The Inoceramus Beds from the Quarry in Szymbark, Near Gorlice. 'Y Maria Dylqianka

The Inoceramus Beds from the quarry in Szymbark, near Gorlice. 'Y Maria Dylqianka

Printed in: Roanik Polskiego Towarzystwa Ceologicznego, vol. 1 (for the years 1921 and 1922), pp. 36-81. Krak6w, 1923.

The age of the Inoceramus beds (formally logical investigations could better resolve this known as Ropianka beds) is one of the most problem. convoluted problems in Carpathian stratigra- Based on observations of the Cenomanian phy. Beginning in the seventies, depending on Inoceramus beds in Muntigl, where large Znoce- ongoing exploration, the age definition of ramus with thin tests occur in soft marly these beds had undergone many revisions shales, Prof Szajnocha (1898) concluded: mainly because of the controversial relation of "there are indeed among the flysch deposits the Inoceramus beds to the Paleogene. They real Znoceramus layers and these layers must were assigned consecutively to the Eocene, to belong to the Cretaceous if we want to exclu- the Neocomian, and to the Late Cretaceous. sively restrict the presence of these rather This problem has not been resolved to this different Znoceramus in this period". There- day. The Late Cretaceous age used by Walter fore, Szajnocha as well as Grzybowski be- and Dunikowski in eighties is commonly lieved that the presence of the Znoceramus in accepted. Uhlig, following the work of Paul, the Carpathian flysch can be either Thietze, and Vacek, first assumed an Early autochthonous or redeposited. It would only be Cretaceous age, but finally accepted a Late necessary to distinguish the horizons with Cretaceous age as determined by Polish Geol- autochthonous Znoceramus from those with ogists, with the assumption that the relation- redeposited ones. The fauna from Leszczyny of ship of the Inoceramus beds to Eocene is not yet WiSniowski (19071, comprised mainly of resolved. Aside from difficulties resulting Senonian ammonites such as Pachydiscus neu- from assigning these beds to the Tertiary bergicus and Scaphites constrictus, helped (according to most Polish Geologists they form resolve many of the uncertainties connected an inseparable complex of beds [with the with the age of the Inoceramus beds in the Cretaceous]), there is the problem of the pres- Carpathians. However, WiSniowski also rec- ence of smaller and larger Znoceramus frag- ognized the Lower Paleogene in these beds. He ments in the Inoceramus beds. This gives sup- disproved the theory of redeposited Inocera- port to the theory of secondary redeposition. mus in his study area by pointing out that Prof. Grzybowski, conditionally accepting complete shells of Inoceramus salisburgensis this theory, was inclined to date the Inocera- occur in the deposits in the vicinity of mus beds from the Gorlice region as Eocene Dobromil and PrzemySl. However, the age of based on microfauna that shows similarity the Inoceramus beds in the middle and western with the Eocene oil-bearing beds in the vicin- Carpathian remains an open question. ity of Krosno, so long as future micropaleonto- Maria Dylqianka

