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Rethinking U.S. Economic Aid to Egypt
Rethinking U.S. Economic Aid to Egypt Amy Hawthorne OCTOBER 2016 RETHINKING U.S. ECONOMIC AID TO EGYPT Amy Hawthorne OCTOBER 2016 © 2016 Project on Middle East Democracy. All rights reserved. The Project on Middle East Democracy (POMED) is a nonpartisan, nonprofit, Washington, D.C. based 501(c)(3) organization. The views represented here do not necessarily reflect the views of POMED, its staff, or its Board members. Limited print copies are also available. Project on Middle East Democracy 1730 Rhode Island Avenue NW, Suite 617 Washington DC 20036 www.pomed.org CONTENTS I. Introduction. 2 II. Background . .4 III. The Bilateral Economic Aid Program: Understanding the Basics. 16 IV. Why Has U.S. Economic Aid Not Had A Greater Positive Impact? . 18 V. The Way Forward . 29 VI. Conclusion . 34 PROJECT ON MIDDLE EAST DEMOCRACY 1 RETHINKING U.S. ECONOMIC AID TO EGYPT I. INTRODUCTION Among the many challenges facing the next U.S. administration in the Middle East will be to forge an effective approach toward Egypt. The years following the 2011 popular uprising that overthrew longtime U.S. ally President Hosni Mubarak have witnessed significant friction with Egypt over issues ranging from democracy and human rights, to how each country defines terrorism (Egypt’s definition encompasses peaceful political activity as well as violent actions), to post-Qaddafi Libya, widening a rift between the two countries that began at least a decade ago. Unless the policies of the current Egyptian government shift, the United States can only seek to manage, not repair, this rift. The next U.S. -
The Political Economy of the New Egyptian Republic
ﺑﺤﻮث اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ Hopkins The Political Economy of اﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻰ the New Egyptian Republic ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﳉﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ The Political Economy of the New Egyptian of the New Republic Economy The Political Edited by ﲢﺮﻳﺮ Nicholas S. Hopkins ﻧﻴﻜﻮﻻس ﻫﻮﺑﻜﻨﺰ Contributors اﳌﺸﺎرﻛﻮن Deena Abdelmonem Zeinab Abul-Magd زﻳﻨﺐ أﺑﻮ اﻟﺪ دﻳﻨﺎ ﻋﺒﺪ اﳌﻨﻌﻢ Yasmine Ahmed Sandrine Gamblin ﺳﺎﻧﺪرﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﺒﻼن ﻳﺎﺳﻤﲔ أﺣﻤﺪ Ellis Goldberg Clement M. Henry ﻛﻠﻴﻤﻨﺖ ﻫﻨﺮى إﻟﻴﺲ ﺟﻮﻟﺪﺑﻴﺮج SOCIAL SCIENCE IN CAIRO PAPERS Dina Makram-Ebeid Hans Christian Korsholm Nielsen ﻫﺎﻧﺰ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﻴﺎن ﻛﻮرﺷﻠﻢ ﻧﻴﻠﺴﻦ دﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻜﺮم ﻋﺒﻴﺪ David Sims دﻳﭭﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﻤﺰ Volume ﻣﺠﻠﺪ 33 ٣٣ Number ﻋﺪد 4 ٤ ﻟﻘﺪ اﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺑﺤﻮث اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﻞ ﻻ ﻏﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎرئ اﻟﻌﺎدى واﳌﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻓﻰ ﺷﺌﻮن CAIRO PAPERS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE is a valuable resource for Middle East specialists اﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ. وﺗﻌﺮض ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﺘﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮﺑﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ - اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﺪر ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎم ١٩٧٧ - ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺘﻰ ﻗﺎم ﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺣﺜﻮن and non-specialists. Published quarterly since 1977, these monographs present the results of ﻣﺤﻠﻴﻮن وزاﺋﺮون ﻓﻰ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ. ,current research on a wide range of social, economic, and political issues in the Middle East وﺗﺮﺣﺐ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﺤﻮث اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻻت اﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﺎﻻت ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺪى ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ. وﻳﺮاﻋﻰ ان ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﺤﺚ .and include historical perspectives ﻓﻰ ﺣﺪود ١٥٠ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮك ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺘﲔ ﺑﲔ اﻟﺴﻄﻮر، وﺗﺴﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ وأﺧﺮى ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ (ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺘﻮش Submissions of studies relevant to these areas are invited. Manuscripts submitted should be أو ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ وورد). أﻣﺎ ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ، ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ان ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﳌﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻛﺘﺎب ”اﻻﺳﻠﻮب ﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ around 150 doublespaced typewritten pages in hard copy and on disk (Macintosh or Microsoft ﺷﻴﻜﺎﻏﻮ“ (The Chicago Manual of Style) ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻬﻮاﻣﺶ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ، أو اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﳌﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ Word). -
