An Expedition across Australia from South to North, between the Telegraph Line and the Queensland Boundary, in 1885-6 Author(s): David Lindsay Source: Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 11, No. 11 (Nov., 1889), pp. 650-671 Published by: Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1801028 . Accessed: 14/06/2014 11:45

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This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 650 AN EXPEDITION ACROSS AUSTRALIA. a subaerial stream will, on the contrary, cut through such broad beds of subaqueous deposit by deep subsequent ploughings. That the age of the high water was within the human period, and that therefore the Theban beds might be subaqueous, is proved by the river-worn paheolith of characteristic appearance, which I picked up hundreds of feet above the present Nile on the desert cliffs of Esneh. I have now briefly shown what an interesting ground for research still awaits the geographer and geologist in Egypt; and how the con? ditions of the country render certain problems far more simple than they are in lands with continuous rainfall. Let us hope that our present facilities in Egypt may bring about some complete study of the subjects on which we have now touched.

An Expedition across Australia from South to Worth, between the Telegraph Line and the Queensland Boundary, in 1885-6.

By David Lindsay, f.e.g.s. Map, p. 704. The following is an account, slightly abridged, of Mr. David Lindsay's interesting journey across Australia, undertaken at his own risk and expense, in 1885-6, in which he passed through a large tract of previously unexplored country in the Northern Territory of South Australia, a little west of the Queensland boundary. This experienced pioneer and surveyor in the Australian wilds has since, between September 1887 and March 1888, crossed the continent a second time, from Port Darwin to Adelaide, accompanied only by a native boy, and taking four horses as baggage animals. The firstjourney was undertaken with camels, partly hired and partly supplied by the well-known promoter of Australian exploration, Sir Thomas Elder. Exploration of the FinJce River.?In November1885,1 leftDalhousie with my companions,lieutenant Dittrich and Warman, and six camels, and proceeded to explorethe Finke Kiver. From Dalhousie I sent down a collectionof plants to be forwardedto Baron von Mueller forclassification. In this collection,as well as in all others subsequently sent,were as far as possiblethree specimens of each plant, so that one complete set could be kept by the Baron, one by the GeographicalSociety of Melbourne,and the thirdfor Lieutenant Dittrich and myself to dispose of as we might think fit. A box of photographswas also sent, togetherwith native weapons, seeds, and other interestingarticles. As much informationas possible about the language,manners, and customsof the natives was obtained,and put togetherin a reportby Lieutenant Dittrich. We followed the Finke from a water-hole known as Muckarrina, and for a fewmiles it was a broad floodedvalley, beautifullytimbered and grassed,having sandhills on both sides, the tableland having ended at Muckarrina; suddenly the valley narrowedto a mere hollow between the sandhills with a few box-treeshere

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and there. It was with the greatestdifficulty that the course of the water could be traced,but thereis no doubt that the coursemarked out on mymap is absolutely correct,and that the waterjoins Spring Creek Water, which creek drains the table? land that surroundsthe Dalhousie Springs and carriesoff the superfluouswaters which in winter-timeflow from those magnificentsprings. SpringCreek in floodsspreads over a valley fromone to threemiles wide, and then fora considerabledistance flows in many channelsthrough sandhills forming some fine water-holes,the principalone being Maithinkinna. Proceedinga little farthersome large floodedflats were found,all well clothedwith many good bushes and grasses. Followingwhat appearedto us to be the main channel,with clear evidenceof the flow of water in that direction,at a point a few miles below Maithinkinna we met with distinctevidences of waterflowing in the oppositedirection; this was puzzling to us, still we went on down the valley and watercourseuntil we emergedon the floodedplains of the Macumba. We satisfiedourselves that therecould be no doubt that the floodwaters of the Macumba pass up the valley we had followedand join the Finke waters,backing themon the flooded flatsnear Maithinkinna. Eeturning to the water-hole,I went away alone to see if there was any otheroutlet forthese waters, and discovereda creek or watercourseleading througha floodedflat, with some watercoursescoming in from the north, which we afterwardsfound came fromthe Finke. I followedthis flatfor about ten miles and came to a fairwaterhole called Goodoweedalgina,with an extensive plain stretchingaway to the south-east, high sandhills on both sides. I then returnedto camp and foundsome natives had " come in. From them I ascertainedthat the word Tirreawat" supposed by Messrs. Jarvois,Knuckey, and others to be the name of a large wateron which Leichhardt and party had been destroyedby the natives,was a word which had fallen into disuse, and simply meant "a verylong way." Next day LieutenantDittrich and I, taking a native as a guide to some waters, returnedon my tracks to Goodoweedalgina; fromthere the boy took us across the extensiveplains I had seen the previousday to a good water-hole,named Ilkertinna, on the south side of the plains and just in the sandhills. The boy said this was Macumba water. From here we travelledeasterly all day down the plain, which was well bushed, grassed,and timbered,passing some nice water-holes,until we again foundourselves on the Macumba Plains and could trace by the drift-woodthe course of the Macumba waters on to the plain. The blackboy said that the floodwaters of theMacumba and Finke met and filledthese flatsand plains and then ran down on the Macumba to Lake Eyre. Aftera threeweeks' absenee we returned to Dalhousie, in time to share in some Christmas festivities,having satisfactorily settledthe much disputed question as to the debouchmentof the Finke river,and havingalso provedthat no such wateras Tirreawatexisted; thereforethe supposition that poor Leichhardt perished in this vicinityhas no foundation,but it is evident that the natives of this locality heard of his death having taken place to the north-east. Excursion to the WesternBoundary of Queensland.?After a week at Dalhousie I started,accompanied by Mr. C. Bagot, on a journey easterly to the Queensland frontier. I was sorrythat I could not take Lieutenant Dittrichwith me, but my reasons fornot doing so were these:?The weatherwas extremelyhot, and there would certainly be sixty miles of heavy sandhill and spinifex country to cross beforereaching Murraburt, consequently I wished to travelas light as possible and not be botheredwith pack-camels; my intentionbeing to go alone, taking only one guide to Murraburtand other native wells in that country. There was only one blackboyat Dalhousie who knew the way, and him I could not get unless I also took his master,Mr. C, Bagot. The Beltana camels were both unfitfor the journey,