During holiday trips initiated by Dr W. mica. In the lower layers, the sandstones are Kutniar, I was able to find numerous larger thickly-bedded and in the upper part thinly and smaller fragments of Inoceramus shells in bedded. In addition, layers four, five and six the quarry in Szymbark. This inspired me to of the shales contain thin sandstone interbeds. also collect a few samples of the shales that Some of these interbeds contain plant detritus. occur interbedded between sandstones where The colour of the shales is as follows: the the lnoceramus where found, and study the shales of the first two layers are relatively microfauna of these beds. In this study I pre- thinner than the others and are dark gray; sent the current state of my analysis of this shales of the third layer are brownish-gray, microfauna. Before I begin, I wish to thank transitional, and the shales of layers four, the Director of the Geological Department, five and six are yellowish-brown. The dark Prof. Szajnocha, for his help and encourage- gray shales have a white coating. ment. I will keep in deep memory the genuine Sandstones interbedded with the dark interest and much advice given by the late gray shales are also dark gray with a white Prof. Grzybowski throughout the course of this coating. Sandstones interbedded with the yel- study. Dr. Premik is acknowledged for making lowish-brown shales have the same colour the drawings of the foraminifera. and no coating. The lower sandstones are more marly, rather hard, and resistant to weather- Geologic setting and lithology of the quany in ing. The upper sandstones belonging to the Szymbark. shaly type are weakly lithified. In some of these parts, the sandstones break into a thin The quarry in Szymbark is situated a half a sheets parallel to bcdding. Among shales as kilometre from the Gryb6w-Gorlice road on well as sandstones, there are parts covered the left side of the Bielanski stream, next to with fucoids. Finally, shales and sandstone the place where the road coming from react in HC1, although not always clearly, Bielanki village crosses the stream from the and the sandy-marly shales from the upper left to the right bank for the first time, a good layers remain inactive? distance below the 340 m elevation marker. In The layers at the base of the section, simi- this 16 m high quarry, the Inoceramus beds are lar to the ones from the quarry, contain a gray exposed as sandstones and shales interbedded sandstones interbedded with gray shales with in six layers'. Their dip is southeast 2S0 - 3S0 a uniform petrographical character. The (20-21 hours). In the stream the layers from shales that dominate in these deposits are the quarry are exposed, as well as older beds more clayey then the ones from the quarry and lying at the base of the section with the same at places they grade into clays. Sandstones dip, and together with the quarry section are hard, and covered with a few small they comprise a single unit. hieroglyphs. Neither shales nor sandstones The shales are interbedded with hiero- contain any fossils except for a few glyphic sandstones (hieroglyphs on the lower foraminiferas. Despite very careful analysis side) of the shelly type, fine-grained, with of this material I did not find not even minute large quantities of mica, repeating six times. fragments of lnoceramus shells, whereas in The alterations of shales and sandstones here the quarry they are common. The Inoceramus are quite distinct. The shales are marly, especially in the lower layers, the upper layers [at this point, Dylazanka devotes two pages to become more sandy. These also contain some describing the composition of aulhogenic mineral graim dispersed within the claystones. Because this I cannot find any reference to this quarry in the description has no bearing on the paleontological literature. Szajnocha, in his explanations to his part to follow, it was ornilled from this tramlation.] geological atlas, mentions the Inoceramus beds in In these sandstones, I found a well-preserved the Bielanski stream, which is above this quarry. specimen of Spirophyton, 15 cm in diameter. Szymbark 199 beds extend a few hundred meters upstream 0.9 mm. In respect to the thickness of the from the quarry, but this is not the case in the shell, this specimen resembles Znoceramus downstream direction. Here, a few paces from cripsi Mant. reported by Friedberg from the the quarry on the left bank of the stream, next Inoceramus beds in the vicinity of Rzesz6w. to the small bridge, red shales are visible The size of a specimen from Kwiaton which lying almost horizontally. Farther down- Prof. Szajnocha calls "huge" agrees more or stream on the right bank, the same red shales less with the specimen from Szymbark. Addi- are exposed intercalated with green, hard, tionally, in the same yellowish brown sand- compacted sandstones with numerous minute stones I found a fragment of the shell of this hieroglyphs on their upper surfaces. The Inoceramus of a significant thickness with sandstones and red shales exposed in the preserved ornamentation in the form of paral- stream lie almost horizontally. lel thicker and thinner costae similar to Znoce- The tectonics in this particular area is not ramus salisburgensis from the Inoceramus beds clear to me. By the stream below the quarry in Muntigl, which are presently dated as (downstream) for a distance of 150 m, as well Upper Senonian (Pachydiscus neuergicus). as on the hillside where the quarry is located, The thickness of the fragment from Szym- the Inoceramus beds are exposed. Next to the bark is 4 mm, therefore one of the largest side road leading to the main road the beds known. The size of the fragment is not impor- (dip unknown) have a different appearance. It tant because the thickness as well as its width looks as if the Inoceramus beds were thrusted is 4 an. Judging from the size of the shell the over the younger red, Eocene shales. The lay- specimens must belong to the large ones. ers from the quarry would belong to the over- Numerous, smaller fragments have shells 0.5 - thrusted part. Only studies of the larger area 3.0 mm thick. The Znoceramus from Muntigl will solve this problem. near Salzburg reach a significant size up to 20 an diameter and have thin shell up to 3 mm. Inoceramus in the Szymbark layers. They occur in the marly shales which excludes the hypothesis of their redeposition "In the deposits rich in fossils the resence of which Prof. Szajnocha (1898) strongly onor more new form. has no siJcant rnean- ing, description and labeling of incom lete spec- emphasizes. imens could even be destructive. lfut in the How can the hypothesis of redeposited rocks so poor in fossils as the Inoceramus beds Znoceramus in the Inoceramus beds from of the Ca athians, each of the recopwed specimens caxave double meaning pa eontolo 'cal Gorlice (Grzybowski, 1901) be applied to the and stratigraphical."(Friedberg 1907, p. 6# deposits from the quarry in Szymbark? In the Szymbark quarry, in the sandstones interbed- In the sandstones lying interbedded with the ded with shales smaller and larger fragments shales, numerous larger and smaller fragments of Znoceramus occur. They are better preserved of Znoceramus can be found. Larger and more in the upper part in thickly bedded sandstones numerous Znoceramus occur in the upper sand- as well as in the uppermost, thinly bedded stone layers. A large, incomplete shell, cov- sandstones that often are intercalated with ered with characteristic hieroglyphs, was shales. In the shales I did not find any larger preserved on the upper surface of a relatively fragments of Znoceramus, but in the processed hard plate of sandstone. The specimen is not material from all the shale layers I found preserved well enough to be identifiable, but numerous crystals of aragonite that could well the thickness of the shell and its size is sig- be nothing more than fragments of Znoceramus nificant considering that we are dealing with preserved in the form of loose rhombic prisms, an incomplete specimen. The length of the to clusters comprised of few to many crystals. I shell is 13 cm,the width 12 cm, the thickness do not have complete, well-preserved shells near the top, where it is the largest, is up to 2 such as in the material from Muntigl, but it is mm and closer to the edges of the shell 0.7 to difficult to assume that in the 16 m thick beds, 200 Maria Dylqianka

Znoceramus were found entirely as a result of well preserved; they are the best preserved redeposition, especially since in the upper specimens in this material. portion of the quarry shell fragments are more In the foraminifera1 material from Szym- abundant and better preserved than in the bark the following families were present: lower sandstones layers. Miliolidae, Astrorhizidae, Lituolidae, Textu- Layers of gray sandstone intercalated laridae, Lagenidae, Globigerinidae, Rotali- with gray clayey shales (which dominate dae and Nummulitidae. Out of these only over sandstones) located at the base of the Astrohizidae, Lituolidae and Globigerinidae quarry and also outcropping in the nearby are abundant. The remaining five families are Bielanka stream, appear to be without any rather poor in the number of genera and fossils. In the complex of the basal layers, I species as well as the total number of speci- did not find even a trace of Znoceramus. How mens. Miliolidae are represented only by two then could redeposited Znoceramus be found in genera: Nubecularia and Spiroloculina, of the younger beds in the quarry, if they were which Nubecularia has only one species and not present in the lower, older layers that only a few specimens. Species of these two have no fossils except for a sparse microfauna? genera are mainly present in the two upper These findings do not question the presence of layers and are known only from the Inocera- the redeposited Znoceramus fragments in the mus beds, namely: Spiroloculina inclusa was Carpathian flysch in general, but at least in first described by Grzybowski from the Inocer- the quarry in Szymbark this theory is ruled amus beds from Gorlice, and Spiroloculina out. waageni by Schubert from the Inoceramus beds Now I would like to present the compila- from Gbellan. tion of the results of the paleontological stud- Textularidae are also poor in the number ies of the foraminifera from this quarry. First, of genera and species, occurring only in two I present the list of all the species found in the genera and two species, and are present in even individual layers [Table 11 and then a table fewer numbers than Spiroloculina. Both of containing the comparisons of the these species (Bulimina preslii and foraminifera from the quarry in Szymbark Caudryina trochus) are known from the Inoce- with the foraminifera from other localities ramus beds as well as from the Upper Creta- [Table 21. ceous of the Bavarian Alps. They are therefore important in tmsof their occurrences. General paleontological character of Lagenidae are represented by few forms, foraminifera. which are mostly cosmopolitan. Rotalidae are present as only one genus and one specimen. The foraminifera1 material is comprised of six This specimen is strongly pyritized, and samples (one sample per layer). The samples unidentifiable. Nummilitidae are represented from the first two layers were significantly by only one species, Operculina cretacea, smaller than the one from the upper layers, which is known from the Cretaceous. which is due to the smaller number of speci- The remaining three families, As- mens in the first two layers. The samples from trorhizidae, Lituolidae and Globigerinidae, the layer I and 2 were rather difficult to pro- are represented by the largest number of cess, they had to be soaked for a long time and species and specimens. Astrorhizidae are pre- boiled several times; other samples were sent in four genera and 14 species, of which much easier to prepare. The preservation of Dendrophrya has three species, Rhab- foraminifera from Szymbark is in general dammina has four, Bathysiphon has one, and quite good, but in several cases tests are secon- Hypera m m inn has the most species. darily compressed and deformed. It especially Hyperammina is also the most abundant form, pertains to the genus Reophax and Trocham- especially H. subnodosa and H. grzybowskii mina. Test of the genus Globigerina are very n.sp.. Grzybowski regarded Hyperammina to Szymbark

