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Bibliography on Future Trends in Terrorism

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Bibliography on Future Trends in Terrorism BIBLIOGRAPHY ON FUTURE TRENDS IN TERRORISM A Report Prepared under an Interagency Agreement by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress September 1998 Authors: LaVerle Berry Glenn Curtis Rex Hudson Project Manager: Helen C. Metz Federal Research Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20540–4840 Tel: 202–707–3900 Fax: 202–707–3920 E-Mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/ PREFACE This bibliography provides annotations on future trends in terrorism from open-source literature published between 1996 and mid-1998. The dominant trend discussed in this literature is the increasing likelihood that terrorists will use weapons of mass destruction (WMD), particularly against the United States. Accordingly, many of the 295 monographs and journal articles surveyed in this bibliography discuss the potential threats of nuclear, biological, and chemical terrorism and the countermeasures that need to be implemented in responding to these threats. A number of other articles discuss the emerging threat of computer or cyberterrorism and the potential threat to the United States’ information-technology (IT)-based infrastructure. Many articles discuss new technologies to counter more conventional terrorist threat, such as detecting bombs at airports. The compilers of the bibliography have endeavored to include the most recent, relevant, and substantive articles on terrorism (those published in 1998) from journals, news magazines, selected newspapers, and monographs. The bibliography also includes relevant items published in 1996–97 but not annotated for the Federal Research Division’s previous terrorism bibliographies (June 1993 and October 1997). Several foreign-language items have been includes and are indicated as such. In general, however, the effort focused on English-language sources. The bibliography is organized into six geographic regions—Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin American, the Middle East, and North America—as well as a general International section. Most entries are listed under the International and North America sections. All entries have keywords, such as antiterrorism, WMD, cyberterrorism, and others. Upon request, the Federal Research Division will supply specialized, subject-oriented or geographical printouts. TABLE OF CONTENTS Africa .......................................................................1 Asia ........................................................................4 Europe ......................................................................9 International.................................................................18 Latin America ...............................................................77 Middle East .................................................................79 North America ...............................................................90 Library of Congress — Federal Research Division Future Trends in Terrorism Africa Anonymous. "International: A Case of Mistaken Identity?," Economist, 348, No. 8083, August 29, 1998, 43-44. The cruise missile attack on Sudan by the United States has aroused general skepticism, but the Sudanese government, which has alienated many of its neighbors, is finding that it has few friends, above all powerful friends, who are willing to come openly to its defense. After cruise missiles destroyed the Shifa pharmaceuticals factory in Khartoum on August 20, Sudan invited the United Nations to search the site for traces of the chemical-weapons components that, according to the United States, were the reason for the strike. The UN Security Council prevaricated, and the region has not rallied behind Sudan. Keyword(s): combating terrorism; counterterrorism; CBRNC; chemical weapons of mass destruction Anonymous. "Bombings Reiterate Need to Protect Windows," Security, 35, No. 9, September 1998, 109. The two bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in August 1998 are the latest tragedies to demonstrate the devastation that the combination of bombs and window glass can cause. In an interview, Rob Martin, director of the Technical Advisory Committee on Blast Resistant Glazing Systems, discussed the use of security and safety window film as a means of reducing death, injury, and property damage. Keyword(s): antiterrorism; combating terrorism; infrastructure protection; technology; blast mitigation Block, Robert. "Kenya, Tanzania Offer Fertile Soil for Intrigue," Wall Street Journal, August 11, 1998, A12. The search for an answer to the causes of the recent bombings of two US embassies in East Africa may relate to economic and security conditions in Kenya and Tanzania. Both are poverty-ridden countries in which bribery and money-making