Egypt : a Path Forward for Future Prosperity
The Egyptian Cabinet Information and Decision of Ministers Support Center (IDSC) Egypt : A path Forward for Future Prosperity March 2020 The Egyptian Cabinet Information and Decision Support Center (IDSC); is the leading governmental Egyptian think tank which is entitled with the responsibility of conducting high quality policy research through using and disseminating information to support the decision-making process in Egypt. IDSC has a diversified working agenda which tackles several economic, social and political issues related to the development process. IDSC relies on highly qualified staff and experts, with distinguished academic backgrounds who are able – at the same time – to creatively think ahead for realizing prosperity all over Egypt. www.idsc.gov.eg In view of Egypt’s ultimate goal of upgrading the quality of life of Egyptians, the Government of Egypt (GOE) has embarked on a very comprehensive economic reform program, and has undertaken very bold measures towards a more stable resilient economy. In this context, Egypt has succeeded in creating an enabling environment for inclusive growth and sustainable development, where economic fundamentals are stabilizing with reduction in fiscal deficit, curbing in the rate of inflation, and increasing the growth rate of output , together with strengthening the local currency, this is met with increased confidence from domestic and international investors, which makes Egypt the promise land for businessmen to come and invest. While implementing its comprehensive reform program, citizens are always the government’s first concern, that’s why the government was keen on reducing the negative impact of this program especially on the most vulnerable. In this regard providing social safety nets was considered as a crucial component of Egypt’s economic reform. -
Egyptian Foreign Policy (Special Reference After the 25Th of January Revolution)
UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE DERECHO INTERNACIONAL PÚBLICO Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES TESIS DOCTORAL Egyptian foreign policy (special reference after The 25th of January Revolution) MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTORA PRESENTADA POR Rania Ahmed Hemaid DIRECTOR Najib Abu-Warda Madrid, 2018 © Rania Ahmed Hemaid, 2017 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Ciencias Políticas Y Socioligía Departamento de Derecho Internacional Público y Relaciones Internacionales Doctoral Program Political Sciences PHD dissertation Egyptian Foreign Policy (Special Reference after The 25th of January Revolution) POLÍTICA EXTERIOR EGIPCIA (ESPECIAL REFERENCIA DESPUÉS DE LA REVOLUCIÓN DEL 25 DE ENERO) Elaborated by Rania Ahmed Hemaid Under the Supervision of Prof. Dr. Najib Abu- Warda Professor of International Relations in the Faculty of Information Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, 2017 Ph.D. Dissertation Presented to the Complutense University of Madrid for obtaining the doctoral degree in Political Science by Ms. Rania Ahmed Hemaid, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Najib Abu- Warda Professor of International Relations, Faculty of Information Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid. University: Complutense University of Madrid. Department: International Public Law and International Relations (International Studies). Program: Doctorate in Political Science. Director: Prof. Dr. Najib Abu- Warda. Academic Year: 2017 Madrid, 2017 DEDICATION Dedication To my dearest parents may god rest their souls in peace and to my only family my sister whom without her support and love I would not have conducted this piece of work ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Prof. Dr. Najib Abu- Warda for the continuous support of my Ph.D. -
India-Egypt Bilateral Relations
