CONTENTS Page

Notice of the 21st Annual General Meeting, Canberra, 21 May ’12 1 AVHS Annual Report 2011 3 Historical articles 4 A flying vet, and South Australia, 1950-2000 4 Alf Humble BVSc Examiners, staff and students at the Melbourne Veterinary College, December 1894". Professor emeritus Ivan Caple 12

Australian Veterinary History Society A Special Interest Group of the Australian Veterinary Association Ltd Notice is hereby given that the 21st Annual Meeting will be held in Canberra on 21 May 2012 at 5 pm at the AVA AGM and Conference Centre. AGENDA 1. Present: 2. Apologies: 3. Minutes of 20th AGM of AVHS These minutes were published in the Australian Veterinary History Record No 60. 4. Business arising from the Minutes 4.1 Representation from Tasmania and South Australia 5. Report of the President: Dr AJ Turner 6. Report on Membership & Financial Report of the Honorary Secretary/Treasurer: Dr J Brady 7. Report of the Honorary Librarian: Dr AT Hart 8. Report of the Honorary AVA Archivist: Dr F Doughty 9. Report of the Honorary Editor of the Australian Veterinary History Record: Dr NE Tweddle

1 10. Election of Office Bearers: President: [AJ Turner] Secretary/Treasurer: [J Brady] Librarian: [AT Hart] Editor: [NE Tweddle] Committee: [P Canfield, AT Hart, KL Hughes, H Fairnie, RT Roe, Patricia MacWhirter] 11. General Business 11.1 Building the Veterinary History of Australian Veterinary Profession 11.1.1 Short History of the Australian Veterinary Profession 11.1.2 Long History of the Australian Veterinary Profession. 12. Location of next meeting of AVHS [The next AVA Conference is May 2013]

An Annual Dinner will be held at The Banana Leaf Restaurant at 240-250 City Walk, near the Conference Centre, at 7.00 pm. Nominations for any of the Officer positions should be made in writing to the Secretary with the names of the members proposing and seconding the nomination and an affirmation that the nominee will stand for election and accept the position nominated for. Please note: The President Dr Andrew Turner and the Honorary Editor of the Australian Veterinary History Record Dr Neil Tweddle have indicated that they will NOT be standing for re-election. Members with any items of business for the Annual Meeting should send that information to either the President or the Secretary at least one week before the meeting.

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HISTORICAL ARTICLES

A FLYING VET, NORTHERN TERRITORY AND SOUTH AUSTRALIA, 1950-2000 Alf Humble BVSc 25 Jeffrey Drive Encounter Waters, SA 5211 Prepared for publication by David de Fredrick, PO Box 2, Narrabri, NSW 2390.

Veterinary Corps In 1937 at Urrbrae Agricultural High School I gained a scholarship to Roseworthy Agricultural College which was the start of my interest in veterinary science. The personnel of the South Australian Army Veterinary Corps (Militia) consisted entirely of Roseworthy students apart from a permanent army warrant officer, and the commanding officer, Captain WS Smith BVSc. He was also a lecturer in animal health at Roseworthy, and a member of the staff of the Stock and Brands Department. War service Training When war was declared in September 1939, the Veterinary Corps students were mobilised and went into camp with the two Light Horse regiments, some on the Gawler Racecourse near Roseworthy and some at Mount Gambier. At Gawler, we became very well acquainted with strangles on the veterinary lines, and at one time had a fair percentage of the 600 horses of the regiment affected. Eventually, the Light Horse was mechanised and incorporated into the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). We were given a month’s leave to finish our Roseworthy diplomas, then most of us transferred to either the Army (2nd AIF), Royal Australian Navy or Royal Australian Air Force. Among us were Alan Gunson BVSc - killed while in No 10 Flying Boat Squadron overseas, Rex Butterfield AIF - later dean of the Faculty of Veterinary Science in Sydney, Bob Milton – later first practitioner in the Hills, and Phil Schintel – CSIRO. I transferred to the RAAF and trained as a pilot at Victor Harbour SA, and Cunderdin and Geraldton, WA. I did a short spell as second pilot on Lockheed