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 652 AN EXPEDITION ACROSS AUSTRALIA. and as my own riding camel was invalided with cut feet,I had no mount to give the Lieutenant; besides,had there been four of us we must have taken a paek- camel, and I wished to have as^ many of my camels as possible in good condition forthe arduousjourney which was beforeus ere we could reach Lake Nash. I need not give a detailed account of the journey to and from the Queensland boundary,which occupied threeweeks and covered419 miles. Murraburtwas a disappointment,for, judging by what the natives had said, it was confidentlyexpected that a large water existed there. I have very little doubt that Murraburtis a spring,as the well is not in or near a watercourseand is sunk throughhard ground,perpendicular for twelve feetand then sloping almost flat for eight feetto where the water bubbles up. The wateris slightlybitter and veryclear, but pleasant to the taste; rottenlimestone abounds, and the valley or plain abounds with salt-bush,blue-bush, cotton-bush, and^good grass, and is indeedwhat, with a good watersupply, would be termedfirst class sheep country. Our boy guided us to eight otherwells, ali in good plains or valleys, beforewe reached the boundary line in lat. 25? 40' S. We returnedby much the same route,as we could hear of no wells furtherto the north, We met with no new plants or trees,save a cork-barktree, a specimenof which was taken. The natives have the same customs as those of Dalhousie. They had no traditionof white men, and we foundno marks of white men. A certainhill on the shores of Lake Mirampompom,our guide pointed out " and said, Long time ago, blackfellowall about sit down, tonga that one, big fellow corroboree,"when one day the blacks came down from there (pointing north),and aftera terriblebattle all the local natives were slain, and the enemyreturned to the sandy desertwhence they came. All the wells we foundare, I believe, springs,and should that be the case, then a considerabletract of available sheep countrywas discoveredby us in the heart of what was supposed to be a barrensandy desert. From Dalhousie to the Gulf of Carpentaria.?After a week's spell at Dalhousie, occupied by me in preparingmaps and reportson the countrywe had explored,for the Government,and by the party in preparingfor the journeyto Lake Nash, my men and animals startedalong a track leading northerlyto a well, NerringNerrin- gera, on the Finke, some 40 miles distant fromwhere I purposedmalung the start forLake Nash. All the camels were looking well, the poor ones being in good condition,and the tender-footedones, except one, having put on new soles. I went firstto CharlotteWaters and thenceproceeded down the Finke to join the party. I reachedthe camp at midday on 2nd February,1886, and found that after clearing out the well a good supply of really good waterhad been obtained. From this point I will give extracts frommy journal, and a full detail map of the whole of the explorations. On the 3rd February,at 1.20 p.m., we made our firststart, having eleven camels all well loaded, as we had over two months*rations and 120 gallons of water,besides other impedimenta,the average weight on each pack-camel being about 450 lbs., while the ridingcamels carriedtwo men. Of course I rode alone, and carrieda swag and eightgallons of water. I had been unable to get a black boy forthe Lieutenant. Mr. Glyde rode with him. The day was hot. My intentionwas to followa north- easterlydirection, so as to cut the courseof the Todd which I intendedthen to runup, hopingto finda water,named Ipperdooernina,which is said to exist somewhereon the Todd, about 100 miles distant,failing which water we would follow up the Todd and the Giles to whereI was assured I could depend on findingwater in a large hole, or by sinkinga fewfeet. This would be about 150 miles distant. I anticipatedno difficultyin getting through,judging that at the worst the camels would go &ve days, and then if I did not find IpperdooerninaI could leave the loading and travel