India-Egypt Bilateral Relations India and Egypt, two of the world’s oldest civilizations, have enjoyed a history of close contact since ancient times. Ashoka’s edicts refer to his relations with Egypt under Ptolemy-II. In modern times, Mahatma Gandhi and Saad Zaghloul shared common goals on the independence of their countries, a relationship that was to blossom into an exceptionally close friendship between Gamal Abdel Nasser and Jawaharlal Nehru, leading to a Friendship Treaty between the two countries in 1955. Political Relations India and Egypt share close political understanding based on long history of contacts and cooperation on bilateral, regional and global issues. The joint announcement of establishment of diplomatic relations at Ambassadorial level was made on 18 August 1947. Both countries have cooperated on multilateral fora and were the founding members of Non-Aligned Movement. There is a new momentum in our relations and a shared desire to take it to a higher level. After the new government led by President Sisi took over in June 2014, EAM Smt Sushma Swaraj paid a visit to Cairo in August 2015 and met President Sisi, Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry (and also met the Secretary General of League of Arab States. Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi met President Sisi on the sidelines of UNGA, New York in September 2015. President Mukherjee and Prime Minister Modi met President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi during the 3rd India-Africa Forum Summit in New Delhi in October 2015. President Sisi paid a State visit to India in September 2016 accompanied by Mr. Sameh Shoukry, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. -
List of Delegations to the Seventieth Session of the General Assembly
UNITED NATIONS ST /SG/SER.C/L.624 _____________________________________________________________________________ Secretariat Distr.: Limited 18 December 2015 PROTOCOL AND LIAISON SERVICE LIST OF DELEGATIONS TO THE SEVENTIETH SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY I. MEMBER STATES Page Page Afghanistan......................................................................... 5 Chile ................................................................................. 47 Albania ............................................................................... 6 China ................................................................................ 49 Algeria ................................................................................ 7 Colombia .......................................................................... 50 Andorra ............................................................................... 8 Comoros ........................................................................... 51 Angola ................................................................................ 9 Congo ............................................................................... 52 Antigua and Barbuda ........................................................ 11 Costa Rica ........................................................................ 53 Argentina .......................................................................... 12 Côte d’Ivoire .................................................................... 54 Armenia ........................................................................... -
Five Years of Egypt's War on Terror
FIVE YEARS OF EGYPT’S WAR ON TERROR The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy (TIMEP) is dedicated to influencing policy toward the Middle East and North Africa through rigorous research and targeted advocacy efforts that promote local voices. TIMEP is fully registered and acknowledged under Section501(c)(3) in the District of Columbia. For more information about TIMEP’s mission, programming, or upcoming events, please visit timep.org. This report is the product of the collaborative efforts of TIMEP's staff and fellows. Cover image: A security checkpoint in the Egyptian Western Desert and the Bahariya Oasis in Siwa, Egypt, May 15, 2015 (photo by Amr Abdallah Dalsh for Reuters) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 TERRORISM 5 COUNTER-TERRORISM 10 LEGAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT 14 FINDINGS 15 TERRORISM 17 ACROSS EGYPT: Intensification and evolution in terror attacks after 2013 17 NORTH SINAI: Violence has become an entrenched insurgency 19 MAINLAND: Low-scale violence gives way to sporadic, deadly attacks 26 COUNTER-TERRORISM 35 ACROSS EGYPT: Tens of thousands of citizens ensnared in the war on terror 35 NORTH SINAI: Continuous military occupation 36 MAINLAND: Sweeping and broad crackdown 39 LEGAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT 43 LEGAL AND JUDICIAL CONTEXT: The war on terror trumps rule of law 43 DOMESTIC POLITICAL CONTEXT: The war on terror as pretext for political consolidation 46 GEOPOLITICAL CONTEXT: Continued global support 49 FINDINGS 52 METHODOLOGY 54 Egypt Security Watch 3 Five Years of Egypt’s War on Terror INTRODUCTION On July 24, 2013, then-Defense Minister Abdel-Fattah El Sisi asked for a popular mandate to fight terrorism, marking the declaration of the “war on terror” that has lasted five years. -
