Analysis of Changes in Cyanobacterial and Algal Flora of Selected Water

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies International Journal of Oceanography and Hydrobiology

Volume 42, Issue 4

ISSN 1730-413X (379–397) eISSN 1897-3191 2013

DOI: 10.2478/s13545-013-0094-7 Received: September 10, 2013 Original research paper Accepted: October 31, 2013

water bodies. The processes in transforming communities of cyanobacteria and algae have led to the stabilization of the Analysis of changes in cyanobacterial and current status of the reservoirs as eutrophic. algal flora of selected water reservoirs in Wrocław between 1878 and 2010 (south- INTRODUCTION west Poland) Aquatic environments located in large urban areas are exposed to strong anthropogenic pressure (e. g.

* industrial economy, recreation and tourism, urban Dorota Richter development). The pool of species in the area is a result of natural evolution, the history of the region and ecological conditions (Falińska 2004). Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Consequently, the changes in environment bring Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, about changes in the structure of communities. As a pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland result of human activity, changes occur in the pH of water, the level of electrolytic conductivity and nutrient content. All these processes lead to unfavorable changes in the number of components Key words: temporal changes, water body, of aquatic ecosystems, including the phycoflora. The phytoplankton, taxonomic composition, biodiversity reaction of cyanobacteria and algae to such events can be manifested by a change in the number and abundance of species, taxonomic composition and Abstract the species diversity index of phycoflora in aquatic communities. Ponds, lakes or artificial water The paper includes the results of research carried out between 2006-2010 in the city of Wrocław (Poland). The water reservoirs are frequented by citizens and tourists, reservoirs selected for the analysis had previously described which makes them exposed to littering and phycoflora and these studies were excellent comparative material destruction. Aquatic ecosystems are permanent for the today's condition of their algoflora. The aim of this elements of urban landscapes, which provide a research was to conduct detailed studies of the current unique microclimate and places for holidaymakers, taxonomic composition of phycoflora in the chosen water reservoirs and to trace the changes which have taken place over therefore it is important to preserve these areas clean. time. The research determined the degree of similarity between Additionally, some of the areas are protected the different communities in terms of the occurrence of common ecological enclaves as water-bearing areas and nesting species and also the changes in their quantity. The study revealed places for birds. Wrocław, as an area rich in various 535 species of cyanobacteria and algae belonging to five phylas. The comparison of the composition of phycoflora from the natural and artificial water reservoirs, has long been a studied ecosystems from previous years with the current results suitable area for phycological research (Hilse 1865, provided a model study showing the direction and pace of 1866; Cohn 1884; Kirchner 1878; Schröder 1897a, b; changes in the composition of the flora of cyanobacteria and 1899). Later on, the study of cyanobacterial and algae algae in a given time. The species composition of cyanobacteria flora in the area was continued by Gołowin 1956; and algae in each year is adequate to the trophy of the studied Panek 1976; Panek, Burzyński 1985; Panek et al. 1990; Panek et al. 1991; Richter, Matuła 2003, 2004, * e-mail: [email protected]

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2012. Therefore, the research from previous years rhizomes of Nyphar luteum L. and Nymphaea alba L., provided an opportunity to carry out research on whereas the central part − with Ceratophyllum temporal changes in cyanobacteria and algae in demersum L. selected reservoirs of Wrocław. The second studied reservoir was a pond in the The primary objective of this research was to central part of Tołpa Park (51º7’11.46” N, investigate the current taxonomic composition of the 17º3’16.87” E), which is oval-shaped and covers an selected cyanobacteria and algae in aquatic area of 5600 m2. The average depth of the central ecosystems, both qualitatively and quantitatively. part of the basin is 160 cm. The shores of the pond Additionally, the aim was to analyze the changes are an embankment reinforced with stones and occurring in time in the ecosystems in terms of the concrete. There are no vascular plants around the structure of cyanobacterial and algal communities, pond and on the water surface. In the middle of the the number and abundance of species currently and reservoir, there is an island of arboreal vegetation. In formerly present in the studied water bodies. A view of the fact that the pond is located on the similarity test of the water reservoirs was also carried exposed area, i.e. on a lawn with a few trees, the out on common species and their biodiversity. water has good lighting conditions throughout the year. MATERIALS AND METHODS The third pond was located in South Park (51º4’31.42” N, 17º0’40.76” E). The surface of the Study area reservoir is 9600 m2, and the maximum depth does not exceed 200 cm. A natural depression in the park Phycological studies were conducted in the city of area was used to create this basin. The surroundings Wrocław (Silesian Lowland) from 2006 to 2010. The of the pond are oak-hornbeam forests with various ecosystems selected for the study are small (5600- trees introduced to increase the dendrological 9600 m2), without outflow, inland water bodies (Fig. diversity and improve the park's aesthetics. The 1). Data from the previous years were also used to immediate surroundings of the pond is heavily determine the changes in the structure of phycoflora wooded, which results in partial shading of the water (Kirchner 1878, Schröder 1897, Gołowin 1956, surface. There are three islands used by birds for Panek et al. 1990, Panek et al. 1991 − the phycoflora nesting purposes. The shores of the pond and the from 1984). islands are reinforced with stones. The surface of the The first studied water reservoir was located pond borders directly on the concrete embankment. within the Wrocław Botanic Garden (51º6’56.96” N, There is no vegetation on the shores or on the water 17º2’54.39” E). The reservoir is arc-shaped and surface. extends from the eastern to the western part of the Botanic Garden. The pond's area is 7500 m2, and its Sampling and analysis depth does not exceed 130 cm (average depth 90 cm). The water reservoir is surrounded by the The samples of cyanobacteria and algae were remains of dry-ground forest and the riverside of the taken once a month, from April to October, between Oder River. The shores are covered with rushes with 2006 and 2010. Each time, a total of 15 samples were a particularly large contribution of Phragmites communis collected. Each of the studied ecosystems had five Trin. and Iris pseudoacorus L., Alisma plantago aquatica separate sampling locations, so that the samples were L., and Glyceria aquatica (L.) Wahlb. The bulrush representative for the water body and corresponded vegetation is represented by: Carex riparia L., Typha with the conditions of the whole basin. The research angustifolia L., Acorus calamus L., Sparganium ramosum material (plankton) was collected with a plankton net Huds. Water surface is covered with plants with with 25 μm mesh diameter. Periphyton was scraped floating leaves: Nymphaea alba L., Nyphar luteum L., off with a brush, epiphytically taken with pieces of Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L., Potamogeton natans L. and plants. The samples were placed in 100 ml plastic Lemna minor L. The latter species grows in the containers. Species observations were conducted summer months in relatively large quantities covering with an inverted microscope Nikon Eclipse TE2000- a significant part of the water surface. On the S light, equipped with a Nikon DS-Fi1 camera. The surface, there are also artificial communities of identification was performed both on the living wetland vegetation – storages of peat bog vegetation. material and the material preserved with “etaform” The bottom of the reservoir is covered with thick preserver (3:1 alcohol, formalin). The quantitative

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Fig. 1. Location and photos of the studied water reservoirs in the Wrocław area analyses were conducted following the Utermöhl diversity index (Shannon, Weaver 1949) was used to method (Utermöhl 1958). The taxonomy of describe springtail species diversity and evenness. cyanobacteria and algae is based on Hoek et al. For chemical analyses, water samples were filtered (1995). Cyanobacteria and algae were identified through Millex - HV13, Sep - Pak PLUS CM and according to the following studies: Starmach (1972, Sep- Pak C18 PLUS filters. Nitrates and phosphates 1983 , 1985); Komárek, Fott (1983); Komárek, were determined with the HPLC (Kalorymetr Anagnostidis (1999, 2005); Hindák (1980, 1984, PhotoLab S12) ion chromatography, except for

1988, 1990); Coesel, Meesters (2007); Ettl (1978); organic nitrogen (PN-73 C-04576) and total Krammer, Lange-Bertalot (1986, 1988, 1991a, b); phosphorus (PN-EN-ISO-11885). Ammonium was Hegewald (2000); Hofman et al. (2011); Bąk et al. measured with the colorimetric method on a (2012). Braun+Luebbe no. II analyzer. The content of such Data on the vegetation were analyzed numerically elements as Ca, Mg, K, Na and Fe was measured including hierarchical-accumulative classification with the ICP-AES method on a Varian (PN-EN-ISO using the MVSP 3.1 software (Kovach 1985-1999). 11885) spectrometer. The pH and conductivity were Sorensen's Coefficient and Euclidean coefficients of measured using PN-90/C-0440.01, oxygen similarity were used to determine the similarity concentration − with (PN-EN-ISO 8467). Color was between different habitats in terms of the common marked with the colorimetric method (Kalorymetr species occurrence and their abundance. Shannon’s PhotoLab S12).