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions AN EXPEDITION ACROSS AUSTRALIA. 653 by nightto the Giles. We went on an allowance of one gallon of water per man per diem, thus giving us eight days' waterfor ourselves, and some 50 gallons forany of the camels which mightrequire it. To avoid some stonyhills, about five miles distant, we travelled north,when afterentering the sandhills which have a course of north-westand south-east,we camped at 6.55 p.m. on tho best feed we had seen for several miles. The camels did not eat much. 4th February.?Got an early start and travelled on courses varying20? to 350? to take advantage of the best travelling. All the sandhills were clothed with spiDifexand the weather was very hot. Camped an hour for lunch, and onward again over some sandhills which are clothed with spinifexand thornsand produce no camel-feed. We travelled until 8 p.m. without findingany feed to camp on. The partywere all walking by turnsto ease the camels. 5th.?Made an early start, and at 10.15 a.m. came on some feed, garakulya, ratherdry, where we unpacked and turnedout. We started again at 12.30 as the camels would eat no more. The two Bei tana animals had shown signs of fatiguein the morning,and forthe next fewmiles kept lying down. At 3.40 p.m. the cow camel would travel no further. We unpacked again, and after consideringthe matterin all its bearingsdecided to give the camels all the waterwe could, and return to NerringNerringra, for with one camel knocked up on the third day, how many might there be on the fourthor fifth? I knew that at least five of my own animals would have gone througheasily enough,for they had been tried,but of the otherswe knew nothing. Accordingly,at 8.30 p.m., with the greatestreluctance, we commencedto retrace our steps, travellinguntil midnight. The weatherwas certainlyvery hot; one dog succumbed to the heat althoughhe was ridingin a shade all day. 6th.?Travelled down the valleys betweenthe sandhills,the cow camel carrying scarcelyanything save the bare saddle. Camped at 3 p.m. in fairfeed. 7th (Sunday).?Travelled back on our tracks the whole day, the camels going very well; reachedthe well at 11 p.m. Watered the camels. 8th and 9th.?Spelled the camels. Nice cool days. South-eastwind. 10^.?Having failedto get acrossthe sandy desertin the directionI firstintended, I determinedto followup the Finke to near the Hugh, and then strikeacross to the Todd. We leftNerring Nerringra after dinner, and travelledtill 6.50 p.m. Sudden ehange in the weather; cloudy,and strongsouth-east wind. Our short journey into the sandhills was rather disastrous,as Warman's swag was lost duringthe night,Mr. Leech's riflewas broken througha camel rollingon it, I lost my bunch of keys, and consequentlyhad to burstopen all my boxes. The box carryingmy sextant,artificial horizon, &c, had a fall and broke the mercury- bottle,letting half of the mercuryescape; fortunatelynone of it gotinto the sextant- box. The sextant-box was thrown out of adjustment, but was not otherwise hurt. 11th.?Cool night; cool, cloudy morning; strongsouth-east wind. At 8 a.m., thermometer80?; aneroid 29*18. Travelled up the Finke valley through good timber,principally Eucalypti. Sandhills to the north; low stony sandhills and tablelandto the south. Found some good water-holesin fineclay soil. Magnificent grass and herbs. 12^.?-Cool night. At 8 a.m., thermometer82?; aneroid 29*66. Travelled 22? miles up thevalley of the Finke, still in same good country,large white sandbed. Fine gum-trees. 13th.?Still travelling up the Finke. Passed native wurleys and wells, saw ? some natives; the creekbed r arrowsfrom half a mile to fivechains splendidtimber

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 654 AN EXPEDITION ACROSS AUSTRALIA. on banks, gum, acacia, &c. Open undulatingcountry to south-west,high sandhills to north-east. Camped on the Goyderon most excellent feed. 14:th(Sunday).?Followed up the Goyder,and camped at the scoop-holesat the road-crossing,at 11.10. The permanentwater in the sand is about two feetfrom the surface. Good country,sandy. Fine gum-trees,mulga and acacia. Some low stony hills. 15th.?Started up the road at 7.40. In eight miles could see a finerange about 20 or 30 miles to the north. Until we struckthe Finke at midday the countrywas sandy, with mulga-coveredstony hills interveningand verygood grass. Travelling along the Finke was very pleasant. In and out the track winds amongst large shady Eucalypti, crossingthe creek occasionally. Cliffson west bank, and high red sandhills on east. The bed is of white sand, and, judging by the green rushes growing,I think water would be obtained at shallow depths almost anywhere. Camped at Crown Point, and photographedit. IGth.?The night was very cold. At 6.30 a.m., thermometer,56?; at noon, 100? in shade. Following the track,sandhills trendN.W. by W. We camped at HorseshoeBend afterdark. The well to which we had been directedwas choked with the rottingcarcase of a bullock; obtainedwater in a soakage hole a few yards away. 11th.?Travelled up the bed of the Finke, passing (on the east bank) undersome veryhigh cliffsshowing differentcoloured horizontal strata of clay or soft stone; some thin streaks of blue clay betweenred and greystone. The weatherwas muggy and cloudy. Passed Engoordinastation, and still followedthe Finke; same description of timberand country. Numerouswells are being sunk, all giving good water at from4 to 10 feet; goingdeeper, brackish water is met with. Some water-holesin the bed of the creek. Preparedfor rain, but were again disappointed. 18$.?Cloudy, sky veryTainylooking, cool north-eastwind. Still followingthe Finke, crossing and recrossingto shorten the distance?the river course is very tortuous. We passed a salt water-holein the river-bed,with a perfectlyfresh-water well about 10 yards fromit. All day we had been looking for a good water-hole fromwhich to make another start over the sandhills. Although we passed several wells, the water was too much polluted by the cattle. About one mile fromDepot Hill, we founda scooped hole, very deep, in a watercourseat its junction with the Finke, under rock cliffs. We pitched tentsand fliesand preparedfor rain. Fine gum trees,and good acacias. 19$.?Camels resting. Only a fewdrops of rain fell last night. The morning was dull, cloudy, sultry, and looking much like rain. Wind north-east,thunder- stormshanging about. Mr. Glyde and I walked about four miles to a high tableland fromwhich we hoped to see Chambers' Pillar distant only 16 miles. We were rewardedfor our troubleby having a perfectlydistinct view, throughour glasses, of that wonderful natural monument. 20$.-?Filled our water-vessels(108 gallons) and startedfor the Todd at 1.40 p.m. intendingto reach Lake Nash as quickly as possible. We reached the Hugh at 7 p.m., having travelledover a jumble of sandhillscovered with spinifex,desert oak, various bushes, and Parakeelya. Strongsouth-east wind all day. 21st.?Crossed the Hugh, road, and telegraph line about 1J miles above Alice Well, and made 21 miles over low sandhills with high range ahead; the vegetation was spinifex,desert oak, Parakeelya, and low bushes. The sandhillswere not at all regular; it is evidentthat we were crossingnear theirnorthern extremity in this direction. 22nd.?Travelled in a general direction 26? over low sandhills and low stony