Table 1. List of species found in each layer. 202 Maria Dylqianka

Table 1. [continued].

- ROTAI-IDAE:

Operculina cretacea Reuss i I Szymbark 203

Table 2 Foraminifera from the quarry in Szymbark compared with other localities. 204 Maria Dylqianka

Table 2 [continued]. Szymbark 205 be a rare form in the Inoceramus beds near known species, but it is not abundant in terms Gorlice, but in Szymbark it is one of the most of number of specimens. In the Inocerarnus beds common forms. Among the common cosmopoli- near Gorlice studied by Grzybowski, this tan forms in Szymbark are Rhabdammina group is missing. Friedberg in his study of the linearis and Bathysiphon filiformis, the lat- Inoceramus beds from the vicinity of Rzesz6w ter of which is known mostly from the and Debica cited only one species. The agglu- Cretaceous. tinated forms described above mostly belong to Lituolidae, as in the Inoceramus beds near the benthonic forms. There is one more group Gorlice where they comprise of 61% of all that needs to be discussed, of planktonic char- species, also belong to the most abundant in acter - the Globigerinidae - typical for this terms of species and sometimes specimens in formation since its major stage of development the deposits from Szymbark. Here belong 47 occurs in the Cretaceous. This family occurs speaes in six genera, which constitutes more only in the top two layers, in the shales inter- than half of all the species, with Reophax, calated with gypsum, and is represented by Ammodiscus, and Trochammina being the most eight species, of which three of them, abundant. Reophax placenta is the most abun- Globigerina cretacea, Globigerina linneana, dant species in the Reophax group, except in Globigerina aequilateralis, are known mainly the lowest gypsum-bearing layers, where the from Getaceous. According to the newer liter- number of species and specimens is poorer. This ature (Schubert, 19021, several of them, such pattern can be traced to all the groups of as Globigerina cretacea, are present in Upper foraminifera with the exception of Globi- Cretaceous. Egger cites eight species of gerinidae. Ammodiscus incertus is the most Globigerina from the Upper Cretaceous of abundant in its group, much the same way as Bavaria, of which five of them are also in the Inoceramus beds in the vicinity of present in the deposits from Szymbark. Con- Rzesz6w and Debica. In general, most of the sidering the number of specimens, this family Ammodiscus speaes resemble their counter- occurs rather commonly, in particularly when parts from the Inoceramus beds of Gorlice, one accounts for the fact that they belong to with the possible exception of Ammodiscus the smaller forms, and as such could easily be glomeratus, which in this material displays lost during washing or overlooked during pick- more variety in its construction, sometimes ing stages. Some of the specimens can be pyri- taking on strange shapes. tized as well, which was observed in a few Genus Trochammina counts for 18 (or 33%) specimens of Globigerina bulloides and of all the species of Lituolidae, but the actual Discorbina. In case of the first species, the number of specimens is rather poor. The excep pyritization process was just beginning, but the tion is Trochammina coronata and Trocham- calcareous test of Discorbina was already mina contorta that are more abundant, espe- fully pyritized. cially the former. Trochammina contorta, according to Grzybowski, is the most common The dependence of foraminiferal test material form found in the Inoceramus beds near on the chemical composition of the sediment. Gorlice. Friedberg also calls it a "not uncom- mon" form. In the deposits from Szymbark it Friedberg, using HCL on his foraminiferal belongs to the average as far as the frequency material, proved that material that did not of occurrences is concerned. Haplophragmium react in HCL did not contain forms with cal- and Cyclammina are among the least common careous tests and inversely. The best proof of forms. this can be provided by an analysis showing Reussina, one of the most interesting the percentage composition of CaC03 in sedi- groups as far as the overall construction is con- ments where the foraminifera are present cerned, resembling the shape of Globigerinae, (this was already suggested by Friedberg in is present in here in all its four currently- 206 Maria Dylqianka his study of the foraminifera from the Inocer- numerous fragments, larger and better pre- amus beds in the vicinity of Rzesz6w and served in the upper layers in the quarry, rep- Debica), since the HCL method will not tell us resent facies that give evidence of a shallow- anything about the quantitative composition ing and strongly oscillating (thin intercala- of the rocks. I intend to perform these analysis tion of sandstones) sea level. in the future. In the material from Szymbark, Therefore the deposits from Szymbark can even without any chemical analysis, a strik- be used to show a whole number of oscillation ing relation is visible between the petro- in sea level, which are connected with the graphical character of the rock and its faunal tectonic movements in this geosyncline area. contents. During this process the Inoceramus sea was at In layers 1 and 2, which are of a dark- times spreading over a wider and deeper area, gray colour, clayey-marly, and contain gyp- and at other times becoming shallower, taking sum, which proves that this rock contains on the trait of a more near-shore area. CaC03 (in :his case in shales), calcareous Continuing oscillation in the positive and forms occur alongside a poorer number of negative directions can also be demonstrated siliceous and agglutinated forms, equally in the sandstones intercalated with the with respect to the number of species and spec- shales. The lower sandstones are more marly, imens. In layer 1,26 species occur out of which the upper ones more sandy and thickly- 33% are calcareous forms. In layer 2, out of 30 grained, similar like the shales. species 25% consists of calcareous forms. In the Furthermore, the Inoceramus sea must next layer, number 3, which is intermediate have belonged to the colder type of seas, between layers 2 and 4 (it shows traces of gyp- which is supported in the character of the sum) out of 37 species only two are calcareous miaofauna, consisting largely of agglutinated forms or 5%. In the following layers, which forms. Most likely, at that time there must are clayey-sandy, with yellow-brown colour, have been a connection in the form of some where not even a trace of gypsum can be found, kind of bay between the Inoceramus sea, the calcareous forms are do not occur, and which was a part of the geosyncline, and exclusively siliceous and agglutinated forms therefore of the type of southern seas, and the are present. In layer 4, I counted 44 species, cold, northern seas. Today the agglutinated and in layer 5, 38 species, all with siliceous forms of Trochammina, Reophax, Rhab- and agglutinated tests. Only in the last layer, dammina, commonly present in the deposits in layer 6, I found one calcareous species, Oper- Szymbark, are mainly known from the depths culina cretacea, out of the 31 species present below 1000 m or from the shallower depths up there. to 200 m in the arctic seas. Depending on the temperature of the seas, this forms live either Distinction of two facies. at deeper or shallower depths.