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION incoming pollution from urban areas is characterized by a high content of nitrogen and phosphorus Ecological parameters compounds and organic compounds, which cause the development of phytoplankton (Whitton, Potts The recorded values of physical and chemical 2000). parameters are summarized in Table 1. Water from all the studied ecosystems is alkaline. In all water Characteristic of cyanobacterial and algal bodies, there are high values of nutrients ( , communities in the researched water bodies , , ) and high values of water color.− 2 According− + to the3− total phosphorus content, based푁푂 on After analyzing the collected samples and data the푁푂 3 distribution푁퐻4 푃푂4 of trophic categories (Kawecka, from the previous years, 535 species of cyanobacteria Eloranta 1994), the studied reservoirs are eutrophic. and algae were recorded in the studied aquatic Their high trophic status is also confirmed by high ecosystems (Table 2) belonging to five phyla and 10 levels of nitrate nitrogen, organic nitrogen, total classes. The most numerous are Chlorophyta (214 phosphorus and the ratio of color above the taxa, representing 40% of all the identified species), concentration limits specified by Zdanowski (1983), including the class Chlorophyceae − 31.4% (168 Dojlido (1995), Elbanowska et al. (1999). In addition, species), and Heterokontophyta (201 species, 37.6%) the presence of increased amounts of nitrites in the represented mainly by the class Bacillariophyceae water (one tenth of mg l-1 or more) with a (177 species, more than 33%). Cyanophyta was also a simultaneous increase in the content of ammonium large group (71 taxa, representing more than 13% of and nitrates, is an indicator of pollution (Elbanowska all identified species) and Euglenophyta (46 taxa, et al. 1999). In the case of total phosphorus 8.61%). Other taxonomic groups were moderate in concentrations, Zdanowski (1983) shows that size. In total, 273 taxa have not yet been recorded in concentrations above 0.1 mg P l-1 are characteristic of the studied water bodies, and represented more than highly trophic, often polluted waters. 51% of all the identified species. A total of 165 taxa The changes occurring in the studied water bodies previously listed were not recorded in our study may have been caused by the fact that small and (Table 3). Pentecost’s research (2005) shows that the shallow water bodies are more productive than large selective loss of species from particular taxonomic and deep lakes due to the fact that the load of groups reflects both the ecological preferences of nutrients flowing from the drainage area depends on species and changes in the ecosystem. It follows that the ratio of the surface area of a reservoir to the on the basis of species that occur, have disappeared drainage area (Wetzel 2001). In addition, the or have appeared in the surveyed communities of cyanobacteria and algae, one can determine changes Table 1 that have occurred over time in the studied ecosystems. Most species previously not identified Water physicochemical data for the period of occur in the Botanic Garden reservoir, and represent September 2006 and April 2008; I Botanic Garden – old almost 50% of the current phycoflora. Most species river bed, V South Park – pond, VII Tołpa Park – pond disappeared from the pond in the Tołpa Park – (2006-2010) significantly more than from the other reservoirs Habitats: (Table 3). Variable: I V VII The samples for water analysis were gathered twice, in September 2006, April 2008 Reaction pH 7.4-7.7 7.3-7.5 8.7-9.0 Changes that took place in time in the Colour mg Pt l-1 35.0-43.0 14.5-80 20.5-315 Conductivity µS cm-1 778-887 803-804 821-1004 phycoflora of the studied reservoirs Oxidation (CODMn) 5.67-6.2 2.67-5.5 10.45-14.3 - NO2 0.058-0.07 0.017-0.36 0.018-0.65 - The greatest differences were observed in the old NO3 0.02-0.451 0.06-0.406 0.08-0.474 + NH4 0.067-0.17 0.166-0.233 0.115-0.18 river bed located within the Wrocław Botanic Total nitrogen 2.5-9.0 3.5-4.5 4.0-10.5 Organic nitrogen 2.4-7.32 2.91-3.9 3.2-9.83 Garden (Tables 2-3, Figs 2-3). These changes PO43- 0.40-0.92 0.12-0.32 0.14-0.64 mg l-1 occurred in a complex, ambiguous process. For over Total phosphorus 0.41-0.970 0.16-0.450 0.171-0.68 Organic phosphorus 0.01-0.050 0.4-0.13 0.031-0.04 132 years, the total number of taxa of cyanobacteria Ca2+ 91.4-160.2 39.63-68.9 57.1-128.4 Mg2+ 13.1-31.66 9.08-12.4 10.11-15.6 and algae has increased from 31 to 179 taxa (112 K+ 14.3-169.4 8.35-10.05 20.0-31.21 species were new and 45 were no longer present). Na+ 33.4-44.33 21.75-68.2 16.93-115.3 Fe2+ 0.136-0.198 0.215-0.356 1.437-0.476 The increase in the number of taxa during one

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Table 2

The list of cyanobacteria and algae in the water reservoirs in the Wrocław area. Botanic Garden – old river bed: I Richter (2006-2010), II Kirchner (1878), III Schröder (1897), IV Gołowin (1956); South Park – pond: V Richter (2006- 2010), VI Panek (1991); St. Tołpa Park – pond: VII Richter (2006-2010), VIII Panek et al. (1990) Study area Species Botanic Garden-old river bed South Park-pond St. Tołpa Park- pond I II III IV V VI VII VIII Phyla Cyanobacteria Class Cyanophyceae Anabaena affinis Lemermann 1 ------Anabaena flos-aqua Bréb. ex Bornet et Flahault 2 + - - 1 - - - Anabaena oscillarioides Bory - - - - 2 - 3 - Anabaena solitaria Klebahn - - - - 1 - 1 2 Anabaena sp. 1 1 ------Anabaena sp. 2 - - 2 - - - - - Anabaena sp. 3 - - - - 2 - - - Anabaena sp. 4 ------1 - Anabaenopsis arnoldii Aptekar - - - - 2 - - - Aphanocapsa conferta (W. et G. S.West) Kom.-Legner. et Cron. ------2 Aphanocapsa incerta (Lemm.) Cronberg et Komárek - - - - 2 - 2 3## Aphanothece castagnei (Bréb.) Rabenhorst ------1 Aphanothece endophytica (W. et G. S.West) Kom.-Leg. et Cron. ------2 Aphanothece stagnina (Sprengel) Braun in Rabenhorst - - - - 2 - - - Arthrospira jenneri Stizenberger ex Gomont 1 + ------Calothrix clavata G. S. West - - - - 2 - - - Calothrix sp. - - - - 1 - - - Chlorogloea cf. microcystoides Geitler 1 ------Chroococcus cf. helveticus Nägeli ------1 - Chroococcus limneticus Lemmermann - - - - 2 - 1 1 Chroococcus minutus (Kütz.) Nägeli 1 ------Chroococcus sp. - - - - 2 - - - Chroococcus turgidus (Kütz.) Nägeli ------1 2 Coelomoron pusillum (Van Goor) Komárek - - - - 1 1 1 2 Coelosphaerium dubium Grunow in Rabenhorst ------1 - Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum Nägeli - - 2 - - - - - Dolichospermum circinalis Rabenhorst - - - - 1 - - - Dolichospermum planctonica Brunnth. - - - - 2 - - - Dolichospermum spiroides Klebahn ------1 1 Komvophoron minutum (Skuja) Anagnostidis et Kom. 1 - - - 1 - - - Limnothrix planctonica (Wołoszyńska) Meffert - - - - 2 - 1 2 Lyngbya aestuarii Liebman ex Gomont ------2 Lyngbya sp. ------1 - Merismopedia glauca (Ehrenberg) Kützing ------2 - Merismopedia marssonii Lemmermann ------3 2 Merismopedia punctata Meyen ------1 3 Merismopedia tenuissima Lemmermann - - - - 2 - 2 - Microcoleus vaginatus Gomont ex Gomont - + ------Microcystis wesenbergii (Komárek) Kom. in Kondrateva ------3*** - Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kütz. 3 - 2 - 3 - 4*** 4## Microcystis novacekii (Komárek) Compère - - - - 3 - 3*** - Oscillatoria coerulescens Gicklhorn - - - - 2 - - - Oscillatoria limnosa Agardh ex Gomont 3 ------Oscillatoria princeps Vaucher ex Gomont 2 + ------Oscillatoria sancta Kützing ex Gomont ------2 Oscillatoria sp. 1 ------1 - Oscillatoria sp. 2 ------2 Oscillatoria sp. 3 ------2 Oscillatoria sp. 4 ------2 Oscillatoria tenuis Agardh ex Gomont 3 + - 2 - - - - Phormidium aerugineo-caeruleum (Gomont) Anag. et Komárek ------1 - Phormidium nigrum (Vaucher ex Gom.) Anagnostidis et Kom. - + ------Phormidium schroteri (Hansgire ex Hansgire) Anag. - - - 2 - - - - Phormidium sp. (Oscillatoria grossegranulata Skuja) 2 ------Phormidium subfuscum Kützing ex Gomont - + ------Planktolyngbya limnetica (Lemm.) Komárková-Leg. 2 ------Planktothrix aghardii (Gomont) Anagnostidis et Kom. ------2 - Planktothrix isothrix (Skuja) Komárek et Komárkowa - - - - 1 - 1 - Pseudanabaena limnetica (Lemm.) Komárek ------2 - Pseudanabaena mucicola (Naumann et Huber-Pestal.) Schwabe ------2 Pseudoanabaena galeata Böcher ------4# - Snowella lacustris (Chodat) Komárek et Hindák ------2 - Snowella sp. ------1 - Spirulina meneghiniana Zanardini ex Gomont - + ------Spirulina subtilissima Kützing ex Gomont - + ------Spirulina sp. 1 ------1 - Spirulina sp. 2 ------1 Symploca elegans Kützing ex Gomont 1 ------Synechocystis endobiotica Elenkin et Hollerbach ------2 Woronichinia compacta (Lemm.) Komárek et Hindák ------3 - Woronichinia naegeliana (Unger) Elenkin ------2 - sum of Cyanophyceae 14 9 3 2 21 1 30 21 Marssoniella minor Hortobagyi ------1 2 was excluded from the system of cyanoprokaryotes (Marssoniella type microsporidian genus Gurleya) a microsporidae parasite of the water (Komárek, Anagnostidis 1999) Phyla Heterokontophyta Class Bacillariophyceae