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions AN EXPEDITION ACROSS AUSTRALIA. 655 hills with finebold rangesin sight. Afterlunch we passed throughsome low stony hills with very brokenrocky range on our rightwith good mulga countryat foot. 23rd.?For the firstsix miles our route lay over low jumbly sandhills; an isolated hill, 350 feethigh, was on our course. I climbed it, and had an extensive view; sketchedin the surroundingcountry from it. Noon found us at the footof a high and very precipitousrange. I climbed a hill 650 feethigh, guardinga pass throughwhich we easily travelled, and found a fine level strip of countrylying between this and anotherdark range,and extending in the directionin which we wished to travel. Gum watercoursescame out of these ranges,but I was unable to find any water. We saw some old native encampments; the thermometer marked102? in the shade. 24th.?Hot and sultry. Travelled along the south-eastfoot of the bold range,on the face of which were eleven distinct walls of rock. The height of the range must be 1000 feetabove the level of the plain. Low sandhills stretchingaway to our right,with some table-toppedhills 30 miles distant. Very oppressiveday. We struck the Todd at 4.40 p.m., and followedit up for one mile beforewe camped; prettyfair feed. The camels are feeling the hot weather,especially as theyhave not had good feed on the way. 25th.?Yery hot and oppressivemorning. The bed of the creek was dry, and all tho timberlooked parched. Our guide reportedfresh native tracks down the creek, but on going to examine them I foundthat they were about two weeks old, and useless to us. This is the fifthday the camels have been without water, and every day has been very hot, consequentlythe camels are showingsigns of fatigue. Started for the water-holeon the Giles. At noon found it too hot for the camels to travel,and thereforeturned out. Poor Joorakhad a sunstroke,and was very ill for a day or two after. Applied the usual remedies, and he was able to travel that night on a pack-camel. The poor fellowthought he was going to die, and gave us directionshow to bury him. The lieutenantwas also very faint,and I had to administersome brandy to him. Left all our stores,goods, and instruments,and at sundownresumed our journey with a week's waterand rations. About midnightI saw a small firein the bed of the creek,and thoughtit was a native camp, but was disappointedto findit only a burningstump. Travelled the whole nightand camped at 6.15 a.m. on the 26th; turned the camels out to have some feed beforethe sun became too strong; had breakfast,and at 8.40 a.m. I startedto look forwater, following up the valley of the Giles forthree miles, when a very dry, stony creek came in from the left?certainly not an attractivelooking creek forwater, but Providenceguided me and I turnedup it; in a quarterof a mile I came on a pad with emu, kangaroo, and dingo tracks freshon it, and heard the screechingof black cockatoos; passed througha gap, and in half a mile came to a small clay hole containinga littlewater, and quite sufficientfor.us for a fewdays. I hastened down the plain in which this hole is situated,and climbeda hill opposite the camp. Cooeed to the party and they answered me. I shouteddirections and saw some movementsamong the men, so concluded that they understoodme, and went back to the waterhole and waited impatientlyuntil 1.45 p.m., when I rode back forthem. They had not started; they had heard me calling out, but thought it was natives. Beforesundown had the camels all watered; they did not seem so impatientto get the water as I expected. Joorakwas again ill, and Lieut. Dittrich very much fatigued. When we were settled in camp we heard a native's cooey, and having answered it, two men came down from the hills. I had made a signal smoke in the morningjust above camp, hoping to attract the attention of any natives who might be in the vicinity. It appears I was successful,for one of these

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 656 AN EXPEDITION ACROSS AUSTRALIA.

ellows had seen the smoke and made across to it. From the top of a hill overlook- " fing the camp he had seen the party,and, as he expressivelyput it, Me sing outr sing out, stupidybeggars no hear'um." (The fellowswere all tired,having travelled all night.) He then came down to the water-holefor a drink and saw my blanket and water-kegs,which I had leftunder a tree when I went back to camp. He then " went away to another native and told him, White fellowssit down." Later on their numberswere increased by the additionof one old man, one young man, two old lubras,three young lubras, and threepiccaninnies, twelve in all. These natives " informedme that the water forwhich I had been making,had All about tumbled down, too much hot," and that this was the only water about; promised to guide " me to a water to the north-eastand told me, Too much hot, watersall about tumble down, can't walk," the way I intendedgoing. 27$.?After dinner Glyde, Durack, and Warman with seven camels went baek forthe goods. 28$ (Sunday).?Cool and cloudy. Afterdinner we went down the LTnd-wund- wa. We did this to save the pack camels nine miles travelling. Monday, lst March.?In camp for watering the caravan, which we allowed to pass us at about 2 o'clock; one of the blackfeliowssaw the tracks and ran off, reaching the water just as the camels were watered. Packed up and reachedour camp at sundown. Mr. Glyde describedthe gorgethrough which we passed during the nightas very grand and beautifulwhen seen in daylight. 2nd.?Hot, clear, afterwards cloudy. The two natives, who had under? us taken to guide to certainwaters and through the ranges,led us throughvery rough gorges to Und-wund-wa,where I shot two emus. To the astonishmentof the natives there was but little water,and that unfit to drink. This quite^upset the Lieutenant'sconfidence in our guides,and forthe remainderof the way to Illinga he made poor Glyde miserablewith his forebodingsthat we should get no water. Afc2 p.m. we entered a gorge, and there,beneath a frowningmountain 700 feethigh, we foundpermanent springs, surrounded by reeds and bulrushes,excellent water in the sand and also in a black mound. There was also fair feed forthe camels, and here we camped. From the top of this rock mountain,which was so that I precipitous could have throwna stone rightacross the gorgeto the opposite hill under which the camp was pitched,an extensiveview was obtainedover rocky mountainouscountry. A natural rock gateway or arch of sandstone is situated this mountain. half-wayup Eain-storms were seen all around, but a few drops only fell, accompanied by a violent wind, at midday. A number of cattle water here. 3rd and 4$.?Camped; very hot. 5$.?At 7 a.m. the thermometerstood at 70?, the aneroid 29*48. As the natives said we should find water at our next camp, we took only 50 gallons of water with us. We followedour sable guides down this creek and throughanother where gorge, the Shapana springlay. Caves were seen in the face of the hills, and a rock about 30 and peculiar feethigh about the size of a man showed high up on a rocky cliff. A fine rock-holewas passed with a high range on either side. Granite,quartz, and metamorphicsandstone dipping east and west. At 3.40 we passed one of Mr. Flint's camps,F K XV, and at 4.35 p.m. we camped on good feed a shortdistance from a rock-hole; an old native encampment. For the most part we have been travellingnp the bed of the creek,with a high bold rangeon either the formation side, metamorphicsandstone, with almost perpendicularstrata, having a slight dip to south; direction east and west. Some large reefs and quartz ; granite, and a rock of a granitic slatey formation(if I may be allowed the expression); of a greenishhue, with thin veins of quartz running through it.

