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Fluctuación De Dendroctonus Adjunctus Blandford (Curculionidae

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Fluctuación De Dendroctonus Adjunctus Blandford (Curculionidae 20 Rodríguez-Ortega et al., Dendroctonus adjunctus en Zoquiapan, México FLUCTUACIÓN DE DENDROCTONUS ADJUNCTUS BLANDFORD (CURCULIONIDAE: SCOLYTINAE) Y SUS DEPREDADORES ATRAÍDOS POR FRONTALINA+ALFA-PINENO, EN LA ESTACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DE ZOQUIAPAN, EDO. DE MÉXICO Alejandro Rodríguez-Ortega, Armando Equihua-Martínez, Juan Cibrián-Tovar, Edith G. Estrada- Venegas Colegio de Posgraduados, Campus Montecillo. Km. 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo Edo. de México. C. P. 56230. México; correo electrónico: [email protected]. José T. Méndez-Montiel Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, División de Ciencias Forestales. Km. 35.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Chapingo, Edo. de México. C. P. 56230. México; correo electrónico: [email protected]. Jaime Villa-Castillo Comisión Nacional Forestal, Periférico Poniente 5360, Zapopan, Jalisco; México; correo electrónico: jvi- [email protected] RESUMEN Se realizó el monitoreo del descortezador Dendroctonus adjunctus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) y sus depredadores por un periodo de un año, usando la feromona frontalina + alfapineno, en la Estación Experimental Forestal de Zoquiapan, Estado de México. Un total de 20 trampas Lindgren de 15 uni- dades fueron colocadas a 100 metros de separación entre sí, 19 de ellas cebadas con frontalina y una como testigo sin feromona, El monitoreo se realizó de junio del 2005 a mayo del 2006, con recolecta de insectos ca- da 15 días (La frontalina se cambiaba cada mes). Un trozo de insecticida en el vaso colector (collar antipul- gas) fue introducido para matar los insectos. Las mayores abundancias de D. adjunctus se registraron en sep- tiembre de 2005 y marzo y abril de 2006 con 124, 81 y 77 insectos respectivamente. En contraste, julio de 2005 presentó el menor registro con solo un ejemplar. Se identificaron a Enoclerus arachnoides y Cymatode- ra spp. (Cleridae) como los principales enemigos naturales. Con el cambio de signo del coeficiente de corre- lación a lo largo del periodo anual estudiado, se puede inferir que los depredadores presentan conducta cam- biante con relación a D. adjunctus . Palabras clave: Dendroctonus, Enoclerus arachnoides, Cymatodera, frontalina, trampas Lindgren. SUMMARY Monitoring of the bark beetle Dendroctonus adjunctus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and his predators was carried out for a year, using Lindgren traps baited with frontalin + alpha - pinene, at the Forest Experimental Station of Zoquiapan, Edo., de México. A total of 20 of 15 units Lindgren traps were placed 100 meters apart from each other, 19 of them baited with frontalin and one as control without phero- mone, monitoring was conducted from June 2005 to May 2006, with collection of insects each 15 days (Fron- talin was changed every month). A piece of insecticide in the sump (flea collar) was introduced to kill the in- sects. The greatest abundance of D. adjunctus was in September 2005 and March and April 2006 with 124, 81 and 77 insects, respectively. In contrast, July 2005 had the lowest record with only one specimen. Enoclerus arachnoides and Cymatodera spp. (Cleridae) were identified as the main natural enemies. With the change of sign of the correlation coefficient over the annual period studied, we can infer that the predators have chang- ing behavior with respect to D. adjunctus . Key words: Dendroctonus adjunctus, Enoclerus arachnoides, Cymatodera frontalin, Lindgren traps. Boletín del Museo de Entomología de la Universidad del Valle 11(1):20-27, 2010 21 INTRODUCCIÓN na de agregación para especies como Dendrocto- nus frontalis Zimmerman D. mexicanus Hopkins y Los pinos abarcan grandes extensiones de la Re- D adjunctus Blandford, estos insectos son atraídos pública Mexicana en diferentes medios ecológicos a las trampas cebadas. Hobson et al. (1993), repor- y van desde los 500 hasta los 4000 metros de alti- tan que D. valens LeConte es un descortezador tud Mirov (1967). Piña y Muñiz (1981), conside- que no utiliza feromona de agregación para locali- ran que, en los últimos cuarenta años, la superficie zar a su hospedero, ya que se guía por algunos forestal ha disminuido cuatrocientas mil hectáreas compuestos que contiene la resina de los árboles. por año, a raíz de diversos factores, siendo los in- Strom et al. (2001); Sánchez and Wagner (2002), sectos forestales uno de los más importantes. mencionan que la frontalina y exobrevicomina combinadas con mirceno se usan para atraer a evi- Verduzco (1976) y Macías-Sámano et al. (2004), comis LeConte. mencionan que las enfermedades y los insectos fo- restales causan grandes pérdidas de madera en los Con base a lo expuesto se planteó como objetivo bosques de pino, en especial los insectos del géne- de este estudio el conocer la fluctuación poblacio- ro Dendroctonus como descortezadores, son uno nal de D. adjunctus y sus depredadores