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EE2451 ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION AND UTILISATION AND CONSERVATION A Course Material on EE-2451 ELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATION AND UTILISATION AND CONSERVATION By Mr. K.K.KUMAR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING VIJAYAMANGALAM – 638 056 SCE Page 1 of 135 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING EE2451 ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION AND UTILISATION AND CONSERVATION QUALITY CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the e-course material Subject Code : EE-2451 Scubject : ELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATION AND UTILISATION AND CONSERVATION Class : IV Year EEE being prepared by me and it meets the knowledge requirement of the university curriculum. Signature of the Author Name: K.K.KUMAR Designation: This is to certify that the course material being prepared by Mr.K.K.Kumar is of adequate quality. He has referred more than five books among them minimum one is from aborad author. Signature of HD Name: SEAL SCE Page 2 of 135 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING EE2451 ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION AND UTILISATION AND CONSERVATION S. No TOPICS PAGE No. UNIT –I POWER GENERATION 1 Review of conventional methods 6 2 Thermal Power generation 6 3 Hydro Power generation 7 4 Nuclear Based Power generation 8 Non-conventional methods of power generation – fuel 5 10 cells 6 Tidal waves Power generation 15 7 Wind Power generation 17 8 Geothermal Power generation 19 9 Solar Power generation 25 10 Bio-Mass Power generation 27 11 Municipal Waste 29 12 Cogeneration 29 Effect of distributed generation on power system 13 operation 32 UNIT II ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF GENERATION 14 Economic aspects of power generation 34 15 Load and load duration curves 34 16 Number and size of units 35 17 Cost of electrical energy 36 18 Tariff 37 19 Economics of power factor improvement 38 20 Power capacitors 41 21 Power quality 42 22 Importance of electrical energy conservation 44 23 Energy efficient equipments 44 24 Introduction to energy auditing 44 UNIT III ILLUMINATION 25 Importance of lighting 46 26 Properties of good lighting scheme 46 27 Laws of illumination 47 28 Photometry 51 26 Types of lamps 55 30 Lighting calculations 59 Basic design of illumination schemes for residential, 31 60 commercial, street lighting, and sports ground 32 Energy efficiency lamps 67 SCE Page 3 of 135 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING EE2451 ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION AND UTILISATION AND CONSERVATION UNIT IV INDUSTRIAL HEATING AND WELDING 33 Role electric heating for industrial applications 69 34 Resistance heating 71 35 Induction heating 74 36 Dielectric heating 78 37 Electric arc furnaces 79 38 Brief introduction to electric welding 80 39 Welding generator 82 40 Welding transformer and the characteristics 84 UNIT V ELECTRIC TRACTION 41 Merits of electric traction 85 42 Requirements of electric traction system 86 43 Supply systems 87 44 Mechanics of train movement 88 45 Traction motors and control 88 46 Braking 93 47 Recent trends in electric traction 100 QUESTION BANK 104 UNIVERSITY QUESTION PAPERS 121 GLOSSARY 132 SCE Page 4 of 135 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING EE2451 ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION AND UTILISATION AND CONSERVATION AIM To expose students to the main aspects of generation, utilization and conservation. OBJECTIVES To impart knowledge on i. Generation of electrical power by conventional and non–conventional methods. ii. Electrical energy conservation, energy auditing and power quality. iii. Principle and design of illumination systems and methods of heating and welding. iv. Electric traction systems and their performance. v. Industrial applications of electric drives. 1. POWER GENERATION Review of conventional methods – thermal, hydro and nuclear based powergeneration. Non-conventional methods of power generation – fuel cells - tidalwaves – wind – geothermal – solar - bio-mass - municipal waste. Cogeneration.Effect of distributed generation on power system operation. 2. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF GENERATION Economic aspects of power generation – load and load duration curves – numberand size of units – cost of electrical energy – tariff. Economics of power factorimprovement – power capacitors – power quality. Importance of electrical energy conservation – methods – energy efficient equipments. Introduction to energy auditing. 3. ILLUMINATION Importance of lighting – properties of good lighting scheme – laws of illumination –photometry - types of lamps – lighting calculations – basic design of illuminationschemes for residential, commercial, street lighting, and sports ground – energy efficiency lamps. 