Rec. zool. Surv. : Vol. 121(2)/231–240, 2021 ISSN (Online) : 2581-8686 DOI: 10.26515/rzsi/v121/i2/2021/152867 ISSN (Print) : 0375-1511 Species richness and diversity of (Insecta: ) of Ganga Lake, Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary, , India

Narender Sharma* and Prathana Goswami Zoological Survey of India, Arunachal Pradesh Regional Centre, Senki Valley, Itanagar – 791113, Arunachal Pradesh, India; Email: [email protected]

Abstract Ganga Lake is a natural fresh water and mountain lake present in the western part of the capital city Itanagar, Arunachal

Lake from May 2019 to February 2020. A total of 126 species under 79 genera and 5 families, i.e., Papilionidae, , ,Pradesh. It is situatedLycaenidae, within and the Hesperiidae Itanagar Wildlife recorded Sanctuary. during this The study. Maximum species species were observed are reported in and in aroundNymphalidae Ganga with 64 species, followed by (29 species), Pieridae (14 species), Papilionidae (11 species), and Hesperiidae

(8 species). Analysis of the relative abundance revealed that of these 126 species, 51 species (40%) were found to be in the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, of which 5 species were found less common, and 5 species were found common as common, 37 species (30%) less common, and the remaining 38 species (30%) uncommon. Total 17 species are included

per the present survey. The maximum Simpson Index of Diversity was found in scrubby habitat (0.86), followed by forest habitat (0.75) and grassy habitat with minimum Diversity index (0.67). The family Nymphalidae has the highest Simpson Index of Diversity (0.98), followed by Lycaenidae (0.95), Pieridae (0.91) and lowest found in the Hesperiidae family (0.80). Keywords:

Arunachal Pradesh, Butterfly, Diversity, Ganga Lake, Itanagar, Wildlife (Protection) Act-1972 Introduction time immemorial. The earliest known butterfly fossils are from the mid-Eocene epoch, between 40-50 million years The Eastern Himalayan region of India is an undiscovered ago. Butterfly evolution is the origin and diversification region of Indian Himalaya which comes under the state of through geological time scale. Their development is Arunachal Pradesh. The latter state is the largest in the closely linked to the evolution of flowering plants. North East region of our country, sharing international Butterflies are generally regarded as one of the best boundaries with Bhutan, China, Tibet and Myanmar. It lies taxonomically studied a group of . Worldwide, between the latitude 26°28” and 29°30” N and longitude there are more than 18,768 species of butterflies (van 91°30” and 97°30” E and has a geographical area of 83,743 Nieukerken et al., 2011), with about 80 percent found sq. km. About 82% of the state is under forest cover, in tropical regions. The bearing a with currently 13 protected areas. Arunachal Pradesh is diverse terrain, climate, and vegetation, hosts about 1,646 a biodiversity hotspot of India and is mostly covered by species of butterflies. Butterflies enable the sustenance sub-tropical wet forests. The sub-tropical wet forest is of ecosystem services through their role in pollination very rich in species diversity. Nevertheless, few scattered and serving as important food chain components. Being works have been done on the fauna of Arunachal potential pollinating agents of their nectar plants and Pradesh (Kirti & Sodhi, 2001; Chandra & Sambath, 2013; indicators of the health and quality of their host plants and Kirti et al., 2017). Lepidopteran is experiencing the ecosystem as a whole, exploration of butterfly fauna notable global changes because of advancements in thus becomes important in identifying and preserving taxonomy refinements and the validity of taxa. potential habitats under threat. Of late, we are rapidly Butterflies have always fascinated humankind from

* Author for correspondence

Article Received on: 01.06.2020 Accepted on: 28.01.2021 Species richness and diversity of butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of Ganga Lake...

