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Voice and Video on the Lan 51-20-75 DATA COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT VOICE AND VIDEO ON THE LAN Martin Taylor INSIDE The Value of Voice and Video On the Lan, Infrastructure Efficiencies, LAN Technologies for Integrated Voice and Video, Standards for LAN-Based Voice and Video Applications INTRODUCTION Most desktops in enterprises today are equipped with two network connec- tions: a LAN connection to the PC or workstation for data communications, and a phone connection to the PBX for voice communications. The LAN and the PBX exist as two separate networks with little or no connectivity between them. Each has evolved to meet the very speciÞc and differing needs of data and voice communications, respectively. Despite much talk in the industry about the convergence of computers and communications, LANs and PBXs have not really moved any closer together during the last decade. In the mid-1980s, some PBX vendors sought to bring data services to the desktop via ISDN technology, but the advent of PCs requir- ing far more than 64K-bps communications bandwidth favored the emerging LAN standards of Ethernet and Token Ring. So far, most LAN vendors have not attempted to support voice communications on the LAN. But all this is about to change. There are three key factors at work today that suggest that voice and data con- vergence in the LAN is about to become a hot topic in the industry: ¥The widespread acceptance of advanced LAN switching technologies, in- cluding ATM, which makes it pos- sible for the Þrst time to deliver reliable, high-quality, low-delay PAYOFF IDEA voice transmissions over the LAN. Voice and data convergence in the LAN is about ¥The emergence of the Þrst standard to become a hot topic in the industry, thanks to advances in switching and processors, as well as for LAN-based videoconferencing the H.323 standard. This article first looks at the and voice telephony, H.323, which business reasons for considering the deployment of voice and video over the LAN and then discuss- es the technical issues and requirements. 12/97 Auerbach Publications © 1998 CRC Press LLC removes objections about the use of proprietary protocols for voice and video over the LAN. ¥ The deployment of the latest generation of Intel processors, featuring MMX technology, which makes high-quality software-based, real-time voice and video processing feasible for the Þrst time, and the new PC hard- ware architectures with Universal Serial Bus that permit voice and video peripherals to be attached without additional hardware inside the PC. This article Þrst looks at the business reasons for considering the deployment of voice and video over the LAN, and then discusses the technical issues and requirements. THE VALUE OF VOICE AND VIDEO ON THE LAN There are essentially two main kinds of motivation for considering voice and/or video on the LAN: the need to support new types of application that in- volve real-time communications, and the desire to improve the overall cost-ef- fectiveness of the local communications infrastructure. New Types of Applications Desktop videoconferencing, real-time multimedia collaboration, and video- based training are all examples of new kinds of applications that can beneÞt from the delivery of voice and video over the LAN. The uptake of desktop videoconferencing has been held back by a combina- tion of high costs and the difÞculty of delivering appropriate network services to the desktop. Standards-based H.320 desktop videoconferencing systems re- quire costly video compression and ISDN interface hardware, as well as the provision of new ISDN connections at the desktop alongside the LAN and the phone system. New systems based on the H.323 standard and designed to run over the LAN will leverage the processing power of the latest PCs and the ex- isting switched LAN infrastructure, to lower cost and simplify deployment dramatically. Desktop videoconferencing may be used either to support internal meetings and discussions between groups located at remote sites, or to support direct in- teraction with customers and clients. For example, some enterprises in the mortgage lending business use videoconferencing to conduct mortgage ap- proval interviews with potential borrowers, so as to greatly reduce the overall time to complete a mortgage sale. Real-time collaboration applications, involving any mix of video and voice with data conferencing to support application sharing and interactive white- boarding, provide a new way for individuals and small groups to collaborate and work together remotely in real-time. This emerging class of applications, typiÞed by Microsoft NetMeeting, is being evaluated by many enterprises, par- ticularly for help desk applications. By contrast, video-based training is already widely used in enterprise LANs. By delivering self-paced video learning materials to the desktop, train- ing needs can be met in a more timely and less disruptive fashion than tradi- tional classroom methods. The growing popularity of these kinds of applications should be noted by network