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Study area Species Botanic Garden-old river bed South Park-pond St. Tołpa Park- pond I II III IV V VI VII VIII Acanthoceras zachariasii (Brun) Simones - - 3 - - - - - Achnanthes coarctata (Bréb.) Grun. in Cleve & Grunow ------1 Achnanthes delicatula (Kützing) Grunow - - - - 2 - 1 1 Achnanthes delicatula ssp. hauckiana (Grun.) Lange-Bertalot - - - - - 3 - - Achnanthes delicatula ssp. septentrionalis (Oestrup) L.-Bertalot ------2 Achnanthes exigua Grunow in Cleve & Grunow 2 - - - - - 1 2 Achnanthes minutissima Kützing - - - - 2 3 1 2 Achnanthidium affine (Grunow) Czarnecki - - - - 1 3 - - Amphora copulata (Kützing) Schoeman & Archibald ------1 Amphora ovalis (Kützing) Kützing 3 + - 2 1 4 1 2 Amphora pediculus (Kützing) Grunow - - - - - 4 1 3 Anomoeoneis sphaerophora (Ehr.) Pfitzer - - - - - 2 - 2 Asterionella formosa Hassall - - 3 - - - - - Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima (O. Müll.) Sim. - - - - - 1 - 1 Aulacoseira italica (Ehr.) Simonsen - - + 2 - - - - Aulacosira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen 1 - 3 - 1 - 1 1 Caloneis amphisbaena (Bory) Cleve 1 - - - 2 - 1 2 Caloneis fontinalis (Grun.) L.-Bertalot & Reichardt ------1 2 Caloneis clevei (Lagerst.) Cleve ------1 Caloneis silicula (Ehr.) Cleve ------2 Cocconeis neodiminuta Krammer ------1 1 Cocconeis pediculus Ehrenberg 3 - - - 2 3 2 2 Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg 2 - - 2 2 3 2 - Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta (Ehr.) Grunow ------2 Cocconeis sp. ------1 - Craticula accomoda (Hustedt) D. G. Mann - - - - - 2 - - Craticula cuspidata (Kützing) D. G. Mann 2 + - - 1 3 1 2 Cyclostephanos dubius (Fricke) Round - - - - - 4 - - Cyclotella atomus Hustedt ------1 - Cyclotella comensis Grunow in Van Heurck 2 ------Cyclotella distinguenda Hustedt 1 - - - - - 1 - Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing - - - - 3 3 3 3 Cyclotella ocellata Pantocsek - - - - 2 - 1 1 Cyclotella pseudostelligera (Hustedt) Houk & Klee ------2 Cyclotella sp. 1 - - - - 1 - - - Cyclotella sp. 2 ------1 - Cymatopleura solea (Bréb.) W. Smith - - - - - 1 - 2 Cymbella lanceolata (Ehrenberg) Kirchner 2 - - - 2 2 - - Cymbella affinis Kützing - - - - 2 2 1 2 Cymbella neocistula Krammer 3 + - - 1 3 1 2 Cymbopleura inaegualis (Ehrenberg) Krammer 2 + ------Cymbella elginensis Krammer - - - - - 1 - - Cymbella sp. - - - - 1 - - - Cymbella tumida (Brébisson) Van Heurck - - - - 1 2 1 2 Diatoma tenuis Agardh 2 - 3 - 2 3 1 4 Diatoma vulgaris Bory 1 + - - - - 1 2 Diploneis ovalis (Hilse) Cleve ------2 Encyonema minutum Hilse D. G. Mann - - - - - 4 - - Encyonema prostratum (Berkeley) Kützing - - - - 1 3 2 1 Encyonema silesiacum (Bleisch) D. G. Mann - - - - 2 2 - - Epithemia adnata (Kützing) Brébisson 1 - - - - - 1 2 Epithemia sorex Kützing 3 - - - 3 3 1 3 Epithemia turgida (Ehrenberg) Kützing 2 ------Eunotia arcus Ehrenberg - - - 2 - - - - Eunotia bilunaris (Ehrenberg) Schaarschmidt 1 ------Eunotia praerupta Ehrenberg 1 ------Eunotia sp. 1 ------Eunotia tenella (Grunow) Hustedt in A. Schmidt ------1 1 Fragilaria arcus var. recta Cleve 2 + ------Fragilaria capucina Desmazières 2 - 2 2 1 - - - Fragilaria recapitellata L.-Bertalot & Metzeltin ------2 Fragilaria rumpens (Kützing) Carlson ------1 2 Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton 2 - 2 - - - 2 2 Fragilaria cyclopum (Brutschy) Lange-Bertalot ------2 Fragilaria dilatata (Brébisson) Lange-Bertalot 1 - - 2 - - 1 2 Fragilaria pulchella (Ralfs ex Kützing) Lange-Bertalot ------2 Fragilaria reicheltii (Voigt) Lange-Bertalot - - - - - 1 2 2 Fragilaria tenera (W. Smith) Lange-Bertalot 1 ------Fragilariforma virescens (Ralfs) D. M. Williams & Round - - - - 2 1 - - Frustulia rhomboides (Ehrenberg) De Toni ------1 - Frustulia vulgaris (Thwaites) De Toni - - - - 2 1 - - Gomphonema angustatum (Kützing) Rabenhorst - - - - 2 3 2 1 Gomphonema acuminatum Ehrenberg 3 - - 2 2 1 - - Gomphonema augur Ehrenberg 2 - - - 1 2 1 1 Gomphonema clavatum Ehrenberg 1 - - - - - 3 1 Gomphonema gracile Ehrenberg 2 - - 2 2 1 2 2 Gomphonema minutum (C. Agardh) C. Agardh - - - - 1 - 2 - Gomphonema olivaceum (Hornemann) Brébisson 2 - - 2 1 2 2 2 Gomphonema parvulum (Kützing) Kützing 2 - - - - 2 2 2 Gomphonema sp. 1 1 ------Gomphonema sp. 2 ------1 - Gomphonema sp. 3 ------2 Gomphonema truncatum Ehrenberg 3 - - 2 1 3 2 2 Gyrosigma acuminatum (Kützing) Rabhorst - - - - 2 1 1 2 Gyrosigma attenuatum (Kütz.) Rabenh. - + - 2 - - - - Gyrosigma macrum (W.Sm.) Griffith & Henfrey - - - 2 - - - - Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehr.) Grunow - + - - - 2 2 3

