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Home , Adena culture, Cuyahoga River, Earthworks (archaeology), Euclid Creek, History of Cleveland, Mound

the forgotten indian of , by Laura Peskin 1178 Mohegan Trail Willoughby, OH 44094

The Cleveland region has rich the authenticity of these relics. Their south of Public Square and even there, it that goes back over 11,000 years. On a descriptions relied on the fading memo- was merely a path through . (New- less grand scale than the spectacular ruins ries of Cleveland’s founders when these burgh Township, four miles to the south- in Southern Ohio, remains of Moundbuilder individuals realized many years later that west, where Morgan then resided, was ceremonialism and mortuary ritual are com- details of the city’s early history might be more developed; Cleveland in a compara- mon in . In fact the Cleveland something worth committing to writing. tive context was a clearing in the woods.) region is one of Ohio’s key archaeological Also, since these of memory Thus in the early days of Cleveland not areas for the study of the poorly known have never been examined for artifacts, it is much disturbance came to the . As Late Woodland era (500 AD-900 AD). possible that they naturally occurring Cleveland transitioned from a little New The Allegheny , Central Till Plains features and not constructed by England Village to an industrial center, the and Great Plain meet in the Cleve- hands. This is not to say that there was mound gave way to urban settlement. Its land area. This geology could have been not human activity in the location is in the heart of the city’s com- significant for the proliferation of human in what is now . The mercial activity. activity in this region in all eras. The erod- area’s location at the mouth of a major river ing Allegheny escarpment has provided suggests that the area probably attracted “Ancient Newburg Fort” (33Cu5) and ready Paleozoic building material in the in many eras. For example artifacts mounds in Cleveland. form of the Euclid Bluestone, Sharon Con- found in the vicinity of East Ninth Street, Cleveland’s most -known Indian glomerate, Berea Sandstone, and Cleve- some mentioned in this study, support the mound is one that over time has been flat- land Siltstone. Another geological existence of prehistoric inhabitants in what tened. It also has the distinction of before that shaped human activity in the region is Cleveland’s downtown area. having been destroyed, never having its is its position directly southeast of a large builders determined; no-one knows if (Erie). Thus storms from the North- An Indian mound at the mouth of the they were Woodland or Late Prehistoric. west have battered the region since time Cuyahoga The mound site, in the Slavic Village sec- immemorial, leaving precipitation that has According to early settlers a mound at tion of Cleveland, is appropriately marked carved its way into swift moving the mouth of the was quite by Mound School and Mound Avenue on teeming with fish. Unbeknownst to many sizable, perhaps up to 150 feet in diam- the south. The site is approximately one Northeast Ohioans today, the region is eter and 75 feet tall. It was gradually lost city block bounded by Huss Avenue to the also strategically located on a continental after Clevelanders rechanneled the mouth north and East 55th and East 59th Streets. divide; waters north of the so-called Great of the Cuyahoga River too close to it. The Ackley Avenue, through to the major thor- Bend in northern Akron flow ultimately into rechanneling occurred in the 1820s as an oughfare of Broadway, joins the block at a ; those eight miles to the south in infrastructure improvement for the simul- northeast angle. At the time of Whittlesey’s the flow into the Tuscara- taneous building of the Erie Canal. Before writing the property with the mound was River and ultimately into the Gulf of the rechanneling the mound was in fact belonged to Dr. H.A. Ackley. The area was Mexico. This divide provided transporta- not at the mouth of the river as pictured in still rural and non-incorporated until the tion advantages in this region from ancient the painting in FIGURE 1; the early 1870s when the city’s expanding times all the way up to the advent of rail- was around a mile to the west, at the termi- Czech population gradually built up the roads in the mid-19th Century. nus of what is known as the Old Riverbed. Broadway/ East 55th Street area. An 1874 The Ohio shore of Lake Erie was impor- The painting, created for Cleveland’s 1896 atlas of Cuyahoga County shows the Huss/ tant in the Archaic period (7,000 to 1,000 Centennial, depicts the rechanneled river Mound/ East 55th Street block virtually as BC). There have been more revealing directly east of the mound. The painting it still stands today. Undoubtedly the flat- Archaic findings in Northeast Ohio than is based on a well-known woodcut of the tening of the earthworks, cliffs and ravines interesting artifacts from later prehistoric same scene created at the time of the riv- that accompanied the area’s urbanization Indians. Key Archaic developments in the er’s rechanneling or perhaps earlier. Occa- dates to the same time period. The 1881 region were commencement of atlatl or sionally prior to the rechanneling, during City Atlas of Cleveland already shows nine thrower use, and greater depen- heavy storms, the river did jump its banks houses or buildings on the block. dence on wild plants and fish in the diet of and surge toward the lake near the point of The main reference to the mound site is this pre-agricultural people. the later manmade bed. a mid 19th Century map by Charles Whit- Cleveland contains earthworks from all There was at least one other Indian tlesey. Whittlesey provided a few words of three major periods of the Woodland Era mound near what is now Cleveland’s Public description to a similar Newburgh Town- (700 BC to 900 AD). These consist of cer- Square. It stood on what became Ontario ship mound. This latter mound would have emonial earthen enclosures and Early and Street, just south of Prospect Avenue. been near present-day Harvard and East Middle Woodland mounds. At least This point in our present-day is just east 71st Street. The exact location has been twice as many Late Prehistoric ceremo- of and just west of the lost, but because of the area’s industrial- nial enclosures (900-1650 AD) as - 19th Century Stanley Block, voted a Cleve- ization, nothing of the mound is thought to land ones were found in Northeast Ohio, land landmark in 2011. Isham Morgan, an survive. Whittlesey noted that the mound but none in Cleveland. Perhaps this was original area settler, had a good view of was ten feet high in 1847 and quickly dis- because the portion of the Cuyahoga River the mound around 1812 when he rode on appearing thereafter thanks to agriculture. near Lake Erie in what’s now Cleveland has horseback to Cleveland with his father. Another Newburgh prehistoric site well been one of the least navigable area water- Morgan observed over a period of “sev- described by Whittlesey is now in Cuyahoga ways. eral” years that the mound became levelled. Heights, near the The first earthworks mentioned in this He noted that in 1812 Ontario Street was Reservation. The site study were unknown to all but Cleveland’s in a forested region which stretched east, is atop a high bluff jutting out over the earliest settlers. Some ambiguity surrounds south and west. Ontario Street only ran Cuyahoga River. It is thus surrounded by

