DOCSLIB.ORG

NEGOTIATIONS at ROME Hannibal, One of History's Great Failures, Had Been Driven from Italy, Defeated in Mrica, and His Flight Fr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
NEGOTIATIONS at ROME Hannibal, One of History's Great Failures, Had Been Driven from Italy, Defeated in Mrica, and His Flight Fr CHAPTER SIX NEGOTIATIONS AT ROME Hannibal, one of history's great failures, had been driven from Italy, defeated in Mrica, and his flight from his home city in 195 marked him also as a failed politician in Carthage after the peace. He had arrived in the city from Italy as a stranger, and his assumption of authority had not been a wholly popular move with those who believed such a position should be their own. There had always been a faction in the city which had been anti-Barkid, and which had thus at various times been anti-imperialist, anti-war, or pro-Roman. By 195, Hannibal had made himself sufficiently disliked to fear for his life, and he fled Mrica in a prepared ship, as he had fled Italy. 1 For a man such as Hannibal there was now only one place to go. The whole of the western Mediterranean, all of Greece, and Egypt were subject to, or friendly towards, Rome, and so were closed to him. Only the Seleukid empire could provide him with a refuge, and this was all the more suitable since Carthage's home city was Tyre, one of Antiochos III's recent conquests. He was the most famous Phoenician of his time; Tyre was a natural refuge for him, where he would be welcomed. Extradition thence, no matter what Antiochos' power or Rome's insistence, would be effectively impossible. It is important to note that Hannibal was not harried out of Carthage by Rome: he fled the city because he was in danger from his fellow-citizens. He had been in power in some way in Carthage ever since his return from Italy in 203, and at any time since the peace treaty Rome could have exerted such pressure on the city that he would have had to leave. Of course, the Senate kept a watch on 1 Livy 33.45.6-49.7, probably based on Polybios, whose account is lost; also dealt with in varied detail by Nepos, Hannibal, 7, App. ,Vr. 4, Justin 31.1.7-2.8, Zon. 9.18.11-12, Valerius Maximus 4.1.6; all books on Hannibal and Carthage deal with the episode, notably 0. Meltzer, Geschichte der Karthager, vol. 3 (by U. Kahrstedt), Berlin 1913, 584-588, E. Groag, Hannibal als Politiker, Vienna 1929, 119-123, B. H. Warmington, Carthage, London 1969, 224-225, G. Ch. and C. Picard, Carthage, New York 1968, 272-279. NEGOTIATIONS AT ROME 121 him and his city; it would have been astonishing if it had been other­ wise, given the history of relations between the two states. It was a contingency which will have been in Hannibal's mind constantly. So when the Senate was appealed to by his domestic enemies, and a senatorial commission came. to investigate, he assumed, not unrea­ sonably, that it was aimed at him. His getaway was so well planned that it is obvious that he was already prepared to leave, and that the commission's arrival was only the trigger for his flight. The reason for his leaving, however, was Carthaginian internal politics, not Roman pressure. The senatorial commission stated that its task was to mediate over the question of the boundary between Carthage and Masinissa's kingdom. 2 Apart from Hannibal's assumption that he was threatened, there is no evidence that this is not the case, though this is the interpretation of these events which Livy has relayed, appar­ ently out of Polybios. Livy, or Polybios, is also guilty of imposing his own interpretation on the meeting which took place between Hannibal and King Antiochos. From Tyre, Hannibal went by sea to Antioch (presum­ ably by way of Seleukeia-in-Pieria), where he met the younger Antiochos, the newly married eldest son of Antiochos III, joint king with his father, who was presiding at the games of Apollo in the sanctuary of Daphne.3 The speed of this move is not so great as Livy suggests. Hannibal spent 'a brief stay' at Tyre. During that time he will have made enquiries of Antiochos the Younger as to