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Study area Species Botanic Garden-old river bed South Park-pond St. Tołpa Park- pond I II III IV V VI VII VIII Hantzschia amphioxys var. capitata O. Müll. - - - - 2 1 - - Hippodanta capitata (Ehrenberg) L.-Bertalot - - - - 2 3 - - Hippodanta hungarica (Grunow) L.-Bertalot ------2 Karayevia clevei (Grunow ) Bukhtiyarova ------1 Luticola mutica (Kütz.) D. G. Mann ------2 Melosira lineata (Dillwyn) Agardh 2 ------Melosira sp. ------1 - Melosira varians C. Agardh 2 - 2 - 1 2 1 2 Mayamaea atomus (Kützing) L.-Bertalot ------1 1 Navicula cincta (Ehr.) Ralfs in Pritchard - - - - - 2 2 3 Navicula cryptocephala Kützing - - - - 1 4 1 3 Navicula eidrigiana Carter ------1 Navicula exigua (Gregory) Grunow in van Heurck ------2 2 Navicula gregaria Donkin - - - - 1 2 - - Navicula lanceolata (Agardh) Ehrenberg ------2 2 Navicula laterostrata Hustedt 1 + ------Navicula mutica Kützing var. mutica - - - - - 1 - 2 Navicula oblonga (Kützing) Kützing 1 ------Navicula radiosa Kützing 3 + - 2 - - - - Navicula reinhardtii (Grunow) Grunow in Cleve & Möller ------2 Navicula rhynchocephala Kützing - - - - 2 2 2 2 Navicula similis Krasske 1 ------Navicula sp. 1 - - - - 1 - - - Navicula sp. 2 ------1 - Navicula stroemii (Hustedt) D. G. Mann 1 ------Navicula tripunctata (O. F. Müll.) Bory - - - - - 2 1 2 Navicula veneta Kützing - - - - 1 2 - 1 Navicula viridula (Kützing) Ehrenberg - - - - 2 1 1 2 Navinula scutelloides (W. Smith) L.-Bertalot ------2 Neidium longiceps (Gregory) Ross ------1 - Neidium affine (Ehrenberg) Pfitzer 1 + ------Neidium dubium (Ehr.) Cleve ------2 Neidium productum (W. Sm.) Cleve ------2 Nitzschia vermicularis (Kützing) Hantzsch in Rabenhorst 1 - - 2 - - - - Nitzschia acicularis (Kützing) W. Smith 2 - 3 - 1 3 1 3 Nitzschia amphibia Grunow - - - - 1 3 1 2 Nitzschia constricta (Kützing) Ralfs in Pritchard - - - - - 1 - - Nitzschia dissipata (Kütz.) Grunow - - - - - 2 - - Nitzschia draveillensis Coste & Ricard - - - - 1 - 1 - Nitzschia filiformis (W. Sm.) Van Heurck - - - - - 1 - - Nitzschia fonticola Grunow in Cleve & Möller ------2 1 Nitzschia frustulum (Kützing) Grunow in Cleve & Grunow - - - - 2 1 - - Nitzschia gracilis Hantzsch - - - - 2 2 2 2 Nitzschia heufleriana Grunow - - - - - 2 - - Nitzschia intermedia Hantzsch ex Cl. & Grun. ------2 - Nitzschia microcephala Grunow in Van Heurck - - - - 2 2 1 2 Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith - - - - 2 4 - - Nitzschia paleacea (Grunow) Grunow Van Heurck ------2 Nitzschia reversa W. Smith 1 - - - - - 1 - Nitzschia sigma (Kütz.) W. Smith ------2 Nitzschia sigmoidea (Nitzsch) W. Smith - + - - - - - 2 Nitzschia umbonata (Ehrenberg) Lange-Bertalot ------1 2 Placoneis gastrum (Ehr.) Mereschkowsky ------2 Planothidium lanceolatum (Bréb. ex Kützing) L.-Bertalot 1 + - - 1 4 1 3 Planothidium rostratum (Øestrup) L.-Bertalot ------2 Platessa conspicua (A. Mayer) Lange-Bertalot - - - - 1 2 1 2 Pinnularia balatonis Pantocsek F.W. Mills - + - 2 - - - - Pinnularia borealis Ehrenberg ------1 2 Pinnularia gibba Ehrenberg 2 + - 2 - - - - Pinnularia microstauron (Ehrenberg) Cleve - - - - 2 3 1 3 Pinnularia microstauron var. brebissonii (Kützing) Meyer ------1 - Pinnularia nobilis (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg 1 + ------Pinnularia obscura Krasske ------1 2 Pinnularia rupestris Hantzsch in Rabenhorst ------1 - Puncticulata radiosa (Grunow) Måkansson 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 Rhizosolenia longiseta Zach. - - 3 - - - - - Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (C. Agardh) Lange-Bertalot 2 - - - 2 3 1 3 Rhopalodia gibba (Ehrenberg) O. Müller 2 - - 2 1 1 2 2 Rhopalodia gibba var. minuta Krammer 2 ------Sellaphora seminulum (Grunow) D. G. Mann - - - - 1 2 - 2 Stauroneis anceps Ehrenberg 1 + - 2 2 1 1 2 Stauroneis phoenicentron (Nitzsch) Ehr. - + - 2 - 3 - 2 Staurosira construens Ehr. 1 ------Staurosirella pinnata (Ehrenberg) D. M. Williams & Round - - - - 2 2 1 4 Stephanodiscus neoastraea Hakansson & Hickel ------1 - Stephanodiscus rotula (Kützing) Hendey - - - - 1 2 - - Stephanodiscus binderanus (Kützing) Krieger ------1 - Stephanodiscus hantzschii (Grunow) in Cleve & Grunow 1 - 3 - - 2 2 3 Stephanodiscus parvus Stoermer & Hakansson - - - - 1 - 1 - Stephanodiscus sp. 1 1 ------Stephanodiscus sp. 2 - - 2 - - - - - Stephanodiscus transsylvanicus Pantocsek ------2 Surirella linearis W. Smith 1 ------Surirella minuta Brébisson ex Kützing 1 + - - - - 1 2 Surirella splendida (Ehr.) Kützing - + - 2 - - - - Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyngbye) Kützing 2 ------Tabellaria flocculosa (Roth) Kützing - - - - 2 - 2 2

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Study area Species Botanic Garden-old river bed South Park-pond St. Tołpa Park- pond I II III IV V VI VII VIII Tabularia fasciculata (C. Agardh) D. M. Williams & Round - - - - - 3 - 1 Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) Comperé 2 - 3 - 1 2 1 - Ulnaria delicatissima var. angustissima (Grun.) Aboal & Silva 1 ------sum of Bacillariophyceae 60 20 14 20 62 71 83 97 Class Chrysophyceae Bicosoeca ovata Lemmermann - - - - 1 - - - Chromulina ovalis Klebs - - - 1 - - - - Chrysococcus rufescens Klebs 1 - - 1 - - - - Dinobryon divergens Imhof - - - 1 2 - - - Dinobryon sertularia Ehrenberg 1 - 3 - 2 - 1 2 Dinobyon bavaricum Imhof - - 3 - - - - - Epipyxis utriculus var. pusilla (Lemm.) Hilliardet et Asmund 1 ------Kephyrion globosum (Hilliard) Starmach ------2 Mallomonas acaroides Perty 1 - 2 - - - - - Synura sp. 1 ------Synura uvella Ehrenberg - - 3 4** - - - - sum of Chrysophyceae 5 0 4 4 3 0 1 2 Class Xanthophyceae Centritractus africanus Fritsch et Rich 1 ------Centritractus ellipsoideus Starnach 1 ------Chloroidella sp. 1 ------Goniochloris sculpta Geitlet ------1 - Goniochloris tripus Pascher 1 ------Ophiocytium capitatum Wolle - - - - 2 2 - - Ophiocytium lagerheimii Lemmermann 3 ------Pseudostaurastrum hastatum (Reinsch) Chodat - - - - 2 1 1 - Tetraedriella sp. 1 - - - 1 - - - Tribonema minus (Klebs) Hazen 2 ------Tribonema pyrenigerum Pascher 2 ------Tribonema subtilissimum Pascher 2 ------Tribonema viride Pascher 2 ------sum of Xanthophyceae 10 0 0 0 3 2 2 0 sum of Heterokontophyta 75 20 18 24 68 73 86 99 Phyla Euglenophyta Class Euglenophyceae Colacium vesciculosum Ehrenberg 1 - 3 - - - - - Colacium vesciculosum f. arbuscula (Stein) Huber-Pestalozzi - - 2 - - - - - Diastigma sp. 1 ------Euglena limnophila Lemmermann 2 ------Euglena clavata Skuja 2 ------Euglena deses Ehrenberg ------2 - Euglena ehrenbergii Klebs ------1 - Euglena hemichromata Skuja ------2 - Euglena limnophila var. lemmermannii Drażepolski 1 ------Euglena proxima Dang. 1 - - 1 - - 1 - Euglena sp. 3 ------Euglena viridis Ehrenberg 1 - - 1 - - 3 - Lepocinclis salina Fritsch - - - - 1 3 - - Lepocinclis acus (O. F. Müller) Marin et Malkonian 3 - 3 1 - - - - Lepocinclis globula Party fo. globula 1 ------Lepocinclis nayalii Conrda - - - - 1 - - - Lepocinclis ovum (Ehrenberg) Minkiewič - - - - 2 - - - Lepocinclis oxyuris (Schmarda) Marin et Malkonian ------2 - Lepocinclis tripteris (Dujardin) Marin et Malkonian - - - - 1 - - - Monomorphina pseudonordstedti (Pochmann) Marin et Melk. ------2 - Phacus strongylus Pochmann ------1 - Phacus acuminatus Stokes 1 ------Phacus caudatus Hübner - - - - 2 - - - Phacus caudatus var. tenuis Swirenko - - - - - 1 - - Phacus curvicauda Swierenko 2 ------Phacus longicauda (Ehrenberg) Dujardin - - - - 2 3 2 2 Phacus longicauda var. tortus Lemmermann (Popowa) - - - - 1 3 2 - Phacus mirabilis Pochmann ------1 - Phacus orbicularis Hübner 2 ------Phacus orbicularis Hübner fo. communis Popowa 1 ------Phacus orbicularis Hübner fo. orbicularis 2 ------Phacus pleuronectes (Ehrenberg) Dujardin 3 - - 4* - - - - Phacus pyrum (Ehrenberg) Stein ------2 2 Phacus raciborskii Dreżepolski ------1 - Phacus sp. 1 ------Phacus splendens Pochmann ------1 - Strombomonas acuminata (Schmarda) Deflandre 2 ------Strombomonas fluviatilis (Lemm.) Deflandre 2 ------Strombomonas sp. 1 ------Strombomonas tambowika (Swirenko) Deflandre 1 - - - 1 - - - Trachelomonas perforata Awerinzew ------1 - Trachelomonas hispida (Perty) Stein ------2 - Trachelomonas hispida var. volicensis Dreżepolski ------1 2 Trachelomonas verrucosa Stokes 1 ------Trachelomonas volvocina Ehrenberg 1 - 2 - - - 2 - Trachelomonas volvocina var. volvocina Starmach ------2 sum of Euglenophyceae 23 0 4 4 8 4 18 4 Phyla Chlorophyta Class Chlorophyceae Actinastrum hantzschii Lagerh. 2 - 3 - - - 1 2 Ankistrodesmus bibraianus (Reinsch) Korš. 1 - - - 1 - 1 2 Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs ------2 -