32 Ohio Archaeologist 33 Vol. 61, No. 2, Spring 2011 water on three sides. Whittlesey named the Woodland people, life continued much as it The street number changes of 1905-1906 Cuyahoga Heights Ancient Fort had for centuries. Food continued to be pro- place the mound in the 3200 block of pres- #2, Newburg. As with the two Newburgh cured by and gathering if of a more ent-day Woodland Avenue. The mound’s Townships mounds, not a trace of the sedentary type supplemented by rudimen- environs have been highly developed for the Cuyahoga Heights site remains. Like the tary agriculture with squash and maygrass. last 100 years. A gas station occupied the other earthworks the Cuyahoga Heights Cultivation of was very limited though property from about 1922 to 1973. Directly site has never been analyzed and dated. experimentation with it probably occurred. to the east was the St. Ann’s Maternity Whittlesey noted the enclosure consisted For Adena people there were some crucial Hospital/ DePaul Infant Home. Since 1973 of a single wall and trench on the land side. lifestyle changes. saw the the site has belonged to Cuyahoga Com- The trench had an opening. Another point of beginning in Ohio of a true sedentary lifestyle munity College and has comprised a park access was a narrow passageway along the based on agriculture. and recreation buffer zone between college southern portion of the ravine. These portals facilities to the west and the dilapidated draw the site’s function as a fort into ques- The Koth Cache (33Cu58) Longwood public housing complex on the tion, More likely the site had a ceremonial Valley View, Ohio east. From 2004 to 2009 Boca Raton’s Finch purpose (FIGURE 2). Whittlesey noted in Quantities of Adena artifacts with neither Group tore down Longwood and launched a 1850 that only five feet of the wall’s height skeletons nor mounds have been found national award-winning innovation in public remained, as the site had just recently in Ohio wetlands. Such concentrations of housing called the New Arbor Park Village. came under cultivation. material goods are called caches. These The mound site was under construction as are usually found in boggy areas that may of 2010 for a parking lot for nearby college Early Woodland Period: have been wetter in former times. Prehis- buildings that are also under construction. 700 BC – 100 AD, and Moundbuilder toric people may have lowered items into Culture near Cleveland the water for ceremonial purposes. Some- Sawtell (Avenue) Mound, 33Cu6, Cleve- The Adena people who radiated out- times remains of the vessels which held the land, Ohio. This mound was located at ward from the Chillicothe, Ohio region had items are found with the cache. East 63rd Street and Woodland Avenues. the highest Early Woodland mounds and Not far from Whittlesy’s Fort #2 is the The part of Sawtell Avenue that it occu- most elaborate ceremonial culture. The remarkably little known Koth Cache which pied no longer exists. The one block af tallest Adena mounds were over 70 feet yielded 150 Adena leaf shaped blades. The the street that still remains is appropriately and the widest 300 feet in diameter. North- cache was found on high ground in the called Sawtell Court. The mound site is east Ohio’s Early Woodland mounds are Cuyahoga Valley south of Tinkers Creek now part of the Ohio Food Terminal facil- smaller. and east of the Cuyahoga River. The loca- ity. An alley leading from Crayton Avenue It is important to note that not all Ohio tion is currently in the National Park, north of to the vicinity of the mound site is fittingly Early Woodland involved mounds. Alexander Road. At the time of the find, the named Indianola. A 19th Century viewer Most Early Woodland burials in north- 1930s, the area was described as boggy. stated that the Sawtell Mound was five feet ern Ohio were not in mounds, but in oval high, 40 feet long and 25 feet wide. Whit- earthen enclosures such as atop steep Specific Early Woodland Mounds and tlesey and Judge C.C. Baldwin, also active bluffs of a creek. Seaman’s Fort in Erie Sites