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PAKISTÁN. 2014. Informe General PAKISTÁN Comisión Española de Ayuda al Refugiado Dulce García Madrid. Junio 2014 www.cear.es Servicios Centrales: Avda. de General Perón 32, 2˚ derecha 28020 Madrid 1 ÍNDICE PARTE 1: INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL AL PAÍS..…………………………………………….…………….. 4 1.1 Datos Generales……………………………………………………….…………………....……………………..4 1.2. Perfil Humanitario………………….…………….…………………………………………….………………...7 1.3. Demografía Y Población..………………………………..……………………………………….…………...8 1.3.4. Las FATA Y Cachemira:……………………………………………………….…………………..8 1.4. Geografía Y Clima………………………………………………………………………..………………………10 1.5. Economía..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..12 1. 6. Educación Y Salud: Servicios Básicos……………………………………………..……………………14 1.6.1 Educación………………………………………………………………………………………………14 1.6.2 Salud…………………………………………………………………………………………..…………14 1.7. Organización Política..………………………………………….…………………………………..…………15 1.7.1 Gobierno………………………………………………………………………………………………..15 1. 7.2 Parlamento ………………………………………………………………………………….……….16 1.7.3 Constitución………………………………………………….…………………………………….…17 1.7.4 Líderes………………………………………………………………..……………………………….…19 1.7.5. Partidos Políticos………………………..…………………………..…………………………….19 1. 8. Defensa.……………………………………………………………………….………….…………………………21 1.9. Historia Y Evolución Política…………………………………………….………….……………………..22 1.9.1 Introducción……………………………………………………………………….………….………22 1.9.2 Colonización.………………………………………………………………………….……………...23 1.9.3 Independencia………………………………………………………………………….…………...24 1.9.4 Conflicto Indo-Pakistaní ………………………………………………………………………..24 1.9.5 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1972-1977)……………………………………………………………..25 1.9.6 Zia-Ul Haq (1978-1988)……………………………………………..………………………….26 1.9.7 Benazir Bhutto……………………………………………………………..………………….…….26 1.9.8 Nawaz Sharif (1990-1993)……………………………………………………………..……….27 1.9.9 Benazir Bhutto (1993-1997)………………………….…………………………….…………28 1.9.10 Nawaz Sharif (1997-1999)…………………………………………………………………….28 1.9.11 Pervez Musharraf (1999-2007)………………………………………………..…………..28 1.9.12 Asesinato de Benazir Bhutto/Alí Zardari1 (2007-2013)…………………………32 PARTE 2: SITUACIÓN DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS.……………………………………….………35 2.1 Introducción……………………………….………………………………………………………………..……..35 2.2 Tratados Firmados……………….…………………………………………………………..…………….…...37 2.3 Fuerzas De Seguridad…………………………………………………………………………………….…….41 2.3.1 Militares Y Paramilitares……………………………………………………………….……….41 2.3.2 Policía……………………….………………………………………………………………..…………42 2.3.3 Violaciones De Derechos Humanos Cometidas Por Las Fuerzas De Seguridad Del Gobierno…………………………………………………….…………….……………..43 2.3.4. Detenciones, Arrestos Arbitrarios Y Torturas........……….…………………..…..43 2.3.5 Ejecuciones Extra-Judiciales Y “Desapariciones”………..............................44 2.3.6 Violaciones De Los Derechos Humanos Por Grupos Armados O Estatales: Talibanes…………………………..…………………………………………………………………………..46 2 2.3.7 Armamento………….……………………………………………………………………………….48 2.4 Intervención Extranjera………………..……………………………………………………………………..50 2.5 Situación De La Justicia……………………………………………………………………………………..…51 2.5.1 Organización.……..…………………………………………………………………………………51 2.5.2 Constitución…….……………………………………………………………………………………52 2.5.3 Leyes De Blasfemia………………………………………………………………………………..53 2.5.4 Ordenanzas Hudood.………………………………………………………………..…………..54 2.5.5 Recomendaciones En Materia De Justicia………………………………………………55 2.5.6 Nueva Legislación………………………………………………………………………………....57 2.6 Condiciones En Las Prisiones……………………………….………………………………….……………57 2.6.1 Superpoblación Penitenciaria…………………..……………………………………………58 2.7 Pena De Muerte………………………………………………………..…………………………….…………..59 2.8 Afiliación Política….…………………………………………………………..……………………….…………61 2.8.1 Transparencia………….…………………………………………………………………….……...62 2.8.2 Libertad De Expresión Política…………………………………………………..…………..63 2.9 Libertad De Expresión, Medios De Comunicación e Internet……………………………...64 2.10 Defensoras/Es De Derechos Humanos Y Activistas…………………………………………….67 2.11 Libertad Religiosa………………………………………………………………………………………………68 2.11.1 Minorías Religiosas.………………………………………………………………………..…..69 2.11.2 Hindúes Y Sijs……………………………………………………………………………………...70 2.11.3 Ahmadíes……………………………………………………………………………….……………70 2.11.4 Cristianos.……………………………………………………………………………………………71 2.11.5 Chiíes..…………………………………………………………………………………………………72 2.12 Grupos Étnicos.………………………………………………………………………………………….………72 2.13 Personas Lesbianas, Gays, Transexuales, Bisexuales. ………………………………………..74 2.14 Mujeres……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….76 2.14.1 Legislación…………………………………………………………………………..……..……….76 2.14.2 Violaciones Y Crímenes De Honor.………………………………………………..…….79 2.15 Niños Y Niñas.……………………………………………………………………………………………..……..77 2.15.1 Legislación…………………….……………………………………………………………..………81 2.15.2 Salud……………………………………………………………………………………………..…….82 2.15.3 Educación…………………………………………….