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Study area Species Botanic Garden-old river bed South Park-pond St. Tołpa Park- pond I II III IV V VI VII VIII Ankistrodesmus sp. 1 2 ------Ankistrodesmus sp. 2 - - - - 1 - - - Ankistrodesmus sp. 3 - - - - - 1 - - Ankistrodesmus sp. 4 ------2 Ankistrodesmus spiralis (Turn.) Lemm. - - 1 - - - - - Ankyra judayi (G. M. Smith) Fott - - - - - 3 - - Aphanochaete repens A. Braun - - - - 1 - - - Binuklearia tektorum (Kützing) Beger 1 ------Botryococcus braunii Kützing 2 - - - 1 2 1 - Carteria sp. ------1 Chlorella vulgaris Beij. - - - - 1 - 1 - Chlorella vulgaris var. vulgaris Kom. et Fott ------2 Closteriopsis acicularis (G. M. Sm.) Belcher et Swale ------1 Closteriopsis longissima (Lemm.) Lemm. - - 1 - - - - - Coelastrum reticulatum (Dang.) Senn 1 - - - - - 1 - Coelastrum astroideum De-Not - - - - - 3 2 2 Coelastrum microporum Näg. in A. Br. 2 - 2 - 1 2 1 2 Coelastrum pseudomicroporum Korš. - - - - 1 2 1 - Coenocystis planctonica Korš. ------1 - Crucigenia fenestrata Schmidle ------1 2 Crucigenia quadrata Morr. ------2 Crucigenia tetrapedia (Kirchn.) W. & G. S. West 1 - - - 1 2 - - Crucigeniella apiculata (Lemm.) Kom. - - - - - 2 - - Cylindrocapsa sp. ------1 - Desmodesmus armatus var. longispina (Chod.) Hegewald - - - - 2 - - - Desmodesmus communis Hegewald 2 + 2 1 2 2 2 1 Desmodesmus denticulatus (Lagerh.) Friedl & Hegewald 1 - 2 - 2 2 1 - Desmodesmus hystrix (Lagerh.) Hegewald. - - 1 - - - - - Desmodesmus opoliensis (P. Richt.) Hegewald 2 - - - 2 - 2 3 Desmodesmus praetervisus (Fritsch et Rich) Hegewald - - - - - 2 - - Desmodesmus spinosus (Chod.) Hegewald - - - - 1 - 2 2 Diacanthos belenophorus Korš. - - - - - 2 - 2 Dichotomococcus curvatus Korš. ------2 Dictyosphaerium ehrenbergianum Näg. 1 - 3 - - - 1 - Dictyosphaerium pulchellum Wood 2 - - - 2 2 1 3 Dictyosphaerium sphagnale Hind. ------1 - Dictyosphaerium tetrachotomum Printz 1 - - - - - 1 - Didymocystis planctonica Korš. 1 - - - 1 2 1 2 Didymocystis bicellularis (Chod.) Kom. 1 ------Didymocystis inconspicua Korš. ------2 Echinocoleum elegans Jao et Lee ------2 Elakatothrix genevensis (Reverd.) Hind. ------2 Elakatothrix lacustris Korsch. ------2 Eudorina elegans Ehrenberg 1 - 3 2 1 2 - - Franceia ovalis (Francé) Lemm. ------2 Golenkinia brevispina Korš. 1 ------Golenkinia radiata Chod. 2 - 3 - 2 - 3 2 Golenkiniopsis solitaria (Korš.) Korš. ------1 - Golenkiniopsis longispina (Korš.) Korš. ------2 - Gonium formosum Pascher - - - - 1 - - - Gonium pectorale O. F. Müll. 1 - 2 - 2 - - - Hyaloraphidium contortum var. tenuispinum Korš. ------2 Kirchneriella contorta (Schm.) Bohlin. ------2 Kirchneriella intermedia Korš. - - - - - 1 3 Kirchneriella irregularis (G. M. Smith) Korš. - - - - - 2 - - Kirchneriella lunaris (Kirchn.) Moeb. ------1 - Kirchneriella obesa (W. West) Schmidle - - - - 1 2 2 - Koliella longiseta (Visch.) Hind. - - - - - 2 - 3 Koliella spiculiformis (Visch.) Hind. ------2 Komarekia appendiculata (Chod.) Fot. ------2 Lagerheimia balatonica (Scherff. in Kol) Hind. ------2 Lagerheimia citriformis (Snow) Coll. ------2 Lagerheimia genevensis (Chod.) Chod. - + 2 - - - 2 - Lagerheimia longiseta (Lemm.) Wille ------2 Lagerheimia longiseta var. longiseta (Leger.) Wille - - - - - 1 1 - Lagerheimia longiseta var. major (G. M. Smith) Fott ------2 Lagerheimia subsalsa Lemm. ------2 Lagerheimia wratislaviensis Schröder 2 - 2 - 2 2 - 2 Legerheimia ciliata (Leger.) Chod. - - - - - 2 - 2 Micractinium pusillum Fresh. 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 2 Microspora floccosa (Vaucher) Thuret 2 ------Microspora sp. 1 ------Microspora stagnorum (Kützing) Legerheim 1 ------Monoraphidium arcuatum (Korš.) Hind. ------2 - Monoraphodium griffithii (Berk.) Kom.-Legn. ------1 Oedogonium autumnale Wittrock ------2 - Oedogonium sp. 1 - - - - 1 - 1 - Oedogonium sp. 2 ------Oedogonium sp. 3 1 ------Oedogonium sp. 4 ------1 Oocistis elliptica W. West 1 ------Oocystis lacustris Chod. ------2 2 Oocystis marsonii Lemmermann 2 ------Oocystis solitaria Wittr. in Wittr. & Nordst 2 ------Oocystis sp. 1 ------1 - Oocystis sp. 2 ------1