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Hudsons with No 14 Squadron at Pearce, WA before being posted to a Navigator/Reconnaissance Course at Laverton, Vic where I met Wally Mills. Townsville The shortage of aircraft at that time resulted in my posting to North East Area Headquarters at Townsville as a plotting officer, and in May 1942 we actually plotted the Coral Sea Battle - which fortunately the Americans won. While at Townsville, I made a few visits to the Animal Research Station at Aitkenvale. Townsville was bombed three times, and a few trees were blown over on the research station. At this time, I managed to get myself a few trips as supernumerary crew on flying boats going to Port Moresby and Milne Bay at the most interesting time of the Kokoda battle and prior to the Milne Bay battle of August 1942. Bairnsdale I was posted to No.1 Operational Training School at Bairnsdale, Victoria, popularly known as Death Valley and probably the most dangerous part of my RAAF career. My instructor had three pupils and I was the only survivor – I was glad to be posted to a squadron. No 7 Squadron In No 7 Squadron (Beauforts), we operated mainly from Horn Island in the Torres Strait and Port Moresby, on standing patrols and convoy duties for the next thirteen months. I managed to get a trip with Wally Mills in his Catalina on a bombing mission to Kavieng in New Ireland. I was then posted to East Sale, Victoria as an operational training instructor (and did not lose any pupils), but I heartily disliked the miserable cold weather and limited flying hours. Just before completing my tour, I spent a month at Cairns dropping mustard gas on the jungle near Innisfail. We were told they were researching the spread of the gas in jungle conditions, but after the war I learned my brother-in-law was one of the AIF volunteers in the jungle below and was badly burned by the gas.

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I was posted to Brisbane, flying senior officers to the forward areas in Darwin, New Guinea and South West Pacific for the last 12 months of the war. This involved plenty of flying. I was discharged in December 1945 by which time I had acquired a family. Veterinary course I took up the cadetship in Veterinary Science that I had been awarded from Roseworthy. It handsomely supplemented the £5 a week from the Commonwealth Reconstruction Training Scheme by an extra £3 a week. I approached Stanley Kneebone for a reference. He had been the major in the Veterinary Corps pre-war and was the only practitioner in Adelaide at that time, besides getting retainers from the Farmers Union and the SA Racing Club. I well recall him saying to me “Just remember, the small animal practice is mine”, even before I had started the course. I used my deferred pay to buy a 1927 Buick, piled everything we owned and the family on board, and headed from Adelaide right around the coast to Sydney. Fortunately the old Buick had a hot box as petrol rationing was still in force, so we did the trip almost entirely on kerosene. The next three years were 5 tough - we lived in all sorts of accommodation as far out as Mt Druitt. This was about par for most ex-servicemen. I graduated in 1950 and bought a newer car in Sydney and we returned to Adelaide. Veterinary career In the movies The SA Department had first call on my services but they could not give me a definite posting. I took up an offer from 20th Century Fox of the job of veterinarian in the film Kangaroo that they were making at Port Augusta. It was a most interesting job where economics were secondary to keeping the cameras rolling, and the kangaroos were not very easy to deal with either. SA Department After a month or so, I returned to the Stock and Brands Department. Apart from TB testing the Adelaide milk supply sources along the River Murray and Adelaide Hills, the main activity was the administration of the Brands Act - which was done by the clerks anyway. I became interested in the management of the mounted police horses and gained some good experience there. At that time, the Stock and Brands Department was merged into the Department of Agriculture. The old guard of Harold McIndoe, Alan Robin and Cyril McKenna retired, and the more-lively Marshal Irving, ex-Animal Industry Branch, Northern Territory was appointed chief. The staff comprised Harold Chamberlin, WS Smith, Joe Fearn, Jack Keogh, Phil Cunningham and myself. Mount Gambier I was sent to Mt Gambier in the south-east and became the first District Veterinary Officer (DVO) in SA. Mt Gambier did have some services provided by a registered (non-graduate) practitioner. After about 12 months, it was time to get out on my own. In the meantime Geoff Manefield had started practice at Mt Gambier, but there was more than enough work for the two of us so I started practice there and soon became very busy. With the advent of country practices, beginning at Clare, Port Lincoln and later extending to all the country areas, there is no longer a DVO position in the Department. My practice at Mount Gambier was very mixed - dairy and beef cattle, active racing and trotting clubs and a significant small animal component from the town. George Shannon started a practice at Millicent, Keith Little at

