DOCSLIB.ORG

Production of Bacteriocin Like Substances As Antipathogenic Metabolites by Staphylococcus Warneri Isolated from Healthy Human Skin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Production of Bacteriocin Like Substances As Antipathogenic Metabolites by Staphylococcus Warneri Isolated from Healthy Human Skin Universal Journal of Microbiology Research 5(3): 40-48, 2017 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/ujmr.2017.050302 Production of Bacteriocin Like Substances as Antipathogenic Metabolites by Staphylococcus warneri Isolated from Healthy Human Skin Reazul Karim*, Mohammad Nuruddin Mahmud, M. A. Hakim Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh Copyright©2017 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem of Microbes that colonize the human body during birth or present world and development of viable alternative is urgent. shortly thereafter, remaining throughout life, are referred to The research work was designed to mitigate this problem. as normal flora [1]. A diverse microbial flora is associated Different types of bacterial colony were isolated from skin of with the skin and mucous membranes of every human being 30 healthy human and their antipathogenic activity was from shortly after birth until death [2]. Human skin is not a tested against 9 pathogens. The isolate showed activity particularly rich place for microbes to live. This is an against four pathogens- Klebsiella. pneumoniae subsp. environment that prevents the growth of many pneumoniae, Klebsiella. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae, microorganisms, but a few have adapted to life on our skin Staphylococcus. aureus and Pseudomonas. aeruginosa was [3]. The effects of the normal flora are inferred by identified as Staphylococcus. warneri. Variation was found microbiologists from experimental comparisons in optimization of cultural conditions (incubation period, between "germ-free" animals (which are not colonized by incubation temperature and pH) for the most potent any microbes) and conventional animals (which are antipathogenic metabolites production. Staphylococcus. colonized with a typical normal flora). The overall beneficial warneri showed most potent antipathogenic activity at pH 6 effects of microbes are synthesize and excretion of vitamins, to pH 9, at an incubation period of 24h to 48h and at an prevention of colonization by pathogens, antagonize other incubation temperature of 37 . Antipathogenic metabolites bacteria, stimulation of the development of certain tissues, were then detected as bacteriocin like substances. Variation development of gut associated lymphoid tissue, production was observed with bacteriocin℃ activity against different of natural antibodies etc. [4]. Many mechanisms have been pathogens and was found most effective against Klebsiella. postulated by which Normal flora could produce pneumonia subsp. pneumonia and Klebsiella. pneumonia antipathogenic activity. In addition to their competitive subsp. ozaenae Samples containing bacteriocin like inhibition of the epithelial and mucosal adherence of substances showed heat stability up to 80 for 60 minutes pathogens and inhibition of epithelial invasion by pathogens, and up to pH 8 for Klebsiella. pneumoniae subsp. normal flora also show antipathogenic activity by producing pneumoniae and Klebsiella. Pneumoniae ℃sub sp. ozaenae. antimicrobial sub-stances or stimulating mucosal immunity. Papain treated cell-free supernatant did not show any Generally normal flora produces three types of antimicrobial bacteriocin activity, suggesting that the substances could be substances- H2O2, organic acid and Bacteriocin [5]. antimicrobial peptides. Solvent extraction of bacteriocin was Bacteriocins are proteins or short polypeptides, which are performed by using chloroform where maximum bacteriocin generally only toxic to bacteria that are closely related to the activity was found in interface layer rather than aqueous and producing strain [6]. Some researcher found that,[7]. organic layer. Staphylococcus. epidermidis, a major constituent of the normal microflora on healthy human skin protect skin by Keywords Antipathogenic Metabolites, Bacteriocin, producing antimicrobial peptide Another research work [8] Antimicrobial Peptide, Normal Microflora on bacteriocin- like inhibitory substance (BLIS) which is produced by the Streptococcal normal flora of the nasopharynx were found active against pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, 1 . Introduction Haemophilus. influenzae and Moraxella. Catarrhalis. In our recent study, we have tried to investigate the ability of Universal Journal of Microbiology Research 5(3): 40-48, 2017 41 normal skin flora to produce antipathogenic metabolites and hours. After the growth of the pathogens, the plates were also tried to reveal the fact that whether the metabolites observed for any zone of inhibition. A clear zone of were bacteriocin like substances or not. inhibition appeared against only those organisms which were sensitive to the metabolites produced by the isolates. Those pathogens and respective isolates were selected for 2. Material and Methods secondary screening. Samples collection, isolation and purification Secondary screening for antimicrobial metabolite production by the isolates Swab samples were collected from the skin of upper arm, under arm, forearm, leg and forehead of 30 healthy human Primarily selected isolates were subjected to the secondary persons free from skin or any other infection during sampling screening procedures to ensure their antimicrobial activity time and with a history of not taking antibiotics or any other against the respective pathogen. For this purpose, each antimicrobial drugs in the previous six months. For the normal flora was inoculated in 10ml sterile nutrient broth and collection of normal skin flora, the person who met selection incubated at 37 for 24 hours. After incubation, culture criteria was first taken to laboratory. With the help of sterile broth was centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4 and moisten cotton bud sample was taken from forearm, upper then filtered through℃ membrane filter. After filtering off the arm, under arm, forehead and leg of the selected healthy biomass through .45µ cellulose nitrate filter paper,℃ the human persons. The swab stick was then soaked in 10ml antimicrobial activity of the crude filtrate obtained was sterile peptone water from which 1 ml sample was used for tested against pathogens using disc diffusion [11] and well pour plate method [9] by using Mannitol salt agar medium diffusion method [12]. The average clear zone greater than10 and then incubated at 37 for 24 to 48 hours. Following mm was considered positive results [13]. incubation, different types of colonies based on differences in size, shape, color and ℃other colony characteristics, were selected and transferred to nutrient agar slant and were 3. Identification further purified by repeated streaking on nutrient agar plates. Bacterial isolate (normal flora) which showed positive result on primary screening and secondary screening against Test pathogens maximum pathogens were subjected to biochemical tests and For our current study, some type strains of skin and results were compared with standard description given in “Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology”, 8th ed. intestinal pathogens were collected from Department of th Microbiology, University of Chittagong, ICDDR, B and [14] and 9 ed. [15]. The tests include Gram-staining, Spore Chittagong Maa-Shishu O General Hospital (CMSOGH) to staining Acid-fast staining, starch hydrolysis, Voges observe the inhibitory activity of the normal skin flora Proskauer (V-P) Test, Production of hydrogen sulphide, against these pathogens. The used bacterial test organisms Gelatin liquefaction test, Nitrate reduction test, Indole test were Klebsiella. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae (CMSOGH, Deep glucose agar test, Catalase reaction Methyl-red test, urinary tract infection), Klebsiella. pneumoniae subsp. Fermentation test, Urease test Motility test, Oxidase test Cultural and physiological studies were also done. A rapid pneumoniae (CMSOGH, urinary tract infection), Salmonella. TM typhi (AEI14296), Escherichia. coli (ATCC 25922), bacterial identification test kit BBL Crystal Identification Pseudomonas. aeruginosa (CRL, ICDDR,B), Systems Gram-Positive Is Kit [16] was also used to identify Staphylococcus. aureus (ATCC 6538). Streptococcus. species of bacteria. pyogenes (CMSOGH , pus) Bacillus. subtilis (BTTC17) Optimization of cultural conditions for antipathogenic Primary screening for antimicrobial