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Metaphor Within-Culture Variation Metaphor within-Culture Variation Metaphors of “The Islamic Veil”, “Female’s Body” and “Cultural Integration” among the mainstream British Culture and the Islamic British subculture Master Thesis Written by: Ghufran Khir Allah Professor: Juana I. Marín Arrese Academic year: 2009- 2010 Complutense University, Madrid, Spain 1 Abstract Metaphor within-culture variation is an innovative theory in cognitive linguistics which claims that conceptual metaphors tend to vary within the same culture. That is, the conceptualization of a particular image or concept could be done through the embodied experience that correlates with each subculture background. The fact that recent societies/cultures have complex diversities of subcultures leads to the assumption that conceptual metaphors could vary within the same culture. In this paper, a comparative study of conceptual metaphors in British culture has been done in order to test metaphor within-culture variation theory. In order to do so, the study has analyzed a set of data collected form British newspapers, which consists of 18 articles, 10 interviews and 34 comments all written or done by British women form both the mainstream British culture and the Islamic British subculture. Moreover, the work focuses on the variation of metaphorical structures used in conceptualizing the images of “the Islamic veil”, “female body” and “cultural integration” between these social varieties. The analysis shows that each social variety, in the selected data, understands the investigated images according to different embodied experiences. Needless to say, these differences could be related to religious, political and social factors. Thus, the religious ideologies show profound influence in constructing the “veil” metaphors in the Islamic subculture. On the other hand, the “liberation” of western women in the western society in addition to other political factors explain several metaphorical structures in the mainstream British culture. Furthermore, this contradiction in understanding the image of the veil leads to the emergence of other metaphors express the “cultural integration” between these varieties. Overall, the combination between the study of metaphorical structures and within-culture social and religious varieties seems to be useful in understanding the within-culture variation in conceptualizing the images of the “Islamic veil”, “female body” and “cultural integration”. 2 Content Preface and Acknowledgement 1. A summery of the paper……………………………………………………………….. 5 2. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………. 8 The Literary Review 1. Conceptual Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics……………………………….. 11 The components of conceptual metaphors…………………………………………. 12 Image schemas………………………………………………………………………………… 14 Kinds of conceptual metaphors…………………………………………………………. 15 2. Conceptual Metaphors within Culture variation Categorizing and frames……………………………………………………………………. 17 Conceptual metaphors and culture models………………………………………….. 18 Metaphor within-culture variation……………………………………………………… 20 3. How the component of conceptual metaphors are involved in the variation……………………………………………………………………………………..…… 22 The contextual Background Section 1. Islam and Europe…………………………………………………………………………… 24 2. The French Laïcité and the Islamic Veil……………………………………………. 26 3. The Islamic Veil between Misconceptions and Realities……………………… 27 The Hypothesis and Research Questions…………………………………………….. 30 3 Method section 1. The Data Controlling the variables……………………………………………………………………. 32 Citation of the data……………………………………………………………………………. 33 2. Procedure……………………………………………………………………………………… 37 3. Difficulties…………………………………………………………………………………….. 38 The analysis Section……………………………………………………………. 40 1. Subsection 1…………………………………………………………………………………… 41 Ontological metaphors……………………………………………………………………….. 41 Orientational metaphors…………………………………………………………………….. 50 Structural metaphors………………………………………………………………………….. 52 2. Subsection 2…………………………………………………………………………………… 55 3. Subsection 3…………………………………………………………………………………… 60 The unique metaphor in ICA data…………………………………………………………. 61 The unique metaphor in SPA data………………………………………………………… 62 Result Section……………………………………………………………………… 64 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………..66 References……………………………………………………………………………68 Appendix 4 I thank God almighty for the ultimate energy he provided me last year to finish this work. I also would like to thank my supportive husband and my little two princesses who are the candles of my life. To my mom and all family members who had participated in flourishing this work. Special thanks for Ms. Juana I. Marín Arrese, my director, who encouraged and guided me to carry out the master thesis. Finally, I would never forget to thank Ms. Begoña Nuñez Perucha who taught me every little detail about successful academic writing. 