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Secretariat GENERAL ST/SG/SER.E/320 23 May 1997 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: RUSSIAN
UNITED NATIONS ST Distr. Secretariat GENERAL ST/SG/SER.E/320 23 May 1997 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: RUSSIAN COMMITTEE ON THE PEACEFUL USES OF OUTER SPACE INFORMATION FURNISHED IN CONFORMITY WITH THE CONVENTION ON REGISTRATION OF OBJECTS LAUNCHED INTO OUTER SPACE Note verbale dated 15 April 1997 from the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General The Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations (Vienna) presents its compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and, in accordance with article IV of the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space,* has the honour to transmit information concerning space objects launched by the Russian Federation from April to December 1996 and conce rning Russian space objects which ceased to exist within those same periods of time and are no longer in Earth orbit (see annex). *General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex, of 12 November 1974. V.97-23994T ST/SG/SER.E/320 Page 2 ST/SG/SER.E/320 Page 3 ST/SG/SER.E/320 Page 4 ST/SG/SER.E/320 Page 5 ST/SG/SER.E/320 Page 6 ST/SG/SER.E/320 Page 7 ST/SG/SER.E/320 Page 8 ST/SG/SER.E/320 Page 9 Annex* REGISTRATION DATA ON SPACE OBJECTS LAUNCHED BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN APRIL 1996 1. In April 1996, the Russian Federation launched the following space objects: Basic orbit characteristics Date of Apogee Perigee Inclination Period No. Name of space object launching (km) (km) (degrees) (minutes) General purpose of space object 2985 Priroda 23 April 347 220 51.6 89.9 The Priroda module is intended for the per- (launched by a Proton carrier rocket formance of research and experiments by the crew from the Baikonur launch site) of the Mir orbital station, partly under the programme of cooperation between the Russian Federation and the United States of America 2986 Cosmos-2332 24 April 1 585 304 83 104 The space object is intended for assignments on (launched by a Cosmos carrier rocket behalf of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian from the Plesetsk launch site) Federation 2. -
AMC-14 MO Final.Qxp 2/29/2008 1:15 PM Page 1
AMC-14 MO final.qxp 2/29/2008 1:15 PM Page 1 THE VEHICLE THE SATELLITE PROTON HISTORY PROTON www.ilslaunch.com Lead designer was Vladimir Chelomei, DESCRIPTION who designed it with the intention of creating a powerful rocket for both TOTAL HEIGHT military payloads and as a high- 56.2 m (184 ft) performance ICBM. The program GROSS LIFTOFF was changed, and the rocket WEIGHT was developed exclusively for 691,272 kg launching spacecraft. (1,523,565 lbm) First named UR-500, but PROPELLANT UDMH and N O adopted the name 2 4 “Proton,” which also was INITIAL LAUNCH the name of the first July 16, 1965 three payloads Proton-1 Spacecraft launched. PAYLOAD FAIRINGS Proton launched Russian There are multiple payload fair- ing designs presently qualified for interplanetary missions to flight, including standard commer- the Moon, Venus, Mars, and cial payload fairings developed specif- Halley’s Comet. ically to meet the needs of our Western customers. Proton launched the Salyut space stations, the Mir BREEZE M UPPER STAGE SATELLITE OPERATOR core segment and both The Breeze M is powered by one pump-fed gim- SES AMERICOM baled main engine that develops thrust of 19.6 kN the Zarya and Zvezda www.ses-americom.com (4,400 lbf). The Breeze M is composed of a central core modules for today’s and a jettisonable additional propellant tank. Inert mass of the SATELLITE MANUFACTURER International Space stage at liftoff is approximately 2,370 kg (5,225 lbm). The quan- Lockheed Martin Commercial Space Systems Station. tity of propellant carried is dependent on specific mission require- www.lmcommercialspace.com ments and is varied to maximize mission performance. -
From Strength to Strength Worldreginfo - 24C738cf-4419-4596-B904-D98a652df72b 2011 SES Astra and SES World Skies Become SES
SES Annual report 2013 Annual Annual report 2013 From strength to strength WorldReginfo - 24c738cf-4419-4596-b904-d98a652df72b 2011 SES Astra and SES World Skies become SES 2010 2009 3rd orbital position Investment in O3b Networks over Europe 2008 2006 SES combines Americom & Coverage of 99% of New Skies into SES World Skies the world’s population 2005 2004 SES acquires New Skies Satellites Launch of HDTV 2001 Acquisition of GE Americom 1999 First Ka-Band payload in orbit 1998 Astra reaches 70m households in Europe Second orbital slot: 28.2° East 1996 SES lists on Luxembourg Stock Exchange First SES launch on Proton: ASTRA 1F Digital TV launch 1995 ASTRA 1E launch 1994 ASTRA 1D launch 1993 ASTRA 1C launch 1991 ASTRA 1B launch 1990 World’s first satellite co-location Astra reach: 16.6 million households in Europe 1989 Start of operations @ 19.2° East 1988 ASTRA 1A launches on board Ariane 4 1st satellite optimised for DTH 1987 Satellite control facility (SCF) operational 1985 SES establishes in Luxembourg Europe’s first private satellite operator WorldReginfo - 24c738cf-4419-4596-b904-d98a652df72b 2012 First emergency.lu deployment SES unveils Sat>IP 2013 SES reach: 291 million TV households worldwide SES maiden launch with SpaceX More than 6,200 TV channels 1,800 in HD 2010 First Ultra HD demo channel in HEVC 3rd orbital position over Europe 25 years in space With the very first SES satellite, ASTRA 1A, launched on December 11 1988, SES celebrated 25 years in space in 2013. Since then, the company has grown from a single satellite/one product/one-market business (direct-to-home satellite television in Europe) into a truly global operation. -