activity of the metabolite production isolates Different environmental and cultural conditions may The isolated bacteria (normal flora) were subjected to influence the antipathogenic metabolite production ability of primary screening procedures to find out the ability of the the selected isolates. Considering this matter, in our present normal flora to produce antipathogenic metabolites by streak study, an attempt was made to optimize the cultural plate method [10]. The isolates (normal flora) were streaked conditions that favor maximum antipathogenic metabolite over the surface of petridish containing pre-poured solidified production by isolated bacterial strain. To determine the Mueller Hinton media across one side of the plate & effect of incubation period on antimicrobial metabolite incubated at 37 for growth and diffusion of antimicrobial production, 4 pieces 250 ml conical flask was labeled as 24h, metabolites in the growth medium. Then cultures of the test 48h, 72h, 96h and 50 ml sterilized nutrient broth was taken pathogens were℃ streaked right angles to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Novel Flow Cytometry Assay Based on Bacteriophage-Derived Proteins
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A novel fow cytometry assay based on bacteriophage-derived proteins for Staphylococcus detection in blood Susana P. Costa1,2, Nicolina M. Dias1, Luís D. R. Melo1, Joana Azeredo1, Sílvio B. Santos1 & Carla M. Carvalho1,2* Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are considered a major cause of death worldwide. Staphylococcus spp. are one of the most BSIs prevalent bacteria, classifed as high priority due to the increasing multidrug resistant strains. Thus, a fast, specifc and sensitive method for detection of these pathogens is of extreme importance. In this study, we have designed a novel assay for detection of Staphylococcus in blood culture samples, which combines the advantages of a phage endolysin cell wall binding domain (CBD) as a specifc probe with the accuracy and high-throughput of fow cytometry techniques. In order to select the biorecognition molecule, three diferent truncations of the C-terminus of Staphylococcus phage endolysin E-LM12, namely the amidase (AMI), SH3 and amidase+SH3 (AMI_SH3) were cloned fused with a green fuorescent protein. From these, a higher binding efciency to Staphylococcus cells was observed for AMI_SH3, indicating that the amidase domain possibly contributes to a more efcient binding of the SH3 domain. The novel phage endolysin-based fow cytometry assay provided highly reliable and specifc detection of 1–5 CFU of Staphylococcus in 10 mL of spiked blood, after 16 hours of enrichment culture. Overall, the method developed herein presents advantages over the standard BSIs diagnostic methods, potentially contributing to an early and efective treatment of BSIs. Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are severe diseases caused by the presence of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, in blood and are characterized by high morbidity and mortality1,2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genera Staphylococcus and Macrococcus
    Prokaryotes (2006) 4:5–75 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-30744-3_1 CHAPTER 1.2.1 ehT areneG succocolyhpatS dna succocorcMa The Genera Staphylococcus and Macrococcus FRIEDRICH GÖTZ, TAMMY BANNERMAN AND KARL-HEINZ SCHLEIFER Introduction zolidone (Baker, 1984). Comparative immu- nochemical studies of catalases (Schleifer, 1986), The name Staphylococcus (staphyle, bunch of DNA-DNA hybridization studies, DNA-rRNA grapes) was introduced by Ogston (1883) for the hybridization studies (Schleifer et al., 1979; Kilp- group micrococci causing inflammation and per et al., 1980), and comparative oligonucle- suppuration. He was the first to differentiate otide cataloguing of 16S rRNA (Ludwig et al., two kinds of pyogenic cocci: one arranged in 1981) clearly demonstrated the epigenetic and groups or masses was called “Staphylococcus” genetic difference of staphylococci and micro- and another arranged in chains was named cocci. Members of the genus Staphylococcus “Billroth’s Streptococcus.” A formal description form a coherent and well-defined group of of the genus Staphylococcus was provided by related species that is widely divergent from Rosenbach (1884). He divided the genus into the those of the genus Micrococcus. Until the early two species Staphylococcus aureus and S. albus. 