planners and designers. A preplanned strategy for local LAN upgrades to support voice and video will reduce the lead time for the deployment of these applications, and enable the enterprise to move swiftly when the applica- tion need has been identiÞed, to obtain the business beneÞts with the least pos- sible delay. Infrastructure EfÞciencies A single local communications infrastructure based on a LAN that handles da- ta, voice, and video has the potential of costing less to own and operate than separate PBX and data-only LAN infrastructures. The average capital cost of a fully featured PBX for large enterprises is be- tween $700 and $750 per user, according to a leading U.S. telecommunications consultancy, TEQConsult Group. Furthermore, this is expected to rise slightly over the next few years as users demand more sophisticated features from their phone system. It is not difÞcult to see how a switched LAN that has been en- hanced to handle voice could provide a solution for telephony at a fraction of this cost. Most large PBX installations are equipped with additional facilities such as voice mail and Interactive Voice Response systems for autoattendant operation. These systems are typically connected directly to the PBX via proprietary in- terfaces, and they too represent major capital investments. With voice on the LAN, such voice processing applications could be based on open server plat- forms and leverage the low-cost processing power and disk storage that is a feature of todayÕs PC server market, thereby lowering the systemÕs capital cost still further. Separate PBX and LAN infrastructures each incur their own management and operational costs. For example, moves, adds, and changes require separate actions to patch physical LAN and voice connections, and to update LAN logon and voice directories. With telephony provided over a voice-enabled LAN supporting combined directory services, the management effort required to administer moves and changes would be substantially reduced. These cost-of-ownership beneÞts come with a raft of usability improve- ments for telephony. The PC (with phone handset attached) becomes the com- munications terminal for making and receiving phone calls, and the processing power and graphical user interface of the PC can be leveraged to provide point- and-click call launch and manipulation. Features of PBXs such as call transfer, divert, and hold, which are hard to invoke from a phone keypad, become very easy to use from a Windows interface. Incoming callers can be identiÞed on the PC display by matching Calling Line IdentiÞer with directory entries. And with voice mail and E-mail support- ed on a uniÞed messaging platform such as Microsoft Exchange or Lotus Notes, all messages are accessible and manageable via a single user interface. These usability beneÞts for voice telephony over the LAN extend also to videoconferencing Ñ a single consistent user interface may be applied to both video and voice-only calls. LAN TECHNOLOGIES FOR INTEGRATED VOICE AND VIDEO The LAN technologies in widespread use today Ñ Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring Ñ were not designed with the needs of real-time voice and video in mind. These LAN technologies provide ÒbesteffortÓ delivery of data packets, but offer no guarantees about how long delivery will take. Inter- active real-time voice and video communications over the LAN require the de- livery of a steady stream of packets with very low end-to-end delay, and this cannot generally be achieved with the current LAN technologies as they stand. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) At one time, there was a belief that ATM networking to the desktop would be embraced by LAN users to solve this problem. ATM is a networking technolo- gy that was designed speciÞcally to handle a combination of the low-delay steady stream characteristics of voice and video and the bursty, intermittent characteristics of data communications. The ATM Forum, the industry body responsible for publishing ATM speci- Þcations, has developed a number of standards that enable desktops connected directly to ATM networks to support existing LAN data applications as well as voice telephony and videoconferencing. The ATM Forum standards for the support of voice and video over ATM to the desktop typically avoid the use of traditional LAN protocols such as IP, and instead place the voice or video streams directly over the ATM protocols. While it is clear that ATM to the desktop provides an elegant and effective solution for combining voice, video, and data over the LAN, this approach does imply a ÒforkliftÓ to the LAN infrastructure and the end station connec- tion. The cost and disruptive impact of such an upgrade tend to limit its appeal, and as a result desktop ATM is not expected to be widely adopted. However, the ability of ATM to provide Quality of Service, Ñ that is, to de- liver real-time voice or video streams with a guaranteed upper bound on delay Ñ makes ATM an excellent choice for the LAN backbone where voice and video over the LAN is needed.
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