Classification of Geosynchronous Objects Issue 12
EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY EUROPEAN SPACE OPERATIONS CENTRE GROUND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Space Debris Office CLASSIFICATION OF GEOSYNCHRONOUS OBJECTS ISSUE 12 by R. Choc and R. Jehn Produced with the DISCOS Database February 2010 ESOC Robert-Bosch-Str. 5, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany 3 Abstract This is a status report on geosynchronous objects as of the end of 2009. Based on orbital data in ESA’s DISCOS database and on orbital data provided by KIAM the situation near the geostationary ring (here defined as orbits with mean motion between 0.9 and 1.1 revolutions per day, eccentricity smaller than 0.2 and inclination below 30 deg) is analysed. From 1161 objects for which orbital data are available, 391 are controlled inside their longitude slots, 594 are drifting above, below or through GEO, 169 are in a libration orbit and 7 whose status could not be determined. Furthermore, there are 77 uncontrolled objects without orbital data (of which 66 have not been catalogued). Thus the total number of known objects in the geostationary region is 1238. During 2009 twenty-one spacecraft reached end-of-life. Eleven of them were reorbited following the IADC recommendations, one spacecraft was reorbited with a perigee of 225 km - it is not yet clear if it will enter the 200-km protected zone around GEO or not -, six spacecraft were reorbited too low and three spacecraft did not or could not make any reorbiting manouevre at all and are now librating inside the geostationary ring. If you detect any error or if you have any comment or question please contact R¨udiger Jehn European Space Operations Center Robert-Bosch-Str. -
Design by Contract: the Lessons of Ariane
. Editor: Bertrand Meyer, EiffelSoft, 270 Storke Rd., Ste. 7, Goleta, CA 93117; voice (805) 685-6869; [email protected] several hours (at least in earlier versions of Ariane), it was better to let the computa- tion proceed than to stop it and then have Design by to restart it if liftoff was delayed. So the SRI computation continues for 50 seconds after the start of flight mode—well into the flight period. After takeoff, of course, this com- Contract: putation is useless. In the Ariane 5 flight, Object Technology however, it caused an exception, which was not caught and—boom. The exception was due to a floating- point error during a conversion from a 64- The Lessons bit floating-point value, representing the flight’s “horizontal bias,” to a 16-bit signed integer: In other words, the value that was converted was greater than what of Ariane can be represented as a 16-bit signed inte- ger. There was no explicit exception han- dler to catch the exception, so it followed the usual fate of uncaught exceptions and crashed the entire software, hence the onboard computers, hence the mission. This is the kind of trivial error that we Jean-Marc Jézéquel, IRISA/CNRS are all familiar with (raise your hand if you Bertrand Meyer, EiffelSoft have never done anything of this sort), although fortunately the consequences are usually less expensive. How in the world everal contributions to this made up of respected experts from major department have emphasized the European countries, which produced a How in the world could importance of design by contract report in hardly more than a month. -
2010 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts
2010 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts May 2010 FAA Commercial Space Transportation (AST) and the Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) HQ-101151.INDD 2010 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts About the Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 49 United States Code, Subtitle IX, Chapter 701 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA/AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA/AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA/AST’s web site at http://ast.faa.gov. Cover: Art by John Sloan (2010) NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. • i • Federal Aviation Administration / Commercial Space Transportation Table of Contents Executive Summary . 1 Introduction . 4 About the CoMStAC GSo Forecast . .4 About the FAA NGSo Forecast . .4 ChAracteriStics oF the CommerCiAl Space transportAtioN MArket . .5 Demand ForecastS . .5 COMSTAC 2010 Commercial Geosynchronous Orbit (GSO) Launch Demand Forecast . 7 exeCutive Summary . .7 BackGround . .9 Forecast MethoDoloGy . .9 CoMStAC CommerCiAl GSo Launch Demand Forecast reSultS . -
Trade Studies Towards an Australian Indigenous Space Launch System