1970s, the genus Staphylococcus consisted of Zopf (1885) placed the mass-forming staphylo- three species: the coagulase-positive species S. cocci and tetrad-forming micrococci in the genus aureus and the coagulase-negative species S. epi- Micrococcus. In 1886, the genus Staphylococcus dermidis and S. saprophyticus, but a deeper look was separated from Micrococcus by Flügge into the chemotaxonomic and genotypic proper- (1886). He differentiated the two genera mainly ties of staphylococci led to the description of on the basis of their action on gelatin and on many new staphylococcal species.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Flora on the Mammary Gland Skin of Sows and in Their Colostrum
    Brief communication Peer reviewed Bacterial flora on the mammary gland skin of sows and in their colostrum Nicole Kemper, Prof, Dr med vet; Regine Preissler, DVM Summary Resumen - La flora bacteriana en la piel de Résumé - Flore bactérienne cutanée de la Mammary-gland skin swabs and milk la glándula mamaria de las hembras y en su glande mammaire de truies et de leur lait calostro samples were analysed bacteriologically. All Des écouvillons de la peau de la glande skin samples were positive, with 5.2 isolates Se analizaron bacteriológicamente hisopos de mammaire ainsi que des échantillons de lait on average, Staphylococcaceae being the la piel de la glándula mamaria y muestras de ont été soumis à une analyse bactériologique. dominant organisms. In 20.8% of milk leche. Todas las muestras de piel resultaron Tous les échantillons provenant de la peau samples, no bacteria were detected. Two iso- positivas, con 5.2 aislados en promedio, étaient positifs, avec en moyenne 5.2 isolats lates on average, mainly Staphylococcaceae siendo los Staphylococcaceae los organismos bactériens, les Staphylococcaceae étant de loin and Streptococcaceae, were isolated from the dominantes. En 20.8% de las muestras de les micro-organismes dominants. Aucune positive milk samples. leche, no se detectaron bacterias. De las bactérie ne fut détectée dans 20.8% des Keywords: swine, bacteria, colostrum, muestras de leche positivas, se aislaron échantillons de lait. En moyenne, on trouvait mammary gland, skin dos aislados en promedio, principalmente deux isolats bactériens par échantillon de lait Staphylococcaceae y los Streptococcaceae. positif, et ceux-ci étaient principalement des Received: April 7, 2010 Staphylococcaceae et des Streptococcaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Staphylococcus Aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
    log bio y: O o p cr e i n M A l a c c c i e n s Grace et al., Clin Microbiol 2019, 8:2 i l s C Clinical Microbiology: Open Access DOI: 10.4172/2327-5073.1000325 ISSN: 2327-5073 Review Article Open Access Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Bacteraemia: The Epidemiology, Predisposing Factors, Pathogenicity and Antimicrobial Resistance John-Ugwuanya A Grace1*, Busayo O Olayinka1, Josiah A Onaolapo1 and Stephen K Obaro2 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria 2Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States *Corresponding author: John-Ugwuanya A Grace, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria, Tel: +2347061145614; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: January 18, 2019; Accepted date: February 04, 2019; Published date: February 12, 2019 Copyright: © 2019 Grace JA, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Staphylococcus species are the predominant Gram-positive organisms obtained from blood culture samples. Its incidence in bloodstream infection among children and adults varies among. Staphylococcus aureus is regarded as pathogenic with high morbidity and mortality while coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are often regarded as a contaminant and not a true cause of bacteremia despite its rising occurrence. Predisposing factors of staphylococcal bacteremia include malnutrition, malaria, HIV/AIDS and nosocomial infections. Methicillin-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and CoNS in bacteremia is associated with an increase in multidrug-resistant virulent strains when compared to methicillin-sensitive S.
