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Effect of Channel Launch Power on Fill Margin in C+L Band Elastic XXXXXX 1 Effect of Channel Launch Power on Fill Margin in C+L Band Elastic Optical Networks Abhijit Mitra, Daniel Semrau, Nishant Gahlawat, Anand Srivastava, Polina Bayvel and Andrew Lord Abstract—Increasing traffic in the optical backbone network new dark fibers; however dark fibers can incur higher lease has made it incumbent upon operators to extend the use of cost. Another option is to use few-mode fibers or multi-core optical spectrum beyond the C-band. In this work we estimate fibers, but operators will need to incur significant deployment network performance over the C+L band using a physical layer model for estimating the optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) for costs which will increase the total capital expenditure. One lightpaths operating over the C+L band optical spectrum. The of the most cost effective and immediate solutions to handle model considers nonlinear interference (NLI) due to inter-channel this traffic growth is to explore the entire low loss spectrum stimulated Raman scattering (ISRS) and the impact of ISRS range of a standard single mode fiber (SMF). SMF fibers gain on amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise generated have O, E, S, C and L bands ranging from 1260 nm to by in-line amplifiers while estimating the OSNR. This model is used to account for the capacity benefits associated with OSNR 1625 nm wavelength range with varying fiber attenuation from estimation while considering current state of spectral occupancy O to L band. Presently most optical fiber systems operate to account for NLI as compared to the fully-filled, worst-case NLI in C band with total bandwidth of 5 THz. As a first step, assumption. OSNR estimation based on current state of spectral network operators are considering extension to the L band. occupancy provide higher capacity benefits for smaller networks This seems to be an optimum choice because the attenuation like the BT-UK while for larger networks like the USA NSFNET the capacity benefit is significantly reduced. Further network coefficient variation is negligible across the C+L bands (1530 capacity benefits of operating over C+L band as compared to nm to 1625 nm). In addition, the in-line erbium doped fiber C band have been reported. For BT-UK the capacity benefit is amplifiers (EDFA) technology extends from C to L band, more than 100% while for larger networks like USA NSFNET the thereby extending the cumulative bandwidth from 5 THz to maximum capacity benefit is 73% with 37.5 GHz of bandwidth 10 THz. until 10% of demands are blocked. However, this increase in network capacity is achieved at Index Terms—C+L band , Fill Margin, Nonlinear Interference, a cost of a strongly wavelength dependent OSNR on the Stimulated Raman Scattering optical channels due to ISRS [2]. ISRS results in a power transfer from high to low frequency components within the I. INTRODUCTION multiplex of optical signals in the fibre. The process clearly becomes significant in a C+L band communication system. HE data traffic growth has been catalyzed by rising Attempts have been made to model and accurately capture number of subscribers and new innovative services, such T the ISRS process [2]–[6]. Most of the initial works consider as 4K-ultra-HD video, intensive cloud storage and a rising a fully occupied spectrum in their study which might not be number of machine-to-machine communications which are true for a network, particularly at beginning of life (BOL). fuelling the fourth industrial revolution through 5G. This has Additionally the proposed expressions rely on numerically lead to an annual increase of network traffic by approximately solving integrals in at least 3 dimensions to compute the 40% [1] in numerous regions. This exponential growth and ISRS-based NLI in a limited time, which made these models strong projected increase in data consumption has made it computationally complex and difficult to apply for analysis incumbent upon network operators to explore innovative ways of an optical network. However, recently the work in [7] to increase network capacity. One of the options is to light up presented a closed form expression which is able to predict Manuscript received October 13, 2019. This work was supported in part the NLI per span in real-time and with a minimal 0.1 dB by the Inspire Faculty Scheme, Department of Science and Technology, average discrepancy, making it suitable for network studies. In New Delhi, India, under Grant DST/INSPIRE/04/2017/00008 and Metro-Haul this work, we utilize the closed form expression [7] to derive project under Grant Agreement No. 761727. A. Mitra is a DST Inspire Faculty in