around Cleveland in the Western Reserve Historical Society, County is a good example. There were also Garlick Mound, 33Cu58, Cleveland, opened the mound slightly in 1870. They Adena burials of this type in southern Ohio Ohio. This mound was at the southeast found ornamental beads, rings, a and northern . One good example corner of East Ninth Street and Euclid spherical hematite gorget and a clay tube is the Colerain Works near present-day Avenue on the future site of the Wesleyan pipe (FIGURE 3). Andrew Freese, the owner . Methodist Church built in 1839. The site has of the land with the mound, did not want An important trait of the Early Woodland been known since the first decade of the it disturbed at that time. The mound was Period in Ohio is the commencement of 20th Century as the location of the George finally opened entirely in 1909. The report of in this region. It was mainly simple Post-designed Cleveland Trust Company. the mound’s excavation did not take note of and thick walled. Such a pottery found in Landowner Dr. Theodatus Garlick and his what was found, but said a few items were Northern Ohio that shows little Adena influ- brother Abel partially opened the mound in donated to the Western Reserve Historical ence, is the Leimbach type named after the 1820. A slate piercing and slate gorget Society. Leimbach archaeological site on the Vermil- were recovered. lion River in Lorain County. Leimbach ware Mound (no OAI #) Cleveland in Northeast Ohio exhibited cord marking Gaylord Mound, (no OAI number) Cleve- or Euclid, OH. Although the exact location on the outside. land, Ohio. This was a mound at 374 Wood- of this prehistoric work has been lost to The Leimbach ware also has massive land Avenue, the 11 acre country estate of time, a logical choice would be where St. crude rectangular lug-type handles not the Erastus Gaylord family. Erastus Gay- Clair Avenue meets . In 1851 found on Adena pottery. Some archae- lord came to Cleveland from Connecticut when the Lakeshore Railroad was being ologists think the Leimbach ware’s simple in 1834 and established Cleveland’s first constructed, a large tubular pipe- design reflects its utilitarian, nonceremonial pharmacy Stickland and Gaylord. (Erastus stem was found in the mound. It was in the nature as well as the fact that specimens perhaps is better known along with mem- range of three to eight inches long. A clay were designed as single-use items. In con- bers of the Severance family, his neighbors ball was found inside it. Consistent with this trast some Adena pottery was used for cer- on Woodland Avenue, as a founder of the finding is the knowledge that smokers of emonial purposes. Adena pottery such as Canal , a troubled and dishonest Mid clay tube pipes placed small pebbles and Adena Plain and Montgomery Incised was 19th Century financial house which served the like inside the pipes to keep the smok- sleeker and more stylized. Very little if any Ohio and Erie Canal shippers.) ing materials from coming out. of this fancier pottery has been found in In the late 1800s, a member of the Gay- Archaeologist MC Read, who first reported Northeast Ohio. lord family retrieved from the mound an the Collinwood pipe, thought it was used as Most of the Early Woodland people in “Adena type” of eight inches a hom. He tested his Collinwood find out as a Northern Ohio were not Adena but other in length. A summer 2010 archaeologi- horn and found it worked quite well. He also Moundbuilders. The Woodland people, Early, cal investigation of the area in addition to referred the reader to prolific archaeologist Middle and Late, occupied what became the historic relics, merely turned up unfinished and naturalist Charles Conrad Abbott who Eastern . Most Early Woodland prehistoric from local . There had had similar experiences with like pipe- people did not participate in the Adena cul- was not enough information from the finds stems found in . Abbott noted tural revolution. For these non-Adena Early for temporal and cultural assignment. blowing on the pipestems he found would