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Narracoorte, Pat Cole at Bordertown and Jim Tolley at Penola, which helped to relieve the pressure. Aircraft I became involved in starting both the aero club and the gliding club at Mt Gambier, and purchased my first aircraft –an Auster Aiglet, a single-engine high-wing 4-seater. Mt Gambier was not suited to a flying practice, being too closely settled and lacking suitable landing areas. However, the aircraft did make it possible for me to get away to AVA meetings in Adelaide and Melbourne, and it was at an AVA conference in Brisbane that Lionel Rose, head of the Northern Territory (NT) Animal Industry Branch, offered me the job of DVO Darwin. But the practice was thriving and interesting, and the family well established in Mt Gambier, so I declined. Alice Springs Jim Whittem had taken over the NT Animal Industry Branch after Lionel Rose retired, and being an ex-RAAF pilot, he suggested I come to Alice Springs with my aircraft and engage in the eradication of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). It was not long after that I was kicked in the right elbow, causing a multiple fracture that put me out of action for the calving season. I telephoned Jim Whittem who reaffirmed his offer, so I managed to lease the practice for two years and headed for Alice Springs. Bovine pleuropneumonia I started as DVO Alice Springs which included the Barkly Tableland – about half the size of Victoria. Bruce Paine also joined about this time as DVO Darwin with the same objective - eradicating ‘pleuro’. Jim Whittem assured me this disease was prevalent in the Barkly and I had ‘a lifetime job eliminating it’. I drove to Lake Nash Station with the senior stock inspector, Cliff Rideout, then on up the stock route. We inspected travelling mobs and cattle in stock camps while branding was in progress. We noted that, without exception, all the stations for their own good had been vaccinating against CBPP for many years. At Brunette Downs I met Jack Travers, a dour character and acknowledged expert on CBPP, and when asked to show me where the disease existed, replied “There isn’t any bloody pleuro” which turned out to be absolutely correct. All travelling mobs were vaccinated before travel and were closely supervised along the entire stock route, and any cattle with suspicious coughs were shot 7 and autopsied. Much to my surprise was the disappointment of the stock inspectors when they exclaimed “It isn’t pleuro – it’s only TB”. Subsequent testing on the Barkly revealed up to 25% of some herds were tubercular, and I told Jim Whittem we had a problem but it wasn’t pleuro. He insisted that pleuro lesions were being reported from the coastal meatworks in Barkly cattle. After requiring that any lesion be tested in the laboratory, Pasteurella was identified as the culprit, and no further reports of CBPP were made. Blood testing We then transferred our attention to the Wyndham meatworks, and together with CSIRO, we set up a laboratory and blood tested everything going over the hooks, again with negative results. With Bruce Paine, we set up two teams - North and South - creating intense rivalry between these young blokes who worked long hours taking blood throughout the Kimberley and Top End. Initially the technique was to make a slash in the tip of the tail and patiently collect the blood dripping from the hair, then fire-branding each beast for identification. Both procedures caused considerable distress to both beast and station owner. There had to be a better way so we developed the bleeding technique with a small prick in the middle coccygeal vein with a No.15 scalpel blade that caused minimum trauma. The work involved long hours into the night pouring off the serum, the long drive to Katherine to catch the airline service to the Alice Springs laboratory, and the wait for the results to be radioed via the Flying Doctor network. At the same time, Arch Campbell had developed a screening test needing only a small sample of blood in a Wassermann tube. This could be spun down in the laboratory, and solved the logistic problems of the large numbers of blood bottles needed. Any doubtful reactors could be checked by a full Complement Fixation Test. Flying in the NT I flew the 1200-1500 blood samples to Alice Springs, leaving the bleeding sites about mid-afternoon and landing at The Granites – an abandoned mine - just before last light, refuelling with previously dumped supplies and camping the night. I took off again at first light and had the blood at Alice Springs by 10am, then returned to wherever the teams were working. It was long and arduous flying for me but very economical for the government.