Based on the petrographical and faunal com- General conclusions position of the deposits from Szymbark, two facies can be distinguished: a deep-water Of 82 species of foraminifera, 13 (or 17%) facies, with its dark gray, clayey-marly have calcareous tests, the rest have aggluti- shales with a Globigerina fauna (open seas), nated tests. This relationship changes only in and a shallower-water facies with clayey- the lower gypsum-bearing layers, where sandy near-shore sediments with an aggluti- mostly calcareous forms occur. nated fauna. Layer 3 would represent the tran- The foraminiferal fauna from Szymbark sitional stage between the deep-water and most closely resembles the flysch faunas in shallow-water stages, which is consistent general, therefore it can be best compared with miaofaunal trends. Inoceramus, which with other fauna from the Inoceramus beds, live in the shallower seas, and are present in especially those regarded as belonging to the Szymbark 207

Upper Getaceous. Today, we have three stud- inflata, occurs in the Upper Cretaceous from ies on the foraminifera from the Inoceramus the Bavarian Alps. beds. These are the works of Grzybowski How does the fauna in Szymbark correlate (19011, Friedberg (19011, and Liebus and with the known faunas from the Tertiary Schubert (1902). flysch? In the oil-bearing deposits near Studies have also been carried out on the Krosno out of 105 species (23 calcareous, 82 Tertiary: two by Grzybowski (1896 and 18981, siliceous) there are 34 in common. In the red one by Schubert from Bolognano (1902) and clays in Wadowice out of 112 species (50 cal- Noth (1912) from Komamok. Considering the careous, 62 siliceous) there are 21 common Globigerinidae family that occurs in the forms. From the lower Tertiary of Bolognano Lower gypsum-bearing layers I also take into out of 28 species (six calcareous, 22 siliceous), comparison the study by Egger (1899) on the nine are in common. In the red clays in Upper Cretaceous from the Bavarian Alps and Komarnok out of 30 species (three calcareous, for the same reason I also take into account the 27 siliceous), there are 10 common forms. These Getaceous of Lvov. Tertiary faunas (with the exception of I am especially concerned with number of Wadowice 28%) have 35% of the forms in occurrences in common. In the Inoceramus beds common. This compilation proves that the near Gorlice out of 100 species (99 siliceous, one fauna in Szymbark most closely resembles the calcareous) there are 39 forms in common with fauna of the Inoceramus beds from Gorlice, Szymbark. In the Inoceramus beds in the vicin- Rzeszow and Debica. The fauna from Szym- ity of Rzeszbw and Rbica out of 92 species (46 bark can also be compared with the one from calcareous, 48 siliceous) there are 31 common the oil-bearing deposits in the vicinity of forms with Szymbark. In the Inoceramus beds Krosno. Now, if we separate the individual from Gbellan out of 100 species (20 siliceous, 80 species according to the formation in which calcareous) there are nine forms in common. they occur, assuming that the Inoceramus beds From the Upper Cretaceous from Bavaria out belong to the Cretaceous, out of 70 species of 448 species (only 64 siliceous) we have 15 in (including 12 new species) the following rela- common. From this compilation of common tionship is present: 48 species are known from occurrences it is clear that the 40% of common the Cretaceous, other formations and the species occurs with the Inoceramus beds near Recent (which is more than half), 13 species Gorlice, 33% with the beds in the vicinity of are known only from the Cretaceous, five Rzeszdw and Dgbica, but this relation is species are from Tertiary, and four species affected by the fact that almost half of the come from Tertiary and modem faunas. There- forms from there are calcareous. I£ we compare fore, the forms from the Cretaceous and other only the relationship of the siliceous forms formations greatly outnumber the others, sim- from Szymbark and the forms from Rzeszbw ilar as in Friedberg's fauna, where out of 92 and Dgbica then we have 55% in common. In species, 44 were known from the Cretaceous the layers from Gbellan the smallest number and other formations. Friedberg had 22 of forms in common forms were found, but species that occur in Tertiary and the modem among them are important ones that identify seas, therefore significantly more then found the Cretaceous formation, such as Globigerina in Szymbark. Only an insignificant number of cretacea and Globigerina linneana. The same species in Szymbark occur only in Tertiary. is true about the relationship of Upper Creta- Now, I will summarize how other authors ceous from Bavaria to the deposits in Szym- interpreted the age of the Inoceramus beds in bark. Among the common forms, the more im- general. Szajnocha, in the VI notebook for the portant are found, such as Globigerina Geological Atlas of Galicia (p. 1371, remarked cretacea, G. linneana, G. aequilateralis, and that the Inoceramus beds in general "based on others. In summary, the whole group of the newer fossils found, mostly outside Globigerinidae, except for Globigerina Galicia, are tentatively assigned to the mid- 208 Maria Dylqianka d!e Cretaceous and younger". Grzybowski, in sediment horizons, they do not contradict the his work on Inoceramus beds near Gorlice, at supposed Cretaceous age for the Ropianka first stated: beds. However in this case, it would be best "the Lower Cretaceous Carpathian deposits con- assign them a Late Cretaceous age." Schubert tain Inocemus, at least in some stages, then it is dated the deposits from Gbellan as Late Cre- probable that the deposits paleontologically taceous, based mainly on the planktonic forms determined as belonging to the Lower Cretaceous such as Globigerina cretacea, Globigerina lin- lie underneath the younger Carpathian deposits neana and Pseudotextularia striata. over a large area, beginning insilesia, up to their Wisniowski (1905) goes furthest in his last-documented point at Dobmmil; that the conclusions narrowing the age limits of the Inocemmus beds underwent a tmnsgression, as Inoceramus beds determined at one locality, where their base is 'Therefore, not only in the vicinity of Dobmmil, visible overlying the Lower Cretaceous deposits, and also in the Pnemysl and Jamslaw district, and that the