Ohio Archaeologist 34 Vol. 61, No. 2, Spring 2011 35 produce a noise so shrill it could be heard Middle Woodland culture in Northeast Another sign of progress in the Late for a good ways away. He then conjectured Ohio. However other Middle Woodland cul- Woodland Period was entrance into Ohio that Indians had used broken tobacco pipe- tures, besides Hopewell, are hard to detect of the bow and . Points launched stems as sound signaling devices over vast because life went on much as before. One by bows moved more swiftly and could distances. such Middle Woodland, non-Hopewell site be sent forth in greater succession than in Northeast Ohio is the: those launched by atlatl, the former chief Holtkamp Mound, (33Cu78) Bentleyville, hunting weapon. This change allowed for Ohio. A Woodland site, Huntington Road Site (33La160), greater hunting success. Additionally bow- though some seven miles east of Cleve- Paines-ville Township, Ohio. The site is launched points had greater impact, further land, deserves mention for its colorful his- on the north bank of the Red Creek just maximizing wild game harvesting. tory. This site, called Holtkamp, overlooks east of where the creek enters the Grand Military and sacred earthworks continued the Chagrin River just south of where the River. Chesser and Snyder projectile points to be erected in the Late Woodland period. river’s two branches split. The site was orig- were found. These were used by a num- Some Late Woodland and Late Prehistoric inally on Julius Kent’s land, about 50 feet ber of Middle Woodland people besides Period earthworks have remains of log south of his residence. By the 1870s Mar- the Hopewell. The pottery recovered from stockades, and thus are considered to be tin Bentley owned the land. By the 1900s professional digging at Huntington was more defensive than the earthworks which the Foster family had acquired the property. undecorated. The remains of vegetable preceded them. Today it abuts Cleveland Metroparks’South matter were mainly nutshells. No evidence Chagrin reservation. The site consists of of the following prominent Hopewell traits Fort Hill, OH57, North Olmsted, Ohio. This a mound that was opened in about 1840. were found: site, one half mile west of Cleveland Hopkins Four stone unlidded coffins were found. Airport, overlooks the . The site One was child sized. The others were built a) agriculture with emphasis on tobacco consists of three earthen walls that acted to for adults of larger size than the Indians that cordon off a point of land surrounded on the European settlers had encountered. Their b) ample earthen enclosures of a more elab- other three sides by water. The walls date large size and sophisticated stone technol- orate nature than Adena predecessors to about 800 AD. Since no post-mold holes ogy fueled prominent 19th Century racist for any structure were found at the site, it ideology. This theorized incorrectly that the c) continent-wide networks is assumed to be ceremonial, not defensive. Ohio moundbuilders were somehow related There is also evidence at Fort Hill for later to the Egyptians or members of other great d) a wider variety and more elaborate deco- use by Whittlesey people. Eurasian civilizations, perhaps a lost tribe ration in functional art including pottery of Israel. Euro-Americans who held such The Late Prehistoric Period: notions were also likely to be among the At least one Hopewell site has been found 900 AD - 1660 AD, and Whittlesey large group of believers that historic Indians in Cleveland proper. A site discovered dur- Culture near Cleveland encountered by Europeans were indeed ing sewer construction near the Cuyahoga The Late Prehistoric period in northern “savage” and had wiped out the Mound- Old Riverbed yielded a few Hopewell arti- Ohio between the Conneaut River in east- builders. The idea that the historic Indians facts and a possible mound. The site’s ern Ashtabula County and the Black River were actually descended from the Mound- location near the original mouth of the in Lorain is distinguished