    [Show full text]
  • Contamination of Poultry Carcasses with Staphylococcus Species at Slaughterhouses of Three Companies in Khartoum
    Contamination of poultry carcasses with Staphylococcus species at slaughterhouses of three companies in Khartoum By Amal Babiker AbdElrhim Magzoub Khartoum University B.V.M.Sc. (2000), Supervisor Prof. Suleiman Mohammed Elsanuosi ATHESIS Submitted to the University of Khartoum in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Master Degree of Science in Microbiology Department of Microbiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Khartoum July 2010 DEDICATION To Soul of my mother To my uncle. To sincerely my Father, To my sister and brother For their tremendous support encouragement and patience. KNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all thanks and praise to Almighty Allah for giving me strength and health to do this work. I would like to express my sincere thankfulness, indebtedness and appreciation to my Supervisor Professer Sulieman Mohamed El Sanousi for his for his guidance, advice, keen, encouragement and patience throughout the period of this work. My gratitude is also extended to all staff of the Bacteriology laboratory for the technical assistance during the laboratory work. My thanks also extended to my friends, and colleagues who help me. LIST OF CONTENT DEDICATION ......................................................................................................... i KNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... ii LIST OF CONTENT ............................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Staph-Ident and Staphase Systems for Identification of Staphylococci from Bovine Intramammary Infections JEFFREY L
    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 1984, p. 448-452 Vol. 20, No. 3 0095-1137/84/090448-05$02.00/0 Copyright ©D 1984, American Society for Microbiology Evaluation of the Staph-Ident and STAPHase Systems for Identification of Staphylococci from Bovine Intramammary Infections JEFFREY L. WATTS,* J. WOODROW PANKEY, AND STEPHEN C. NICKERSON Mastitis Research Laboratory, Hill Farm Research Station, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Homer, Louisiana 71040 Received 6 January 1984/Accepted 22 May 1984 The Staph-Ident and STAPHase systems (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) were compared with conventional methods for identification of staphylococci isolated from bovine intramammary infections. Adjunct testing by colony morphology, pigmentation, and biochemical tests was conducted to resolve discrepant identifications. The initial accuracies of the conventional scheme and Staph-Ident were 92.1 and 89.2%, respectively. Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. chromogenes could not be identified by means of the Staph- Ident test, but the addition of pigment production as a key character permitted identification of most strains. The final accuracy of the Staph-Ident was 94.3%. The STAPHase system was as accurate as the conventional tube coagulase method. The Staph-Ident and STAPHase systems are acceptable alternatives to conventional methods for identification of staphylococcal species isolated from bovine intramammary infections. Bovine mastitis is a disease of great economic importance system requires only 5 h of incubation for the identification to the dairy industry, with national losses approaching two of staphylococci. The purpose of this study was to compare billion dollars per year (26). Members of the family Micro- the Staph-Ident with a conventional scheme for identifica- coccaceae are the organisms most frequently isolated from tion of staphylococcal species isolated from bovine IMI.
    [Show full text]
  • Amplicon-Based High-Throughput Sequencing Method Capable of Species-Level Identification of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Diverse Communities
    microorganisms Article Amplicon-Based High-Throughput Sequencing Method Capable of Species-Level Identification of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Diverse Communities Emiel Van Reckem, Luc De Vuyst, Frédéric Leroy and Stefan Weckx * Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; [email protected] (E.V.R.); [email protected] (L.D.V.); [email protected] (F.