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I was actively involved in starting the Alice Springs Aero Club, and played a large part in getting Central Australia airborne. The local operator discouraged the pastoralists from getting planes, but when their wives saw the benefits of having their own aircraft, the aero club boomed. Crush-side testing Again there had to be a better way, so with the station’s approval, we equipped a caravan as a laboratory and positioned it adjacent to our area of operation in the stockyards. The results were available almost immediately so there was minimum holding time for the cattle. The laboratory girls spent a week or so in the mobile laboratory on a rotating basis. This spurred our young fellows to demonstrate how good they were and on to even greater effort. This surely beat enterprise bargaining and the unions. If I remember rightly we never did get a positive reactor as a reward for all their hard work. It was necessary for Bruce Paine and me to put in some time each day at bleeding the cattle or the stock inspectors would have become better at it than their mentors. In the 1960s, mustering cattle was still done on horseback. I prefer that method because it does not stir the cattle as much as helicopters do, and provides jobs for Aboriginal stockmen. Eradication We had reached the stage where we were confident that pleuro no longer existed in the Northern Territory (or elsewhere), but we had the very difficult task of convincing the National Committee for the Eradication of Pleuropneumonia that this was so – in fact it took the next three years. The committee comprised the chief veterinary officers of each state who ‘deliberated’ once a month in Canberra, and apart from Jim Whittem, had never visited the Territory. Finally, cattle could move freely anywhere in Australia. King Ranch I took a job with King Ranch which could have been very interesting but really all they wanted was someone to do TB testing when it suited them (and not reveal the results) so I left them after five months.

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Adelaide and remote towns I moved back to Adelaide and started a small animal practice that grew rapidly. I purchased a Piper Twin Comanche aircraft and conducted monthly clinics at Woomera, Coober Pedy, Leigh Creek, and Port Lincoln. I bought a 2500-acre irrigation property halfway between Swan Hill and Deniliquin and visited it by plane regularly for the next 20 years. Flying Vets Adelaide practitioners Pat McCormack and Rick Matthews had bought country at Esperance, WA and had private pilot’s licences, but they asked me to accompany them on their flying visits ‘in case the weather was bad’. I can’t recall a trip when the weather wasn’t lousy, but it was good experience for them. I flew to Broome, Bali, Kuching, Brunei, Singapore, Jakarta and back to Adelaide – a good trip. This aircraft made the northern area clinics of my practice very easy to service. I attended an AVA conference at Surfers Paradise, flying non-stop from Adelaide in about four hours. Regarding flying veterinary services, I believe Alan Larson at Dubbo chartered aircraft to service his western areas in the 1950s. Don Lavers used aircraft from Cairns, and Dick Wilson of Clare, SA used aircraft in some of his sheep work. In more recent times many rural vets have used aircraft to service remote clients. Winding down I sold the practice to Pat Cole who had left Bordertown, and I was able to concentrate of the farm before finally selling it. I kept the northern clinics going for a few more years (20 years all told) plus doing odd locums. Eventually, the practitioner from Port Augusta took over servicing Woomera and Coober Pedy Live exports I made several trips to the Middle East on sheep and cattle transports, flying home mainly from Bahrain or Cairo, the round trip taking about three weeks. I had a few interesting experiences while the Iran-Iraq War was on. Retirement Around the year 2000, I let go of my flying licence, but with the aid of friends with aircraft I still manage a few cross-countries and property inspections. I keep occupied with ex-service work such as hospital visiting, Legacy, Beaufort 10 committee work and reading. The old country practitioners in SA have a very pleasant reunion each year – including their long-suffering wives who were the backbone of the practice.

Alf Hubble at 90 years old. Reflections There was a last incident that seemed to make it all worthwhile. A couple of years ago I did a trip with Dick Lang - a friend who runs a flying tour business - to Innamincka, Longreach, Birdsville and Lake Eyre. While refuelling at Leigh Creek I was greeted by the refuelling lady (an old client) and mentioned we would be back at 2pm the following Sunday to refuel. Landing there on return, Dick and I were met by a large group of people who turned out to be my old clients (of over ten years before) come to say ‘good-day’ and renew acquaintances - I must have had some successes. It was most gratifying.

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"EXAMINERS, STAFF AND STUDENTS AT THE MELBOURNE VETERINARY COLLEGE, DECEMBER 1894". Professor Emeritus Ivan Caple Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne 190 Plains Road Lara Vic 3212 Email: [email protected]

This photo was found in the WT & EA Kendall Collection in the University of Melbourne Archives in September 2011. University Archives digitized the photo so it could be printed for World Veterinary Year 2011, and uploaded to the website: http://www.onmydoorstep.com.au/heritage-listing/4585/former- melbourne-veterinary-college

Short biographical notes about the people in this photograph follow. There is still some missing information from our historical records! The search must continue!! 12