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Study area Species Botanic Garden-old river bed South Park-pond St. Tołpa Park- pond I II III IV V VI VII VIII Oocystis sp. 3 ------1 Pandorina charkowiensis Korsch. - - - - 2 - - - Pandorina morum (Müll.) Bory 2 - 3 - - - - - Pandorina sp. 1 - - - - - 1 - - Pandorina sp. 2 - - - - 1 - - - Pediastrum boryanum (Turp.) Menegh. 3 - 2 1 3 - 3 2 Pediastrum boryanum (Turp.) Menegh. var. boryanum - - - - 2 - - - Pediastrum boryanum var. brevicorne A. Br. 1 - - - 2 - - - Pediastrum boryanum var. longicorne Reinsch 2 ------Pediastrum duplex Meyen 1 - 2 - 2 2 2 1 Pediastrum duplex Meyen var. duplex 2 - - - - - 2 - Pediastrum duplex var. gracillimum W. & G. S. West 2 - - - - - 2 - Pediastrum ehrenbergii (Corda) A. Br. - - 1 - - - - - Pediastrum integrum Näg. ------2 Pediastrum simplex Meyen ------2 - Pediastrum simplex Meyen var. simplex 2 ------Pediastrum simplex var. sturmii (Reinsch) Wolle ------1 - Pediastrum simplex var. echinulatum Wittr. ------1 - Pediastrum sp. - - - - 1 - - - Pediastrum tetras (Ehrenberg) Ralfs 2 - - - 2 2 2 2 Pediastrum tetras var. tetraodon (Corda) Hansg. - - - - - 1 - - Pteromonas aculeata Lemmerman - - - - - 2 - - Pteromonas angulosa Lemmerman - - - - - 2 - - Scenedesmus abundans (Kirchner) Chod. ------1 - Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lagerh.) Chod. 1 - - - 2 3 3 3 Scenedesmus acuminatus var. elongatus G. M. Smith ------3 Scenedesmus acuminatus var. minor G. M. Smith 1 ------Scenedesmus acunae Comas - - - - 2 - - - Scenedesmus acutus Meyen - - - - 2 3 1 3 Scenedesmus aldavei Hegew. & Schnepf - - - - 1 - - - Scenedesmus armatus Chod. - - - - 1 2 1 2 Scenedesmus bicaudatus Dedus. - - - - 1 - - - Scenedesmus calyptratus Comas - - - - 2 - - - Scenedesmus carinatus (Lemm.) Chod. ------2 Scenedesmus dimorphus (Turp.) Kützing 1 - - - 1 3 1 - Scenedesmus gutwinskii Chod. - - - - 2 - 1 - Scenedesmus gutwinskii var. heterospina Bodrogk. - - - - 1 - - - Scenedesmus helveticus Chod. - - - - 2 - - - Scenedesmus lunatus (W. & G. S. West) Chod. ------1 - Scenedesmus magnus Meyen. 2 - - - 3 - 3 - Scenedesmus obliquus (Turp.) Kützing - - 2 1 1 - 2 - Scenedesmus obtusus Meyen - - 2 - - - - - Scenedesmus obundans (Kirch.) Chod. ------2 Scenedesmus opoliensis var. bicaudatus Hortob. ------1 - Scenedesmus pektinatus Meyen ------1 - Scenedesmus protuberans var. minor Ley - - - - - 2 - - Scenedesmus quadrispina Chod. - - - - 2 - - - Scenedesmus semipulcher Hortob. 1 - - - 1 - - - Scenedesmus sempervirens Chod. - - - - 1 2 - - Scenedesmus sp. - - - - 1 - - - Schizomenis leibleinii Kützing 2 ------Schroederia setigera (Schröd.) Lemm. ------1 Siderocelis ornata (Fott) Fott ------2 Siderocystopsis fusca (Korš.) Swale ------2 Sphaeroplea wilmani Fritsch 1 ------Stigeoclonium nannum (Dillwyn) Kützing - - - - 1 - - - Tetraedron caudatum (Corda) Hansg. 3 - 1 - 2 2 3 - Tetraedron caudatum var. incisum (Lagerh.) Brunnth. ------2 Tetraedron caudatum var. punctatum Lagerh. ------2 Tetraedron enorme (Ralfs) Hansgirg. - - 1 - - - - - Tetraedron minimum (A. Br.) Hansg. 2 - - - 2 2 3 1 Tetraedron minimum var. apiculato-scrobiculatum (Rein.) Sk. ------1 Tetraedron multicum (A. Br.) Hansgirg. - - 1 - - - - - Tetraedron sp. 1 ------1 - Tetraedron sp. 2 1 ------Tetraedron sp. 3 - - 2 - - - - - Tetraedron triangulare Korsh. - - - - - 2 - 1 Tetraedron trigonum (Näg.) Hansg. Sensu Skuja - - - - 1 - 2 2 Tetrastrum elegans Playf 1 ------Tetrastrum hortobagyi Hajdu 2 - - - - - 1 - Tetrastrum komarekii Hind. - - - - 1 2 - - Tetrastrum staurogeniaeformae (Schröd.) Lemmermann 1 - 1 - 1 2 2 2 Tetrastrum triacanthum Korš. 1 - - - - - 1 - Treubaria planctonica (G. M. Smith.) Korš. ------1 3 Treubaria schmidlei (Schröd.) Fott & Kovàč - - - - 1 - - - Treubaria triappendiculata Bern. ------2 Trochiscia aciculifera (Legerh.) Hansg. ------2 - Uronema intermedium Bourrelly ------1 - Volvox globator (Linné) Ehr. - - 2 - - - - - sum of Chlorophyceae 52 2 26 4 55 38 64 64 Class Ulvophyceae Ulotrix sp. 1 ------1 - Ulotrix sp. 2 ------1 Ulotrix subtilis Kützing - - - - 1 - 2 2 sum of Ulvophyceae 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 Class Cladophorophyceae Cladophora glomerata(L.) Kütz. 3 - - - 2 - 3 -

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Study area Species Botanic Garden-old river bed South Park-pond St. Tołpa Park- pond I II III IV V VI VII VIII Cladophora sp. ------1 - Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum (Agardh) Kütz. - - - - 2 - - - sum of Cladophorophyceae 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 Class Zygnematophyceae Closterium acutum var. linea (Perty) W. & G. S. West - - - - - 1 - - Closterium acutum Bréb. var. acutum 1 - 2 - 2 - - - Closterium ehrenbergii Menegh. ex Ralfs 2 - - 1 - - - - Closterium leibleinii Kütz. ex Ralfs var. leibleinii 1 - - 1 - - - - Closterium lineatum Ehr. ex Ralfs var. lineatum - - 2 - - - - - Closterium macilentum Bréb. ------1 - Closterium moniliferum Ralfs 2 - - 1 - - - - Closterium parvulum Näg. var. parvulum - - - 1 - - - - Closterium pronum Brébisson - - 2 1 1 - 2 - Closterium sp. - - - - 1 - - - Closterium strigosum Brébisson var. strigosum - - - 2 - - 1 - Cosmarium botrytis Menegh. ex Ralfs 1 - - 1 - - - - Cosmarium humile (Gay.) Nordstedt in De Toni - - - 1 - - - - Cosmarium impressulum Elfving - - - - 1 - - - Cosmarium laeve Rabenhorst - - - - 1 2 - - Cosmarium meneghinii Bréb. in Ralfs 2 - - 1 - - - - Cosmarium ornatum var. pseudolagoense Förster - - - - 1 - - - Cosmarium punctatum Breb. - - - 1 - - - - Cosmarium pygmaeum Archer - - - - 2 - - - Cosmarium sp. 1 1 ------Cosmarium sp. 2 - - - - 1 - - - Cosmarium sp. 3 ------1 - Cosmarium sp. 4 ------1 Cosmarium wembaerense Schmidle - - - - 2 - - - Micrasterias rotata Ralfs 1 ------Mougeotia sp. 1 1 ------Mougeotia sp. 2 ------1 - Nephrochlamys sp. ------2 Spirogyra communis (Hass.) Kirch. - - - 1 - - - - Spirogyra sp. 1 1 ------Spirogyra sp. 2 1 ------Spirogyra sp. 3 ------1 - Staurastrum bibrachiatum Reinsch ------1 - Staurastrum gracile Ralfs. 1 - 1 - 2 2 2 2 Staurastrum sp. 1 1 ------Staurastrum sp. 2 - - - - 1 - - - Staurastrum tetracerum Ralfs var. tetracerum - - - - - 2 - 2 Staurastrum tetracerum var. validum W. et G. S. West ------2 Zygnema sp. - - - - 1 - - - sum of Zygnematophyceae 13 0 4 11 13 4 8 5 sum of Chlorophyta 66 2 30 15 71 42 74 71 Phyla Dinophyta Class Dinophyceae Ceratium hirundinella (E. B. Müll.) Bergh 1 - 3 1 1 - - - Peridinium cinctum (O. F. Müll.) Ehr. - - 1 1 - - - - Peridinium palatinum Laut. ------1 sum of Dinophyceae 1 0 2 2 1 0 0 1 sum 179 31 57 47 169 120 210 196 sum of all 535 century may indicate a change in the trophic 1897), the number of species increased to 57, conditions, i.e. its eutrophication. According to the Chlorophyta began to dominate (over 52.63% – 30 previous data (Kawecka, Eloranta 1994), the species). The change in the dominance structure increased trophic status produces a greater diversity from diatoms to green algae could indicate a change of species, which is also confirmed by the species in the increasing trophic status of the reservoir. In diversity index (Table 3). The largest differences were 1956 (Gołowin 1956), the number of species observed in the percentage contribution of each decreased from 57 to 47. There was another change, group at the end of the taxonomic study (Fig. 2). this time in favor of Bacillariophyceae diatoms According to Kirchner (1878), diatoms dominated in (42.55% – 20 species) which became dominant. 1878; they accounted for more than 64% (20 species) Chlorophyta accounted for approximately 32% – 15 of the community, and were accompanied by species, whereas the number of species has decreased Cyanophyceae, 9 species (over 29%), and a small by half compared to 1897. The current phycoflora number of Chlorophyta (only 6.45%). The total consists of diatom/green-algae and is rich in species number of species was only 31. Phycoflora was very from the genus Pediastrum, Scenedesmus, Ankistrodesmus, poor and consisted of only three taxonomic classes. Dictyosphaerium. Eutrophic reservoirs are The structure of communities of cyanobacteria and characterized by the presence of large numbers of algae indicates an oligotrophic character of water coccal green algae (Bombówna et al. 1985, Burchardt during that year. In 1897, i.e. 19 years later (Schröder et al. 2003). In addition, the Pediastrum genus is