4. INDUSTRIAL HEATING AND WELDING Role electric heating for industrial applications – resistance heating – induction heating – dielectric heating - electric arc furnaces.Brief introduction to electric welding – welding generator, welding transformer and the characteristics. 5. ELECTRIC TRACTION Merits of electric traction – requirements of electric traction system – supply systems – mechanics of train movement – traction motors and control – braking – recent trends in electric traction. TOTAL: 45 PERIODS TEXT BOOKS 1. C.L. Wadhwa, ‘Generation, Distribution and Utilization of Electrical Energy’, New Age International Pvt. Ltd, 2003. 2. B.R. Gupta, ‘Generation of Electrical Energy’, Eurasia Publishing House (P) Ltd, New Delhi, 2003. REFERENCES 1. H. Partab, ‘Art and Science of Utilisation of Electrical Energy’, Dhanpat Rai and Co, New Delhi, 2004. 2. E. Openshaw Taylor, ‘Utilization of Electrical Energy in SI Units’, Orient Longman Pvt. Ltd, 2003. 3. J.B. Gupta, ‘Utilization of Electric Power and Electric Traction’, S.K.Kataria and Sons, 2002. SCE Page 5 of 135 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING EE2451 ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION AND UTILISATION AND CONSERVATION UNIT-1 POWER GENERATION 1.1 Introduction In this unit a brief idea of a modern power system is outlined. Emphasis is given to create a clear mental picture of a power system to a beginner of the course Electrical Technology. As consumers, we use electricity for various purposes such as: 1. Lighting, heating, cooling and other domestic electrical appliances used in home. 2. Street lighting, flood lighting of sporting arena, office building lighting, powering PCs etc. 3. Irrigating wast agricultural lands using pumps and operating cold storages for various agricultural products. 4. Running motors, furnaces of various kinds, in industries. 5. Running locomotives (electric trains) of railways. 1.1.1 Basic idea of generation Prior to the discovery of Faraday’s Laws of electromagnetic discussion, electrical power was available from batteries with limited voltage and current levels. Although complicated in construction, D.C generators were developed first to generate power in bulk. However, due to limitation of the D.C machine to generate voltage beyond few hundred volts, it was not economical to transmit large amount of power over a long distance. For a given amount of power, the current magnitude (I=P/V), hence section of the copper conductor will be large. Thus generation, transmission and distribution of d.c power were restricted to area of few kilometer radius with no interconnections between generating plants. Therefore, area specific generating stations along with its distribution networks had to be used. 1.2. Review of conventional methods: 1.2 Thermal, hydel & nuclear power stations In this section we briefly outline the basics of the three most widely found generating stations – thermal, hydel and nuclear plants in our country and elsewhere. 1.2.1 Thermal plant Generate voltage at 50 Hz we have to run the generator at some fixed rpm by some external agency. A turbine is used to rotate the generator. Turbine may be of two types, namely steam turbine and water turbine. In a thermal power station coal is burnt to produce steam which in turn, drives the steam turbine hence the generator (turbo set) the elementary features of a thermal power plant is shown. In a thermal power plant coil is burnt to produce high temperature and high pressure steam in a boiler. The steam is passed through a steam turbine to produce rotational motion. The generator, mechanically coupled to the turbine, thus rotates producing electricity. Chemical energy stored in coal after a couple of transformations produces electrical energy at the generator terminals as depicted in the figure. Thus proximity of a generating station nearer to a coal reserve and water sources will be most economical as the cost of transporting coal gets reduced. In our country coal is available in abundance and naturally thermal power plants are most popular. However, these plants pollute the atmosphere because of burning of coals. SCE Page 6 of 135 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING EE2451 ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION AND UTILISATION AND CONSERVATION Stringent conditions (such as use of more chimney heights along with the compulsory use of electrostatic precipitator) are put by regulatory authorities to see that the effects of pollution is minimized. A large amount of ash is produced every day in a thermal plant and effective handling of the ash adds to the running cost of the plant. Nonetheless 57% of the generation in our country is from thermal plants. The speed of alternator used in thermal plants is 3000 rpm which means 2-pole alternators are used in such plants. 1.2.2 Hydel plants: In a hydel power station, water head is used to drive water turbine coupled to the generator. Water head may be available in hilly region naturally in the form of water reservoir (lakes etc.) at the hill tops. The potential
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