Standing Charles Cummings Cherry (GMVC 1898) in practice and then joined the Customs Department as a Meat Inspector. Later went to England as Veterinary Officer at Australia House. Returned to Victoria where he retired. William McLaughlin was a RVS then graduated GMVC 1897 - died in 1901. Charles Joseph Peter Christensen (GMVC 1897), won the Creswell Prize for Hygiene, equal with SA Le Souef. He went into practice at St Kilda. R Kerr – did not complete the course. David McConnell Kerr (GMVC 1897). Ernest Arthur Kendall (GMVC 1897, BVSc 1911) was appointed a Captain in the Victorian Rifles after graduating GMVC. He helped his father WT Kendall in so many ways - as a lecturer at the Melbourne Veterinary College (MVC), as an international ambassador during and after the Boer War, attending the international conference on tuberculosis in London, and as a university lecturer He provided leadership in WWI, and completed postgraduate studies in veterinary bacteriology in London after the war. Later as Chairman of the Milk Board he ensured Melbourne’s milk supply was from healthy dairy herds. [http://www.vet.unimelb.edu.au/honour/kendall_e.html.] Ernest Albert Le Souef (GMVC 1895, BVSc 1911). Veterinary Officer and Accountant at Melbourne Zoo until 1897 when he resigned and moved to Western Australia. Supervised the building of the South Perth Zoological Gardens of which he became director in 1897, and occupied this position until 1932 [http://www.vet.unimelb.edu.au/honour/le_souef.html]. Herbert Seton Stewart (Bert) Kyle (GMVC 1895). A Captain in the Victorian Rifles after graduating GMVC. He moved to New Zealand 1904 and conducted veterinary practice, farming, and entered politics. He was active in NZVA affairs. Bert Kyle won the Christchurch electorate of Riccarton in the 1925 NZ general election and held it to 1943. He was awarded OBE in 1953. Samuel Octavius Wood (GMVC 1895). Member of the 4th (1897-1900), 7th (1906-1909), and 9th (1912-1915),Veterinary Surgeons Boards. Sherbie Albert Le Souef (GMVC 1897). Born 1877, accountant and Assistant Director of Melbourne Zoo. In 1903 was appointed to Sydney Zoo at Moore Park which was later transferred to Taronga Park. Wrote “The Wild Animals of Australasia” with H Burrell [http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/le-souef-ernest- albert-7746]. 13

Charles Dennison Strong (GMVC 1898). Served in the Boer War and WWI. He was employed in the Department of Agriculture. [http://www.vet.unimelb.edu.au/honour/strong.html]. Sydney Stanley Fletcher (GMVC 1895 BVSc 1920) – spent most of career in New Zealand where he lived to 89 years. Worked at Masterton and was Veterinary Surgeon to the Wairarapa Racing Club. [http://www.vet.unimelb.edu.au/honour/fletcher.html]. Seated: William Beckwith, RVS, was employed by the Police Department. He served the Veterinary Surgeons Board of Victoria for 27 years. He provided lectures to students at the MVC and was an examiner. On 28 November 1906, William Beckwith moved that Belle Bruce Reid should be registered after passing the examination and payment of the required fee. This motion was seconded by John Black Leitch (GMVC 1891) who served on the 8th Board. RE Weir MRCVS (Glasgow) was appointed Inspector of Stock by the Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Industries in 1896. In 1904 he was appointed the Chief Inspector of Stock in Western Australia, the first veterinarian to hold this position. He retired in 1924. William Hunter RVS advertised his veterinary medicines in the veterinary journals at the time. He was the last RVS to serve on Board (1918-1921). Samuel Sherwin Cameron, (MRCVS 1888, DVSc 1909). Graduate of Royal Dick Veterinary School at Edinburgh then joined MVC for five years. Contributed lectures to the University Veterinary School, and later became Director of Agriculture, Victoria [ http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cameron- samuel-sherwen-5478]. Richard Templeton Kings RVS dropped dead after dinner in University House in April 1914, just before the start of the evening scientific session of the Veterinary Association of Victoria. The scientific session was cancelled. Kings had served on the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th Boards. Kings was a non-qualified registered veterinary surgeon, and like many others in the RVS class were valued for their contributions by the qualified (GMVC, BVSc, MRCVS) registered veterinary surgeons. This was the reason given by Murray Pullar why the Veterinary Association of Victoria continued to exist as a separate entity from the Australian Veterinary Association (formed in 1921) until 1942.