later could constitute the base of we will look for the Cenomanian in the lowest these deposits. Finally, that we have many sites layen of the cement-like, fukoidal marls, but not where Inocemmus fragments occur as a result of in the Inoceramus-bearing sandstones which the secondary deposition. Taking into considem- constitute, in addition to the upper Senonian, tion all of the above, we cannot either ignore or also the Danian, and perhaps even the oldest categorically contradict the fact that the layers of Paleogene". Inoceramus from the Ropianka Beds in Gorlice indicate secondary redeposition, hence we can In conclusion, for the Inoceramus beds in place them entirely in the Eoaene." Dobromil as well as in the adjacent parts of the Carpathians, in contrary to Szajnocha's In conclusion, he stated the following: opinion, we must accept a scheme wherein the "1. The Inocemmus beds cannot be differentiated lower, marly part of this deposits is dated as at the top from the d clays and the nummulite probably Cenomanian, and certainly Turonian layers, the age of which was paleontologically and Senonian, up to and including the Pachy- determined as late Eocene. And together with discus neubergicus Zone; the upper part of the these beds they display petrographical and sandstones, with Paleogene variegated clays faunal continuity, fonning in its entire thickness at the top matches the uppermost layer of the a unified, inseparable complex. 2. The Pachydiscus neubergicus Zone and the Danian Inocemmus beds must belong to the lower Eocene stage, and most likely also the oldest Paleo- and Upper Senonian." gene. Regarding Grzybowski's interpretations, despite the fad that I did not find the contad Friedberg, based on his foraminiferal fauna of the Inoceramus beds with the nummulite from the Inoceramus beds in the vicinity of sandstones outside the quarry in Szymbark, I Rzeszow and Debica, which shows transi- dismiss the theory of redeposited Inoceramus tional traits between the Cretaceous fauna in these deposits. This would require the from the Bavarian Alps and the fauna of the deposits from the quarry to be dated as late Inoceramus beds near Gorlice, stated the fol- Senonian and early Eocene. lowing: The deposits in Szymbark resemble the "I must note, that I am not able to solve the ques- sandy-shaly type of deposits from Dobromil tion of the age of the Ropianka beds, because the studied by WiSniowski, who dated this hori- result of my comparisons is that foraminifera, as zon as late Senonian with Pachydiscus neuber- long-lived forms, are not useful for determining gicus including in it the Danian together with the age of sediments. the ("most likely") oldest level of the Paleo- gene. WiSniowski suggests that "detailed The results of my work suggest, that even if we studies of the foraminiferal fauna of the up- attempt to use foraminifera for correlation of pennost layers of the Inmramus beds, exclud- Szymbark ing the red clays of Paleogene age, should SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY provide an answer", if the Inoceramus beds extend beyond the Upper Cretaceous up to the Family MILIOLIDAE lower Paleogene. If we accept Wi§niowskils 1. Nubecularia tiiia Jones and Parker hypothesis for the deposits in Szymbark then Construction agrees with Brady's descriptions. we must make an assumption. I do not want to Several specimens found in layers 3 and 6. extend the age of the upper layers of the Ino- ceramus beds (of the sandy-shaly type) up to 2. Spiroloculina inclusa Grzybowski the Paleogene. These and especially the up- Agrees with Grzybowski's description. Few permost ones constitute uniform deposits with- specimens found in layers 1,2 and 6. Known out any trace of Nummulites. If we accept an only from the Inoceramus beds near Gorlice. earliest Eocene age for the uppermost layers in the quarry, we would also have to accept in- 3. Spiroloculina waageni Liebus arid situ deposition of Inoceramus in the early Schubert Eocene. This would even further convolute the Test construction the same as in Liebus and already difficult Carpathian stratigraphy. Schubert's descriptions. The texture of the test The next question, what should be done resembles a calcareous form. Two specimens with the lower layers from the quarry, which found in layer 1. show facies differences with the upper layers, including a different type of fauna with the 4. Spiroloculina sp. aff. S. arenaria Brady characteristic Globigerinidae such as Globige- pl. 1, fig. 1 rina cretacea, G. linneana, G. aequilateralis, This form closely resembles Spiroloculina all regarded in the literature as Cretaceous arenaria Brady. Test elongated, flattened, forms cited from the Cenomanian of the extending into a long neck. On the periphery, Bavarian Alps (Egger, 1899). They should be below the neck, is a distinctive depression. placed among the fucoid marls, which are Similar depression can be found in Spirolo- dated by Wisniowski as Cenomanian to Senon- culina arenaria but not as pronounced. Indi- ian up to the Pachydiscus neubergicus Zone, vidual segments are not visible from the out- and probably in the uppermost part of this side due to the agglutinated texture, similar group, most likely in the uppermost part of as in S. arenaria. The main difference is the the Lower Senonian. acute periphery, which in S. arenaria is sub- In conclusion, two horizons can be distin- acute. Size: 0,4 mm. Specimen found in layer 4. guished in the deposits in Szymbark: a lower one with gypsum-bearing, marly shales domi- Family ASTRORHIZIDAE nated by the family Globigerinidae (probably 5. Dendrophrya excelsa Grzybowski the upper part of the lower Senonian) and an Construction the same as in Grzybowsfi:i s upper level with sandy shales with the species. Length up to 2 mm; width 0.5-1.0 XI r siliceous fauna and well preserved Znoceramus Schubert includes in this species Dendrophryn fragments (probably upper Senonian and latissima and Dendrophrya robusta, pointing Danian according to WiSniowski). No doubt, out that the thickness and width of the test more micropaleontological studies of the beds wall cannot be used as distinctive traits. overlying and underlying the beds from the Rather common, test fragments occur in all the quarry are needed to better understand the layers in Szyrnbark. stratigraphy of the Inoceramus beds4