Gunboat Diplomacy” in East Mediterranean
THE “GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY” IN EAST MEDITERRANEAN Shaul Shay (Senior research fellow at the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT) at the Interdisciplinary Center Herzeliya (IDC) and former Deputy Head of Israel National Security Council) Copyright: Research Institute for European and American Studies (www.rieas.gr) Publication date: 29 April 2019 Note: The article reflects the opinion of the author and not necessarily the views of the Research Institute for European and American Studies (RIEAS). Recent developments off Cyprus are causing regional tension and the East Mediterranean countries are flexing their muscles and adopting "gunboat diplomacy" of naval drills as a strategic asset in their conflicts. "Gunboat diplomacy "can be defined in a general way as any aggressive diplomatic activity carried out with the implicit or explicit use of military (usually naval) power. However, the term is most often associated with the activities of the Great Powers in the second half of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. There are 4 main reasons for the rising tension in the region: The Turkey – Cyprus, "Energy crisis"- the Greek Republic of Cyprus has divided the area it claims in its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) into 13 blocks, in which the rights to drill have provoked high interest due to the potential for huge gas discoveries. ExxonMobil announced in February 2019, that it has made the world’s third-biggest natural gas discovery off the coast of Cyprus. The discovery has been a cause for optimism but it is also a reason for concern. The discovery could represent a natural gas resource of 142 billion-227 billion cubic meters. -
Download PDF File
Dr. Khaled Okasha General Manager Dr. Abdel-Moneim Said Academic advisor Supervision by Gen. Mohamed Ibrahim Eldewery Deputy General Manager Editing By Dr. Ahmad Amal Translation By Riham Salah Khafagy Art Direction By Eslam Ali Contents Preface GERD Failure Analysis and the Impacts on Downstream Countries Founding Papers Haidi ElShafei The Blue Gold: Ethiopia’s Dam-Building 40 Strategy and the Concept of Hydro-Hegemony The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, Dr. Hamdy Abdel-Rahman Agriculture and the Rural Poor in Egypt 8 Nesreen Alsabahe The Basic Idea of Renaissance Dam and the 44 Real Purpose of Construction The Hydrological and Environmental Dr. Mohamed Nasr El-Din Allam Impacts of Constructing the Renaissance Dam 12 Mahmoud Salama Scenarios of Dealing with the Renaissance Dam 48 Crisis in Light of the International Law Provisions Dr. Muhammed Sameh Amr Environmental Impacts of the GERD: 16 Mitigation and Adaptation Options Shimaa Elbiksh Reality of the Negotiations Path 52 Egypt’s Stance Toward the Developments of Prospects for Cooperation GERD Negotiations Gen. Mohamed Ibrahim Eldewery Pathways of Cooperation to Overcome the 24 Renaissance Dam Crisis: Future Prospects Ambassador Dr. Mohamed Hegazy Revisiting Sudan’s Nile position Mostafa Ahmady 58 28 Water Rivalry on the Nile Dr. Hani Sewilam How Does Ethiopia Think About the Renaissance Dam? 64 Hani Raslan Appendices 30 Egypt-Ethiopia Nile Water Dispute: A Does Ethiopia Want to Resolve the Timeline Renaissance Dam Crisis? 70 Dr. Mohamed Nasr El-Din Allam Full Text of «Declaration of Principles» 32 Between Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan on the GERD Project Impact Assessment of the Renaissance Dam 76 The Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and Its Letter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Impact on Sudan and Egypt Egypt to the Security Council, June 2020 Eng. -
Letter from Cairo 29Th Issue