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Henry Wragge, MRCVS, the President who took over from Aked during the term of the first Board (1888-1890). Wragge served on the first three Boards. He diagnosed pleuropneumonia in an imported cow (St Bees) in 1858. The Colonial Government of Victoria ignored his advice to slaughter the herd and the disease became endemic – finally eradicated in 1970. In 2002, Henry's day book was found under the floorboards of his brother's house "Yallambie" in East Heidelberg, and written up as a book by his great grandniece Winty Calder. “Finding Uncle Harry’. The Search for Henry Wragge, MRCVSL, Castlemaine and Melbourne, 1857-1898”. Jimaringle Publications, Mt Martha, 2004.

William Tyson Kendall (MRCVS 1873, DVSc 1909). Named the Father of Veterinary Medicine in Australia by the American Veterinary Medical Association in World Veterinary Year 2011 [http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/mar11/110301i.asp]. Kendall initiated so many aspects of the modern disciplines of veterinary science after arriving in Melbourne on 16 February 1880. In 1880 Kendall assisted with the judging of dogs in a tent at St Kilda at a show organised by the Melbourne Poultry and Dog Society. In 1888, Kendall’s dog “Charlie” won first prize for cattle dogs at the Melbourne Centennial Dog Show. In 1881, Graham Mitchell FRCVS resigned as veterinary surgeon to Melbourne Zoo and WT Kendall took up this appointment. This photo was taken 13 years later. The Le Souef brothers, EA & SA Le Souef who went on to establish Perth Zoo and Taronga Zoo respectively, may have been stimulated to enter this area of work from assisting Kendall in his professional work at Melbourne Zoo [http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/kendallwilliam- tyson-6926]. Kendall's youngest son Hector became a Director of the Melbourne Zoo [http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/kendall-hector-7095]. William Dunk Rogerson, MRCVS, was appointed member of the first Board after the death of Graham Mitchell FRCVS on 4 June 1888. He served on the first six Boards – from 1888 to 1906. Baron von Muller was one of Australia's leading international scientists. Mueller’s correspondence regularly reached 3000 letters a year; he published over 800 papers and major works on Australian botany and lectured on subjects ranging from rust in cereals and the culture of tea in Victoria. As Dr Mueller, he developed a scientific relationship with Graham Mitchell FRCVS after the 1861 Melbourne Exhibition. Mueller had ordered the removal of the Mitchell’s exhibit of bovine lungs showing different stages of pleuropneumonia from the

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Exhibition [http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mueller-sir-ferdinand-jakob- heinrichvon-4266]. Mitchell complained in a Letter to the Editor of the Argus on 4 December 1861from Donnybrook [http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/5706673]. RH Jackson, was recruited by WT Kendall to teach at the Melbourne Veterinary College. He moved from the Pharmacy College in 1888. That caused a bit of commotion too. Charles Marson MRCVS was a long standing veterinary practitioner in Melbourne. He served on the 2nd and 3rd Boards. W. J. Cother (GMVC 1891) topped the first class of graduates from the MVC while he was employed in the Postmaster’s Department. He transferred to the Stock Department as an Inspector, and later became a Veterinary Officer in the Department of Agriculture. In 1913 he was appointed Chief Inspector of Stock, the first qualified veterinarian to hold this position. He retired in 1916. Joseph Horatio Nelson Keane RVS served on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Boards. He resigned from the Board to accept a position with the Western Australian Government at Coolgardie in 1896. Arthur William Knight Tuck (GMVC 1895). Harold Sugden Rudduck (GMVC 1894 with honours). Assisted WT Kendall, practice in Melbourne, lectured at Dookie Agricultural College and the Working Men's College, adviser to Melbourne City Council, veterinarian to Williamstown Racing Club, meat inspector for Brighton Town Council. He began supplying farmers with the 'Stock Medicine Chest' which was to be a basic part of his later business. Enlisted in 1900 in Victorian Mounted Rifles for the South African War with the rank of veterinary captain and recalled to active service in Egypt in 1915. Regular contributor to the Australasian and Australian Farm and Home, and published the popular The Diseases of Australian Stock, in 1905. In 1923 he set up a dispensary in Lonsdale Street, Melbourne to manufacture patent medicines and veterinary instruments, becoming Rudduck & Co. Pty Ltd 1929 and Rudduck Serum Laboratories Pty Ltd in 1939. His use of patent medicines and journalism caused conflict with professional veterinary opinion, but made him popular with farmers, breeders and pet owners. [http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/rudduck-harold-sugden-8295].

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