i i i i West Bohemian Historical Review VII j 2017 j 2 Editors-in-Chief Lukáš Novotný (University of West Bohemia in Pilsen) Gabriele Clemens (University of Hamburg) Co-editor Roman Kodet (University of West Bohemia in Pilsen) Editorial board Stanislav Balík (Faculty of Law, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic) Gabriele Clemens (Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany) Anselm Doering-Manteuffel (Faculty of Humanities, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany) Ewald Frie (Faculty of Humanities, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany) Radek Fukala (Faculty of Philosophy, J. E. PurkynˇeUniversity, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic) Frank Golczewski (Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany) László Gulyás (Institute of Economy and Rural Development, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary) Arno Herzig (Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany) Hermann Joseph Hiery (Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany) Václav Horˇciˇcka (Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic) Drahomír Janˇcík (Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic) i i i i i i i i ZdenˇekJirásek (Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Silesian University, Opava, Czech Republic) Bohumil Jiroušek (Faculty of Philosophy, University of South Bohemia, Ceskéˇ Budˇejovice,Czech Republic) Roman Kodet (Faculty of Arts, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic) Dušan Kováˇc (Institute of History, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia) Martin Kováˇr (Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic) Hans-Christof Kraus (Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Passau, Passau, Germany) Richard Lein (Institute for History, University of Graz, Graz, Austria) Hermann Mückler (Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria) Martin Nejedlý (Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic) Lukáš Novotný (Faculty of Arts, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic) Monica Rüthers (Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany) Irén Simándi (Institutional Departments of International Relations and History, Kodolányi János University of Applied Sciences, Székesfehérvár, Hungary) Aleš Skˇrivan,Jr. (Faculty of Arts, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen / Faculty of Economics, University of Economics, Prague, Czech Republic) Aleš Skˇrivan,Sr. (Faculty of Arts, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen / Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic) Arnold Suppan (former Vicepresident of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria) Miroslav Šedivý (Faculty of Arts, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic) Andrej Tóth (Faculty of Economics, University of Economics, Prague / Faculty of Philosophy, University of South Bohemia, Ceskéˇ Budˇejovice,Czech Republic) Pavel Vaˇreka (Faculty of Arts, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic) László T. Vizi (Kodolányi János University of Applied Sciences, Székesfehérvár, Hungary) Marija Wakounig (Faculty of Historical and Cultural Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria) Jan Županiˇc (Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic) i i i i i i i i Contents Studies Soldiers and Money. An Attempt at Reforming the Customs Service and Reinforcing the Army in the British North American Colonies in the Years of 1763–1764 223 Jaromír Soukup Die Nordroute der Auswanderer aus der Habsburgermonarchie 239 Martin Boˇcek To Legislative Anchoring of the Sugar Industry in the Newly Established Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1921) 271 Jakub Drábek – Andrej Tóth Die Bedeutung des Protektorats Böhmen und Mähren für das Reich aus der Sicht des Tourismus 293 Ivan Jakubec The Nigerian State and the Challenges of Curbing Insecurity: A Perspective on the Role of Students 331 Adedayo Emmanuel Afe Reviews Jaroslav MICHÁLKA, Roky v pekle. Vzpomínky politického vˇeznˇez 50. let 351 Jana Kˇrivancová Karel SVOBODA, Autokrat a jeho doba. Rusko a revoluce v letech 1830–1831 354 JiˇríVyˇcichlo i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i West Bohemian Historical Review VII j 2017 j 2 Soldiers and Money. An Attempt at Reforming the Customs Service and Reinforcing the Army in the British North American Colonies in the Years of 1763–1764 Jaromír Soukup∗ This study focuses on changes in British colonial policy and politics after the Seven Years’ War in North America. It deals primarily with the transformation of British eco- nomic policy towards its colonies. After the Seven Years’ War, the United Kingdom sought funds to strengthen defence of the newly acquired territories in North Amer- ica. In 1764 the British parliament approved of the Sugar Act that tightened the customs service in America. The money raised by this law should have gone to the protection of the British Empire in North America. The study analyses the reasons for the