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Galician Villagers and the Ukrainian National Movement in the Nineteenth Century Galician Villagers and the Ukrainian National Movement in the Nineteenth Century

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Galician Villagers and the Ukrainian National Movement in the Nineteenth Century Galician Villagers and the Ukrainian National Movement in the Nineteenth Century Galician Villagers and the Ukrainian National Movement in the Nineteenth Century Galician Villagers and the Ukrainian National Movement in the Nineteenth Century by John-Paul Himka in association with MACMILLANM Palgrave Macmillan PRESS © John-Paul Himka 1988 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1988 978-0-333-45795-5 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place, London WCIE 7DP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1988 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Himka, lohn-Paul Galician villagers and the Ukrainian national movement in the nineteenth century. 1. Galicia (Po land and Ukraine )-Politics and government I. Title 320.947'718 DK4600.G36 ISBN 978-1-349-19388-2 ISBN 978-1-349-19386-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-19386-8 ,LI,JUI MHXaHJIHKa i EBOqKH. IUo6 BH 3HaJIH qHjJ rrpaB)l;a, qHjJ KpHB)l;a, I qHI MH )l;iTH. Contents List of Illustrations ............................................................................................ ix List of Maps ....................................................................................................... xi List of Tables ................................................................................................... xiii Preface ............................................................................................................... xv Acknowledgments ........................................................................................... xvii I ntroduction ...................................................................................................... xxi Statement of the Problem ...................................................................... xxi The Geographical and Chronological Setting ...................................... xxii The Methodology ................................................................................... xxv Some Technical Matters ..................................................................... xxvii Abbreviations .................................................................................................. xxxv I. Serfdom and Servitudes .................................................................................. I The Nature of Serfdom ............................................................................. I The Enforcement of Serfdom .................................................................. 10 The Resistance to Serfdom ..................................................................... 16 The Revolution of 1848-9 ....................................................................... 26 Servitudes ................................................................................................. 36 A Case in Point: The Events in Dobrotvir ............................................ .40 The Servitudes Struggle and Its Lessons .............................................. .48 The Memory of Serfdom in the Late Nineteenth Century ................... 56 2. The Cultural Revolution in the Village: Schools, Newspapers and Reading Clubs .............................................................................................. 59 Education and the School System .......................................................... 59 The Newspaper Batkivshchyna ............................................................... 66 The Correspondence in Batkivshchyna ................................................... 80 Reading Clubs .......................................................................................... 86 Opposition to the Reading Clubs ............................................................ 92 Generations and Gender in the Reading Clubs ..................................... 97 3. Village Notables as Bearers of the National Idea: Priests, Teachers, Cantors ........................................................................................................ 105 What Was Notable about the Notables? ............................................. 106 Notables before the National Movement ............................................. 117 In the National Movement .................................................................... 123 Tensions between Priest and Peasant ................................................... 133 4. The Awakening Peasantry ......................................................................... 143 Who Were the Peasant-Activists? ........................................................ 143 Commune and Manor ............................................................................ 145 The Money Economy and Its Representatives ..................................... 158 The Challenge to Traditional Authority in the Commune .................. 175 The Transformation of Peasant Culture ............................................... 189 Class and Nation ................................................................................... 204 Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 217 Appendices ...................................................................................................... 223 I. Archival Sources ................................................................................ 225 II. Corpus of Correspondence ............................................................... 239 III. Correspondence by Occupation of Authors ................................... 251 IV. List of Activists ............................................................................... 255 V. Activists by Occupation .................................................................... 319 Bibliography .................................................................................................... 329 Index ................................................................................................................. 345 List of Illustrations Vasyl Nahirny .................................................................................................... 77 Mykhailo Pavlyk I uliian Romanchuk Sylvester L. Drymalyk ..................................................................................... 256 Kyrylo Genyk Amvrosii de Krushelnytsky Antin Rybachek Danylo Taniachkevych (younger) List of Maps The Crownlands of Austria-Hungary, 1914 .................................................. xxxi The Circles of Eastern Galicia, 1867 ............................................................ xxxii The Districts of Eastern Galicia, 1868 ......................................................... xxxii The Districts of Eastern Galicia, 1910 ........................................................ xxxiv The Oblasts and Raions of Former Eastern Galicia in the Ukrainian SSR, 1972 ................................................................. xxxv List of Tables Illegal Servitude Actions in Eastern Galicia and Northern Bukovyna, 1850-1900 .................................................................................................... 50 2 Number of Inhabitants per School in Galicia, 1830-1900 ....................... 61 3 Public Elementary Schools in Galicia: Total, With Ukrainian Language of Instruction, and Bilingual (Ukrainian-Polish), 1869-1900 .................. 62 4 Percentage of School-Age Galician Children Actually Attending School, 1830-1900 .................................................................................................... 64 5 Growth of Ukrainian Periodical Press in Galicia, 1850-1910 .................. 67 6 Press Run and Frequency of Ukrainian Political Periodicals in Galicia, 1880 and 1885 ............................................................................................. 68 7 Press Run of Batkivshchyna, 1879-85 ....................................................... 70 8 Confiscations of Batkivshchyna, 1879-96 ................................................. 71 9 Reasons Given for Confiscation of Batkivshchyna, 1879-81 ................... 72 10 Editors of Batkivshchyna, 1879-96 ............................................................ 76 11 Correspondence to Batkivshchyna and Occupation, Summary ................ 85 12 Literacy and Illiteracy in Reading Club Memberships, 1897-1910 ........ 88 13 Reading Club Officers, 1884-5, by Occupation ........................................ 89 14 Growth of Prosvita Membership, 1868-1908 ............................................ 91 15 TsDIAL, 146/64-64b (Servitudes Commission): Holdings Consulted ............................................................................... 227-8 16 TsDIAL, 156/1 (Supreme State Prosecutor's Office in Lviv, Illegal Servitude Actions): Holdings Consulted ................................................................................... 230 17 TsDIAL, 168/1-2 and 488/1 (Indemnization Commission): Holdings Consulted ............................................................................... 232-4 18 TsDIAL, 348/1 (Prosvita, Reports from Reading Clubs): Holdings Consulted ..................................................................................
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