Upper Cretaceousspecies with Micula staurophora [Nanr&ossil assemblages from Dylazanka's and Lucimrhabduv cayeuu'i, indicating that the original samples (kindly analysed by Dr. Jackie Imeramus be& in the quarry section are no older Burnett, UCL) are comprised of solution-resistant than Santonian.] 210 Maria Dylqianka

6. Dendrophrya latissima Grzybowski construction, and Hyperammina su bnodosa in Several specimens found in fragments up to 2 the construction of its inner channel. This last 1/2 mm long in all layers. They agree with trait brings this form closer to Astrorhiza the one described by Grzybowski but are nar- crassatina Brady. rower. Width: 0.4-1 mm, thickness: 0.2-0.3 mm. 12. Hyperammina noda ta Grzybowski Test construction resembles forms described by 7. Dendrophrya robusta Grzybowski Grzybowski. Length 0.8-1.2 mm, width 0.1- Rather common, test fragments found in all 0.25 mm. Found in a few fragments in layer 4. layers in Szymbark except layer 2. Agrees with the one described by Grzybowski. 13. Hyperammina subnodosa Brady Width: 0.6-1.8 mm; length: 1-3 mm. Friedberg Test construction resembles that of Brady's. separated as var. maxima the very wide Width 0.34.7 mm, length 1.3-3.0 mm. Rather forms (up to 2 mm). I do not agree with this, common, found in all layers except layer 1. since in Dendrophrya robusta the thickness of the wall, not the width of the test (which 14. Hyperammina grzybowskii n.sp.5 varies among different specimens), is the Many fragments of this species were found in distinctive trait. all the layers in Szymbark, which makes it possible to separate this form as a new 8. Rhabdammina linearis Brady species. Because Grzybowski found only one Test construction as in the forms described by fragment in the Inoceramus beds near Gorlice, Brady. Length 0.6-2 1/2 mm, width 0.24.4 he did not designate the new species but only mm. Found in all layers, rather mmmon. described and illustrated this form. Fragments found in Szymbark have tubu- 9. Rhabdammina abyssorum M. Sars lar, flattened, siliceous tests with a glossy Specimens in Szymbark resemble Grzy- smooth surface. The test widens and narrows bowski's drawings and descriptions, less so into a flask-shape form. This process is Brady's because the ramifications are not very repeated several times at regular intervals. In pronounced, perhaps because this species was the middle of the test is a longitudinal found only in fragments. Width 0.34.5 mm, depression. The chamber interior, as seen on length 0.6-1.3 mm. Found in all layers except 1 glycerine slides, coincides with it. I took the and 2. liberty of calling this species Hyperammina grzybowskii. Length 0.5-3 1/2 mm, width 0.2- 10. Rhabdammina subdiscreta Rzehak 05 mm. Test construction resembles that of Rzehak's species. Width 0.4 length 0.9-1.2 mm. Several 15. Hyperammina dilatata Rzehak specimens found in layer 3 and 4. Test construction agrees with Rzehak and Grzybowski's descriptions. Several specimens 11. Rhabdammina sp. found in layer 4. pl. 1, fig. 2 Test tubular, large, built of very large 16. Hyperammina vagans Brady siliceous grains, which makes the surface very In test construction resembles Brady's form. coarse and rough, much more so than in other Rare fragments found in layer 5 and 6. species of Rhabdammina. Test even, in cross- Schubert proposes, without explanation, to section the inner channel shows deep constric- remove Hyperammina vagans from Hyper- tions. Rather broad channel. Test wall is very thick. I found only one fragment in layer 5,4.5 mm long and 0.8 nun wide. This form resembles [This species was designated the type species of Rhabdammina linearis Brady in its outer test fhe genus Silicotuba Vialov, 1966.1 Szymbark 211 ammina and place it in Girvanella. Because in 23. Reophax guttifera var scalaria Grzy- this material H. vagans is found only in frag- bowski ments, I cannot make this kind of judgement. The form from Szymbark does not resemble closely the one described by Grzybowski. It 17. Hyperammina excelsa nsp. differs above all in its conical shape. Schubert pl. 1, fig. 3 also questions Grzybowski's designation but In the deposits in Szymbark small forms are due to scarce and poorly preserved material commonly found that differ in construction did not make a new one. For this reason the from Hyperammina. Test smooth, with glossy material from Szymbark cannot be used for a texture, comprised of a row of equal size, uni- new designation. Found in all layers except serial, pear-shaped, broadening, chambers layer 1. narrowing strongly in their initial part. The walls of test, as seen on glycerine slides, are 24. Reophax pilulifera Brady very thin. The inner channel is extremely nar- In test construction agrees with Brady's row, and barely visible only in glycerine. descriptions. Common in layer 3 to 6. Common, 14 chambered fragments 0.3-1.4 mm long and 0.3-0.4 mm wide are found in all 25. Reophax scorpiurus Montfort layers except layer 1 and 2. Test construction the same as Brady's. Only one specimen found in layer 3. 18. Bathysiphon filiformis Sars In test construction resembles Egger and 26. Reophax bacillaris Brady Schubert's descriptions. In loose fragments 0.8- On the outside the individual chambers are 1mm wide and 1-6 mm long found in all layers only slightly noticeable. This distinguishes except for 1 and 2. this form from the one described by Grzy- bowski from the Inweramus beds of Gorlice. In Family LITUOLIDAE glycerine, inner chambers connected by chan- 19. Reophax placenta Grzybowski nels are clearly visible. A rare form, found in Test construction the same as in Grzybowski's layer 2 and 3. form. Commonly found in all layers in Szym- bark. Known from many other localities in the 27. Reophax nodulosa Brady Inweramus beds, such as vicinity of Rzeszbw, Test built like in Brady's form with the excep- Debica, Gbellan and Gorlice. tion of Brady's chamber being more elongated that the one from Szymbark. A rare form, 20. Reophax difflugiformis Brady found only in layer 3. Test built in two varieties resembling Grzy- bowski and Friedberg's forms. Rare, found in 28. Reophax triloba nsp. all layers except layer 3. pl. 1, fig. 5 Test siliceous, surface rather smooth, com- 2 1. Reophax grandis Grzybowski prised of three flat, discoidal chambers In test construction resembles Grzybowski's arranged in a spiral. On the last, the largest descriptions. Several well preserved speci- chamber on its periphery there is a aperture mens found in layers 4,s and 6. in a form of a neck. In respect to its construction scheme, this form varies from other forms of 22. Reophax duplex Grzybowski Reophax. The individual chambers resemble Found in a few varieties (the same as those of Reophax placenta Grzybowski in their degree Grzybowski and Noth), rather common in all of compression. Width 1.2 mm, length 0.9 mm. layers in Szymbark. One well preserved specimen was found in layer 5. 212 Maria Dylqianka