Department of Electronics and the OSNR of a network lightpath. Further the derived OSNR Communication Engineering and member of BT-IRC, Indraprastha Institute expression is used to understand the effect of channel launch of Information Technology, Delhi, India, email: [email protected] power on fill margin (FM) and quantify its benefits on the D. Semrau, is a researcher in Department of Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, UK overall network capacity. In [8] FM was reported in C Band N.Gahlawat, is a Bachelors student in Department of Electronics and Com- simulations and it was suggested that with optical monitoring munication Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, technologies it is possible to estimate the NLI based on the Delhi, India A. Srivastava is a faculty in Department of Electronics and Communication present state of spectral occupancy rather than considering the Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi, India fully filled worst case spectral occupancy. FM is defined as P. Bayvel is a Professor in Department of Electronics and Communication the OSNR gain in dB which is achieved while estimating NLI Engineering, University College London, UK A. Lord is Senior Manager of Optical Networks Research in British based on the present state of link spectral occupancy (Dynamic Telecom, Ipswich, UK case) rather than NLI based upon fully-filled spectrum (Worst XXXXXX 2 0 1 2 3 Link0, NS Link1, NS Link2, NS Link3, NS Pch Pch Pch Pch Pch S R1 R2 R3 D Fig. 1: Multihop path for OSNR Estimation. case) assumption [8], [9]. For example, while assuming the C-Band EDFA Worst case , the OSNR of a lighptath may be estimated to support PM-16QAM while in Dynamic case the same lightpath BPF G αatt(f) can support PM-64QAM due to lower NLI estimation. In this work, the the regions where FM will be significant over C+L band are explored for BT-UK, Pan Europe and USA-NSFNET networks. The modulation sweet spot for the three networks G is reported for various uniform launch power levels. Finally, expected growth in the network capacity while moving from L-Band EDFA C band to C+L band for all three networks has been shown. Fig. 2: EDFA Model for C+L Band Amplification. The paper has been organised as follows. In Section II the lightpath OSNR estimation model is proposed. In Section III, the results for significant FM regions over various networks where Cr is the Raman gain slope and Leff is the effective are discussed . In section IV, the paper is concluded while length. Ptot is the total signal power which depends upon comparing the capacity benefits of operating over C+L bands. the number of active channels in the 10 THz spectrum. GT x is the launch power distribution across the optical channel II. OSNR ESTIMATION MODEL FOR C+L BAND bandwidth. TRANSMISSION In Fig. 1, a multi-hop lightpath connection is shown where it A. Estimation of ASE Noise from EDFA traverses through multiple intermediate re-configurable optical The EDFA module is modelled with fixed gain G[dB] (lin- add-drop multiplexers (ROADM) and multiple optical links. ear gain g) and followed by a frequency dependent attenuation, Every optical channel is launched with power, Pch and every αatt(f). The ASE noise generated by each EDFA is given by intermediate EDFA module not only compensates for its (3): previous span loss but also normalizes the ISRS gain effect via a gain equalizing process as shown in Fig. 2. Thus, the ispan PASE (f) = 2nsp(g − 1)hfBRef (3) EDFA module restores the uniform launch power of Pch across all the channels in the C+L band spectrum. The ROADMs In (3) we have considered separate nsp for C and L Band are modelled as a span of 18 dB loss with an EDFA module lightpaths. For C Band, nsp of 1.25 equivalent to noise figure compensating for this loss. (NF) of 4 dB and L Band nsp of 1.99 equivalent to NF of The total OSNR is calculated from (1): 6 dB have been considered respectively. The fiber attenuation N −1 variation, is assumed to be negligible across the C+L band 1 XL P i (f) + P i (f) = ASE NLI + and assumed to be α = 0:20 dB/km for all lightpaths [3]. The OSNR(f) Pch EDFA modules are symmetrically placed with a maximum i=0 (1) R span length of 60km. As the ASE generated by each EDFA PASE att NR passes through the α (f) module, it will be scaled based P ch upon the frequency dependent attenuation profile that will i PASE(f) is the total ASE noise from the in-line EDFAs in restore the Pch power across all the channels. With the above th i the i optical link. PNLI (f) is the cumulative NLI due to system parameters and assumption that g >>1, (3) can be ISRS in the ith optical link.An incoherent NLI accumulation written as: R has been assumed in this work.
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