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390 | Dorota Richter

Table 3

The number and percentage of species found in the studied aquatic ecosystems, and the diversity and evenness indices showing the temporal changes (explanation of I-VIII is given in Table 1) Study area Taxonomical groups Botanic Garden-old river bed South Park-pond St. Tołpa Park-pond Sum of all I II III IV V VI VII VIII Phyla Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) 14 9 3 2 21 1 30 21 71 Class Cyanophyceae 14 9 3 2 21 1 30 21 71 number of species not previously reported 9 20 20 44 number of species not confirmed 8 0 11 19 number of species confirmed 5 1 10 - Phyla Heterokontophyta 75 20 18 24 68 73 86 99 201 number of species not previously reported 41 16 22 72 number of species not confirmed 16 21 35 64 number of species confirmed 35 52 64 - Class Bacillariophyceae 60 20 14 20 62 71 83 97 177 number of species not previously reported 29 12 20 55 number of species not confirmed 12 21 34 59 number of species confirmed 31 50 63 - Class Chrysophyceae 5 0 4 4 3 0 1 2 11 number of species not previously reported 2 3 0 5 number of species not confirmed 4 0 1 5 number of species confirmed 3 0 1 - Class Xanthophyceae 10 0 0 0 3 2 2 0 13 number of species not previously reported 10 1 2 12 number of species not confirmed 0 0 0 0 number of species confirmed 0 2 0 - Phyla Euglenophyta 23 0 4 4 8 4 18 4 46 Class Euglenophyceae 23 0 4 4 8 4 18 4 46 number of species not previously reported 17 5 15 36 number of species not confirmed 1 1 1 3 number of species confirmed 6 3 3 - Phyla Chlorophyta 66 2 30 15 71 42 76 71 214 number of species not previously reported 45 47 51 121 number of species not confirmed 19 18 46 77 number of species confirmed 21 24 25 - Class Chlorophyceae 52 2 26 4 55 38 64 64 168 number of species not previously reported 38 33 41 94 number of species not confirmed 12 16 41 64 number of species confirmed 14 22 23 - Class Ulvophyceae 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 3 number of species not previously reported 0 1 1 2 number of species not confirmed 0 0 1 1 number of species confirmed 0 0 1 - Class Cladophorophyceae 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 3 number of species not previously reported 1 2 2 3 number of species not confirmed 0 0 0 0 number of species confirmed 0 0 0 - Class Zygnematophyceae 13 0 4 11 13 4 8 5 39 number of species not previously reported 6 11 7 22 number of species not confirmed 7 2 4 12 number of species confirmed 7 2 1 - Phyla Dinophyta 1 0 2 2 1 0 0 1 3 Class Dinophyceae 1 0 2 2 1 0 0 1 3 number of species not previously reported 0 1 0 1 number of species not confirmed 1 0 1 2 number of species confirmed 1 0 0 - Total num. of species 179 31 57 47 169 120 210 196 535 Total number of species not previously reported 112 89 108 273 Total number of species not confirmed 45 40 94 165 Total number of species confirmed 68 80 102 - Diversity index 5.10 n.d.* 3.98 3.76 5.07 4.71 5.25 5.23 - Evenness 0.983 n.d.* 0.984 0.982 0.987 0.985 0.983 0.991 - * n. d. - no data, diversity index and evenness index is not calculated due to the lack of quantitative data

Changes of cyanobacteria and algae flora in Wrocław's water reservoirs| 391

100% considered characteristic of contaminated reservoirs (Round 1984). There are some new species belonging 80% Dinophyceae to the three following classes Xantophyceae (up to 10 Zygnematophyceae species), Cladophorophyceae and Dinophyceae. The Cladophorophyceae 60% Ulvophyceae increased presence of species such as Tribonema viride Chlorophyceae Pascher, T. minus Hazen., T. subtilissimum Pascher, T. Euglenophyceae 40% pyrenigerum Pascher was reported in the Xantophyceae Xanthophyceae Chrysophyceae class. According to Round (1984), even a small Bacillariophyceae 20% increase in the sewage amount in the water may Cyanophyceae increase the content of Tribonema. The above-

0% mentioned species have not yet been reported in this I II III IV V VI VII VIII location, which indicates an increase in the trophic status of these waters. The increased presence of Fig. 2. Percentage of cyanobacteria and algae groups in Euglenophyceae species (six times more taxa) is the water reservoirs in the Wrocław area (explanation noteworthy and may indicate an increased amount of of I-VIII is given in Table 1) organic matter in the water reservoir. This is

60% confirmed by previous studies (Wołowski 1998, 2003). The present reservoir has 19 species common 50% number of species with the flora described by Kirchner in 1878, 32 40% not previously species common with the fauna described by reported Schröder in 1897, and 28 species common with the 30% number of species not confirmed fauna described by Gołowin (1956). In all studies 20% there is only one common species − Desmodesmus number of species communis Hegewald (Table 2). The study of species 10% confirmed abundance in 1956 revealed two water blooms: a 0% two-day bloom in April caused by Synura uvella Botanic South Park Par k of St. Garden old pond 1984- Tołpa pond Ehrenberg and a one-week bloom in July caused by river bed 2010 1990-2010 Phacus pleuronectes Duj. (Gołowin 1956). No blooms 1878-2010 were recorded in the current flora of cyanobacteria Fig. 3. Percentage of species not reported, confirmed and algae, but Ph. pleuronectes was reported in and not confirmed in the flora of the studied water increased abundance. Species of all taxonomic bodies groups were generally low on the estimate scale (rarely or single specimens), only a few of them occurred frequently. ecologically and taxonomically known to exist in Considering the changes occurring in the South many polluted freshwater reservoirs (Komárek, Fott Park pond in 1984-2010 (Tables 2-3, Figs 2-3), it can 1983; Komárek, Jankovská 2001; Burchardt et al. be concluded that the pond is rather stable. The total 2003; Pasztaleniec, Poniewozik 2004). Dictyosphaerium, number of taxa of cyanobacteria and algae identified on the other hand, easily adapts to pollution in the studied pond has increased from 120 to 169 (Bombówna et al. 1985). The presence of such over 26 years, with 89 species not yet listed. The species confirms that this is a highly trophic increase in the number of species is reflected in all reservoir. In addition, the presence of such species as taxonomic groups with the exception of diatoms. An Oocystis solitaria Wittr. in Wittr. & Nordst indicates a increase in the number of species is observed in all high concentration of nutrients in the water groups, particularly in Cyanophyceae (20 species), (Tolonen, Hosiaisloma 1978). Green algae, although followed by Chlorophyceae (16 species). The increase not very abundant, caused eutrophication of the in the number of Cyanophyceae species is significant water. An increased number of identified desmids as previously they accounted for less than 1% in the among the species listed by Gołowin (1956), and in habitat and now − more than 12%. Such an increase the current phycoflora, indicates an increased trophic in the number of blue-green algae and the abundant status of the analyzed water (Coesel 1981). In presence of taxa typical of contaminated waters, such addition, Closterium ehrenbergii Menegh. ex. Ralfs, as Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing, M. novacekii whose presence was recorded in the old river bed, is (Komárek) Compére, may indicate deteriorating

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392 | Dorota Richter trophic conditions of the pond and its eutrophication phycoflora of the studied basin, it was determined (Komárek, Anagnostidis 1999). There are some new that the Bacillaroiphyceae class had the largest group taxa of three classes that have not been recorded of common species (64), with (23) Chlorophyceae (Ulvophyceae, Cladophorophyceae and and (10) Cyanophyceae. This pond also provided Dinophyceae), but they were represented by only a data on seasonal changes. The current flora of few species. The most common species belonged to cyanobacteria and algae in the pond showed some the classes of Bacillariophyceae (50 taxa) and similarities to the phycoflora described by Panek et Chlorophyceae (22 taxa). The current cyanobacteria al. (1990). Similarly, the dominant group of algae and algae flora in the studied pond is similar to the were diatoms, especially during spring and autumn, one described by Panek et al. (1991) in terms of a while cyanobacteria and green algae dominated in large amount of common species (Fig. 3). Phycoflora summer. It needs to be emphasized, however, that of the pond, however, has changed quite significantly despite the similarities between the former and in terms of quality. Among the species of green algae, current phycoflora, a feature that distinguishes these coccal species appeared (mainly from the genera of aquatic ecosystems was the increased number of Pediastrum, Scenedesmus and Desmodesmus), the presence blue-green algae − from 10% to over 14%, including of which may also indicate a change in the trophic mostly the increased abundance of species forming status of the studied reservoir (Bombówna et al. the spring, summer and autumn water blooms. In the 1985, Burchardt et al. 2003). The number of desmids current phycoflora, an autumn bloom was caused by was also three times higher; they were represented Pseudanabaena galeata Boecher, a species not mainly by the types Cosmarium, Closterium and previously recorded by Panek et al. (1990). Stauroastrum, which occur at fertile sites (according to Filamentous cyanobacteria blooms are usually a sign Coesel 2007). The dominance of Cosmarium, of advanced reservoir eutrophication (Ravera, Closterium and Stauroastrum desmids may be caused by Vollenweider 1968; Wołowski et al. 1990). In the the fact that the habitats are very fertile. Similar case of the former phycoflora, the taxonomic observations were made in southern Polish reservoirs diversity of the samples was the lowest in spring and by Bombówna et al. (1985), Bucka (2000). According early summer, and the highest in fall. This is probably to aforementioned authors, such changes in the flora connected with the species occurring in large of cyanobacteria and algae may be related to changes numbers and affecting the species diversity in water in the trophic status. However, according to blooming periods. The current phycoflora, however, Oleksowicz (1987), species such as Closterium pronum was not free from blooms in any season and always Brébisson or Cl. acutum Breb. in Ralfs are typical for had a dominant species, which contributed to a habitats with the increasing trophic status. decrease in the number of species. Differences were In the case of the last analyzed pond (Stanisław also reported in the species causing spring and Tołpa Park pond), compared to the data from 1990 summer blooms. Both the former flora 20 years ago (Tables 2-3, Figs 2-3), the total number of taxa of and the present-day flora had Microcystis aeruginosa cyanobacteria and algae also increased over the 20 (Kütz.) Kütz. as the dominant species, while the sub- years from 196 to 210 taxa (108 new species). The dominants were different in the flora studied by increase in the number of species was recorded in for Panek − Aphanocapsa incerta (Lemmerman) Cronberg Cyanophyta, Euglenophyta, Cladophorophyceae, et Komárek and in the current flora − Microcystis Zygnematophyceae and Xantophyceae. Most new wesenbergii (Komárek) Kom. in Kondrateva and M. species were identified in the Euglenophyta phylum, novacekii (Komárek) Compére. In 1990, of the 196 where the number of taxa increased more than four existing taxa of cyanobacteria and algae, only a dozen times. A larger number of euglenas indicates or so occurred in all samples in larger quantities. The contamination since they are usually found in small current phycoflora was also characterized by species contaminated reservoirs or sewage. High levels of found in small numbers with the exception of blue- nutrients enhances the development of the genus green algae, which formed blooms. The change of Euglena and their massive expansion indicates dominants forming water blooms and the extended eutrophication (Wołowski 1998, 2003). In the water blooming period indicate increased Bacillariophyceae class, the number of taxa decreased eutrophication of the reservoir. Only minor changes by as much as 13 marks. Chlorophyceae and occurred in green algae, but their taxonomic Ulvophyceae have the same number of taxa. After composition changed – coccal species occurred analyzing the floristic lists of former and current (Scenedesmus, Pediastrum and Dictyosphaerium), which is