losing greenery in the name of development. There has also been an alarming rise in industrial and automobile pollution in Indian metropolitan cities. With the shrinking of vegetation and increase in pollution, butterflies, birds and all our wildlife are fast disappearings. The net result is a complete imbalance of the ecosystem and the extinction of many species. Doubleday (1845) was the first person to study butterflies of North-Eastern India from Lower Dibang valley. Earlier, British Lepidopterists had explored and published reports from Abor and Mishmi hills (Moore, 1857; Evans, 1912; South, 1913). Betts (1950) recorded 169 species from the Balipara frontier tract and Subansiri district. Varshney and Chandra (1971) surveyed the Tirap and Changlang districts of Arunachal Pradesh while documenting the butterflies of North East India. Arora and Mondal (1981) recorded 32 species of family Papilionidae from Arunachal Pradesh and the surrounding area. Gupta and Shukla (1988) reported 123 species of families, i.e., Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae Figure 1. Map of the survey area (source: Google and Riodinidae from Arunachal Pradesh and provided Map). a checklist of 211 species. Athreya (2006) recorded 165 species from Western Arunachal Pradesh, mostly from 93.56816 E, Elevation 391m) from May 2019 to February Eagle Nest Wildlife Sanctuary. Gogoi (2012) reported 2020. Butterflies were collected with the help of a specified 294 species of butterflies from Lower Dibang Valley, butterfly net. After netting, the voucher specimens (non- Mishmi Hills. Sondhi and Kunte (2016) made an account scheduled species only) were collected and preserved for of 284 species of butterflies and Moths from Pakke Tiger identification. Later, these were deposited as the National Reserve. Singh (2017) gave an account of 415 species and Zoological Collections (NZC) at Entomology Museum, their association with major forest types in Arunachal Arunachal Pradesh Regional Centre, Itanagar. For the Pradesh. identification of butterflies, Evans (1932), Talbot (1939, 1947), Wynter-Blyth (1957), Kehimkar (2008) and Sidhu Material and Methods and Kumar (2016), were followed. The Ganga Lake is present within the protected area, The abundance status provided here is based on an Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary, situated at 94°47.941’ E arbitrary frequency scale and was quantified as follows: longitude and 38’51.333’ N latitude having an altitudinal Common (encountered 6-10 times), Less Common (3-5 range of 330-380 m ASL. This lake is a natural freshwater times), and Uncommon (only once or twice). The entire lake present in the western part of the capital city Itanagar habitat where the collections and observations were made and locally known as Gyakar Sinyi or Gyakar Sinyik. The was classified into three following broad categories, viz., lake is a mountain lake present in the Shivalik Range of Forest, Grassy and Scrubby. the , surrounded by dense forests. The lake has Identified species of butterfly observed in the study spread in the area about 70,000 sq. m (Figure 1). area were analyzed by using the Simpson index of The collections and observations were made around diversity formula. Ganga Lake, Itanagar (Latitude: 27.07591 N, Longitude:

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The Simpson index of mathematical diversity formula non-genetic variations are termed polythenism. Because is giving as follows: of this, in monsoon areas, the DSF have more angulate wings, cryptic patterns on the underside and reduced marginal ocelli than WSF butterflies. (D) = 1- In DSF of J. almana, the ocelli on the underside of the wings disappear entirely, and the shape of forewing and D = Simpson Index of Diversity hindwing alter, and the butterfly gets a leafy appearance. Σ = sum of (Total) In WSF of Ypthima species, the ocelli on the underside of n = the number of individuals of each different species the hindwing are prominent, but in DSF, they are reduced N = the total number of individuals of all the species to minute dots/specks. In the case of M. leda, the forewing upperside in WSF with two subapical black spots may be Results and Discussion large and prominent or small and cryptic, ochraceous lunules inwardly bordering the black subapical spots Total 126 species referable to 80 genera and 5 families viz., may present or absent, the hindwing underside with six, Papilionidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae and black, white pupilled, yellow ringed, submarginal ocelli Hesperiidae recorded from Ganga lake, Itanagar Wildlife prominent. In the case of DSF, the underside ocelli are Sanctuary for the first time. The family Nymphalidae was reduced or absent, underside ground colour variable. In maximum with 64 species (51%), followed by Lycaenidae DSF of M. zitenus, ochraceous markings on the upperside (29 species, 23%), Pieridae (14 species, 11 %), Papilionidae forewings are wider than the WSF, black and white spots (11 species, 9 %) and Hesperiidae, (8 species, 6%) (Table are prominent surrounded by ochraceous area, whereas 1 and Figure 2). in WSF, forewing upperside with white spots usually Observations on the relative abundance of butterfly absent and black spots obscure and costal ochraceous diversity revealed that of these, 126 species, 51 species bar prominent. In species i.e., M. perseus, M. mineus, (40%), were found to be common, 38 species (30%) M. visala and O. medus (Fabricius), the ocelli on the uncommon and the remaining 37 species (30%) less underside of the wings are prominent in WSF, whereas, common (Table 1, Figure 3). Observations on their in DSF, the underside ocelli are reduced to black specks. occurrence in different habitats unveiled the fact that Flight duration also noted during the study period, 20 species preferred scrubby habitat, 24 species forest although most butterflies prefer to fly during sun-hours but habitat, 20 species grassy habitat, 37 species scrubby members of subfamily (Family Nymphalidae), and forest habitat,14 species scrubby and grassy habitat, M. leda, M. zitenus, Lethe confusa Aurivillius, L. chandica and 11 species were found in all three habitats (Table 1, Moore, L. distans Butler, L. kansa (Moore), M. mineus, Figure 4). M. perseus, M. visala, Y. huebneri and Y. baldus were also During present studies, seasonal morphological active during dusk and dawn hours. The speciesKallima variations were observed in the nine species of family inachus (Boisduval), K. limborgii Moore and Doleschallia Nymphalidae, i.e., Junonia almana Linnaeus, Ypthima bisaltide (Cramer) shows camouflage mimicry and baldus Fabricius, Y. huebneri Kirby, Melanitis leda resemble dry oak-leaf. Linnaeus, M. zitenus (Herbst), Mycalesis perseus Out of 126 species, 17 species are included in the Wildlife (Fabricius), M. mineus (Linn.), M. visala Moore and (Protection) Act, 1972. Three species,i.e. , Papilioclytia Orsotriaena medus (Fabricius). These species show Dry- clytia (Linnaeus), Hypolimna smisippus (Linnaeus) and Season Form (DSF) and Wet-Season Form (WSF). The Lethe distans Butler are included in Schedule I Part IV. differences between the seasonal forms of butterflies are Ten species, i.e., marmax Westwood, Melantis not genetical, but solely due to environmental factors zitenus (Herbst), lisarda (Doubleday), of temperature and humidity, which affect the internal ranga Moore, Neptis soma Moore, Jamides alecto (C. chemical physiology in their immature stages. Such

Vol 121(2) | 2021 | www.recordsofzsi.com Zoological Survey of India 233 Species richness and diversity of butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of Ganga Lake...

& R. Felder), Yashoda tripuncata (Hewitson), Euthalia aconthea (Cramer), Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus) and Suasa lisides Hewitson are included in Schedule II Part II. Four species are included in Schedule IV viz., Appias libythea (Fabricius) and Euploea mulciber mulciber (Cramer), Baoris farri (Moore) and Pelopidas assamensis (de Niceville). During the course of present studies, seven species i.e., clytia (Linn.), L. distans, P. li s ard a , M. zitenus, A. ranga, S. lisides and P. assamensis were found uncommon, which justify their inclusion in the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Five species viz., C. marmax, H. misippus, N. soma, Y. tripuncata and E. aconthea were Figure 2. Family-wise number of species of butterflies. found less common and five speciesviz , L. boeticus, A. libythea, E. mulciber, B. farri (Moore) and J. alecto (C. & R. Felder) were found common as per present survey (Table 1). Hence these species should be removed from the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The maximum Simpson Index of Diversity was found in scrubby habitat (0.86), followed by forest habitat (0.75) and grassy habitat with minimum Diversity index (0.67) (Table 2). Among the different habitats around Ganga Lake, the area of forest habitat is maximum, scrubby habitat is moderate and grassy habitat is minimum. Although the scrubby habitat is moderate, it indicates the highest diversity index and has a maximum number of individuals. Within different families of butterflies found Figure 3. Relative abundance of butterflies in Ganga in the study area, the family Nymphalidae has the highest Lake. Simpson Index of Diversity (0.98), Lycaenidae (0.95), Pieridae (0.91) and lowest found in the Hesperiidae family (0.80) (Table 2). These results show a very high diversity of butterflies in Ganga lake. As it is an unexplored area of Arunachal Pradesh in research prospects, Ganga Lake shows very high potential for future research in conservation biology and the diversity of butterflies.

