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Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria Isolated from The Chang et al. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control (2018) 7:41 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-018-0323-3 RESEARCH Open Access Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of neurosurgical patients at Peking Union Medical College Hospital Jian-bo Chang1†, Hao Wu1†, He Wang2, Bai-tao Ma1, Ren-zhi Wang1 and Jun-ji Wei1* Abstract Background: Postoperative central nervous system infections (PCNSIs) represent a serious complication, and the timely use of antibiotics guided by the identification of the causative pathogens and their antibiotic sensitivities is essential for treatment. However, there are little data regarding the prevalence of PCNSI pathogens in China. The aim of this study is to investigate the features of pathogens in patients with PCNSIs, which could help clinicians to choose the appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy. Methods: We retrospectively examined the positive CSF cultures in patients who underwent craniotomy between January 2010 and December 2015. We collected data, including demographic characteristics, type of neurosurgery, laboratory data, causative organisms and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results. Results: A total of 62 patients with 90 isolates out of 818 patients with 2433 CSF culture samples were available for data analysis. The estimated incidence and culture-positive rate of PCNSIs were approximately 0.9 and 7.5%, respectively. The predominant organism was coagulase-negative staphylococci, of which most were methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS). All were susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, rifampicin and amoxicillin-clavulanate. Acinetobacter baumannii was the most frequent causative Gram-negative agent and was resistant to 12 out of 18 antimicrobials tested. The sensitivity rates for tigecycline and minocycline were only 40 and 33%, respectively. Conclusion: PCNSIs could lead to high mortality. Although the MRCoNS were the predominant organism, the management of Acinetobacter baumannii was a major clinical challenge with few effective antimicrobials in PCNSIs. Keywords: Prevalence, Antibiotic resistance, Central nervous system infections, Neurosurgery Background from 0.3 to 7.8% [2, 3]. The diagnosis of PCNSIs requires a Postoperative central nervous system infections (PCNSIs) high degree of clinical suspicion and lumbar puncture for are relatively rare but serious complication following cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture. Once diagnosed, selection neurosurgery, especially craniotomies, resulting in poor of the empirical antibiotic should be guided by knowledge patient outcomes and increasing the total cost of illness. of the causative pathogens and their sensitivities. Craniotomies are used for the treatment of head injury, The epidemiology of bacterial infections varies with time, brain tumor or intracranial hemorrhage, external ventricu- geographical distribution, age, race, underlying medical lar device placement, and entriculostomy [1]. The incidence and/or neurosurgical conditions, means of contraction, of infections after cranial surgery, mostly meningitis, varies status of vaccination, and use of antibiotics in the commu- nity [4]. Although the primary pathogens in PCNSI are still * Correspondence: [email protected] † Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Equal contributors there is a possible trend towards greater numbers of Gram- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 negative bacteria, especially Acinetobacter [5, 6]. Another Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China obvious change is the increased rates of multi-antibiotic Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Chang et al. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control (2018) 7:41 Page 2 of 6 resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus the use of antibacterial film, to ensure that there was no (MRSA) and strains that produce extended-spectrum perioperative breach in sterility [17]. We analyzed the β-lactamases (ESBL) in recent years [7]. The potential results of antibiotic susceptibility based on the Clinical underlying cause is the widespread use of empirical and Laboratory Standards Institution (CLSI) methods vancomycin and antipseudomonal β-lactam antibiotics [8]. [15]. Pathogenic organisms were considered resistant if Both the species and the antibiotic resistance profile of they were reported as intermediate or resistant to at bacteria, as well as the blood-brain barrier, are crucial least one of the agents, which included cephalosporins, components to consider when selecting the appropriate fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, carbapenems, extended- antibiotics. There have been many recent studies reporting spectrum penicillins, macrolides, and β-lactam/β-lactamase the risk factors for PCNSIs [9–12] in China. Unfortunately, inhibitors. little data regarding prevalence and antibiotic resistance of bacteria have been published. Peking Union Medical Results College Hospital (PUMCH), founded by the Rockefeller From 2010 to 2015, approximately 6500 in-hospital patients Foundation in 1921, is a university general hospital and were treated with approximately 7500 operations in the tertiary referral center in northern China, where the department of neurosurgery. We obtained 2433 CSF department of neurosurgery conducts approximately 1200 culture samples from 818 patients. Of these, 78 patients operations each year. As one of the largest pituitary centers with 108 positive isolates were identified, and their medical in China, about half operations were endonasal trans- records were reviewed. Following review, 12 isolates were sphenoidal approach [13]. Recently, the average length excluded due to contamination, and four patients were of stay has been approximately 6 days. This research removed because they did not undergo surgery. Finally, 62 will report the features of pathogens and investigate the patients with 90 isolates met the inclusion criteria. Of clinical characteristics of post-craniotomy PCNSIs in a them, two patients were failed to obtain the whole medical single institution over the past 6 years. records and the sensitivity results of five isolates were not available. The incidence of PCNSIs was approximately Methods 0.9% (62/6500) and the estimated culture-positive rate of This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Pe- infection was approximately 7.5% (62/818) and 16 patients king Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH). The re- with 44 isolates were infected with polymicrobial, in which sults of CSF cultures isolated from inpatients were sixpatientswithmorethantwospecies. reviewed via a computerized log containing records from Table 1 shows the characteristics of 60 patients with posi- January 2010 to December 2015. The data of patients with tive CSF cultures. The median days of hospitalization and positive culture isolates were collected from medical re- the infection period postoperation were 46.5 (IQR = 38) cords using previously designed standardized evaluation days and 9 (IQR = 9) days, respectively. Half of the patients forms (the details showed in Additional file 1)thatincluded underwent surgery using the endonasal trans-sphenoidal demographic characteristics, types of neurosurgery, labora- approach, and most were diagnosed with a pituitary tory data, causative organisms and antimicrobial suscepti- adenoma. Most patients treated with craniotomy were bility testing. The positive CSF culture result was the main diagnosed with occupied lesions. CSF analysis indicated inclusion criteria. The isolation of the same species from that the patients had low CSF glucose and high protein the same patient within 7 days was regarded as the same levels postoperatively. The mortality of culture-positive isolate and not counted multiple times. All the patients met PCNSIs was 8%, which was approximately 16 times greater clinical diagnostic criteria of nervous central infection [14]. than the mortality of inpatients in general (0.49%, 32/6500). Culture contamination was determined by specialists from As Table 2 shows, the distributions of Gram-positive, the clinical laboratory and neurosurgery, which was based Gram-negative and Eumycetes were 56, 40 and 4%, on the identity of the microorganism itself and its clinical respectively. The predominant Gram-positive isolate features [14–16]. Previous cranial operation, including both was coagulase-negative staphylococci (33%), followed elective and emergency procedures, was another inclusion by Enterococcus faecalis (8.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus criteria. Patients who underwent a spinal operation or sim- (7.8%). Acinetobacter spp. was the predominant Gram- ple wound revision without drilled holes were excluded negative organism and was isolated in 16 (17.8%) isolates, from the study. Patients with evidence of concomitant
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