whether he would be welcome at the court. The younger king was obviously able to make that decision, but he at once sent Hannibal on to his father, the senior king, whom he found at Ephesos.4 This puts the meeting in the autumn of 195, after Antiochos' second campaign into Thrace, which will have occupied the campaigning season until September, and also after the victory of the Romans and their allies against Nabis. Livy is quite factual in his account as far as the meet­ ing at Ephesos, but then he inserts editorial comment, suggesting that Hannibal's arrival was the decisive event in pushing Antiochos into a decision to go to war with Rome.5 For this he produces no evidence, not does he explain why in that case the war did not occur 2 Livy 33.47.9. 3 This puts Hannibal's flight definitely in 195; cf. Briscoe, Comm. Livy 1.335. 4 Livy 33.49.5-8. 5 Livy 33.49.8. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 75 AD FABIUS 270-203 BC Plutarch Translated
    75 AD FABIUS 270-203 B.C. Plutarch translated by John Dryden Plutarch (46-120) - Greek biographer, historian, and philosopher, sometimes known as the encyclopaedist of antiquity. He is most renowned for his series of character studies, arranged mostly in pairs, known as “Plutarch’s Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans” or “Parallel Lives.” Fabius (75 AD) - A study of the life of Fabius, a Roman consul. FABIUS HAVING related the memorable actions of Pericles, our history now proceeds to the life of Fabius. A son of Hercules and a nymph, of some woman of that country, who brought him forth on the banks of Tiber, was, it is said, the first Fabius, the founder of the numerous and distinguished family of the name. Others will have it that they were first called Fodii, because the first of the race delighted in digging pitfalls for wild beasts, fodere being still the Latin for to dig, and fossa for a ditch, and that in process of time, by the change of the two letters, they grew to be called Fabii. But be these things true or false, certain it is that this family for a long time yielded a great number of eminent persons. Our Fabius, who was fourth in descent from that Fabius Rullus who first brought the honourable surname of Maximus into his family, was also, by way of personal nickname, called Verrucosus, from a wart on his upper lip; and in his childhood they in like manner named him Ovicula, or The Lamb, on account of his extreme mildness of temper.
    [Show full text]
  • Enrichment: Hannibal
    THE ROMAN REPUBLIC SECTION 4 Name ________________________________________________ Class ________________________ Date ______________ Enrichment: Hannibal Directions Read the selection below. Answer the questions that follow and complete the activity. Carthaginian general Hannibal is considered one of history’s greatest military leaders. His military judgment can perhaps be traced to his earliest days. The son of a general, nine-year-old Hannibal went with his father to war in Spain. His father taught him about the military and also taught him to hate Rome, which had earlier defeated Carthage in war. Over the next 15 years Hannibal also learned how to fight. When he became general in Spain in 221 B.C., he was an experienced military leader. After crossing the Alps with his war elephants in 218 B.C., Hannibal used clever tactics to outsmart the Romans. In three great battles he defeated one Roman army after another. The last of these was the Battle of Cannae, in 216. There, he cornered the Roman army. Carthaginian armies lost just 6,000 to 7,000 men and killed more than 50,000 Roman soldiers. After Cannae, success shifted to the Romans, in part because they beat Hannibal at his own tactical game. For example, they learned to fight Hannibal’s war elephants. Rather than flee in panic when the Carthaginian elephants charged, the Roman maniples stood aside and let the elephants pass. The Romans used the advantage they had of fighting in their own territory to wear down Hannibal. Instead of starting battles, the Romans delayed while the Carthaginians ran out of supplies.
