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Control Plane Routing in Photonic Networks

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Control Plane Routing in Photonic Networks Control plane routing in photonic networks Robert John Friskney A thesis submitted to University College London for the degree of Doctor in Engineering (Eng.D). Communications Engineering Doctorate Centre Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University College London August 2011 Declaration I, Robert John Friskney, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signed: Date: Abstract The work described in the thesis investigates the features of control plane functionality for routing wavelength paths to serve a set of sub-wavelength demands. The work takes account of routing problems only found in physical network layers, notably analogue transmission impairments. Much work exists on routing connections for dynamic Wavelength-Routed Optical Networks (WRON) and to demonstrate their advantages over static photonic networks. However, the question of how agile the WRON should be has not been addressed quantitatively. A categorization of switching speeds is extended, and compared with the reasons for requiring network agility. The increase of effective network capacity achieved with increased agility is quantified through new simulations. It is demonstrated that this benefit only occurs within a certain window of network fill; achievement of significant gain from a more-agile network may be prevented by the operator’s chosen tolerable blocking probability. The Wavelength Path Sharing (WPS) scheme uses semi-static wavelengths to form unidirectional photonic shared buses, reducing the need for photonic agility. Making WPS more practical, novel improved routing algorithms are proposed and evaluated for both execution time and performance, offering significant benefit in speed at modest cost in efficiency. Page 1 Photonic viability is the question of whether a path that the control plane can configure will work with an acceptable bit error rate (BER) despite the physical transmission impairments encountered. It is shown that, although there is no single approach that is simple, quick to execute and generally applicable at this time, under stated conditions approximations may be made to achieve a general solution that will be fast enough to enable some applications of agility. The presented algorithms, analysis of optimal network agility and viability assessment approaches can be applied in the analysis and design of future photonic control planes and network architectures. Page 2 Acknowledgements I am grateful to my supervisor, Professor Polina Bayvel, for her guidance throughout this work. I would also like to thank the other academics, administrators and students at UCL Electronic Engineering who have helped me get to this point, and my proofreaders: Sarah Lilly, Peter Darton and Ruth Friskney. I also acknowledge the significant improvement to the clarity of the thesis due to the suggestions made by my examiners, Professor Andy Valdar of UCL and Dr. Hans-Jorg Thiele of Nokia-Siemens. I acknowledge the kind help and support I have received towards this course of study from my colleagues past and present at Nortel and Ciena. Notable among these are my colleagues at the Kao-Hockham laboratories at Nortel Harlow who launched me into the field of photonics. Sadly, that group was disbanded in the collapse of Nortel. Acknowledgements of help on particular topics are given in the relevant sections. I gratefully acknowledge support from both the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and my employers during the course of this thesis, Nortel and Ciena. This thesis is not written on behalf of my employers and no part of it should be taken as any form of statement or utterance by them. Material on which Ciena owns copyright is reproduced with permission. Page 3 Contents Declaration .......................................................................................................................... 1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 3 Contents .............................................................................................................................. 4 List of tables ...................................................................................................................... 10 List of figures .................................................................................................................... 11 List of symbols .................................................................................................................. 15 List of abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 22 1.1 Outline of problem space ................................................................................... 22 1.2 Why dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)? ................................. 23 1.3 Wavelength-routed optical networks (WRONs) ................................................ 24 1.4 The coherent revolution ..................................................................................... 26 1.5 Definitions used throughout this thesis .............................................................. 29 1.5.1 Wavelength-link .......................................................................................... 29 1.5.2 Wavelength-path ......................................................................................... 29 1.5.3 Wavelength continuity constraint ............................................................... 30 1.5.4 Black-box channel model for a wavelength-path and discussion of visible Quality of Service (QoS) .......................................................................................... 30 1.5.5 Acceptable bit error rate (BER) .................................................................. 31 1.5.6 Optical viability .......................................................................................... 32 1.5.7 Agility ......................................................................................................... 33 1.5.8 Bandwidth stranding ................................................................................... 33 1.6 Network planes diagram..................................................................................... 34 1.7 Bridging the gap between wavelength and demand sizes .................................. 37 1.7.1 Optical packet switching (OPS) .................................................................. 37 1.7.2 Optical burst switching (OBS) .................................................................... 39 1.7.3 Agile wavelength-routed optical networks (A-WRONs) ........................... 42 1.7.4 Wavelength path sharing (WPS) ................................................................. 43 Page 4 1.8 Photonic control planes, routing and path computation elements (PCEs) ......... 44 1.9 Research question and current open issues ........................................................ 47 1.10 Thesis structure ............................................................................................... 47 1.11 Contribution of this work ............................................................................... 48 1.12 Publications arising in the course of the research described in this thesis ..... 50 1.12.1 Patents pending and granted ....................................................................... 51 1.13 Chapter references .......................................................................................... 54 Chapter 2 Wavelength path sharing (WPS) ................................................................. 61 2.1 Wavelength path sharing (WPS) principles and advantages .............................. 62 2.1.1 Motivation for using wavelength path sharing (WPS) ............................... 65 2.1.2 Alternatives to WPS in the literature .......................................................... 66 2.2 Discussion of WPS nodal hardware ................................................................... 72 2.2.1 Discussion of Myers’s hardware proposal and identification of problems. 72 2.2.2 New proposed nodal hardware layout for supporting WPS........................ 73 2.3 Routing algorithm proposal ................................................................................ 76 2.3.1 Why is a new routing algorithm needed? ................................................... 76 2.3.2 Review of Light-Frames routing algorithms............................................... 78 2.3.3 New heuristic routing algorithm 1 – longest-route first (LRF) ................... 79 2.3.4 Objective of the simulation ......................................................................... 82 2.3.5 Simulation conditions/assumptions ............................................................ 83 2.3.6 Results of simulations ................................................................................. 83 2.3.7 Analysis and discussion of simulation results ............................................ 87 2.4 The effect of wavelength allocation and why it is important to consider wavelength continuity and unique
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