………………………………………..…….83 2.15.3.1 Las Madrasas………………………………………………………….…………………..…….84 2.15.4 Principales Ataques Contra Menores……………………………………………….…..85 2.15.5 Niños Soldados……………………………………………………………………………….......87 2.16 TRATA DE PERSONAS……………………………………………………………………………………..…..88 2.16.1 Marco Legislativo…………………………………………………………………………….…..88 2.16.2 Firma De Tratados.…………………………………………………………………………….…88 2.16.3 Origen, Destino Y Rutas Habituales………………………………………………………89 2.16.4 Trabajadores Por Deudas……………………………………………………………………..89 2.17 IMPUNIDAD.………………………………………………………………………………………………….……91 PARTE 3: SITUACIÓN DE LOS DESPLAZADOS INTERNOS, SOLICITANTES DE ASILO Y REFUGIADOS………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……93 3.1 DESPLAZADOS INTERNOS……………………………………………………………………………….…….93 3.2 SOLICITANTES DE ASILO Y REFUGIADOS DE PAKISTÁN EN EL MUNDO………….……..95 3 3.3 SOLICITANTES DE ASILO Y REFUGIADOS PAKISTANÍES EN ESPAÑA……………………….96 3.4 REFUGIADOS DE OTROS PAÍSES EN PAKISTÁN: ………..…………………………..……………..96 3.4.1 REFUGIADOS AFGANOS………………………………………………………………………...96 3.4.2 Migrantes Cachemiros.………………………………………………………………….……….98 Bibliografía.………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….99 ANEXOS TRANSCRIPCION DE CASOS DOCUMENTADOS DE VIOLACIONES DE DERECHOS HUMANOS……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………101 OTROS INDICADORES ECONÓMICOS………………………………………………………………………..112 MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN EXISTENTES………………………………………………………………..113 GLOSARIO. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………115 4 Parte I: Introducción General al País 1.1 DATOS GENERALES 2 2 Naciones Unidas. Http://www.pakun.org/Pakistán/ 5 mayo 2014. 22:10h 5 3 Nombre oficial del Estado: República Islámica de Pakistán Capital: Islamabad Forma de Gobierno: Forma Parlamentaria Jefe de Estado: Mamnoon Hussain, Presidente Jefe de Gobierno: Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, Primer Ministro 4 Población: 179.000.000 (ONU 2012) De los que 78.786.000 son menores de 18 años. Superficie total: 796095 Sq. km. Situación: Sur de Asia, bordeando el Mar Arábigo. Limita al este con India (2.912 kilómetros de frontera), con Irán (909 kilómetros) y Afganistán (523 kilómetros) al oeste y China al norte (2.430 kilómetros de frontera) Fecha de independencia: 14 de agosto de 1947 (de la India bajo mandato británico) Bandera: Verde oscuro con una barra vertical blanca, una media luna blanca y una estrella de cinco puntas en el centro. La bandera simboliza el compromiso de Pakistán con el Islam, el mundo islámico y los derechos de las minorías religiosas. Constitución: Promulgada el 10 de abril de 1973, suspendida el 5 de julio de 1977, restaurada con enmiendas el 30 de diciembre de 1985. Según las enmiendas de 1986 y 1991, la ley islámica (sharia) es la ley suprema de Pakistán. Ingreso en la ONU: 30 de septiembre de 1947 Derecho al voto: Universal a partir de los 18 años Renta per Cápita: 846 U$ PIB: 8,4% Moneda: Rupia Pakistaní. Idiomas: Urdu (Nacional) e Inglés (oficial) Otras lenguas existentes son el punjabi, sindhi, pashto y baluchi. 3 The world factbook. Https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html Consulta 4 mayo 2014. 4 Child Right International Network. https://www.crin.org/en/library/countries/Pakistán Consulta 10 de mayo 2014. 18:00 6 Religión: El 95% de la población es musulmana, dividiéndose entre un 77% sunní y un 20% chií El 5% restante está compuesto por cristianos, hindúes y otras religiones minoritarias. Tasa de crecimiento: 1.49% (2014 estimado) comparación de país al mundo: 80 Tasa de migración neta: 1,69 Migrante por cada 1.000 habitantes (2014 estimado) Tasa de mortalidad infantil: 57.48 muertes / 1,000 nacimientos vivos Esperanza de vida: 67,05 años Gasto en salud: 2,5% del PIB (2011) Gastos de educación: 2,1% del PIB (2012) Alfabetización: 54’9%, con muchos más hombres que mujeres que pueden leer y escribir. 68,6% frente al 40,3% de las mujeres. Desempleo, en jóvenes de 15 a 24: 7.7% 1.2. PERFIL HUMANITARIO Marcado por el conflicto y sacudido por catástrofes medioambientales como terremotos e inundaciones, Pakistán es un importante receptor de ayuda; su importancia geoestratégica alienta a las naciones a destinar allí el dinero de la ayuda. Algunas de las más recientes y mayores emergencias humanitarias en el mundo tuvieron lugar en Pakistán: en 2010 las inundaciones afectaron a 20 millones de personas, una quinta parte de la población. 5 La prestación de ayuda en Pakistán resulta muy complicada, puesto que el ejército sospecha sistemáticamente de las agencias extranjeras, señalando que la ayuda humanitaria es una tapadera para la actividad de la inteligencia foránea. Los obstáculos burocráticos bloquean algunos programas - incluidos los de entrega de ayuda de emergencia. 6 Los medios locales y agencias de ayuda han registrado un crecimiento en el número de ataques a los trabajadores
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