    [Show full text]
  • Rome Conquers the Western Mediterranean (264-146 B.C.) the Punic Wars
    Rome Conquers the Western Mediterranean (264-146 B.C.) The Punic Wars After subjugating the Greek colonies in southern Italy, Rome sought to control western Mediterranean trade. Its chief rival, located across the Mediterranean in northern Africa, was the city-state of Carthage. Originally a Phoenician colony, Carthage had become a powerful commercial empire. Rome defeated Carthage in three Punic (Phoenician) Wars and gained mastery of the western Mediterranean. The First Punic War (264-241 B.C.) Fighting chiefly on the island of Sicily and in the Mediterranean Sea, Rome’s citizen-soldiers eventually defeated Carthage’s mercenaries(hired foreign soldiers). Rome annexed Sicily and then Sardinia and Corsica. Both sides prepared to renew the struggle. Carthage acquired a part of Spain and recruited Spanish troops. Rome consolidated its position in Italy by conquering the Gauls, thereby extending its rule northward from the Po River to the Alps. The Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.) Hannibal, Carthage’s great general, led an army from Spain across the Alps and into Italy. At first he won numerous victories, climaxed by the battle of Cannae. However, he was unable to seize the city of Rome. Gradually the tide of battle turned in favor of Rome. The Romans destroyed a Carthaginian army sent to reinforce Hannibal, then conquered Spain, and finally invaded North Africa. Hannibal withdrew his army from Italy to defend Carthage but, in the Battle of Zama, was at last defeated. Rome annexed Carthage’s Spanish provinces and reduced Carthage to a second-rate power. Hannibal of Carthage Reasons for Rome’s Victory • superior wealth and military power, • the loyalty of most of its allies, and • the rise of capable generals, notably Fabius and Scipio.
    [Show full text]
  • Punic Wars Rome Vs. Carthage.Pdf
    Bellringer The Punic Wars were a series of three showdowns between ancient world powers Rome and Carthage. What might have led to this confrontation? Bellringer How did the expansion of the Roman Republic change Roman government over time? Were these changes positive or negative? 16 O KPREP Objective I can identify the causes and effects of the Punic Wars Complete the Foldable! You will have 15 minutes to complete your Foldable. If you have finished, complete DBQ that was passed out last week. If that is completed, move on to Social Media activity. The Punic Wars Carthage Dispute over control of Sicily and trade routes in the western Carthage Mediterranean had been Result was the three brought Rome into founded as Punic Wars conflict with the Phoenician powerful North 264-146 BC colony 500 African city-state of years earlier Carthage The First Punic War Primarily a naval war Tactics: maneuver ship to ram and sink enemy Carthage: very good, experienced naval power Rome: small navy, little experience Defeated repeatedly by Carthaginian navy ROME WINS THE FIRST ONE Rome would not surrender Finally turned tables on Carthage by changing rules of naval warfare Equipped ships with huge hooks and stationed soldiers on ships Would hook enemy ship, pull nearby, board it with soldiers Converted naval warfare into mini-land battles, something Rome was very good at The Second Punic War "Hannibal ad portas" (“Hannibal is at the Gates!”) Carthagian general Hannibal surprises Romans, leads army from Spain, through southern France and the Alps Invades
    [Show full text]
  • Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity Kevin Patrick Emery Wofford College
    Wofford College Digital Commons @ Wofford Student Scholarship 5-2016 Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity Kevin Patrick Emery Wofford College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Emery, Kevin Patrick, "Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity" (2016). Student Scholarship. Paper 11. http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs/11 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Wofford. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Wofford. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Wofford College Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity An Honors Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of the Department of History In Candidacy For An Honors Degree in History By Kevin Patrick Emery Spartanburg, South Carolina May 2016 1 Introduction The story of the mercenary armies of Carthage is one of incompetence and disaster, followed by clever innovation. It is a story not just of battles and betrayal, but also of the interactions between dissimilar peoples in a multiethnic army trying to coordinate, fight, and win, while commanded by a Punic officer corps which may or may not have been competent. Carthaginian mercenaries are one piece of a larger narrative about the struggle between Carthage and Rome for dominance in the Western Mediterranean, and their history illustrates the evolution of the mercenary system employed by the Carthaginian Empire to extend her power and ensure her survival.