by a marked cul- builders struggled to find an audience in the Cuyahoga River would certainly have been ture that archaeologist Emerson Greenman early 19th Century. Crisfield Johnson, editor a logical place for a mound. The rest of the named the Whittlesey Focus after Charles of the 1879 source detailing the large cof- Cleveland area Hopewell mounds are in the Whittlesey. Changes in pottery style and a fins, voiced the more modern opinion, that Cuyahoga Valley National Park. transition to a more sedentary lifestyle char- the Moundbuilders were in fact ancestors acterized the Whittlesey Focus. In some of historic Indians. This author however The Late Woodland Period near ways the Whittlesey Focus displayed the in his article also mentioned the compet- Cleveland: 500 AD - 900 AD insularity and isolation of the Late Wood- ing idea that the Moundbuilders were an The land area corresponding to North- land period. Local flint as opposed to that “advanced” group unrelated to historic east Ohio played a more prominent role in quarried far away became more popular American Indians. the Late Woodland Period than in the Early for points and blades. The Hopewell level of trade was never re-established. Mounds Perhaps the reason that the mound was or Middle Woodland. A Late Woodland and elaborate burials were rare in the Whit- first opened in 1840 but only added to a period site in Northeast Ohio, Greenwood tlesey Focus. Yet the Mid-Continental cul- regional history some 39 years later was that Village, (33Su93) now in the national park, tural blossoming inspired by Native Mexican in 1878 another excavation was undertaken is one of the most important Late Wood- developments, and called Mississippian cul- at the mound and written up in a local news- land sites in the state. The Late Woodland ture, was present in the Whittlesey Focus. paper. This later dig revealed a fifth coffin period occurred in last part of the first in Two hallmarks of seen and also banded slate gorgets and at least Millennium AD, around the time of the in Northeast Ohio were rich ceremonialism one projectile point. The Johnson article on perhaps parallel European “Dark Ages.” and continued agricultural advancement. the 1840 excavation mentioned no artifacts. One possible reason for Woodland cul- The flowering of Mississippian culture In the early 1900s prominent citizens tural decline at this time was scarcity of in Ohio is most associated with the Fort Howard and Homer Foster attempted addi- large game. Trade goods from afar such Ancient people near the . In turn tional explorations at the mound site, but as vanished. Mica ceremonialism civilization spread to the Whit- being superstitious types, curtailed their ceased. Art became simple. Yet in the Late tlesey Focus and other cultures further efforts only after a little digging; they thought Woodland period advancements in agricul- north. Through Fort Ancient culture and the they heard strange noises coming from the ture and took place, rendering Mississippian influence, beans, originally mound!! As of the 1970s the mound stood the period no “dark ages” at all. from Mexico, came to dominate northern over eight feet high and 20 feet wide. Several important changes in applied Ohio agriculture. Maize, also originally from technology occurred at the end of Late Mexico, showed improved varieties among The Middle Woodland Period: Woodland Period. One was the decline of Whittlesey people. The Reeve Road site, 100 BC - 700 AD, and Hopewell Mound maygrass in dietary importance. A second 33La7, Eastlake, Ohio, east of Cleveland Culture near Cleveland was the rise of underground pits for pro- suggests increased tobacco culture; more Before delving into the specifics of longed food storage. Both of these changes smoking pipes were recovered there than at Hopewell Culture, it is necessary to point in diet resulted in freeing up energy previ- any other Ohio prehistoric site excepting the out that Hopewell culture was not the only ously used for food procurement. central Ohio Mound City group.

