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Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles: Safe Technologies and Sustainable Scenarios FR13 Vol Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles: Safe Technologies and Sustainable Scenarios Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles: Safe Technologies Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles: Following on from the success of FR09, which was held in Kyoto in 2009, this conference — FR13 — was attended Safe Technologies and by some 700 experts from 27 countries and 4 international organizations representing different fields of fast reactor and related fuel cycle technologies. The programme comprised Sustainable Scenarios 41 technical sessions organized into 10 topical tracks. The conference provided a forum to exchange information FR13 and experience on national and international programmes and new developments in fast reactors and related fuel cycle technologies, with a focus on safe technologies and sustainable scenarios. The papers in these Proceedings have Proceedings of an International Conference been peer reviewed by the members of the International Scientific Programme Committee and include invited papers Paris, France, 4–7 March 2013 and contributed papers (on CD-ROM). Vol. 2 FR13 Vol. 2 Vol. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978-92-0-104114-2 1 ISSN 0074-1884 @ FAST REACTORS AND RELATED FUEL CYCLES: SAFE TECHNOLOGIES AND SUSTAINABLE SCENARIOS (FR13) VOLUME 2 The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. PROCEEDINGS SERIES FAST REACTORS AND RELATED FUEL CYCLES: SAFE TECHNOLOGIES AND SUSTAINABLE SCENARIOS (FR13) EDITED BY S. MONTI PROCEEDINGS OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FAST REACTORS AND RELATED FUEL CYCLES: SAFE TECHNOLOGIES AND SUSTAINABLE SCENARIOS (FR13) ORGANIZED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, HOSTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF FRANCE THROUGH THE FRENCH ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES AND ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION AND THE FRENCH NUCLEAR ENERGY SOCIETY IN COOPERATION WITH THE OECD NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY AND HELD IN PARIS, 4–7 MARCH 2013 In two volumes VOLUME 2 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2015 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2015 Printed by the IAEA in Austria April 2015 STI/PUB/1665 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Fast reactors and related fuel cycles : safe technologies and sustainable scenarios : FR13 : proceedings of an International Conference held in Paris, France, 4-7 March 2013 — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2015. 2 vol. ; 24 cm. — (Proceedings series (International Atomic Energy Agency), ISSN 0074–1884) STI/PUB/1665 ISBN 978–92–0–104114–2 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Fast reactors — Congresses. 2. Fast reactors — Safetymeasures — Congresses. 3. Nuclear fuels — Management — Congresses. 4. Nuclear reactors — Technological innovations — Congresses. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEAL 15–00967 COPYRIGHT NOTICE FOREWORD All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of The potentialities of fast neutron reactors and closed fuel cycles have been the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised recognized since the earliest days of nuclear energy, dating back to the 1950s. in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual With the achievable breeding ratio and the multiple recycling of the fissile Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual materials obtained from the spent fuel, fast reactors allow full utilization of the property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications energy potential of natural resources, namely uranium and thorium. In this way, in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty the sustainability of nuclear power is enhanced in terms of resource preservation agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are and management of high level and long lived radioactive waste, which is reduced welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed in volume, radiotoxicity and heat load. to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Despite the accident that occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in 2011, nuclear power remains an important option for many countries Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section to ensure energy security and address growing energy needs and public concern International Atomic Energy Agency about the environment. In this context, the development of innovative nuclear Vienna International Centre energy systems, in particular fast neutron systems and related closed fuel cycles, PO Box 100 is widely considered a fundamental step for ensuring the long term sustainability 1400 Vienna, Austria of nuclear energy. fax: +43 1 2600 29302 For almost fifty years, the IAEA has been supporting the development and tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 deployment of fast reactor technology, serving interested Member States as an email: [email protected] important forum for fast reactor information exchange and collaborative research http://www.iaea.org/books and technology development. Since 1967, the keystone of the IAEA’s efforts in this field has been the Technical Working Group on Fast Reactors (TWG-FR), a group of experts providing advice and support for programme implementation, reflecting a global network of excellence and expertise in the areas of advanced technologies and R&D for fast reactors. The TWG-FR coordinates its activities with other IAEA projects, especially those of the Technical Working Group on Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options (TWGNFCO), the Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, the Department of Nuclear Safety and Security, and the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO). Among the wide range of activities and initiatives, the International Conference on Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles is one of the most important events. The previous International Conference on Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles: Challenges and Opportunities (FR09), held on 7–11 December 2009 in Kyoto, Japan, was attended by a large number of participants and produced favourable results. Four years later, on 4–7 March 2013, the fast reactors community gathered in Paris for the International Conference on Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles: Safe Technologies and Sustainable Scenarios (FR13). The conference was attended by almost 700 experts from 27 countries and 4 international organizations representing different fields of fast reactor and related fuel cycle technology. The success of FR13 catalysed further collaboration and alliances for fast reactor development programmes. These Proceedings are accompanied by a CD-ROM of contributed papers. The IAEA would like to express its appreciation to the Government of France for hosting the conference through the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) and the French Nuclear Energy Society (SFEN), to the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, to the members of the International Advisory Committee, the International Scientific Programme Committee, the Local Organizational Committee and the Secretariat of the Conference for the commitment shown in organizing and convening the conference. The IAEA officers responsible for this publication were Mr. S. Monti and Mr. U. Basak of the Department of Nuclear Energy. EDITORIAL NOTE The papers in these Proceedings (including the figures, tables and references) have undergone only the minimum copy editing considered necessary for the reader’s assistance. The views expressed remain, however, the responsibility of the named authors or participants. In addition, the views are not necessarily those of the governments of the nominating Member States or of the nominating organizations. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement
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