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The Importance of Relative Humidity and Trophic Resources in Governing

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The Importance of Relative Humidity and Trophic Resources in Governing ANNÉE 2016 THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 sous le sceau de l’Université Bretagne Loire pour le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 Mention : Biologie Ecole doctorale Vie Agro Santé présentée par Tiphaine Ouisse Préparée à l’unité de recherche UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio « Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution » UFR SVE – Sciences de la Vie et de l’Environnement Thèse soutenue à Rennes Phenotypic and le 19 décembre 2016 genetic devant le jury composé de : Peter CONVEY characterisation of Professor, British Antarctic Survey / rapporteur Frédérique VIARD the carabid beetle Directrice de recherche, Station Biologique de Roscoff / rapporteur Merizodus Patricia GIBERT Directrice de recherche, Université de Lyon 1 / soledadinus examinateur along its Joan VAN BAAREN invasion gradient at Professeur, Université de Rennes 1 / examinateur David RENAULT Maitre de conférences, Université de Rennes 1 / the subantarctic directeur de thèse Frederik HENDRICKX Kerguelen Islands Professor, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences / co-directeur de thèse Remerciements / Acknowledgments I wish to thank Peter Convey and Frédérique Viard, who agreed to review this work, as well as Patricia Gibert and Joan Van Baaren, members of the PhD comitee. Je remercie également les membres de mon comité de pilotage pour leurs conseils : David Siaussat, Eric Petit, Mathieu Laparie, et particulièrement Jean-Marc Pallisson, mon tuteur de thèse. I warmly thank both of my supervisors, David and Frederik, for all their support and guidance during these 3 years, and for their availability despite their fully booked schedules. I felt really safe, between you two, to take my first steps into this scientific career. Merci à l’Institut Universitaire de France qui, par le biais de la bourse attribuée à David, m’a permis d’avoir un chef tout à fait présent et réactif lors des dernières semaines de cette thèse. Ce fut très confortable. Merci à François, stagiaire de M2 pendant la thèse, qui a mis en place et testé un dispositif expérimental de dispersion. Merci également à Annie, Marie-Claire et Stéphane, pour votre aide, votre savoir-faire et votre sympathie durant la manip microsat. Merci Guillaume, pour ton aide au centre commun d’optique, et merci Jean-Pierre pour ton expertise dans la mise en place des dispositifs expérimentaux. Je tiens à adresser ma profonde reconnaissance envers l’équipe administrative d’Ecobio, pour leur travail formidable et leur disponibilité, et sans qui je serais perdue depuis les lustres dans les limbes des ordres de mission, les méandres des devis et le marécage des bons de commandes. Merci donc à Isabelle, Sandra (l’Incroyable Sandra, super-héroïne du labo !!), Valérie, Fabienne, Tifenn et Bertrand. Je n’oublierai pas notre Ecodoc préférée, qui règne sans partage sur le monde de la bibliographie et qui en connais les moindres recoins, mais qui est aussi tellement polyvalente : dis-moi Valérie, aurais-tu le don d’ubiquité, ou bien trouvé le moyen de te dupliquer, sans nous en faire part ? Merci à toi pour tes gâteaux, ta voix douce et mélodieuse, si vivifiante le matin, tes sprints incessants dans le couloir et ton rire communicatif. Merci aux collègues de l’équipe Paysaclim puis Phénome, en particulier Hervé, Maryvonne, Marc, Elmina ; merci aussi aux usagers de la cafète pour les pauses déj euner bien animées : Christophe, Aude, Cendrine, Françoise, Andreas, Cécile, Pascaline, Claudia, Benjamin, Benoit, Hector… Merci aussi aux collègues avec qui j’ai enseigné en première année, et en particulier Anne-Marie, responsable des enseignements de biologie animale. Merci donc à Claudia, Denis, Dennis, Julien, Liliane. I wish to thank all the Entomo team at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences of Brussels, for their warm welcome during my three stays. First of all, many thanks to Katrien and Carl, for your help during the preparation of the RADseq libraries, thank you Wouter for authorizing the access to the oldest museum collection of Merizodus soledadinus, thank you Stephen, Jeremy, Camille, Jonas, Elena and Charlotte for the nice tea and lunch breaks! Special thanks to Nina and Taz, for the beer discovery tours!! L’intégralité du travail présenté dans les pages qui suivent n’aurait pas été possible sans l’aide de l’IPEV, que je remercie pour son aide financière et logistique. J’ai été particulièrement impressionnée par l’efficacité de l’équipe Log, pour son incroyable soutient à la science sur le terrain. La Log, ou comment se sentir comme un coq-en-pâte pendant ta manip de héros polaire ! Pour cette aventure humaine et scientifique, merci infiniment à Yann, Romu et Nina. Merci aussi aux membres du programme 136 Subanteco pour leurs conseils. Merci à tous les VSCs des missions Ker63, 64, 65, 66 et 67 ! Là. Ça fait du monde, certes, mais c’est grâce aux les volontaires qu’année après