Figure 4. Habitat-wise number of butterflies species.

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Table 1. Systematic list of Butterflies (Rhopalocera) recorded from Ganga Lake, Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary (C: Com- mon; LC: Less Common; UC: Uncommon).

Wildlife Habitat Sl. (Protection) Scientific Name Common Name Status No. Act-1972 Scrubby Forest Grassy Schedules Family PAPILIONIDAE Subfamily PAPILIONINAE 1 Papilio polytus Linn. Common Mormon √ √ 2 Papilio memnon Linn. Great Mormon C √ √ 3 Papilio demoleus Linn. Lime Butterfly C √ 4 Papilio paris Linn. Paris Peacock LC √ 5 Papilio alcmenor C. & R. Felder Redbreast UC √ 6 Papilio helenus Linn. Red Helen LC √ 7 Papilio protenor Cramer Spangle UC √ Schedule I Part 8 Papilio clytia (Linn.) Common Mime UC IV √ √ 9 Troides aeacus (C. & R. Felder) Golden Birdwing C √ 10 Graphium agamemnon (Linn.) Tailed jay LC √ √ 11 Graphium serpedon (Linn.) Common Blue Bottle C √ √ Family PIERIDAE Subfamily COLIADINAE 12 Eurema blanda (Boisduval) Three Spot Grass Yellow LC √ 13 Eurema hecabe (Linn.) Common Grass Yellow C √ 14 Catopsilia pomana (Fabricius) Common Emigrant C √ √ Subfamily PIERINAE 15 Ixias pyrene (Linn.) Yellow Orange Tip LC √ √ 16 Hebomoia glaucippe (Linn.) Great Orange Tip C √ √ 17 Appias libythea (Fabricius) Striped Albatross C Schedule IV √ √ 18 Appias lyncida (Cramer) Chocolate Albatross LC √ √ 19 Pieris brassicae (Linn.) Large Cabbage White C √ 20 Pieris canidia (Sparrman) Indian Cabbage White C √ 21 Leptosia nina (Fabricius) Psyche C √ 22 Cepora nadina (Lucas) Lesser Gull UC √ 23 Delias descombesi (Boisduval) Red Spot Jezebel UC √ 24 Delias pasithoe (Linn.) Red-base Jezebel UC √ √ 25 avatar Moore Pale Wanderer LC √ √ Family NYMPHALIDAE Subfamily DANAINAE 25 Tirumala septentrionis (Butler) Dark Blue Tiger LC √ √ 26 Danaus genutia(Cramer) Striped Tiger C √ √ 27 Danaus melanippus (Cramer) White Tiger LC √ 28 Danaus chrysippus (Linn.) Plain Tiger C √ √