    [Show full text]
  • Plutarch Second Proofs
    5 - - ASEMOTATOS OR AUTOKRATOR? OBSCURITY AND GLORY IN PLUTARCH’S SERTORIUS Jeffrey Beneker The opening chapter of Plutarch’s Life of Sertorius introduces the reader to a simple hero. As Plutarch compares Sertorius to famous generals of the past and to his own contemporaries, he describes an impressive but rather one-dimensional figure: a skilled warrior who was ultimately defeated not by his enemies but by fortune. In the course of the Life, however, Sertorius’ words and deeds disclose nuances of character that enrich the simple portrait drawn in the introduction. From the eager warrior there gradually emerges a weary but principled general with an aversion to war. Even so, Plutarch provides very little direct commentary to help shape the reader’s changing view of his hero. As a result of this narratorial silence, important questions about Sertorius’ character are raised but left unanswered. In this paper, I argue that comparative readings in the Lives of other late- Republican statesmen – Lucullus, Marius, Sulla, Pompey, and Caesar – can supply the missing commentary. These other Lives help to reveal the character that lay behind Sertorius’ unusual attitude toward war. Moreover, by considering these texts in parallel, the reader develops a more complete understanding of Plutarch’s view of the human factors that produced the civil strife that destabilized Rome in the early first century BC. As the Life opens, Plutarch presents Sertorius’ approach to war as exemplary rather than unusual. He begins with a discussion of how some people ascribe great importance to the superficial similarities that connect the lives of different men.
    [Show full text]
  • Hannibal's Gaze and Ekphrasis in the Punica Of
    VISIONS OF GRANDEUR: HANNIBAL’S GAZE AND EKPHRASIS IN THE PUNICA OF SILIUS ITALICUS by SEAN MATHIS (Under the Direction of Mario Erasmo) ABSTRACT This is a thesis about Silius Italicus, a Latin poet, who wrote his epic poem, the Punica, during the reign of the emperor Domitian. Silius wrote his epic poem in the period after Vergil’s Aeneid, and, like his literary contemporaries, was forced to contend with his poetic forebears in order to insert his own poem into the Latin epic tradition. Thus, the poet looks back to Vergil, his principal poetic predecessor, through his use of allusion, metaphor, and other poetic imagery. The poem is also historical in nature, covering the period leading up to the Second Punic War, and Silius necessarily looks back to his historical predecessors, notably the Latin historian Livy. Silius creates, within the Punica, an interesting allusive technique that allows for a literary dialogue between the historical and epic genres, thus guaranteeing his position as a successor to both Vergil and Livy. INDEX WORDS: Silius Italicus, Punica, Second Punic War, Ekphrasis, Silver Age Latin, Silver Epic, Imperial Epic, Hannibal, Saguntum, Allusion, Successors of Vergil VISIONS OF GRANDEUR: HANNIBAL’S GAZE AND EKPHRASIS IN THE PUNICA OF SILIUS ITALICUS by SEAN MATHIS A.B., Baylor University, 2002 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2004 © 2004 Sean Mathis All Rights Reserved VISIONS OF GRANDEUR: HANNIBAL’S GAZE AND EKPHRASIS IN THE PUNICA OF SILIUS ITALICUS by SEAN MATHIS Major Professor: Mario Erasmo Committee: Robert Curtis Keith Dix Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2004 DEDICATION This being my first publication to have the honor of being bound in a hard cover, I dedicate it to you, my loving wife, Amanda.
    [Show full text]
  • Exotic, Erotic, Heroic?