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 May 2020; Accepted: 11 June 2020; Published: 14 June 2020 Abstract: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) make up a diverse bacterial group, appearing in a myriad of ecosystems. To unravel the composition of staphylococcal communities in these microbial ecosystems, a reliable species-level identification is crucial. The present study aimed to design a primer set for high-throughput amplicon sequencing, amplifying a region of the tuf gene with enough discriminatory power to distinguish different CNS species. Based on 2566 tuf gene sequences present in the public European Nucleotide Archive database and saved as a custom tuf gene database in-house, three different primer sets were designed, which were able to amplify a specific region of the tuf gene for 36 strains of 18 different CNS species. In silico analysis revealed that species-level identification of closely related species was only reliable if a 100% identity cut-off was applied for matches between the amplicon sequence variants and the custom tuf gene database. From the three primer sets designed, one set (Tuf387/765) outperformed the two other primer sets for studying Staphylococcus-rich microbial communities using amplicon sequencing, as it resulted in no false positives and precise species-level identification.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Route of Resistant Genes in Staphylococcus Aureus
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/762054; this version posted September 9, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Evolutionary route of resistant genes in Staphylococcus aureus Jiffy John1, 2, Sinumol George1, Sai Ravi Chandra Nori1, and Shijulal Nelson-Sathi1, * 1Computational Biology Laboratory, Inter Disciplinary Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India 2Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India *Author for Correspondence: Shijulal Nelson-Sathi, Computational Biology Laboratory, Inter Disciplinary Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Trivandrum, India, Phone: +91-471-2781-236, e-mails: [email protected] Abstract Multi-drug resistant S. aureus is a leading concern worldwide. Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are claimed to be the reservoir and source of important resistant elements in S. aureus. However, the origin and evolutionary route of resistant genes in S. aureus are still remaining unknown. Here, we performed a detailed phylogenomic analysis of 152 completely sequenced S. aureus strains in comparison with 7,529 non-S. aureus reference bacterial genomes. Our results reveals that S. aureus has a large open pan-genome where 97 (55%) of its known resistant related genes belonging to its accessory genome. Among these genes, 47 (27%) were located within the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome (SCCmec), a transposable element responsible for resistance against major classes of antibiotics including beta- lactams, macrolides and aminoglycosides. However, the physically linked mec-box genes (MecA-MecR-MecI) that are responsible for the maintenance of SCCmec elements is not unique to S.
    [Show full text]
  • Proteomic Characterization of Bacteriophage Peptides from the Mastitis Producer Staphylococcus Aureus by LC-ESI-MS/MS and the Bacteriophage Phylogenomic Analysis
    foods Article Proteomic Characterization of Bacteriophage Peptides from the Mastitis Producer Staphylococcus aureus by LC-ESI-MS/MS and the Bacteriophage Phylogenomic Analysis Ana G. Abril 1 ,Mónica Carrera 2,* , Karola Böhme 3, Jorge Barros-Velázquez 4 , Benito Cañas 5, José-Luis R. Rama 1, Tomás G. Villa 1 and Pilar Calo-Mata 4,* 1 Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15898 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; [email protected] (A.G.A.); [email protected] (J.-L.R.R.); [email protected] (T.G.V.) 2 Department of Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Marine Research Institute, 36208 Vigo, Spain 3 Agroalimentary Technological Center of Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; [email protected] 4 Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; [email protected] 5 Department of Analytical Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (P.C.-M.) Abstract: The present work describes LC-ESI-MS/MS MS (liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry) analyses of tryptic digestion peptides from phages that infect mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy products. A total of 1933 nonredundant Citation: Abril, A.G.; Carrera, M.; peptides belonging to 1282 proteins were identified and analyzed. Among them, 79 staphylococcal Böhme, K.; Barros-Velázquez, J.; peptides from phages were confirmed. These peptides belong to proteins such as phage repressors, Cañas, B.; Rama, J.-L.R.; Villa, T.G.; structural phage proteins, uncharacterized phage proteins and complement inhibitors.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Material Culturable Bacterial Community On