schemes are common and law-enforcement and security lax. In the case of Kenya, the country has recently experienced outbreaks of state-sponsored violence, destroying respect for the state, its institutions, and its laws. A proliferation of weapons, porous borders, and rampant government corruption are factors that may have proven attractive to terrorists wishing to strike at the United States via its embassies in vulnerable capitals. lb Keyword(s): terrorism; terrorist groups and activities; future trends "Gangsters Against Gangsterism"s," Foreign Report,[Surrey], no. 2520, November 12, 1998, 1-2. Security officials in South Africa have reported the existence of a terrorist organization based in Cape Town. Known as "People Against Gangsterism and Drugs" (Pagan), South African police believe the group has received training in Iran, Libya, and Sudan and may have been responsible for one or more terrorist bombings in South Africa. The Iranian government has denied having links with Pagan, but authorities note a virulent anti-Americanism among some Muslims in South Africa that may have Iranian 1 Library of Congress — Federal Research Division Future Trends in Terrorism roots. Keyword(s): terrorist groups and activities; terrorism Gunby, Phil. "US Military Medicine Responds to Results of Terrorism in Africa," JAMA [Journal of the American Medical Association], 280, No. 10, September 9, 1998, 870-71. The bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania on August 7, 1998, have proven once again the importance of high-speed, flexible medical response. U.S. Air Force, Air National Guard, and Air Force Reserve medical people flew approximately 4,000 miles from Germany to provide care within 20 hours of the explosions that killed 250 people and wounded 5,000 others. Twenty-two patients, all in critical condition, were flown from Nairobi to Ramstein, and eight of these patients were subsequently flown by the U.S. Air Force to the military's Walter Reed Medical Center in Washington, D.C. Other medical assistance is also discussed. Keyword(s): terrorism (general); antiterrorism; first responders; combating terrorism McKinley, James C. Jr. "Security Flaws Left Embassy in Nairobi Open to Attack," New York Times, September 9, 1998, A6. The American Embassy in Nairobi was an easy target for terrorists. Its perimeter was patrolled by unarmed guards earning about $100 a month. The embassy's parking lot, shared with a bank, had an exit lane protected by neither guards nor barricades. On August 7, 1998, attackers in a truck packed with explosives turned off Haile Selassie Avenue and roared up that lane, flashing past an uninstalled security barrier that the bank was planning to erect to protect the lot. The truck managed to drive close to the building, where it was stopped by an unarmed private security guard at a barrier at the entrance to an underground garage. The guard ran when the attackers threw a grenade-like device at him. Keyword(s): antiterrorism; combating terrorism; counterterrorism Pereira, Paul. "SA's Weimar Inheritance," Finance Week, 76, No. 35, September 3-9, 1998, 68-69. An old phenomenon, terrorism began with the kamikaze-style raids of the Islamic Sunni assassinations of Christians in the Crusader Kingdom of the twelfth century. Although the liberation of the communist states has ended terrorism in countries such as Germany, Italy, and Japan, terrorism continues apace in the Middle East and to a lesser extent in Northern Ireland. As a political strategy, terrorism has often failed. Yet Africa's flirtation with terrorism has had results. Keyword(s): terrorist groups and activities; future trends; terrorism 2 Library of Congress — Federal Research Division Future Trends in Terrorism Venter, Al J. "Targeting Sudan: Why We Bombed Osama bin Laden's Shadowy World of Intrigue," Soldier of Fortune, 23, No. 12, December 1998, 48-51, 69. The author suggests that the U.S. bombing of Khartoum's Al Shifa Pharmaceutical factory was probably a mistake. Nevertheless, he describes as "irrefutable" that the soil sample clandestinely removed from the factory's rose garden "does present incontrovertible evidence of EMPTA...," a precursor for the deadly manufacture of VX nerve gas. The article discusses Osama bin Laden and Sudan's status as a pariah state as well as a puppet state of Iran. Keyword(s): counterterrorism; combating terrorism; terrorism; terrorist groups and activities Weiser, Benjamin. "A Ben Laden Agent Left Angry Record of Gripes and Fears," New York Times, December 12, 1998, A1 and A6. Weiser discusses information gleaned from a computer seized in Nairobi, Kenya, following the embassy bombing in August 1998. One message in particular offers insight into the Ben Laden terrorist network's organization and operations in East Africa prior to the bombing, including the use of CNN and the Internet. The writer
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