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The Forgotten Indian Earthworks of Cleveland, Ohio by Laura Peskin 1178 Mohegan Trail Willoughby, OH 44094

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The Forgotten Indian Earthworks of Cleveland, Ohio by Laura Peskin 1178 Mohegan Trail Willoughby, OH 44094 THE foRGotten INDIan eaRTHwoRKS of clevelanD, OHIO by Laura Peskin 1178 Mohegan Trail Willoughby, OH 44094 The Cleveland region has rich prehistory the authenticity of these relics. Their south of Public Square and even there, it that goes back over 11,000 years. On a descriptions relied on the fading memo- was merely a path through woods. (New- less grand scale than the spectacular ruins ries of Cleveland’s founders when these burgh Township, four miles to the south- in Southern Ohio, remains of Moundbuilder individuals realized many years later that west, where Morgan then resided, was ceremonialism and mortuary ritual are com- details of the city’s early history might be more developed; Cleveland in a compara- mon in Northeast Ohio. In fact the Cleveland something worth committing to writing. tive context was a clearing in the woods.) region is one of Ohio’s key archaeological Also, since these mounds of memory Thus in the early days of Cleveland not areas for the study of the poorly known have never been examined for artifacts, it is much disturbance came to the mound. As Late Woodland era (500 AD-900 AD). possible that they were naturally occurring Cleveland transitioned from a little New The Allegheny Plateau, Central Till Plains features and not constructed by human England Village to an industrial center, the and Great Lakes Plain meet in the Cleve- hands. This is not to say that there was mound gave way to urban settlement. Its land area. This geology could have been not human activity in the Woodland period location is in the heart of the city’s com- significant for the proliferation of human in what is now downtown Cleveland. The mercial activity. activity in this region in all eras. The erod- area’s location at the mouth of a major river ing Allegheny escarpment has provided suggests that the area probably attracted “Ancient Newburg Fort” (33Cu5) and ready Paleozoic building material in the humans in many eras. For example artifacts mounds in Cleveland. form of the Euclid Bluestone, Sharon Con- found in the vicinity of East Ninth Street, Cleveland’s most well-known Indian glomerate, Berea Sandstone, and Cleve- some mentioned in this study, support the mound is one that over time has been flat- land Siltstone. Another geological feature existence of prehistoric inhabitants in what tened. It also has the distinction of before that shaped human activity in the region is Cleveland’s downtown area. having been destroyed, never having its is its position directly southeast of a large builders determined; no-one knows if lake (Erie). Thus storms from the North- An Indian mound at the mouth of the they were Woodland or Late Prehistoric. west have battered the region since time Cuyahoga The mound site, in the Slavic Village sec- immemorial, leaving precipitation that has According to early settlers a mound at tion of Cleveland, is appropriately marked carved its way into swift moving streams the mouth of the Cuyahoga River was quite by Mound School and Mound Avenue on teeming with fish. Unbeknownst to many sizable, perhaps up to 150 feet in diam- the south. The site is approximately one Northeast Ohioans today, the region is eter and 75 feet tall. It was gradually lost city block bounded by Huss Avenue to the also strategically located on a continental after Clevelanders rechanneled the mouth north and East 55th and East 59th Streets. divide; waters north of the so-called Great of the Cuyahoga River too close to it. The Ackley Avenue, through to the major thor- Bend in northern Akron flow ultimately into rechanneling occurred in the 1820s as an oughfare of Broadway, joins the block at a Lake Erie; those eight miles to the south in infrastructure improvement for the simul- northeast angle. At the time of Whittlesey’s the Portage Lakes flow into the Tuscara- taneous building of the Erie Canal. Before writing the property with the mound was River and ultimately into the Gulf of the rechanneling the mound was in fact belonged to Dr. H.A. Ackley. The area was Mexico. This divide provided transporta- not at the mouth of the river as pictured in still rural and non-incorporated until the tion advantages in this region from ancient the painting in FIGURE 1; the river mouth early 1870s when the city’s expanding times all the way up to the advent of rail- was around a mile to the west, at the termi- Czech population gradually built up the roads in the mid-19th Century. nus of what is known as the Old Riverbed. Broadway/ East 55th Street area. An 1874 The Ohio shore of Lake Erie was impor- The