année, la science se fait à Ker et dans les terres australes en général. Tout particulièrement, parce que j’ai partagé la campagne d’été avec eux, merci aux « promos » Ker64, 65 et 66. Je remercie spécialement les VSCs escrobios qui ont permis l’acquisition d’échantillons et de données pendant les longs mois de l’hiver austral, et hors des deux campagnes d’été que j’ai réalisées. Merci donc à Elsa, Laurianne, Camille, Solène, Marco, Camille, Hoël, Madeleine, Mattéo et Miguel. Un grand merci aussi aux géophy et aux geners qui ont largement participé aux manips EB, sur le terrain ou au biomar (je pense notamment à Antoine, Adrien, Guillaume, Alexis et Aurore), ainsi qu’à toutes les personnes sur base qui ont contribué aux chasses au merize ou aux longues manips de survie ! Merci également à mes compagnons de CE, Yannou et Christophe, pour t ous ces bons moments passés sur le bateau, accoudés au bar du forum, en transit sous la pluie, la grêle et parfois le soleil, et en cabane à discuter à la lueur de la bougie. Je tiens à remercier les scientos rencontrés à Ker ou sur le MD. Beaucoup d’entre eux (les plus vieux) m’ont montré qu’il était possible de jumeler responsabilités et terrain. Merci à tous pour toutes ces rencontres riches et multidisciplinaires, parfumées du vocabulaire coloré taafien ! Merci pour ces moments privilégiés de partage. Je tiens ici à remercier les Talisker Daminou, Marc et PopLicorne, Christophe Mr. PopEleph, Francesco, Gilles et Caro les Renker, Sarah, Dédé qui m’a appris à imiter le gorfou sauteur (je rends à César ce qui lui appartient !), Samsam et Nico McGyver, l’équipe des plonplongeurs du programme Prouteker: tata Jéjé, Gilles, Thomas, Jean-Pierre, Christian et toute la bande, Papyv et Pierrick les popchats-fous, et bien évidemment tous les compagnons de galère doctorante : Tessa, Laureline, Hélène, Yves, Agnès, Salomé, Marc Popmoule et Quentin. Merci également à Camimodo, résidente officielle de l’archipel des Kerguelen et à Lise, pour tout ce que vous m’avez appris, humainement et kergueleniennement. Merci à tous les membres du bureau 237, pour l’assistance prodiguée en stats (« Maxiiiiime, j’ai un problèèèèème… »), ou en rédaction (« comment traduire ‘jusqu’à ce que mort s’en suive’? »), et pour les discussions et débats enflammés (dont les perles sont affichées sur le désormais légendaire Mur des Post-its). Merci donc à Maxime (aka Mr. Rayures), Kévin Hornet (et ses références musicales), Maud et Youn (vos discordes furent une source toujours renouvelée de divertissement), Alice (bravo pour avoir adapté tes blagues à notre pauvre niveau en chimie, et désolé pour toutes nos blagues d’écologue, qui ont dû te paraitre bien obscures au début !), Thomas (pour tous les McVities que tu m’as gracieusement prodigué), Marion (vive les yackmous !), Morgane et Nath’ (oui, dans ces remerciements de thèse vous faites partie intégrant e du bureau 237 !). Merci à vous tous pour la bonne ambiance qui a régné au bureau pendant tous ces mois, et pour les à-côtés houblonnés ! Merci également aux collègues des autres bureaux : Manon, KT (comme la crise), Lisa, Flore, Diana, Sarah, Gorenka, Alix, Nathan, Kévin, Bastien, et à tous les st agiaires-faiseurs-de-gâteaux qui sont passés par là. Le meilleur pour la fin, merci à Wall- E, mon cher ami électronique, pour ta chaleur communicative et ton endurance durant toute cette thèse (je précise que Wall-E est un radiateur)! Merci à Yoyo et toute la bande : Chaton, Thib’, Beubeu Pierrafeu, Jenny, JB, Ju’, Amandine, Gauthier, Morgane, Camille, David ! Merci pour les soirées pimpantes et pétillantes passées avec vous au Gazo et au Westport ! Merci à Mélanie, Aurore, Céline, Carole pour votre amitié de longue date, qui reste solide malgré la distance spatio-temporelle ! Merci à ma famille pour vos encouragements, votre écoute et votre intérêt pour mes travaux. Merci beaucoup Grégory pour ton aide en informatique ! Merci bien sûr à Greg, ma plus grande découverte au cours de ces trois ans. Merci de m’accompagner de ta si belle personne au cours de ces voyages et de ces aventures ! Un dernier remerciement s’impose, post-mortem celui-là, et je vous demanderais une minute de silence pour tous les mérizes morts pour la science pendant cette thèse. « L’Homme est fils de la forêt et père du désert » 5HQ«-HDQQHO Table of Contents General Introduction 1 1 - Biological invasions and associated concepts 1 a) Terminology and concepts of the invasion process 2 b) Going further than invasiveness and invasibility 3 c) Ecological and evolutionary factors driving the invasion success / failure 4 d) Contributions to the understanding of the invasion process from evolutionary biology 6 e) Dispersal of range expanding specimens 8 2 - Presentation of the studied system: a ground beetle invading the French subantarctic Kerguelen Island 10 a) The subantarctic region, geographic context 10 b) Differences and similarities of subantarctic islands 10 c) Human presence and impacts 12 d) The Kerguelen archipelago 13 e) Relevance of subantarctic islands in ecology 14 f) Merizodus soledadinus: Taxonomy and distribution 15 g) Our current knowledge of the biology of M.
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