Regional Development Profile for the Kavango East Region December 2015
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REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE FOR THE KAVANGO EAST REGION DECEMBER 2015 Final Report FOREWORD BY THE HONOURABLE GOVERNOR The need to understand the current status of Development in the Kavango East Region has prompted us to formulate a Regional Development Profile to provide factual information on the state of development in the region across all sectors. The division of the former Kavango Region into East and West further enhanced the need for a Regional Development Profile specifically targeting the Kavango East Region. The profile serves as lead on potential programmes and projects that need to be implemented in the region. It is a tool that the public and private sectors should use as a guide towards achieving regional development and socio-economic growth. It should be used in conjunction with the Local Economic Development Strategy for the Kavango Region as well as with the Kavango Integrated Regional Land Use Plan. Information contained in the Kavango East Regional Development Profile is up-to-date and has been sourced from existing publications and from the regional stakeholders. As a result, it provides a clear reflection of the state of development in the region as well as outlining the regional strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. It is imperative that both the public and private sectors acquaint themselves with the regional comparative advantages to determine how they can contribute towards the social and economic development of the Kavango East Region. The regional development profile fully documents regional socio-economic development challenges which provide factual information to political and public office bearers to present their cases to the central government for budget allocation. It also provides information to the private sector, NGOs, development partners and religious organisations to determine how they could best contribute to achieve a higher rate of economic growth and improved standard of living, economic self-reliance, social justice and modernisation of the regional economy. The Kavango East Regional Development Profile serves as an interface and creates inter- linkage between the national policies and regional development. Therefore, I would like to emphasise that the Kavango East Regional Development Profile serves as a guide to support different sectors in identifying programmes and projects as per the needs of the region. i The Kavango East Region has numerous potentials, mainly in agriculture, manufacturing, tourism services and the construction sector. By immediately focusing on these sectors, the socio-economic wellbeing of the region and its people could be changed for the better. It is then against this background that I would like to say that the Kavango East Regional Development Profile should serve as both a reference and source document when it comes to spatial planning, development planning and implementation of developmental projects in various sectors so as to improve the well-being of all inhabitants and subsequently, contribute to the national development for a prosperous Namibia. ___________________________________________ Dr. Samuel Mbambo Honourable Governor: Kavango East Region ii TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF TABLES x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xxvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxviii 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE REGION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.1.1 LOCALITY AND SIZE 3 1.1.2 POPULATION 4 1.2 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 5 1.2.1 RAINFALL AND CLIMATE 6 1.2.2 SOIL TYPES 7 1.2.3 VEGETATION 10 1.2.4 TERRESTRIAL DIVERSITY 11 1.2.5 SURFACE AND GROUND WATER RESOURCES 13 1.3 GOVERNANCE AND PLANNING STRUCTURE 15 1.3.1 MANDATE OF THE REGIONAL COUNCIL 15 1.3.2 REGIONAL COUNCILLORS 15 1.3.3 REGIONAL MANAGEMENT 15 1.3.4 PLANNING STRUCTURE 16 1.4 VISION OF THE REGION 18 1.5 METHODOLOGY 18 2 KEY STATISTICS 20 2.1 POPULATION 20 2.1.1 POPULATION GROWTH 20 2.1.2 POPULATION SIZE AND DENSITY 21 2.1.3 AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION 22 2.1.4 HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND SEX OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD 24 iii 2.2 EMPLOYMENT, INCOME AND POVERTY 25 2.2.1 LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION 25 2.2.2 EMPLOYMENT RATES 26 2.2.3 STATUS IN EMPLOYMENT 27 2.2.4 HOUSEHOLD INCOME 28 2.3 HOUSING CONDITIONS 30 2.4 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 32 2.4.1 EDUCATION FACILITIES 32 2.4.2 LITERACY 33 2.4.3 EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT 35 2.4.4 SCHOOL ENROLMENT 35 2.4.5 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT 36 2.5 PROTECTED AREAS: NATIONAL PARKS, COMMUNAL CONSERVANCIES AND COMMUNITY FORESTS 37 2.5.1 NATIONAL PARKS 38 2.5.1.1 Bwabwata National Park 38 2.5.1.2 Khaudum National Park 39 2.5.1.3 Popa Game Park 39 2.5.2 COMMUNAL CONSERVANCIES 39 2.5.3 COMMUNITY FORESTS 41 2.6 STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 42 2.6.