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Wildlife Habitat Sl. (Protection) Scientific Name Common Name Status No. Act-1972 Scrubby Forest Grassy Schedules 29 Parantica aglea (Stoll) Glassy Tiger C √ √ √ 30 Euploea midamus (Linn.) Blue Stripped Crow LC √ 31 Euploea mulciber (Cramer) Striped Blue Crow C Schedule IV √ √ Subfamily 32 Polyura athamas (Drury) Common Nawab LC √ 33 Charaxes bernardus (Fabricius) Tawany Rajah LC √ √ Schedule II 34 Charaxes marmax Westwood Yellow Rajah LC Part II √ √ Subfamily AMATHUSIINAE 35 Discophora sondaica Boisduval Common Dufffer LC √ Subfamily SATYRINAE Common Evening 36 Melantis leda (Linn.) C Brown √ √ Schedule II 37 Melantis zitenus ( Herbst) Great Evening Brown UC Part II √ 38 Lethe confusa Aurivillius Banded TreeBrown LC √ √ 39 Lethe chandica (Moore) Angled Red Forester C √ √ Schedule I Part 40 Lethe distans Butler Scarce Red Forester UC IV √ 41 Lethe kansa (Moore) Bamboo Forester UC √ 42 Elymnias hypermnestra (Linn.) Common Palmfly C √ √ 43 Elymnias malelas (Hewiton) Spotted Palmfly UC √ 44 Elymnias nesaea (Linn.) Sylhet Tiger Palmfly UC √ 45 Mycalesis mineus (Linn.) Dark-brand Bushbrown C √ √ √ 46 Mycalesis perseus (Fabricius) Common Bushbrown C √ √ √ 47 Mycalesis visala Moore Long-brand Bushbrown UC √ 48 Orsotrioena medus (Fabricius) Nigger LC √ √ 49 Ypthima baldus (Fabricius) Common Fivering C √ √ 50 Ypthima huebneri Kirby Common Four Ring C √ √ Schedule II 51 Penthema lisarda (Doubleday) Yellow Kaiser UC Part II √ √ Subfamily ACRAEINAE 52 Acraea issoria (Huebner) Yellow Coster C √ √ √ 53 Cethosia bibilis (Drury) Red Lacewing C √ √ 54 Cethosia cyane (Drury) Leopard Lacewing C √ √ Subfamily CYRESTINAE 55 Cyrestis thyodamas Boisduval Common Map UC √ Subfamily NYMPHALINAE 56 Symbrenthia lilaea Moore Common Jester C √ √ 57 caschmirensis ( Kollar) Indian Tortoiseshell UC √

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Wildlife Habitat Sl. (Protection) Scientific Name Common Name Status No. Act-1972 Scrubby Forest Grassy Schedules 58 Junonia orithiya (Linn.) Blue Pansy LC √ √ 59 Junonia hierta (Fabricius) Yellow Pansy LC √ √ 60 Junonia iphita (Cramer) Chocolate Pansy C √ √ √ 61 Junonia atlitis (Linn.) Gray Pansy C √ √ √ 62 Junonia almana (Linn.) Peacock Pansy C √ √ √ 63 Junonia lemonias (Linn.) Lemon Pansy C √ √ √ Schedule I Part 64 Hypolimnas misippus (Linn.) Danaid Eggfly LC IV √ 65 Hypolimnas bolina (Linn.) Great Eggfly C √ 66 Kallima inachus (Boisduval) Orange Oakfly UC √ 67 Kallima limborgii Moore Brilliant Oakleaf UC √ 68 Pantoporia sandaka (Butler) Extra Lascar UC √ 69 Pantoporia hordonia (Stoll) Common Lascar C √ √ 70 Argyreus hyperbius (Linn.) Indian Fritllary LC √ 71 Moduza procris (Cramer) Commander C √ √ 72 Athyma perius (Linn.) Common Sergeant LC √ √ Himalayan Colour 73 Athyma inara Doubleday LC Sergeant √ √ 74 (Cramer) Colour Sergeant C √ √ √ 75 (Kollar) Staff Sergeant LC √ √ Schedule II 76 Moore Blackvein Sergeant UC Part II √ 77 Athyma zeroca Moore Small Staff Sergeant UC √ 78 Neptis hylas (Linn.) Common Sailer C √ 79 Neptis clinia Moore Clear Sailer LC √ Schedule II 80 Neptis soma Moore Sullied Sailer LC Part II √ 81 Neptis sappho Moore Pallas’s Sailer LC √ √ 82 Neptis yerburi Butler Yerbury’s Sailer C √ √ 83 Tanaecia lepidea (Butler) Gray Count C √ √ 84 Tanaecia jahnu (Moore) Plain Earl LC √ 85 Ariadne merione (Cramer) Common Castor C √ √ 86 Doleschallia bisaltide (Cramer) Autum Leaf UC √ Schedule II 87 Euthalia aconthea (Cramer) Common Baron LC Part II 88 Sumalia doraxa (Doubleday) Green Commodore UC √ √ 89 Pseudergolis wedah (Koller) Tabby UC √ Family LYCAENIDAE Subfamily LYCAENINAE 90 Cheritra freja (Fabricius) Common Imperial C √ √ √