TRADE STUDIES TOWARDS AN AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Engineering by Gordon P. Briggs B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. (Astron) School of Engineering and Information Technology, University College, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy January 2010 Abstract During the project Apollo moon landings of the mid 1970s the United States of America was the pre-eminent space faring nation followed closely by only the USSR. Since that time many other nations have realised the potential of spaceflight not only for immediate financial gain in areas such as communications and earth observation but also in the strategic areas of scientific discovery, industrial development and national prestige. Australia on the other hand has resolutely refused to participate by instituting its own space program. Successive Australian governments have preferred to obtain any required space hardware or services by purchasing off-the-shelf from foreign suppliers. This policy or attitude is a matter of frustration to those sections of the Australian technical community who believe that the nation should be participating in space technology. In particular the provision of an indigenous launch vehicle that would guarantee the nation independent access to the space frontier. It would therefore appear that any launch vehicle development in Australia will be left to non- government organisations to at least define the requirements for such a vehicle and to initiate development of long-lead items for such a project. It is therefore the aim of this thesis to attempt to define some of the requirements for a nascent Australian indigenous launch vehicle system. -
The European Launchers Between Commerce and Geopolitics
The European Launchers between Commerce and Geopolitics Report 56 March 2016 Marco Aliberti Matteo Tugnoli Short title: ESPI Report 56 ISSN: 2218-0931 (print), 2076-6688 (online) Published in March 2016 Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute, ESPI Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria http://www.espi.or.at Tel. +43 1 7181118-0; Fax -99 Rights reserved – No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose with- out permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “Source: ESPI Report 56; March 2016. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, inciden- tal or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: Panthera.cc ESPI Report 56 2 March 2016 The European Launchers between Commerce and Geopolitics Table of Contents Executive Summary 5 1. Introduction 10 1.1 Access to Space at the Nexus of Commerce and Geopolitics 10 1.2 Objectives of the Report 12 1.3 Methodology and Structure 12 2. Access to Space in Europe 14 2.1 European Launchers: from Political Autonomy to Market Dominance 14 2.1.1 The Quest for European Independent Access to Space 14 2.1.3 European Launchers: the Current Family 16 2.1.3 The Working System: Launcher Strategy, Development and Exploitation 19 2.2 Preparing for the Future: the 2014 ESA Ministerial Council 22 2.2.1 The Path to the Ministerial 22 2.2.2 A Look at Europe’s Future Launchers and Infrastructure 26 2.2.3 A Revolution in Governance 30 3. -
Paper Session II-A-Current Status of the Ariane 4 Program and of The
1994 (31st) Space Exploration and Utilization The Space Congress® Proceedings for the Good of the World Apr 27th, 1:00 PM - 4:00 PM Paper Session II-A - Current Status of the Ariane 4 Program and of the Ariane 5 Development James R. Youdale Arianespace Inc. Washington, D.C. Douglas A. Heydon Arianespace Inc. Washington, D.C. Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings Scholarly Commons Citation Youdale, James R. and Heydon, Douglas A., "Paper Session II-A - Current Status of the Ariane 4 Program and of the Ariane 5 Development" (1994). The Space Congress® Proceedings. 16. https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings/proceedings-1994-31st/april-27-1994/16 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Space Congress® Proceedings by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Current Status of the Ariane 4 Program and of the Ariane 5 Development James R. Youdale1 and Douglas A. Heyden~ Arianespace Inc. Washington, D.C. Abstract This paper provides an overview of the commercial siruation of Arianespace, a general update regarding its technical and operational activities and its near and medium term prospects. A summary of the Ariane 4 "track record" is given and the latest improvement to its third staae the HIO III, is presented. Operational improvements that reduce the interval between two = ' consecutive laWlches are also addressed. The ratiollale for going to Ariane 5 is discussed and the current status of the Ariane 5 development program is reviewed. -
MIT Japan Program Working Paper 01.10 the GLOBAL COMMERCIAL