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 42 2.6.2 ISSUES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN 43 3 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTAL AREAS 45 3.1 ECONOMIC SECTOR 45 3.1.1 AGRICULTURE 46 3.1.1.1 Green Schemes 46 3.1.1.2 Small Scale Commercial Farms and Subsistence Farming 48 3.1.1.3 Horticulture 49 3.1.1.4 Livestock Farming 50 3.1.1.5 Indigenous Fruit and Vegetables 50 3.1.2 TOURISM AND WILDLIFE 51 3.1.2.1 Business and Trade Tourists 51 3.1.2.2 Leisure Tourists 54 3.1.2.3 Bwabwata National Park 54 iv 3.1.2.4 Khaudum National Park 55 3.1.2.5 Popa Falls Game Park 55 3.1.2.6 Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA) 56 3.1.2.7 Khaudum North Complex 56 3.1.2.8 Bwabwata-Okavango Ramsar Site. 56 3.1.3 TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 57 3.1.4 FORESTRY 58 3.1.5 MINING 60 3.1.6 FISHERIES AND MARINE RESOURCES 62 3.1.7 MANUFACTURING 63 3.2 SOCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 64 3.2.1 HOUSING 64 3.2.2 HEALTH 65 3.2.2.1 Health Facilities 65 3.2.2.2 HIV Prevalence Rates 67 3.2.3 WATER AND SANITATION 69 3.2.4 RURAL DEVELOPMENT 71 3.2.4.1 Cash/Food for Work Projects 71 3.2.4.2 Income Generating Projects 72 3.2.4.3 Rural Employment Scheme 72 3.2.4.4 Food Security and Nutrition 73 3.2.4.5 One Region One Initiative 73 3.2.5 LAND AND RESETTLEMENT 75 3.2.6 SOCIAL WELFARE/POVERTY 75 3.2.7 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 78 3.2.7.1 Small Grant Fund 79 3.2.7.2 Woman and Youth Cleaning Programme 79 3.2.8 EDUCATION AND TRAINING 79 3.2.9 LAW AND JUSTICE 80 3.3 INFRASTRUCTURE 81 3.3.1 TRANSPORT 81 3.3.1.1 Road Network 81 External Transport Links 82 Regional Transport 83 Urban Transport 83 Future Road Infrastructure 83 3.3.1.2 Air 83 v 3.3.1.3 Rail 84 3.3.1.4 Water 84 3.3.2 ENERGY 84 3.3.3 WATER, SANITATION AND SOLID WASTE 86 3.3.4 TELECOMMUNICATION 91 3.4 INSTITUTIONAL SERVICES SECTOR 93 3.4.1 FINANCIAL SERVICES 93 3.4.2 SOCIAL SUPPORT ORGANISATIONS 93 4 REGIONAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT 95 4.1 THE CONSTITUENCIES 95 4.2 Rundu Urban 95 4.2.1 INTRODUCTION 95 4.2.2 SIZE, LOCATION AND POPULATION 96 4.2.3 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 96 4.2.4 INFRASTRUCTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICES 97 4.2.5 POTENTIAL AREAS OF INVESTMENT 98 4.3 Rundu Rural 98 4.3.1 INTRODUCTION 98 4.3.2 SIZE, LOCATION AND POPULATION 98 4.3.3 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 99 4.3.4 INFRASTRUCTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICES 99 4.3.5 POTENTIAL AREAS OF INVESTMENT 100 4.4 Mashare 100 4.4.1 INTRODUCTION 100 4.4.2 SIZE, LOCATION AND POPULATION 100 4.4.3 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 100 4.4.4 INFRASTRUCTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICES 101 4.4.5 POTENTIAL AREAS OF INVESTMENT 102 4.5 Ndonga Linena 103 4.5.1 INTRODUCTION 103 4.5.2 SIZE, LOCATION AND POPULATION 103 4.5.3 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 103 4.5.4 INFRASTRUCTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICES 103 vi 4.5.5 POTENTIAL AREAS OF INVESTMENT 104 4.6 Ndiyona 105 4.6.1 INTRODUCTION 105 4.6.2 SIZE, LOCATION AND POPULATION 105 4.6.3 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 105 4.6.4 INFRASTRUCTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICES 105 4.6.5 POTENTIAL AREAS OF INVESTMENT 107 4.7 Mukwe 108 4.7.1 INTRODUCTION 108 4.7.2 SIZE, LOCATION AND POPULATION 108 4.7.3 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 108 4.7.4 INFRASTRUCTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICES 109 4.7.5 POTENTIAL AREAS OF INVESTMENT 110 5 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 111 5.1 AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES 111 5.2 MINING POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES 113 5.3 MANUFACTURING POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES 113 5.4 RETAIL AND WHOLESALE POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES 113 5.5 SERVICES SECTOR POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES 114 5.6 TOURISM POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES 114 5.7 HUMAN RESOURCE POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES 115 5.8 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE 115 5.9 RUNDU 116 5.10 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 116 5.11 CONCLUSION 117 WORKS CITED 119 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Locality of Kavango East Region ..................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: Kavango East Population Distribution, 2014 ................................................................... 4 Figure 3: Mean Annual Rainfall ........................................................................................................ 6 Figure 4: Kavango East Minimum and Maximum Temperatures ................................................ 7 Figure 5: Kavango East Soil Types .................................................................................................... 8 Figure 6: Kavango East Areas of Agricultural Potential ................................................................ 9 Figure 7: Kavango East Vegetation .............................................................................................. 10 Figure 8: Kavango East Terrestrial Diversity ................................................................................... 12 Figure 9: Flow Diagram of the National Development Planning Process ................................ 17 Figure 10: Approximate Kavango East Region Population Growth 2001-2011 (Old delineation) .....................................................................................................................................