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions AN EXPEDITION ACROSS AUSTRALIA. 657

Fine gum-trees,good bushes and grass, salt-bush,and ti-tree. Animal and bird life very scarce. From the top of a hill above the rock-hole one of our guides pointed out the directionwhich we had to travel to pass through this range, " showingme a hill, and repeatedlysaying that I was to No lose him creek," and when I reachedthat hill I should findanother creek going in the oppositedirection. " This I was to followuntil I foundan old man creek,"on which I would finda big " water. He told me he had neverbeen there: No been see 'um, been hear 'um all right." 6th.?At 6.30 a.m., thermometer68?; aneroid 28*44. We found that our guides had desertedus during the night. I took a supply of water from the rock- hole, and proceeded to follow the directionsso carefullygiven yesterday,always keeping on the creek. The rocks became more slatey in appearance,dipping to the north. Eanges extendedhalf a mile on our left,low brokenhills intervening; good travelling,the vegetationbeing salt-bush,acacia, tea-tree,white gum, mulga, cork- tree,and good grass; the groundvery rocky. The hills on our right were round and regular; on the lefthigh, broken,and precipitous. The creek continued very tortuous in its course through low, stony, mulga-coveredhills. We crossed the watershedat 2.4 p.m., the aneroid marking28*10, thus making us 650 feetabove our last night'scamp. We followed a watercoursetrending north, and at 3 p.m. entered a district of micaceous sandstone with almost horizontal strata, dipping north; then followedlow hills of white quartz. From the top of the watershedthe main rangesgo away west, with some fine high and precipitoushills in it. White quartz-blowsto be seen standingup on all sides. No slate as yet met with. At 4 p.m. we came upon a very big gum creek heading fromthe west, 10 chains wide, full of gum-treesof large size. We followedthis creek easterlyuntil 5.30 p.m., when we camped near an old native encampment. This creekis probablyidentical with the Hale. Marked a white cabbage gum-tree. Sunday, 7th.?At 6 a.m., thermometer62?; aneroid 28*30; lat. 23? 18' 14" S. Followed creeknorth-east for one mile, where it formeda junction with a large one, down which a good floodhad passed some two monthsbefore. We dug in a likely- lookingspot forwater withoutsuccess. Followed this creek easterly,with low hills on both sides. Splendid feed, salt-bush, good grasses and herbs, acacia, and eucalypti. The creek has a gravellybed of decomposed graniteand quartz and gem sand. We founda lode of tin in quartz and graniterunning north and south througha granite hill. I had been all day searchingfor water. At noon the caravan was passing down one channel,I another,while a thirdchannel was between us. I was attracted by some very green grass in this third channel,and scoopingout a hole with my hands, foundwithin six inches of the surface a plentifulsupply of pure water. I called a halt, and we cleared out a hole for the camels to water at. Marked a tree. This is the firstcreek we have seen which has been floodedthis season. 8?A.-?Latitude 23? 15' 25" S.; at 7 a.m. thermometer70?, aneroid 28*43 south-eastwind, with a few fleecyclouds. We followedthe creek down, low hills wet sand in closingin, many places. Found another tin lode; passed througha gorge, metamorphic sandstone, strata twisted in all conceivable directionsand Gum creekscome in shapes. occasionally. Some very high cliffs. At midday we found rushes,luxuriant young gum-trees,and a granitebed crossingthe creek,the studded with or rubies. granitecompletely garnets At 4.5 p.m. the creek suddenly changedits courseand entered a gorge. Halted here on good feedfor our animals. I went on down the creek to ascertainif it were possible to get the caravan through? and at a distanceof 300 yards came to water and big boulders,where I had to leave Ko. XL?Nov. 1889.] 2 y