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Wildlife Habitat Sl. (Protection) Scientific Name Common Name Status No. Act-1972 Scrubby Forest Grassy Schedules 91 Hypolycaena erylus (Godart) Common Tit C √ 92 Rapala pheretima (Hewitson) Copper Flash LC √ √ 93 Rapala nissa (Kollar) Common Flash UC √ Arhopala pseudocentaurus 94 Western Oak Blue UC (Doubleday) √ 95 Heliophorus tamu (Kollar) Powery Green Sapphire LC √ 96 Heliophorus epicles Godart Purple Sapphire C √ 97 Castalius rosimon (Fabricius) Common Pierrot C √ Schedule II 98 Lampides boeticus (Linn.) Pea Blue C Part II √ 99 Zizeeria karsandra (Moore) Dark Grass Blue C √ 100 Zizina otis (Fabricius) Lesser Grass Blue LC √ 101 Zizula hylax (Fabricius) Tiny Grass Blue LC √ 102 Chilades lajus (Stoll) Lime Blue LC √ 103 Petrelaea dana (De Niceville) Dingy Lime Blue UC √ 104 Anthene emolus (Godart) Common Ciliate Blue C √ 105 Acytolepis puspa (Horsfield) Common Hedge Blue UC √ 106 Prostas dubiosa indica Evans Tailess Line Blue LC √ 107 Prostas nora (C. Felder) Common LineBlue LC √ 108 Zeltus amasa (Hewitson) Fluffy Tit UC √ 109 Pseudozizeeria maha (Kollar) Pale Grass Blue C √ 110 Jamides elpis (Godart) Glistening Cerulean LC √ Schedule II 111 Jamides alecto (C. & R. Felder) Matallic Cerulean C Part II √ Schedule II 112 Yashoda tripuncata (Hewitson) Branded Yamfly LC Part II √ √ 113 Laxura atymnus (Stoll) Yamfly UC √ √ 114 Nacaduba beroe (C. & R. Felder) Opaque 6-Lineblue C √ √ 115 Celastriana argiolus (Linn) Hill Hedge Blue UC √ Schedule II 116 Suasa lisides Hewitson Red Imperials UC Part II √ Subfamily RIODINAE 117 Zemeros flegyas(Cramer) Punchinello C √ √ √ Subfamily MILETINAE 118 Spalgis epius (Westwood) Apeely UC √ Family HESPERIIDAE Subfamily PYRGINAE 119 Pseudocoladenia dan (Fabricius) Fulvous Pied Flat C √ √ Subfamily HESPERIINAE 120 Baoris farri (Moore) Paintbrush Swift C Schedule IV √ √

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Wildlife Habitat Sl. (Protection) Scientific Name Common Name Status No. Act-1972 Scrubby Forest Grassy Schedules 121 Gangara thyrsis (Fbricius) Giant Redeye UC √ 122 Borbo cinnara (Wallace) Rice Swift LC √ √ Notocrypta paralysos Common Banded 123 UC (Wood-Mason & de Niceville) Demon √ 124 Koruthaialos butleri de-Niceville Dark Velvate Bob UC √ Pelopidas assamensis 125 Great Swift UC Schedule IV (de- Niceville) √ Subfamily COELIADINAE 126 Hasora chromus (Cramer) Common Banded Awl UC √ √

Table 2 Simpsons Biodiversity index.

Simpsons Total no. of Sl. No. Habitat Biodiversity species Index (1-D) 1 Scrubby 81 0.86 2 Forest 70 0.75 3 Grassy 46 0.67 Family 1 Papilionidae 11 0.9 2 Pieridae 14 0.91 3 Nymphalidae 65 0.98 4 Lycaenidae 29 0.95 5 Hesperiidae 8 0.8

Acknowledgements and encouragement. We also acknowledge PCCF Wildlife, Arunachal Pradesh, for giving the necessary The authors are grateful to the Director of permission. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, for his support

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