29. Reophax placenta Grzybowski var. globu- 35. Reussina bulloidifomis Grzybowski var /3 losa n.var. Test constructed the same way as Grzy- pl. 1, fig. 6 bowski's form. Several specimens found in Test siliceous, almost spherical, on both sides layers 2 and 4. slightly concave in the middle. Built of a coarse sand grains, loosely cemented, with a 36. Reussina quadriloba Grzybowski rough surface. This form best resembles Test constructed as in Grzybowski's form. One Reophax placenta Grzybowski, but it differs specimen found in layer 4. in its almost spherical shape and rough surface. Size 0.6-0.9 mm, thickness 0.4-0.7 mm. 37. Reussina sp. Rather common, found with Reophax placenta pl. 1, fig. 7 in all layers except 1 and 2. On one side three spherical chambers arranged in a clover leaf, on the other two 30. Reophax duplex Grzybowski var. acuta small, flat chambers are visible in the mid- n.var. dle. This form resembles best Reussina tri- pl. 1, fig. 4 folium, but due to the lack of literature ated Test siliceous, surface smooth, comprised of by Schubert I cannot be certain. On one side two chambers, a larger, spherical one and this form also somewhat resembles Reussina smaller acute one at the distal end. Both quadrilobum and Reussina bulloidiforme var /3 chambers are flat, attached at the edge. In but on the other it differs in the number of numbers of chambers, this form resembles chambers and smooth surface. Size 0.8 mm. A Reophax duplex Grzybowski. Length 1.5 mm. single specimen found in layer 3. A single well preserved specimen was found in layer 5. 38. Ammodiscus tenuissimus Grzybowski Test construction as in Grzybowski's descrip- 31. Haplophragmium latidorsatum Hantken tion. Common, found in all layers in deposits Specimens from Szymbark are slightly flat- in Szymbark. tened, but fully resemble Egger's description. Found in layers 2,3 and 6. 39. Ammodiscus glomeratus Grzybowski Test construction as in Grzybowski's descrip- 32. Haplophragmium terquemi Berthelin? tion. Rather common, found in all layers. This form agrees with Egger's description. Found in layer 4. 40. Ammodiscus incertus d'Orbigny All forms have great number of whorls, up to 33. Haplophragmium canariense d'Orbigny 10. Otherwise test built as in Haeusler's Test construction the same as in Brady's forms. forms. Found in layers 34. Several specimens found in layer 2. 41. Ammodiscus incertus Parker and Jones 34. Reussina bulloidifomis Grzybowski var. Test construction resembles that of Brady's a forms. One well preserved specimen found in This and similar forms were separated from layer 4. Haplophragmium by Grzybowski and placed in a separate subgenus Reussina. In their con- 42. Ammodiscus gordialis (Jones and Parker) struction they resemble Globigerina, espe- Construction of the test somewhat different cially Globigerina bulloides. This raises the than Brady's type, but displays coiling like a question is Reussina just a siliceous form of ball of yarn, that goes in two opposing direc- Globigerina. Two specimens were found in lay- tions. Great differences are observed in the ers 3 and 6. construction of the test among various specimens. Rare, found in layers 2,3 and 4. Szymbark 213 construction of the test among various speci- Specimens from Szymbark show extreme regu- mens. Rare, found in layers 2,3 and 4. larity in construction. Up to 7 whorls, which is more than in Brady and Grzybowski's forms. 43. Ammodiscus irregularis Grzybowski Rather common, found in all layers. Test construction agrees with Grzybowski's description. A single well preserved specimen 52. Trochammina subcoronata Rzehak found in layer 4. Construction type the same as in Grzybowski's forms. A rather common form, several speci- 44. Ammodiscus angus tus Friedberg mens found in layers 3,4 and 5. Test constructed as in Friedberg's forms. Sev- eral specimens were found in layers 3,4 and 6. 53. Trochammina contorta Grzybowski In the last whorl there ar 5-9 chambers, 45. Ammodiscus latus Grzybowski somewhat fewer than the specimens described Constructed the same way as Grzybowski's by Grzybowski from the Inoceramus bed near forms. Several specimens found in all layers. Gorlice. Common, found in all layers except layer 1 and 2. 46. Ammodiscus septatus Grzybowski Test built like Grzybowski's forms. The new 54. Trochammina deformis Grzybowski species Ammodiscus karpathicus described by Same type of construction as in Grzybowski's Noth from the red clays in Barwinek and forms. Several specimens found in layers 2 and Komarnok appears to be Ammodiscus septatus. 5. On both sides the last whorl has this constriction typical for the species. Rather 55. Trochamminafolium Grzybowski common in Szymbark, found in layers 1 and 5. Test construction the same as the forms described by Grzybowski. Rather common, 47. Ammodiscus pusillus Geinitz found in all the layers. Construction the same as in Haeusler's type. Ammodiscus serpens, described by Grzybowski 56. Trochammina squamata Jones and Parker. appears to me to be identical with Test construction the same as in forms Ammodiscus pusillus. Rather common, found in described by Brady. Several specimens found all layers except layers 1 and 3. in layers 4 and 6.