transfor- mation of British politics after the Seven Years’ War, as well as the impact of this policy on the relation between the mother country and its colonies in North America. [Great Britain; North America; Colonies; Army; Sugar Act of 1764] The1 end of Seven Years’ War meant for Great Britain not only defeat- ing France and gaining territories in North America and India, but also an enormous increase of the national debt. Whereas in 1755 the state debt amounted to over 72 million pounds, at the beginning of 1763 it reached the sum of 122.6 million pounds. By January 1764 it had soared by another 7 million.2 However, it was not only the state debt which was calling for intensified attention from the side of the ∗ Institute of World History, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Nám. J. Palacha 2, 116 38, Prague 1, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected]. 1 This study was published as part of the university program PROGRES Q 09: History – The key to understanding the globalized world. 2 The interest on debt amounted to more than 4 million pounds, whereas the state budget was approximately 8 million pounds. See also L. H. GIPSON, British Empire X. Thunder-Clouds Gather in the West 1763–1766, New York 1961, p. 200; E. D. MORGAN – H. M. MORGAN, The Stamp Act Crisis, Prologue to Revolution, Chapel Hill 1953. 223 i i i i i i i i West Bohemian Historical Review VII j 2017 j 2 government as well as that of the King; it was also the question of se- curity of the newly conquested territories. As early as in September 1762 King George III together with his Prime Minister John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, planned to increase the numbers of soldiers in Britain, Ire- land and America by employing more regiments.3 Even after the end of Seven Years’ War it was still evident that fear of France persisted in London. George III selected the army budget of 1749 as his starting point; which means the budget from the very first peace year after the War of the Austrian Succession. The King decided to make up a plan which would allow him to enlarge the army without exceeding the given budget. The plan consisted in increasing the number of regiments, but the number of recruited soldiers would be reduced in all of them in peace times. Instead, each regiment should have maintained the full number of officers in4 active service as well as administration, which would ensure that in a case of emergency5 it would be possible to re- cruit a necessary number of soldiers quickly enough. The parliamentary budget committee in charge of approving of fi- nancial means for the army gathered to a session on 4 March 1763. The press kept publishing the news of the “most crammed” House of Commons since commencing the parliamentary session season.6 Gov- ernment MPs expected that the opposition would attack army expen- diture. The leading figure of the opposition was Duke of Newcastle. According to American historian Allen S. Johnson, the state debt of Great Britain amounted to roughly 137 million pounds. See A. S. JOHNSON, The Passage of the Sugar Act, in: William and Mary Quarterly (WMQ), 16, 4, 1959, p. 507. 3 J. L. BULLION, Security and Economy: The Bute Administration’s Plans for the American Army and Revenue, 1762–1763, in: WMQ, 45, 3, 1988, pp. 501–503. 4 Those criticising this policy as well as some historians would accuse the King and Earl of Bute of trying to intensify their influence by means of patronage, i. e. the possibility of appointing officers. Robert Middlekauff wrote that officers represented a substantial support for the King as a number of them were also members of the House of Commons. See R. MIDDLEKAUF, The Glorious Cause. The American Revolu- tion 1763–1789, Oxford – New York 1982, p. 51. Another opinion is presented by John L. Bullion, who argues by means of the King’s letter to his confidant, Earl of Bute, in which the King clearly rejects such a claim. See J. L. BULLION, The Ten Thousand in America, in: WMQ, 43, 4, 1986, p. 651. 5 BULLION, Security and Economy, p. 502. 6 P.D. G. THOMAS, British Politics and the Stamp Act Crisis. The First Phase of the Ameri- can Revolution, 1763–1767, Oxford 1975, p. 38. 224 i i i i i i i i J. Soukup, Soldiers and Money For the Duke and his allies the main problem, however, did not lie in safeguarding the new territories against a potential French attack; they rather saw it in the state of finance. The Duke and his friends believed that Britain should be helped most by decreasing the num- ber of soldiers. They viewed as their primary aim refining taxation policy. This aim of their should have been achieved by means of slash- ing high taxes, which the government imposed during the war itself in order to get means for waging it. Easing the tax burden was sup- posed to contribute to increasing the active trade balance and thus to securing higher state revenues. Moreover, whereas the tax burden rested mainly with Great Britain, her colonies had so far contributed to their mother country with nearly a negligible sum of money.