFORMATION -THEORETIC MODEL OF CHUNKING Janlert, Lars-Erik 94 THE DYNAMISM OF INFORMATION ACCESS FOR A MOBILE AGENT IN A DYNAMIC SETTING AND SOME OF ITS IMPLICATIONS Kitto, Kirsty 97 CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION : MODELING DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS OF THE SAME DATA WITHIN A GEOMETRIC FRAMEWORK Menant, 101 Christophe COGNITION AS A MANAGEMENT OF MEANINGFUL INFORMATION : PROPOSAL FOR AN EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH Quiroz, Francisco 104 Hernandez COMPUTATIONAL AND HUMAN MIND MODEL Schroeder, Marcin 107 SEMANTICS OF INFORMATION : MEANING AND TRUTH AS RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INFORMATION CARRIERS Vakarelov, Orlin 111 PRE -COGNITIVE SEMANTIC INFORMATION - 9 - Proceedings IACAP 2011 Track III: Autonomous Robots and Artificial Cognitive systems Anokhina, 115 Margaryta, Dodig- WHO WILL HAVE IRRESPONSIBLE , Crnkovic, UNTRUSTWORTHY , IMMORAL Gordana INTELLIGENT ROBOT ? WHY ARTIFACTUALLY INTELLIGENT ADAPTIVE AUTONOMOUS AGENTS NEED TO BE ARTIFACTUALLY MORAL ? Arkin, Ronald 118 THE ETHICS OF ROBOTIC DECEPTION Bello, Paul et alia 121 PROLEGOMENON TO ANY FUTURE THEORY OF MACHINE AUTONOMY Briggs, Gordon 124 AUTONOMOUS AGENTS AND SENSES OF RESPONSIBILITY Hagengruber, Ruth 127 THE ENGINEERABILITY OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS Heimo, Olli I., 129 Kimppa, Kai K. RESPONSIBILITY IN ACQUIRING CRITICAL E GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS : WHOSE FAULT IS FAILURE ? Kavathatzopoulos, 133 Iordanis, WHAT ARE ETHICAL AGENTS AND HOW Laaksoharju, CAN WE MAKE THEM WORK Mikael PROPERLY ? Molyneux, 136 Bernard HOW THE HARD PROBLEM OF CONSCIOUSNESS MIGHT ARISE FOR AN EMBODIED (S YMBOL ) SYSTEM Vallverdu, Jordi, 139 Casacuberta, THE GAME OF EMOTIONS (GOE): AN David EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH TO AI DECISIONS Veale, Richard 143 THE CASE FOR DEVELOPMENTAL NEURO ROBOTICS Waser, Mark R. 148 WISDOM DOES IMPLY BENEVOLENCE - 10 - The Computational Turn: Past, Presents, Futures? Track IV: Technosecurity from Every day Surveillance to Digital Warfare Crutzen, C.K.M. 152 THE MASKING AND UNMASKING OF PRIVACY Hempel, Leon 155 CHANGE AND CONTINUITY – FROM THE CLOSED WORLD OF BIPOLARITY TO THE CLOSED WORLD OF THE PRESENT Macnish, Kevin 159 SUBITO AND THE ETHICS OF AUTOMATING THREAT ASSESSMENT Othmer, Julius, 162 Weich, Andreas MATCHING – POPULAR MEDIA BETWEEN SECURITYWORLDS AND CULTURES OF RISK Taddeo, Mariarosa 164 INFORMATIONAL WARFARE AND JUST WAR THEORY Weber, Jutta 168 TECHNO -SECURITY , RISK AND THE MILITARIZATION OF EVERY DAY LIFE Track V: Information Ethics, Robot Ethics Asaro, Peter 175 IS THERE A HUMAN RIGHT
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