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 658 AN EXPEDITION ACROSS AUSTRALIA. " " my camels. I walked on down the winding Glen Annie (so named after my wife), forthree miles ; findingplenty of permanentwater in it. Cliffsrise perpen? dicularlyto a height of 400 to 500 feet; the gorge only one to two chains wide. I returned over the range, and saw, at a distance of about five miles, a plah> stretchingaway south-east as far as the eye could reach. Some hills were visible- 30 miles away; the course of this creek could be tracedfor many miles down the- plain by the green gum trees. Warman found a rock-holeclose to camp on the- northside of the creek,and shot a snake 15 feetlong. 9$.?Sultry, no wind. As I foundfurther travelling down the creek impossible^ Glen Annie being impassable for loaded camels, I resolved,owing to the dry state of the country, to make direct for the "Plenty Wells," marked on Mr.- Winnecke's map. Went away to look for a passage throughthe rough country.- From the top of a high hill (Mount Coghlan) overlookingthe glen I could see the probabledirection to get out. Afterleaving the creekvalley, we foundthe travelling very rough indeed; jumbly hills, creeks full of boulders and dense tea-tree,hills- coveredwith mulga,and veryrough. But we foundtwo good rockwater-holes. At one point reached I was withinhalf a mile of the plain, and had to returnsome miles on my tracks. The promisedland, plains stretchingaway in the directionI wished to travel, lay beneath me some 400 feet; by leading the camel I with great difficultydescended to the plain and went across,two or threemiles, to a bold black range. Found a gum creek which I followedup, and was fortunateenough to find a passable route forthe caravan. Eeached camp at sundown. Marked tree. 10$.?Cool, south-west wind, cloudy, rain. At 7.30 a.m. the thermometer ? marked 72?, aneroid 28 65. Went along my tracks of yesterday,and for " " camped dinnerunder the black range at the mouth of a gully. We ascended 600 feet to get a specimenof a low tree which proved to be a fernpalm ; this was at least. " 100 feet from the summit; and we also found bread fruit." The granite of which this range is composed is studded with rubies or garnets. We continued our march along the foot of this range,and had a slight fall of rain. We passed over good country?low hills, good grassesand bushes in abundance. Pitched our tents under Mount Wallaby, and preparedfor a wet night. 11$.?There was no rain during the night,but it was veryheavy and threaten- ing this morning,and therewas no wind. I sketchedthe surroundingcountry from the top of Mount Wallaby. The formationis granite. There are about 80 to 100? square miles of excellent countryhere. Started at 8.10 a.m., and by climbing a? number of hills, one after the other,I was enabled to direct the movements ofi the caravan into the best routesfor travelling. We made 20 miles througha most interestingcountry; low brokengranite hills on one side, with high and fantasticpeaked granite ranges beyond. There was good grass atid bushes in abundance; green rushes growing in the gum creeks promisingwater at shallow depths. Some of the hills are clad with pines, others with palms, while others appear to be masses of bare rock. On the face of a precipice some 300 or 400 feethigh, a white vein of quartz could be seen stretching from top to bottom,looking in the sunlight much like a thin stream of water. Passed throughthe range and emergedon to a small*plain, with huge piles of rock standing about. We camped at the foot of a high leaning peak; I obtained many new plants in this neighbourhood,and some good sketeheswere also taken. The night was wet. 12$.?Wet morning. After dinner the weather cleared somewhat,though the tops of the highestpeaks were still enshroudedin heavy clouds. The rain had been of little use, only leaving a little water on the rocks. Our caravan wound through low broken granite hills with much white quartz strewn about; a big range on

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions AN EXPEDITION ACROSS AUSTRALIA. 659 both sides. The granite is soft and rotten,in layers, direction north-westand south-east,dipping north-eastvery flat. We followedup a watercourseand passed at the footof two black-lookingconical hills, and then had some awkward travelling over large stonesand throughdense tea-tree scrub. We camped on an open space at the entrance to the gorge. The vegetation was chieflymyall and gum-trees, pines, and willows. Preparedfor rain. 13^.?A steady light rain fell during the night, not sufficientto make the creeksrun, or leave any water lying about, but "still enough to make everything damp and uncomfortable. The wind was south-east. At 7 a.m. the thermometer marked 70?, aneroid 28*46, cloudy and pleasant. jFrom the top of a hill just above the camp, I could see the plain stretchingaway north and east, and lying some 300 feet beneath me. The small tableland,shown on Mr. Winnecke's map as being near the Plenty Wells, was visible about ten miles distant. Leaving camp, in halfa mile we were on the plain, splendid travelling,lightly timbered,and fairlygrassed; reddishsandy soil, quartz pebbles; tin in the ranges which are of sandstoneand granite. Near the tableland we entereda dense gidyea scrub; no grass; quartz pebbles; no sign of gold. According to Mr. Winnecke's map, we should have been in myall thickets; the surfacewas splendidlygrassed. This lasted for two miles, afterwhich we entered spinifex on a sandy soil. At 3.25 p.m. we stoppedin the bed of the Plenty Kiver. (What a misnomer!) Ten chains to the westward I found the wells, or rather the place wherethey once had been, for now, to my great disappointment,there was no evidence of water. We cleared the driftsand out of one well to a depth of ten feet,but therewas no sign of water. The sandy sides of the well ran in like water,and nearly buried Warman. Fine gum trees and acacias grew in the creek-bed,and we saw old native encamp? ments and marked trees. The whole countryis very dry. I had depended on gettingwater here,consequently my failing to do so was a great blow to me. We searchedup and down the creek and around some low hills, but all in vain. 14th (Sunday).?Our camels have not had a drinksince last Sunday, and if we have to go back to Glen Annie before findingwater they will suffermuch. We have no rain, and the night was very cold. At 7 a.m. the thermometerstood at 62?. Decided to leave all the goods here in chargeof two men and take the camels back. I hoped to find a sufficientsupply of water on the rocks to fill two casks and water two camels,after which Georgeand I would returnto the depot and then go down the Plenty and Marshall channels to the permanentwater marked on Mr. Winnecke's map. The other camels would continue on to Glen Annie if necessary. Lieutenant Dittrich had a fine collection of plants which we had assisted him to gather; but owing to the damp weatherthey needed to be put out in the sun to dry; accordinglyI asked him if he would stay in camp, thus having plentyof time to attend to his plants and give his riding camel a spell. No, he would not stop but preferredgoing back, so I had to leave Warman and Mr. Leech. At 8.30 we startedto retraceour,steps, the camels runningloose. At 11.30, seeing a big bare rock at the footof the range,I instructedthe othersto go on, leaving me to overtake them after going to this rock. Happily I found a watercourseat its foot, and a fine-lookingrock-hole which was quite full of sand and stones. I scooped out a hole about two feetdeep with my hands, and founda little water,but broke my finger-nailson the rock bottom. Aftera fewminutes' hesitation I decided to call the party back, and, running to the top of the rock, firedtwo shots (the usual signal); theyheard and came across. We commencedto clear the hole out, wateredthe camels, each bucket of water being the last one I expectedto get. Still we were able to obtain more,and filledup all our casks,then broughtup the camels, two at a time,and let them drink theirfill, so that therewould be as fewas possible 2 t 2