    134 6 Exotic, Erotic, Heroic? Women of Carthage in Western Imagination Marta García Morcillo ‘Salammbô in her splendour was blended with Tanit, and seemed the very genius of Carthage, and its embodied soul’ Flaubert, Salammbô, ch. 15 (transl. E. Powys Mathers) Preface Dido, Sophonisba and the anonymous wife of Hasdrubal – the general who defended the city in 146 BCE – have for centuries inspired the imagination of artists and travellers searching for traces of the grandeur of Punic Carthage. When, in 1807, Chateaubriand visited Tunis and the famous Acropolis of Byrsa, he was inevitably disappointed by the desolate scenery he encountered. Carthage’s indecipherable ruins were certainly no match for the striking memories left by Hannibal and his military campaigns, but also for those left by the heroic women who embodied the spirit of the city and its tragic fate.1 A similar experience in 1862 inspired Flaubert’s most uncanny creature, the fictional Salammbô, who was about to become the epitome of fin-de-siècle feminised eroticism as moulded by Orientalism. Salammbô was the titular character of a historical novel set during the Mercenary War (240 to 238 BCE), through which Flaubert aimed to ‘resurrect Carthage’. Like the legendary and historical 135 women that preceded and succeeded her, Salammbô was affected by the character and destiny of the Punic city, but also by something dark that inhabits the depths of every human soul. In the following pages, I will discuss the afterlives of the historical, legendary and fictional women of Carthage in the modern arts. The chapter is divided into four sections that propose four types of characterisations, following a diachronic approach: the tragic, the exotic, the vanished and the resurrected woman.
    [Show full text]
  • Hannibal Barca
    LESSONS IN LEADERSHIP – HANNIBAL BARCA Hannibal “I will either find a way or make one” Hannibal, General of the Carthaginian army, lived in the second and third century B.C. He was born into a Carthaginian military family and was made to swear by his father to forever be hostile towards Rome due to Carthage’s loss in the first Punic war. His father, Hamilcar Barca, was a Carthaginian General who fought in the first Punic war. Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian land forces in Sicily from 247 BC to 241 BC, during the latter stages of the First Punic War. He kept his army intact and led a successful guerrilla war against the Romans in Sicily. Hamilcar retired to Carthage after the peace treaty in 241 BC, following the defeat of Carthage. During the Second Punic War, Hannibal swept across southern Europe, famously crossing the Alps where he consistently defeated the Roman army, but never taking the city itself. Hannibal won decisive victories against the Romans, the most famous being the battles of Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae resulting in Rome losing one-fifth of the entire population of male citizens over 17 years of age. Although the Romans had lost an enormous portion of men, they did not break and after years of careful tiptoeing against Hannibal regaining its strength Rome counterattacked, and Hannibal was forced to return to Carthage where he was defeated at the battle of Zama by his rival Scipio Africanus, consequently breaking Carthage’s will and ability to wage war. Following the Second Punic war, Hannibal worked for a time as a statesman before he was forced into exile by Rome.
    [Show full text]
  • Dido, Queen of Carthage Christopher Marlowe
    Dido, Queen of Carthage Christopher Marlowe Christopher Marlowe – the man and the mystery 3 Synopsis of Dido, Queen of Carthage 5 Children of the Chapel 7 Vergil and the conception of The Aeneid 8 Gods and religion in Roman times 9 A biography of the Gods 10 Origins of the Trojan War – The Judgement of Paris 11 Dido and her journey to Carthage 12 A family tree of the Alba Longa 13 A rough timeline – Troy to Marlowe 15 Interview with Steven Hoggett – Movement Director 16 Bibliography and further reading 18 Further production details: This workpack is published Director Discover Workpack writer nationaltheatre.org.uk by and copyright The Royal James Macdonald National Theatre Caroline Steinbeis National Theatre Board South Bank Reg. No. 1247285 London SE1 9PX Editor Registered Charity No. T 020 7452 3388 Alice Massey 224223 F 020 7452 3380 Views expressed in this E educationenquiries@ Design workpack are not necessarily nationaltheatre.org.uk Lisa Johnson those of the National Theatre Photographs Sources for some of the dates Johan Persson given in this workpack differ. In each case the most likely date has been chosen, given the available evidence discover: National Theatre Workpack 1 The National’s production This production of Dido, Queen of Carthage had its premiere at the National’s Cottesloe Theatre on 24 March 2009. Gods Jupiter. .Alan David Ganymede. RYan Sampson Mercury or Hermes. .KYLE McPhail Venus. Siobhan Redmond Cupid. Ceallach Spellman / Theo Stevenson Juno. .SUsan Engel Trojans Aeneas. .Mark Bonnar Ascanius . .Freddie Hill/ Thomas Patten Achates. Stephen KennedY Ilioneus. .Alan David Cloanthus . GarY Carr Sergestus.