48. Trochammina pauciloculata Brady 57. Trochammina uoifonnis Grzybowski In most cases tests are highly deformed, and Test built like Grzybowski's forms. Several they agree with Brady's forms only in the specimens found in layers 1,2 and 4. number of chambers. Rare, found in layer 4 and 5. 58. Trochammina mitrata Grzybowski Test built like Grzybowski's forms. Several 49. Trochammina intermedia Rzehak specimens found in layers 4 and 5. Specimens from Szymbark mostly resemble forms described by Grzybowski; they differ 59. Trochammina ammonoides Grzybowski only in the number of inner chambers. Found in Test construction the same as Grzybowski's layers 3 and 4. forms. Several specimens found in layers 4 and 5. 50. Trochammina oariolaria Grzybowski Test construction resembles Grzybowski's 60. Trochammina mirabilis Friedberg forms. Rare, found in layers 2,3 and 5. Test agglutinated, surface rough, oval in shape shows differences in construction on 51. Trochammina coronata Brady umbilical and spiral sides similar as in forms 214 Maria Dylqianka described by Friedberg. Several specimens 30 small, flat chambers. Size 1 mm. Single found in layers 4 and 5. specimen was found in layer 4.

61. Trochammina simplex Friedberg 66. Trochammina sp. Test construction same as Friedberg's forms. pl. 1, fig. 9 One specimen found in layer 5. Test siliceous, rough, circular shape. On one side six flattened chambers, elongated toward 62. Trochammina acmulata Grzybowski the centre, create a sort of rosette. On the The specimen from Szymbark differs from the other side there is a row of irregular cham- one desaibed by Grzybowski, but resembles bers. Periphery acute, lobate. Size 1 mm. Friedberg's type in preservation as well as in Single specimen was found in layer 3. shape. A single specimen found in layer 3. 67. Cyclammina setosa Grzybowski 63. Trochammina heteromotpha Grzybowski Specimens from Szymbark differ from the one In general, the test construction is the same as desaibed by Grzybowski. They are flattened, Grzybowski's description. A single specimen which could be a secondary process, especially found in layer 3. since the surface of the test is deformed. Size 0.8 mm.Several specimens found in layer 5. 64. Trochammina intermedia Rzehak var. szymbarkensis nvar. Family TEXTULARIDAE pl. 1, fig. 8 68. Bulimina preslii Reuss Test siliceous, round in shape, surface rough, The form from Szymbark agrees with comprised of nine chambers. On one side all Olszewski's description. Found in layer 4. nine chambers are visible, arranged in similar manner as in Trochammina intermedia; at 69. Gaudryina trochus d'Orbigny first four peripheral chambers, on top of them Identical to the ones described and illustrated four smaller ones and a single, smallest one in by Egger and Schubert. It is one of the most the middle. This gives four peripheral and interesting forms. For a long time it was desig- five central chambers. On the other side four nated as Textularia (a biserial form) until the large, peripheral chambers, are visible, nar- phylogeny proved that it is derived from rowing toward the centre and creating a small Verneuilina, a triserial form. Found in layer 5. depression in the middle. Periphery acute and lobate as in Trochammina intermedia. Size 0.8 Family LAGENIDAE mm. A single well preserved specimen was 70. Lagena globosa Walker found in layer 3. Fully agrees with Brady's drawings. Several specimens were found in layer 3. 65. Trochammina uoifonnis Grzybowski var. multiloba n.var. 71. Lagena elipsodalis Schwager pl. 1, fig. 10 Test built like Egger's forms. Several speci- Test siliceous, elongated, pear shaped, com- mens were found in layer 1. prised of numerous minute chambers, slightly irregular. Only in the cent~alpart can it be 72. Lagena sp. recognized that the chambers arranged in a pl. 1, fig. 11 row coil into a knot. One side test is highly Test at first spherical, slightly flattened, convex and on the other flat. This form resem- turns into a narrow neck with the aperture. On bles Trochammina uviformis, but differs from the opposite side there is a small button sepa- it in the number of chambers and their size. rated from the main chamber by a groove (this Trochammina uviformis is comprised of 10-15 could be a secondary process). It looks like a large, spherical chambers. This form has up to second, very small chamber. Surface smooth, Szymbark 215

77. Globigerina bulloides var. triloba Brady Family GLOBIGERWIDAE The form from Szymbark fully resembles 73. Globigerina bilobata d'Orbigny Brady's specimens. Several specimens were Test calcareous, highly porous with Globige- found in layers 1 and 2. rina-like texture, comprised of two spherical chambers, a smaller one and a larger one. 78. Globigdna linneana d'Orbigny Through the middle of the smaller chamber Agrees with Brady's drawings. Several spec- runs a sort of constriction, but only slightly imens were found in layers 1 and 2. visible. This feature is not found in the form described by Bagg. Brady described a similar 79. Globigerina aequilateralis Brady form as Orbulina universa with the lack of Test construction the same as in the form aperture being the characteristic trait. Spec- described by Brady. Found in layers 1 and 2. imens from Szymbark do not have an aperture but only seemingly a scar after an aperture. 80. Globigerina inflata d'orbigny Two well preserved specimens were found in The form from Szymbark resembles Brady's layers 1 and 2. drawing but it is slightly smaller. A single specimen found in layer 2. 74. Globigerina triloba Reuss Fully agrees with Egger's description. Found Family ROTALIDAE in layer 2. 81. Discorbina sp. Test pyritized, which does not allow its pre- 75. Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny cise identification. In its structure it resembles Specimens from Szymbark are very well pre- Discorbina tabernacularis. A single specimen served and resemble the specimens described found in layer 1. by Brady and Egger. Several specimens were found in layers 1,2 and 3. Family NUMMULITIDAE 82. Operculina cretacea Reuss 76. Globigerina cretacea d'Orbigny The form from Szymbark resembles the one Fully agrees with Brady's description. Sev- described and illustrated by Egger. A single eral specimens were found in layers 1 and 2. specimen found in layer 6. Maria Dylqianka

Explanation to Plate

Fig. 1. Spiroloculina sp. aff. S. arenaria Brady Fig. 2. Rhabdammina sp. Fig. 3. Hyperammina excelsa n.sp. Fig. 4. Reophax duplex Grzybowski var. acuta n.var. Fig. 5. Reophax triloba n.sp. Fig. 6. Reophax placenta Grzybowski var. globulosa n.var. Fig. 7. Reussina sp. Fig. 8. Trochammina intermedia Rzehak var. szymbarkensis n.var. Fig. 9. Trochammina sp. Fig. 10. Trochammina uviformis Grzybowski var. multiloba n.var. Fig. 11. Lagena sp. Q''4dl-.c,. , ~. References

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