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 660 AN EXPEDITION ACROSS AUSTRALIA. to go back in search of water. By 10 p.m. we had cleared out about ten tons of stone and sand, and emptied the hole, having taken out 250 gallons,all the camels having as much as they could drink,besides fillingup all our water-vessels. 15$.?Cold night,followed by a clear warm day. We reached the depot at 1.10 p.m., and foundall well. Packed up and proceededdown the Plenty,intending to make for each of the watersmarked on Mr. Winnecke's map. About half an hour beforecamping, which we did on the sandy bed of the Plenty, we came upon freshtracks of fournatives, and the furof an opossum which a native had caught in a hollow tree,the marks of the native's teethbeing on the edgesof the hole which he had thus enlarged. Afterpitching camp I went to look forthe natives,and half a mile distant up the creek foundtheir tracks; I followedthem fora shortdistance, when my attentionwas attractedby a spear leaning up against a tree. Looking aroundI saw two nude figuresdisappearing in the fast-gatheringgloom of the evening, laid my camel down,and called them in theirown language to stop. This only in? creased their pace; quickly remountingI sent Lukkool along at racingspeed, and soon had the satisfactionof seeing the natives literallyrun to earth; forthey took refugein a bush, and lay with their faces covered. DismountingI seized one by the wristand draggedthem both forth. I was disappointedto findthey were children (girls), one six and the other nine years old; they were dreadfully afraid of the camel and me, and clung to each other; I led them into camp, whereI tied one up and gave the othersome flour and tobacco, tookher a little way fromthe camp and told her to go to the other natives,but she would not leave us. We hoped that she would rejoin the others, and that the next morningthey would come to me and guide me to the water which I supposed was somewhere near. She followedus back to the camp; consequentlyshe was also tied up to a flour-bagclose to my bed; I gave them supper,covered them with shelter and a blanket,and set double watch, in case of attemptedrescue or escape. While I was after the Qutis (girls) a native crossed the creek in sight of the camp, but was in too much of a hurryto be interviewed. 16$.?Nothing disturbedus duringthe night,and at daylightthe Qutis awoke, their faces all beaming with smiles, they having slept peacefullythe whole night. Directly after breakfast Lieutenant Dittrich, Warman, and I taking the girls went to find the water; they took us to within a few yards of where I saw the spear last night,and therewe foundwater in skin bags, meat both cooked and uncooked. This was were they had intendedto camp. The Qutis satisfiedthemselves that the othershad not camped here,picked up the tracks,and followedthem forsome distance; they had been runningat a great pace, one fellow twisting and doubling like a hare. Our young guides made us understandthat it was of no use followingthe tracksany further,so we returnedto camp; by this time the poor' creatureswere not at all afraidof us, and walked along with us quite happily. Understandingthat the water was some distance to the south, I started the caravan offeasterly, while I with the two Qutis went away south forQuattha Ninta. Afterpassing over nine miles of good country,grassy and bushy,with low hills dotted here and there,we came to a native well, six feetdeep, in a sandy gum creek. The sand had, as is always the case, fallen in, and no water was visible. The smallest girljumped down, and in a very fewminutes, digging with her hands, revealed the existenceof the preciousfluid. What the supply was I could not ascertain. I gave Lukkool a gallon in my satchel. Leaving the two Qutis sittingbeneath a gum tree with their arms around one another,I went to overtakethe packs. When going, the Qutismoved theirhands, and called out" Larrama, Larrama." Reached the camp at sundown,some six or eightmiles fromwhere I expected to findit, as my instruc? tions as to directionhad not been carriedout.

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17th.?Proceeded on our journey,making fora spot on the Marshall markedby " Mr. Winnecke as good water." Passed a native well, and cleared out fourfeet to blue clay bed of creek, but found no water. At 4.15 we passed Mr. Winnecke's marked tree, but there was no water on the bottom of the creek. The country was very good; fine, open, grassy, timbered,and park-like. Camped at 5.30; countrychanging for the worse,spinifex, mallee, and low bushes. This creek (the Marshall) is very disappointing,it is so dry; no water to be found whereverwe " " tried. I am almost afraidthe permanentwater will fail us. 18th.?When Joorakbrought the camels in he reportedthat he had seen natives camped close to a well, in which was some water,about threemiles down the creek. We thereupontravelled down. We foundbut little water,and that was on the blue clay bed of the creek; the natives had gone. We camped, and sank a small hole in the blue clay to enable us to baie out what little water therewas. The supply was indeed small, only one gallon in 20 minutes. Leaving the partyhere to give the " camels whateverwater could be got, Warman and I went down to the permanent water" of Barclay and Winnecke. We had passed anotherplace whereWinnecke " had marked water in sand," but there was none. We found good country,with numerousold native camps and freshnative tracksgoing down the creek. 19th.?We were fortunatein findingwater in the sand at Winnecke'smarked tree,but certainlyit is not permanentwater, for in a month I am certainthere will be none there. Eeturned to camp with the good news. Each of the camels had had a bucket or two of water. The natives had triedduring the nightto get at thewell, but as every 20 minutesa man went down to emptythe hole,the poor creatureshad to remain thirsty. The bed of the creekis formedof decomposedgranite and gravel, intermixedwith blue clay, eight feetto the bottom. Immediatelyon reachingcamp we packed up, had supper,and proceededdown the creekby moonlight,reaching the spot I had selectedfor a camp at midnight. This is an open space about 30 chains fromthe water?a finesafe camp should the natives prove troublesome,as it is more than likely that a large number will be camped in the vicinity,and we intendto remainthree days to rest the camels,the feedbeing good. 20th.?After breakfastWarman, Joorak,and I went down to the water-holeto clean it out, thus enabling the camels to drink. Just beforereaching the hole I saw a native walking away fromit. Called to him, he stjpped, I held up my hands, when he droppedhis spears,held up his hands, and came towards us. He appeared not at all afraid, but embraced us each in turnby placing both his hands on our shoulders. He could speak no English; turninground to a low hill he called out, when three lubras (two old and one young girl,about sixteen years of age) came towardsus ; we had to submit to an embrace from each of these. Although their language is similarto that of the natives of the Macumba and Finke, our limited knowledgeof that was of little use to us. From this point I proposedmaking as directas possible for Lake Nash, keeping well to the eastwardof Mr. Winnecke's track. 21st (Sunday).?In camp. Joorak reportedhaving seen thirty-fivenatives in the scrub about half a mile fromthe water; at firstthey were very frightened,but afterwardsvery friendly. We markedWinnecke's tree and a tree at the camp. 22nd.?Went with Joorakto findthe natives,but they had not camped in the same place. Joorak afterwardssaw them when out for the camels, and brought four men into camp. I understoodfrom them that thereare threeor fourwaters over our intended route, and one of them will go with us as a guide. They also promised to bring in a wei (small boy) for me next day, in exchange for our " dog Toby." Close to camp I foundwater by sinkingthree feet on the bottom of the creek,but,