5 A summery Desde la emergencia de la lingüística cognitiva como disciplina, un continuo entre todos los tipos de cognición y lenguaje han sido establecidos (Barcelona, 2003). Algunos lingüísticos están de acuerdo en que la imaginación es la principal habilidad cognitiva del ser humano (Tilley, 1999; Lakoff and Johnson, 1980). De acuerdo con sus estudios, la imaginación concede al hablante de cualquier idioma la habilidad de proyectar conceptos en otros conceptos. Consecuentemente, los aparatos de la imaginación como la metáfora se han transformado en temas favoritos para el análisis de la lingüística cognitiva (Jonson, 1987). En los últimos 30 años, la metáfora se ha convertido en una importante área de investigación en la lingüística cognitiva. El trabajo de Lakoff and Johnson (1980) Metaphors We Live By ha sido clasificado como uno de los más significantes influyentes en el archivo de la lingüística cognitiva. Por consiguiente Kovecses en su reciente estudio, presto más atención a la metáfora conceptual y a la cultura. Él argumentó que la metáfora es usada para conceptuar y construir la palabra no-física y la palabra abstracta. Correspondientemente, las estructuras metafóricas, ambas conceptual y lingüística, son supuestas variaciones acordes a la social división dentro de la misma cultura. Esta variación ha sido llamada variación dentro de la cultura (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980; Kovecses, 2002, 2005, 2006). Esta social división ha sido llamada” dimensiones” por Kovecses (2005). Además él identificó 9 diferentes dimensiones, como la dimensión social. La dimensión étnica, la regional y la dimensión subcultural. La metáfora conceptual el la lingüística cognitiva es un cruze de asignaciones de dominio. El componente básico de la metáfora conceptual es listada por Kovecses (2006) como lo siguiente: los dominios de origen y la meta, las similitudes, las bases de la metáfora, cartografía, expresiones lingüísticas metafóricas y modelos culturales. Todos estos componentes están involucrados dentro de la variación dentro de la cultura. En adición a estos componentes, Johnson (1987) mantiene que la imagen de la esquena tiene una importante norma en la construcción conceptual de la metáfora. Kovecses (2006) define la imagen del esquema como la repetida y regular experiencia que estructura la metáfora conceptual. Además Lakoff and Johnson (1980) clasifican la metáfora conceptual en tres tipos que son orientaciónal, ontológica y estructural. Sin embargo la metáfora estructural parece ser la más rica meta de la elaboración metafórica. 6 En este papel, un estudio comparativo de las metáforas conceptuales en la cultura británica, ha sido hecho para examinar la teoría de la variación dentro de la cultura. El análisis se ha centrado en la variación de las estructuras metafóricas usadas en conceptuar la imagen del velo islámico, el cuerpo femenino y la integración cultural, en ambas corrientes principales, la cultura Británica y la subcultura islámica Británica. Los datos analizados consisten en 18 artículos sociales y políticos, 10 entrevistas y 34 comentarios seleccionados de periódicos británicos. Todos los datos provienen de ser escritos y dichos de mujeres Británicas de ambas variaciones sociales. El estudio ha puesto de manifiesto considerables diferencias en los hallazgos. El análisis ha sido dividido en 3 subsecciones. La primera subsección examinó metáforas conceptuales para un particular destino de dominio que son lo mismo en las 2 variantes culturales, pero cada variación usa diferentes cartografías o diferentes expresiones lingüísticas para conceptuar el destino del dominio. La segunda subsección se centró en metáforas en las que cada subcultura usa un conjunto de diferentes fuentes de dominio para un particular destino. La tercera y última subsección analizó metáforas conceptuales que parecían ser la única variación social. Sin embargo. El papel ha demostrado que las diferencias halladas pueden ser debidas a factores políticos y religiosos. Esto es, las ideologías religiosas muestran una profunda influencia en la construcción de las metáforas del velo en la subcultura islámica. Por otro lado, la libertad de la sociedad occidental y otros factores políticos explican severos estructuras metafóricas en las principales corrientes de la cultura Británica. En adición el análisis revela que la errónea concepción y el malentendido de la verdadera legitimidad de vestir el velo islámico tiene un sustancial efecto en la construcción de las metáforas conceptuales encontradas en las principales corrientes de los datos de la cultura Británica. En breve, la combinación entre el estudio de las estructuras metafóricas y dentro de la cultura social y variaciones religiosas parecen ser útiles
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