• Serious Egyptian Orientation towards African Continent • President Sisi’s tour deepens Egypt’s stance towards Africa • %30 of President Sisi’s foreign visits are African • First visit since 1968 : President Sisi in Dar es Salaam • Egypt and Tanzania: 53 years of Mutual Cooperation for Peace and Development • President Sisi in Rwanda : A New Page in Bilateral Relations • Egypt and Rwanda: A Sincere Ambition for Cooperation, benefiting from Egyptian expertise in state building efforts • First Visit by an Egyptian President to Gabon • Egyptian-Gabonese Relations: Common visions, coordinated stances & economic weight • Common Visions on Libya & Counter Terrorism • Egypt and Chad have extended, distinguished relations in multipartite aspects & fields • First Visit by New Somali President to Egypt • President Sisi’s tour fosters Egyptian-African cooperation, counter terrorism and development efforts • Egyptian-African rapprochement shows awareness of President Sisi’s leadership of Africa’s importance 22 Chairman Of SIS Diaa Rashwan Editor-in-Chief Abdelmoeti Abuzaid Executive Editor Nashwa Abdel Hamid 30% of President Sisi’s foreign visits are African First visit since 1968 : President Sisi in Dar es Salaam Layout & cover Sisi opens new door for cooperation with Rwanda Noha Moheb El-Behiry st Ayat Mekky Sisi 1 Egyptian President to visit Gabon 33 Editorial Serious Egyptian Orientation towards African Continent President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi’s tour to four African countries: Tanzania, Rwanda, Gabon and Chad during 14-18 August comes within the framework of President Sisi’s foreign visits aiming to develop and strengthen Egyptian-African relations, consolidate political and economic cooperation, discuss common issues and review Egypt’s vision on the future of the Continent and means of containing the crises and challenges facing Africa, especially the issue of combating terrorism. -
The Effect of El Bernameg TV Show on Egyptian Young Viewers' Evaluation
American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations 6-1-2016 The effect of El Bernameg TV show on Egyptian young viewers’ evaluation of Egyptian media figures Menna Mohamed Kadry Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Kadry, M. (2016).The effect of El Bernameg TV show on Egyptian young viewers’ evaluation of Egyptian media figures [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/560 MLA Citation Kadry, Menna Mohamed. The effect of El Bernameg TV show on Egyptian young viewers’ evaluation of Egyptian media figures. 2016. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/560 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs & Public Policy (GAPP) The Effect of El Bernameg TV Show on Egyptian Young Viewers’ Evaluation of Egyptian Media Figures A Thesis Submitted by Menna Mohamed Kadry Submitted to the Journalism and Mass Communication Department In partial fulfillment of the requirements for The degree of Master of Arts in Journalism and Mass Communication Under the Supervision of Dr. Sheila Peuchaud June 2015 ii iii AKNOWLEDGMENT In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful First, I would like to thank God for his blessings and for gracing me with the opportunity and perseverance to complete my MA degree. -
1 the BROOKINGS INSTITUTION 13Th ANNUAL SABAN FORUM
1 SHOUKRY-2016/12/02 THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION 13th ANNUAL SABAN FORUM CHALLENGE FOR THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST KEYNOTE CONVERSATION Washington, D.C. Friday, December 2, 2016 ANDERSON COURT REPORTING 706 Duke Street, Suite 100 Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone (703) 519-7180 Fax (703) 519-7190 2 SHOUKRY-2016/12/02 PARTICIPANTS: Moderator: MARTIN INDYK Executive Vice President The Brookings Institution Featured Speaker: SAMEH SHOUKRY Minister of Foreign Affairs Arab Republic of Egypt * * * * * ANDERSON COURT REPORTING 706 Duke Street, Suite 100 Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone (703) 519-7180 Fax (703) 519-7190 3 SHOUKRY-2016/12/02 P R O C E E D I N G S MR. INDYK: (Applause) Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. I'm delighted to have the opportunity to join Bruce Jones and Haim Saban and welcome you all to this 13th Saban Forum. It's also my special privilege and honor to introduce you to a very special guest, our keynote speaker this evening, His Excellency, the Foreign Minister of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Sameh Shoukry. Foreign Minister Shoukry is very well known in Washington, as is his wife and we're very glad to have her join him this evening. He is one of the architects of the current U.S. Egyptian relationship, having served as ambassador to the United States between 2008 and 2012. In those dramatic years, his steady hand, his wise judgment and his diplomatic skills help navigate the relationship through stormy seas, safeguarding and preserving the partnership between the United States and Egypt. He left Washington with the admiration and friendship of many people, including myself.