    [Show full text]
  • English Source Book
    Colorado Measures of Academic Success Grade 7 Social Studies Paper Practice Resource for Students Sample Sources – Use with Sample Items Copyright © 2019 Colorado Department of Education. All rights reserved. The CDE logo is a trademark of the Colorado Department of Education. Page 2 Paper Practice Resource for Students Sample Sources Overview The sources in this document provide information that is used to respond to performance event items in the Sample Items document. Page 3 Page 4 SOURCE SET 1 Page 5 Directions: Study Sources 1 through 4 about The Punic Wars to answer questions 4 through 9 in your test book. The Punic Wars Source 1 The Punic Wars The Punic Wars were three wars fought from 264 BC to 146 BC between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian Empire. Although the wars were hard- fought on both sides, Rome won all three and gained territory with the conclusion of each war. After the Punic Wars, the Roman Republic, then the Roman Empire, expanded even more, claiming land on three continents. Hannibal’s Route, Second Punic War Atlantic Ocean Rome Mediterranean Sea Carthage Zama N 200 W E Scale of Miles S LEGEND = city = Carthage territory, 218 BC = Hannibal’s route, = Roman territory, 218 BC Second Punic War = Carthage territory lost to Rome 264–201 BC Page 6 The Punic Wars Source 2 First Punic War 264–241 BC This passage, based on the work of the Roman historian Cassius Dio, describes Rome and Carthage before the First Punic War. The Carthaginians, who had been powerful for a long time, and the Romans, who were growing stronger, were jealous of each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Second Punic War Timeline (218-201 BC)
    What were the Punic Wars? • a series of three wars between Rome & Carthage • lasted from 264-146 BCE What was the main outcome of the Punic Wars for Rome? • Rome was able over the next 100 years, to dominate the Mediterranean basin, leading to the diffusion of Roman culture. The First Punic War (264-241 BCE) What was the 1st Punic War about? • control of Sicily & the western Mediterranean • Hannibal’s father, Hamilcar Barca led Carthage’s military. Rome used the Corvus-a device that helped Roman soldiers board & take over ships from Carthage because they weren’t a naval power yet. First Punic War - 60 Second History https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- hSCCRaVJ5g What was the outcome of the 1st Punic War? • Rome captures Sicily • Rome became the main naval power in the Mediterranean Sea. • Hamilcar Barca signed a peace treaty. • Carthage was defeated • His son, Hannibal, would grow up to hate Rome. What happened in the 2nd Punic War? 2nd Punic War (218-201 BCE) • Hannibal, the Carthage general and “father of strategy”, wanted revenge against Rome. • Hannibal led his army across Spain, France, through the Alps with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, & 60 elephants with the idea of capturing Rome. • After 10 years, he lost over half his men and most of the elephants. • Rome would come to adopt elements of Hannibal’s military tactics. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gbPIyCuGTA Video: Hannibal's elephants – BBC Second Punic War - 60 Second History https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cH6G1Mqe6nk Second Punic War timeline (218-201 BC) 218 BC – Hannibal leaves Spain to attack Rome 216 BC – Hannibal defeats Roman army at Cannae & stays in Italy for 10 years 202 BC – Roman general Scipio draws Hannibal back to Carthage & defeats Hannibal at Zama 201 BC – Carthage surrenders Outcome – Carthage gives up Spain, its army and navy.
    [Show full text]