34 Ohio Archaeologist 35 Vol. 61, No. 2, Spring 2011 Like Reeve Road, most Whittlesey earth- Europeans. The reported to mis- Nolan, Kevin works and large-scale cultural finds have sionary writers that they had found near “The Huntington Road Site: A Middle been to the east and south of Cleveland. what’s now Cleveland a population of less Woodland Habitation in Northeastern Ohio,” One important site, Tuttle Hill, 33Cu7, Inde- technically advanced Indians who had no Cleveland: Cleveland Archaeological Society, pendence, Ohio is in an industrial area knowledge of Europeans. The missionaries 2004. only two miles south of city limits. This is also recorded the Iroquois as saying they “Oldest resident.” Annals of Early Settlers’ Assn another of the earthen hilltop enclosures easily vanquished these predecessors. We (ESA). 2. Clvlnd: Exec Cmte. ESA. 1881. 65-74. that Charles Whittlesey investigated in the can only assume that this Iroquois victory 19th Century. Whittlesey called the site the ended Whittlesey culture and Cleveland’s “Point,” cat. # 78.0. 22 (Gaylord property). Ancient Fort #3, Independence. The current rich prehistory. Western Reserve Historical Society, Online name stems from Henry Tuttle, the owner accession records. Accessed 8/19/2010 of property in Whittlesey’s time. Twentieth References at www.wrhs.org. Century industrialization totally wiped out the earthworks, the location of which pres- Belovich, Stephanie Read, Matthew Canfield. “Defensive or Sacred? An Early Late Wood- Archaeology of Ohio. Cleveland: Western ently is the Cloverleaf Bowling Alley on land Enclosure in Northeast Ohio” in Ancient Reserve Historical Scty, 1888. 43-44. State Route 21. Whittlesey lamented about Earthen Enclosures of the Eastern Wood- the wear from agriculture on the earthwork lands, edited by Robt. C. Mainfort. Gaines- Rice, Harvey in his own time, describing the area as ville, FL: Univ. Press of FL, 1998. “Early Settlers’ Assn. (ESACC) Anniversary.” “mercilessly cropped.” Annals of the Early Settlers’ Assn. 1-2. Tuttle Hill was the site of Emerson’s Brose, David Cleveland: ESACC, 1889. 295-302. Greenman’s 1930 work which identified the “The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex in Whittlesey Focus. Tuttle Hill also lends its Northern Ohio.” Ohio Archaeologist 21, no. 4 Shane, Orrin III name to a style of pottery which David Brose (1971):1619. “The Leimbach Phase ... in Eastern North American Prehistory.” Ph.D. dissertation, identified and called Tuttle Hill Notched. Chagrin Falls Exponent, 1878. Case Institute of Technology, 1967. This style characterizes much of the pot- tery in the entire area. Far more of the type Johnson, Crisfield. Stothers, David and TJ Abel. was uncovered at larger nearby South Park History of Cuyahoga County. Phila: Ensign, “Early Woodland Prehistory in the Western (33Cu8), Independence. It is a late pottery 1876. 16. Lake Erie ” in Transitions ... , style, perhaps as recent as 1650 AD, the edited by MP Otto and B.Redmond. Colum- era of the last of the Whittlesey people. The Keener, Craig et al. bus: Ohio State Univ. Press, 2008. style (FIGURE 4) shows likely Fort Ancient “... Settler’s Ridge .... An Early Woodland influence. Despite their late date, and the Leimbach Phase Upland Encampment in Whittlesey, Charles Northern Ohio.” North Am. Archaeologist 30, Earty Ohio. Clvlnd: recovery of well-preserved shell tempered no. 1 (2009): 23-55. Fairbanks & Benedict, 1867. specimens, local Tuttle-Notched pieces do not evince shell-tempering more than the Lee, Alfred Whiftlesey, Chas. slightly earlier Reeve pottery. personal communication. Feb. 2, 2011. Ancient Earth Forts of the Cuyahoga Valley. Around 1650 the powerful Iroquois ClvInd: Fairbanks & Benedict, 1871. took control of southern Lake Erie in their quest for valuable pelts to trade to

Ohio Archaeologist 36 Vol. 61, No. 2, Spring 2011 37 Figure 1 (Peskin) “Cleaveland 1800,” 1896

Figure 2 (Peskin) “Ancient Fort #2 Newburg,” now in Cuyahoga Heights (Whittlesey {1871} 59).

Figure 3 (Peskin) This is Charles Whittlesey’s cross-sectional drawing of the clay tube that he removed from the Sawtell mound (Whittlesey {1871} 40).

Figure 4 (Peskin) Tuttle-Hill Notched pottery shard. (, Cuyahoga Valley National Park: “American Indians – Late Prehistoric”, www.nps.gov/cuva).

This bodysherd is highly ornamented. The rim may have displayed symmetri- cally placed decorations corresponding to handle points.

36 Ohio Archaeologist 37 Vol. 61, No. 2, Spring 2011