Changes of cyanobacteria and algae flora in Wrocław's water reservoirs| 393 typical for reservoirs with high trophic status. There Differences and similarities of the studied water was also a large quantity of the filamentous green reservoirs alga Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kütz., which occurs in the benthos of contaminated reservoirs (Matula, El- In order to group the studied reservoirs according Shahed 1993). In addition, the presence of such to their similarity or dissimilarity to each other, the species as Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs phycoflora was compared not only to each other but indicates a high concentration of nutrients in the also with respect to changes over time. water (Tolonen, Hosiaisloma 1978). Using the similarity measure of common species In all the analyzed water bodies, the qualitative in the studied ecosystems (Sorensen's Coefficient), assessment of phytoplankton from Bacillariophyceae we can distinguish two groups of water bodies (Fig. indicates the dominance of forms characteristic of 4). The first group includes the old river bed in the highly trophic waters (typical of polluted habitats). Botanic Garden with flora described by Kirchner The Bacillariophyceae class included a large number (1878), Schröeder (1897) and Gołowin (1956). It is of such species, mainly from the genera Nitzschia, evident that the floras of cyanobacteria and algae Navicula, Fragilaria. According to Bombówna et al. described by Kirchner and Gołwin (large number of (1978), they are typical of contaminated reservoirs. common species) are similar to each other. The flora Diatoms dominated, including i.a.: Nitzschia amphibia of cyanobacteria and algae from 1896 (Schröder) is Grun., N. frustulum (Kützing) Grun. in Cleve & similar to the current phycoflora shifted to the Grun., N. palea (Kützing) W. Smith, Pinnularia second group, which is far from the historical data microstauron (Ehr.) Cleve., Mayamaea atomus (Kützing) for this ecosystem (representing a separate group). Lange-Bertalot, Navicula cryptocephala Kützing, This reflects the gradual changes that occur over time Achnantches minutissima Kützing, Fragilaria capucina in the phycoflora in this backwater. The second Desmazières, Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) Comperé, group comprised ponds in South Park and Tołpa Cymbella neocistula Krammer, Gomphonema angustatum Park. It is clear that the two subgroups (IIa – the (Kützing) Raben., G. olivaceum (Horn.) Bréb., G. Tołpa Park pond and IIb – the South Park pond) are parvulum (Kützing) Kützing, Hantzschia amphioxys similar in terms of common species in the flora from (Ehr.) Grun. in Cleve & Grun. The presence of these the previous years and the current flora. Slightly species indicates eutrophic reservoirs (Krammer, different groups emerge when the Euclidean distance Lange-Bertalot 1986, 1988, 1991a, b; Skowroński et method is used. The studied reservoirs also formed al. 2002). The backwater of the Botanic Garden also two groups (Fig. 5). The first group consists of had species typical of eutrophic waters, resistant to ponds in Tołpa Park and South Park at different pollution Asterionella formosa Hass. and Fragilaria times of the research. The South Park pond shows crotonensis Kitton (Rakowska 2001, Szczepocka 2005). greater similarity in different periods of the study, The assessment of the past and current flora, and while the phycoflora in the Tołpa Park pond estimation of the changes that have occurred over presented by Panek et al. (1990) significantly deviates time should still be performed with caution. The fact from the current conditions. The second group is the that 273 taxa have not been previously listed does old river bed in the Botanic Garden in different not mean that all these species did not occur in the periods of the research. The highest similarity was studied reservoirs before. Such changes might have found between cyanobacteria and algae from 1878 been caused by selectiveness of previous studies and 1956, and the current state of phycoflora is far (Kirchner 1878, Schröder 1897), since the researchers from the state described by the previous researchers. did not conduct observations throughout the whole In conclusion, it should be noted that the grouping growing season. Probably the applied research of the reservoirs is the same with both methods. The technology was also significant, as it was slightly South Park pond is characterized by the highest different than a few years ago. The availability of similarity between the current and the historical better equipment to determine the groups of phycoflora, followed by the Tołpa Park pond. The organisms, as well as the state of knowledge in the largest changes in terms of species and their field of taxonomy are also important. There is, abundance occurred in the Botanic Garden reservoir. however, no doubt that anthropogenic factors and changing environmental conditions strongly contributed to the changes in cyanobacterial and algal communities in these ecosystems.

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394 | Dorota Richter

Fig. 4. Hierarchical cluster analysis (Sorensen's Coefficient) using the ratio of the number of common species compared to the average number of species

Fig. 5. Hierarchical cluster analysis (Euclidean distance) based on the similarity of phytoplankton taxa included in the abundance of the species

CONCLUSIONS at least 35% of the phycoflora. New communities emerged, which compared to the fauna described by The comparative analysis based on the data from Kirchner (1878), Schröder (1897), Gołowin (1956), the past and present shows significant qualitative and Panek (1991) and Panek et al. (1990), have a small quant itative changes in the floristic composition of number of common species. The quantitative and the studied ecosystems. Over the years, there has qualitative study of phytoplankton in the reservoirs been an increase in the number of taxa of indicates the dominance of forms characteristic of cyanobacteria and algae in all the water bodies. The highly trophic waters, so the current phycoflora of percentage of the various taxonomic groups changed, the studied water bodies is characterized by a some new species appeared and some disappeared. combination of species typical of eutrophic In all the studied ecosystems, new species represent reservoirs. The diversity of species increased in all the

Changes of cyanobacteria and algae flora in Wrocław's water reservoirs| 395 reservoirs. Based on the results presented in this Bucka H. (2000). Diversity of flora and fauna in running waters study and the studies by Reynolds (1980, 1984, 1997), of Province of Cracow (southern Poland) in relation to water quality. 6. Characteristics of rivers on the basis of Burchardt et al. (1994), one may draw the following phytoseston communities. Acta Hydrobiol. 42: 95-122. conclusions: Analysis of the composition and Burchardt L., Łastowski K., Szmajda P. (1994). Różnorodność quantity of phytoplankton in the right time frame ekologiczna a bioindykacja. In: L. Burchardt (red.), Teoria i produces information about the water bodies, praktyka badań ekologicznych. Idee Ekologiczne 4 (3): 27-43 (in Polish). especially the occurring changes. In biological Burchardt L., Messyasz B., Owsianny P. M., Pełechata A., systems with a specific seasonal rhythm, where the Stefaniak K. (2003). Chlorococcalean algae from four lakes in following years bring restoration of former phases, the Slowinski National Park (Northern Poland). Bratislava, there is a specific range of qualitative and quantitative Biologia 58 (4): 467-474. composition and demographic structure of individual Coesel P. F. M. (1981). Distribution and ecology of desmids in a Dutch broads area. Disser. Univ. Hugo de Vries Lab. Ed. species. It appears that each trophic type may be Amsterdam, pp. 198. characterized by a specific plant group. When Cohn F. (1884). Über ein merkwürdiges Vorkommen von Algen applying this knowledge to the studied water in den Breslauer Waschteichen. Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. reservoirs, it is clear that the processes of Cult. 61: 190 (in German). Coesel P. F. M, Meesters K. J. (2007). Desmids of Lowlands. transformation of cyanobacterial and algal Mesotaeniaceae and Desmidiaceae of the European communities have led to the stabilization of the Lowlands. KNNV Publishing. 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