capturados de los principales factores de mortalidad durante en trampas Lindgren cebadas con frontalina, en la el desarrollo y establecimiento de bosques y plan- Estación Experimental de Zoquiapan, Edo., de taciones. Estos organismos ocasionan anualmente México; así como, la correlación que existe entre la muerte de miles de árboles provocando un gra- el descortezador y sus depredadores capturados ve desequilibrio ecológico (Piña & Muñíz 1981; durante un año de muestreo. Se formuló la hipóte- Miller & Borden 2000; Gillette et al. 2001; Díaz et sis de que el número de insectos atrapados por las al.2006). trampas es completamente aleatorio y que la res- puesta hacia la feromona está en función de los Piña & Muñíz (1981) y Salinas et al. (2004) coin- meses del año. ciden que el descortezador Dendroctonus adjunc- tus (Blandford) se localiza desde el suroeste de los Estados Unidos hasta Guatemala en altitudes que MATERIALES Y METODOS oscilan entre 3100 y 3500 m. También se puede encontrar esta especie desde los 1600 a 3929 me- Ubicación del sitio de monitoreo tros sobre el nivel del mar y sus principales hos- El monitoreo se estableció en un bosque con árbo- pederos son Pinus hartwegii, P. montezumae, P. les de pino-abeto, en donde se encontraron Pinus rudis, P. ponderosa, P. chihuahuana, P. pseudos- hartwegii Lindl., atacados por D. adjunctus dentro trobus y P. lawsoni . Negrón et al. (2000), encon- la Estación Experimental de Zoquiapan, Edo. de traron a D. adjunctus atacando árboles estresados México 19° 12´ 30” y 19° 20´ 00” de latitud N 98° en Arizona y Utah., por su parte Verduzco (1976) 42¨30” y 98° 30¨00” de longitud W. El clima de la y Rodríguez (1990) reportan en México, en la dé- zona es semifrío con verano fresco largo y fórmu- cada 1955-65, una fuerte invasión de este descor- la climática: Cb’(w2)(w)igw, García (1987). El tezador que causó cuantiosos daños en plantacio- experimento se condujo de junio del 2005 a mayo nes de varias especies de pinos. del 2006. El monitoreo de los descortezadores es un proce- Colocación de trampas dimiento primordial en el manejo de estos insec- En la zona forestal dañada por el descortezador se tos, con ello se puede inferir su abundancia pobla- colocaron 20 trampas tipo Lindgren ® de 15 unida- cional y tomar medidas de control Turchin et al. des (PheroTech.), de las cuales 19 de ellas conte- (1999). Se pueden utilizar substancias químicas nían feromona frontalina + alfa-pineno (P152, conductuales como feromonas y kairomonas, que Dendrocton frontales TrpB de ChemTica Interna- son de alta especificidad, de nulo impacto al am- cional S. A.) y una trampa testigo, sin feromona, biente y pueden atraer a los depredadores de los con una separación aproximada de 100 m entre descortezadores, por lo cual ambas poblaciones ellas. Las trampas se colocaron en árboles no hos- pueden ser monitoreadas en forma simultánea pederos del insecto para evitar una infestación. El (Turchin et al. 1991; Revee 1997). vaso colector de las trampas estuvo a una altura de 1.60 m sobre el nivel del suelo. Mayers and McLaughli (1991) y Matthew et al. (2004), comentan que la frontalina es una feromo- 22 Rodríguez-Ortega et al., Dendroctonus adjunctus en Zoquiapan, México Recolección de insectos y cebado de trampas x Sx,y = ∑ (x i - ) (y i - ) / n – 1 Los insectos capturados se recolectaban cada quince días y la frontalina cambiaba cada mes El coeficiente de correlación se obtuvo a partir del anexando al vaso colector un trozo de dos centí- modelo r x,y = S x,y / (S x S y) (Sahagún 1994). metros de banda plástica de collar antipulgas co- mo insecticida (Tetraclorvinfos ®), con esto se evi- Donde, r x,y = es el coeficiente de correlación; S x,y tó que los insectos se maltrataran. Posteriormente, = covarianza; S x = desviación estándar de la va- los insectos se colocaron en frascos de cristal con riable x y, S y = es la desviación estándar de la va- alcohol al 70% y se etiquetaron con los datos de riable y campo correspondientes a la colecta. La identifi- cación del descortezador se realizó en el Laborato- rio de Entomología Forestal del Colegio de Pos- RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN graduados, Campus Montecillo, utilizando las cla- ves taxonómicas de Wood (1982). Descortezador Se encontró que el descortezador Dendroctonus Análisis estadístico adjunctus se encuentra activo todo el año y puede La información obtenida se introdujo a una base ser capturado utilizando trampas tipo Lindgren de datos y se analizó estadísticamente con el pro- cebadas con frontalina más alfa-pineno (Figura 1). grama SAS (1998). Las medias se compararon con Se determinó que las mayores capturas del insecto la prueba de Tukey (p ≤0.05). Para correr la hipó- fueron en septiembre del 2005 y marzo del 2006 tesis de que el número de insectos atrapados por con medias de 6.53 (± 19.76) y 4.26 (± 5.70), res- las trampas es completamente aleatorio, se aplicó pectivamente. En contraste, julio de 2004 fue el un diseño estadístico completamente al azar. Los mes de menor abundancia con tan solo 0.05 (± tratamientos fueron dos (feromona y testigo) con 0.23).
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