    Supplementary Material Culturable Bacterial Community on Leaves of Assam Tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) in Thailand and Human Probiotic Potential of Isolated Bacillus spp. Patthanasak Rungsirivanich, Witsanu Supandee, Wirapong Futui, Vipanee Chumsai-Na-Ayudhya, Chaowarin Yodsombat and Narumol Thongwai Legends of Supplementary Figure and Tables Figure S1. Phylogenetic relationships of some bacterial isolates (bold) isolated from Assam tea leaves in Northern Thailand with their closest species and related taxa based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The branching pattern was generated by the neighbour-joining method. Bootstrap values (expressed as percentages of 1,000 replications). Bar, 0.05 substitutions per nucleotide position. Saccharolobus caldissimus JCM 32116T (GenBank accession no. LC275065) is presented as outgroup sequence. Table S1. Assam tea leaf collecting site from different regions in Northern Thailand. The data presented number of Assam tea plants, locations, altitude, bacterial cell count, number of isolate per sample and number of species per sample. Table S2. Classification of bacteria isolated from Assam tea leaf surfaces compared with the type strain and the similarity (%) of 16S rRNA gene sequence. Figure S1 Family Phylum 100 Staphylococcus haemolyticus ATCC 29970T (D83367) 79 Staphylococcus haemolyticus ML041-1 100 Staphylococcus warneri ATCC 27836T (L37603) 100 Staphylococcus warneri ML073-3 Staphylococcaceae Staphylococcus xylosus ATCC 29971T (D83374) 100 100 Staphylococcus xylosus ML052-2 T 59 Macrococcus
    [Show full text]
  • Genome Sequencing, Assembly, Annotation and Analysis Of
    Kaur et al. Gut Pathog (2016) 8:55 DOI 10.1186/s13099-016-0139-8 Gut Pathogens GENOME REPORT Open Access Genome sequencing, assembly, annotation and analysis of Staphylococcus xylosus strain DMB3‑Bh1 reveals genes responsible for pathogenicity Gurwinder Kaur1†, Amit Arora1†, Sathyaseelan Sathyabama2, Nida Mubin2, Sheenam Verma2, Shanmugam Mayilraj1*‡ and Javed N. Agrewala2*‡ Abstract Background: Staphylococcus xylosus is coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), found occasionally on the skin of humans but recurrently on other mammals. Recent reports suggest that this commensal bacterium may cause diseases in humans and other animals. In this study, we present the first report of whole genome sequencing of S. xylosus strain DMB3-Bh1, which was isolated from the stool of a mouse. Results: The draft genome of S. xylosus strain DMB3-Bh1 consisted of 2,81,0255 bp with G C content of 32.7 mol%, 2623 predicted coding sequences (CDSs) and 58 RNAs. The final assembly contained 12 contigs+ of total size 2,81,0255 bp with N50 contig length of 4,37,962 bp and the largest contig assembled measured 7,61,338 bp. Fur- ther, an interspecies comparative genomic analysis through rapid annotation using subsystem technology server was achieved with Staphylococcus aureus RF122 that revealed 36 genes having similarity with S. xylosus DMB3-Bh1. 35 genes encoded for virulence, disease and defense and 1 gene encoded for phages, prophages and transposable elements. Conclusions: These results suggest co linearity in genes between S. xylosus DMB3-Bh1 and S. aureus RF122 that contribute to pathogenicity and might be the result of horizontal gene transfer.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria Isolated from The
    Chang et al. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control (2018) 7:41 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-018-0323-3 RESEARCH Open Access Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of neurosurgical patients at Peking Union Medical College Hospital Jian-bo Chang1†, Hao Wu1†, He Wang2, Bai-tao Ma1, Ren-zhi Wang1 and Jun-ji Wei1* Abstract Background: Postoperative central nervous system infections (PCNSIs) represent a serious complication, and the timely use of antibiotics guided by the identification of the causative pathogens and their antibiotic sensitivities is essential for treatment. However, there are little data regarding the prevalence of PCNSI pathogens in China. The aim of this study is to investigate the features of pathogens in patients with PCNSIs, which could help clinicians to choose the appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy. Methods: We retrospectively examined the positive CSF cultures in patients who underwent craniotomy between January 2010 and December 2015. We collected data, including demographic characteristics, type of neurosurgery, laboratory data, causative organisms and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results. Results: A total of 62 patients with 90 isolates out of 818 patients with 2433 CSF culture samples were available for data analysis. The estimated incidence and culture-positive rate of PCNSIs were approximately 0.9 and 7.5%, respectively. The predominant organism was coagulase-negative staphylococci, of which most were methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS). All were susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, rifampicin and amoxicillin-clavulanate. Acinetobacter baumannii was the most frequent causative Gram-negative agent and was resistant to 12 out of 18 antimicrobials tested. The sensitivity rates for tigecycline and minocycline were only 40 and 33%, respectively.
    [Show full text]