MIT Japan Program Working Paper 01.10 THE GLOBAL COMMERCIAL SPACE LAUNCH INDUSTRY: JAPAN IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Saadia M. Pekkanen Assistant Professor Department of Political Science Middlebury College Middlebury, VT 05753 [email protected] I am grateful to Marco Caceres, Senior Analyst and Director of Space Studies, Teal Group Corporation; Mark Coleman, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency (CPIA), Johns Hopkins University; and Takashi Ishii, General Manager, Space Division, The Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies (SJAC), Tokyo, for providing basic information concerning launch vehicles. I also thank Richard Samuels and Robert Pekkanen for their encouragement and comments. Finally, I thank Kartik Raj for his excellent research assistance. Financial suppport for the Japan portion of this project was provided graciously through a Postdoctoral Fellowship at the Harvard Academy of International and Area Studies. MIT Japan Program Working Paper Series 01.10 Center for International Studies Massachusetts Institute of Technology Room E38-7th Floor Cambridge, MA 02139 Phone: 617-252-1483 Fax: 617-258-7432 Date of Publication: July 16, 2001 © MIT Japan Program Introduction Japan has been seriously attempting to break into the commercial space launch vehicles industry since at least the mid 1970s. Yet very little is known about this story, and about the politics and perceptions that are continuing to drive Japanese efforts despite many outright failures in the indigenization of the industry. This story, therefore, is important not just because of the widespread economic and technological merits of the space launch vehicles sector which are considerable. It is also important because it speaks directly to the ongoing debates about the Japanese developmental state and, contrary to the new wisdom in light of Japan's recession, the continuation of its high technology policy as a whole. -
Launch Vehicle Classification for Decision-Making of Small
Trans. Japan Soc. Aero. Space Sci. Vol. 64, No. 4, pp. 234–241, 2021 DOI: 10.2322/tjsass.64.234 Launch Vehicle Classification for Decision-Making of Small Satellite Launch Options* Mengying ZHANG,1) Qin XU,2)† and Qingbin ZHANG1) 1)College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China 2)Center for Assessment and Demonstration Research, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 100091, China In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the small satellite launch market. With the rapid development of novel launchers, for small satellite owners and operators, how to effectively and efficiently choose appropriate launch ve- hicles has become a major concern. Based on updated launch records, a reliable launch data source for multi-attribute eval- uation and reclassification is established. Using a statistical classification process, active launch vehicles are classified into five representative-in-class launchers on the basis of their capabilities and performance. Unlike the previous categorisation based on payload ability, this method captures launch cost, technology maturity, reliability and availability of each cat- egory within the current launch vehicles in service. Moreover, representatives are selected as the baseline types for the high-level planning and designing of complex small satellite launch missions. The analysis indicates that this study pro- vides a valid statistical classification and selection strategy of representative-in-class launch vehicles to support decision- making for rapid assessment on a large number of small satellite launch missions. Key Words: Small Satellite, Launcher Selection, Reliability, Launch Cost 1. Introduction 350 Small satellites (<=1000kg) 300 The past decade has witnessed a boom in the small satellite Large satellites (>1000kg) market. -
Design and Launch Alternatives
Chapter 4 Lightsats Lightsats are satellites that are light enough to be to shoot them down,’ said Dr. John Mansfield, launched by small launch vehicles such as a Scout or while Director of DARPA’s Aerospace and Strate- Pegasus, or others now in development. Military gic Technology Office.3 lightsats could be designed for wartime deployment or replenishment from survivable transportable launch- SPACECRAFT CONCEPTS ers to support theater commanders. Civil lightsats, The first lightsat developed by DARPA’s Ad- and some military ones, would not require transport- vanced Satellite Technology Program was a commu- able launchers; they could be launched by a wider nications satellite, the Global Low-Orbit Message variety of launch vehicles, including larger ones. Relay (GLOMR; see figure 4-l). Weighing only 150 The first Soviet and U.S. satellites were lightsats, lb, GLOMR was launched by the Space Shuttle on according to this definition. Explorer I, the first U.S. October 31, 1985, into a 200-mile-high orbit in- satellite, weighed only 31 lb but collected data that clined 57 by degrees. led to the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belt. DARPA has ordered nine more UHF communica- But in another sense, the first satellites were fat—as tion satellites from Defense Systems, Inc., the heavy as early launch vehicles could launch. As larger launch vehicles were developed, larger, more contractor that built the GLOMR. Seven of these, called Microsats, will weigh approximately 50 lb capable satellites were developed to ride them. each. These satellites will be launched together into Nevertheless, small satellites continue to be launched for civil and military applications that a polar orbit 400 nautical miles high by the Pegasus launch vehicle.