painting, created for Cleveland’s 1896 atlas of Cuyahoga County shows the Huss/ tant in the Archaic period (7,000 to 1,000 Centennial, depicts the rechanneled river Mound/ East 55th Street block virtually as BC). There have been more revealing directly east of the mound. The painting it still stands today. Undoubtedly the flat- Archaic findings in Northeast Ohio than is based on a well-known woodcut of the tening of the earthworks, cliffs and ravines interesting artifacts from later prehistoric same scene created at the time of the riv- that accompanied the area’s urbanization Indians. Key Archaic developments in the er’s rechanneling or perhaps earlier. Occa- dates to the same time period. The 1881 region were commencement of atlatl or sionally prior to the rechanneling, during City Atlas of Cleveland already shows nine spear thrower use, and greater depen- heavy storms, the river did jump its banks houses or buildings on the block. dence on wild plants and fish in the diet of and surge toward the lake near the point of The main reference to the mound site is this pre-agricultural people. the later manmade bed. a mid 19th Century map by Charles Whit- Cleveland contains earthworks from all There was at least one other Indian tlesey. Whittlesey provided a few words of three major periods of the Woodland Era mound near what is now Cleveland’s Public description to a similar Newburgh Town- (700 BC to 900 AD). These consist of cer- Square. It stood on what became Ontario ship mound. This latter mound would have emonial earthen enclosures and Early and Street, just south of Prospect Avenue. been near present-day Harvard and East Middle Woodland burial mounds. At least This point in our present-day is just east 71st Street. The exact location has been twice as many Late Prehistoric ceremo- of Tower City Center and just west of the lost, but because of the area’s industrial- nial enclosures (900-1650 AD) as Wood- 19th Century Stanley Block, voted a Cleve- ization, nothing of the mound is thought to land ones were found in Northeast Ohio, land landmark in 2011. Isham Morgan, an survive. Whittlesey noted that the mound but none in Cleveland. Perhaps this was original area settler, had a good view of was ten feet high in 1847 and quickly dis- because the portion of the Cuyahoga River the mound around 1812 when he rode on appearing thereafter thanks to agriculture. near Lake Erie in what’s now Cleveland has horseback to Cleveland with his father. Another Newburgh prehistoric site well been one of the least navigable area water- Morgan observed over a period of “sev- described by Whittlesey is now in Cuyahoga ways. eral” years that the mound became levelled. Heights, near the Cleveland Metroparks The first earthworks mentioned in this He noted that in 1812 Ontario Street was Ohio and Erie Canal Reservation. The site study were unknown to all but Cleveland’s in a forested region which stretched east, is atop a high bluff jutting out over the earliest settlers. Some ambiguity surrounds south and west. Ontario Street only ran Cuyahoga River. It is thus surrounded by 32 Ohio Archaeologist 33 Vol. 61, No. 2, Spring 2011 water on three sides. Whittlesey named the Woodland people, life continued much as it The street number changes of 1905-1906 Cuyahoga Heights enclosure Ancient Fort had for centuries. Food continued to be pro- place the mound in the 3200 block of pres- #2, Newburg. As with the two Newburgh cured by hunting and gathering if of a more ent-day Woodland Avenue. The mound’s Townships mounds, not a trace of the sedentary type supplemented by rudimen- environs have been highly developed for the Cuyahoga Heights site remains. Like the tary agriculture with squash and maygrass. last 100 years. A gas station occupied the other earthworks the Cuyahoga Heights Cultivation of maize was very limited though property from about 1922 to 1973. Directly site has never been analyzed and dated. experimentation with it probably occurred. to the east was the St. Ann’s Maternity Whittlesey noted the enclosure consisted For Adena people there were some crucial Hospital/ DePaul Infant Home. Since 1973 of a single wall and trench on the land side. lifestyle changes. Adena culture saw the the site has belonged to Cuyahoga Com- The trench had an opening. Another point of beginning in Ohio of a true sedentary lifestyle munity College and has comprised a park access was a narrow passageway along the based on agriculture. and recreation buffer zone between college southern portion of the ravine. These portals facilities to the west and the dilapidated draw the site’s function as a fort into ques- The Koth Cache (33Cu58) Longwood public housing complex on the tion, More likely the site had a ceremonial Valley View, Ohio east. From 2004 to 2009 Boca Raton’s Finch purpose (FIGURE 2).
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