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 662 AN EXPEDITION ACROSS AUSTRALIA.

as before,the supply was too small to be of any use to us. Granitic, metamorphic sandstoneof a greenishhue, very clear quartz, good soil, bushes, and trees, gidyea, gums,box, &c. Thermometerduring night 55?. It appears as if there had been a long droughtover the Plenty and Marshall basins, forwater is everywherevery scarce,and the natives are divided into small partiesand scattered over the country. I think water could be obtained on the Marshall by sinkingthrough the blue clay bottom. Below this water-holethere are plenty of very greenbushes, and all the plant life appears freshand vigorous,so I imagine a bettersupply of watercould be obtainedthere. We dug in several places, but the sand was too bad to allow us to bottom any of the holes. Eain had fallen here (east of the water-hole)about a monthago. 23rd?Cool morning, thermometer62?, east and south-east wind, few clouds. Joorak broughtin twelve natives, one being a little boy whom his father, our firstacquaintance, intended me to have. I consideredthe little fellowtoo young and not over intelligent-looking,so did not take him. A young man was then given me to act as guide to certain waters; a smart, active-lookingfellow, to whom I took a fancy,and whom I resolvedto keep, if possible; I cut offhis hair close, gave him a red cap and a good breakfast,then took him down to the water- hole fora wash. When returningto camp he asked permissionto go somewhere,I was to go on, and he would overtakeme. Thinking that if he wished to run away it would be better that he should do it here than afterwe had started,I let him go, and he was out of sight in an instant. I waited some time,but he did not return. When I reachedthe camp alone the natives were very anxious to know what I had done with Wei; they seemed afraid I had killed him. We [filled all our water- vessels,watered the camels,and afteran early dinnerwe startedwith anothernative as guide. The Quti, the young girl beforementioned, wanted to come with us, and her friendswere quite willingthat she should, and when the boy (our guide) got up on my camel, she mountedbehind him in the twinklingof an eye. She was very much disappointedwhen I would not let her stay. For fivemiles we travelledover good country,then entered a spinifexdistrict with mallee of a stuntedhabit rarelyexceeding twelve feetin height and scattered in clumps. 24$.?Warm night. Our guide slept quietly. In four^mileswe passed the end of a low range of hills with good country?gidyea and grass. Crossedanother creek " " on which is an old gum tree,reminding us Adelaideans of the Old Gum Tree at Glenelg. Countryimproving, being very well clothed with various grasses. Good rain had fallen here. At 11.40 a.m. we camped on a very nice water-hole,two chains long, in a rockycreek. The watercontained crabs and crayfish,with a growth of rushes. I planted here a numberof date-seeds,and refilledthe water-vessels, as this water is much betterthan that fromthe Marshall. Leech and I went to the " top of the range (Tarlton Range), expectingto see Goyder'sPillars,"fcwhich ought to be very close to us. We could not see them,nor did they come in sight after? wards, althoughwe passed to the northand east of the range.. The hills are stony but beautifullygrassed, and here forma circularvalley. 25$.?Clear, south-east wind. At 7-30, thermometer74?, aneroid 29*34. Travelled northerlyalong the footof the range over very nice countryeminently adapted forthe conservationof water. The countryhere remindedme much of the south,the grassyslopes with the scatteredbushes and trees,here and therea water? course markedby a dark line of treesleading straightup, or in a curve windingup the range,and appearing like the hedges in the south. These slopes are, on closer acquaintance, found to be very stony: sandstone,fieestone, waterwornquartz, pebbles, and ironstone; the herbage consistingof Mitchell grass, salt-bush,and a

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions AN EXPEDITION ACROSS AUSTRALIA. 663 little samphire. Passed a small water-holeat tho foot of the hills. As we were travelling,a most unfortunateaccident occurred; one of the camels fell, throwing both his riders; fortunatelythey were not hurt, but the poor camel was unable to rise. We assisted him up, but he only walked a fewyards and again fell. Joorak " burntthe shoulders,but did not effecta cure,for poor "Baby neveragain attempted to rise. This was a most unfortunateaccident, for everythingwas going on so well. Splendid country,feed and water,all in good health and spirits,and a good native guidingus to anotherwater, from where it would be easy to go to Lake Nash. 26th.?Cool, clear night. Immediatelyafter breakfast we went down to the sick camel, but long beforewe reachedhim we could see that he was almost, if not quite dead. He lay on his side, and was much swollen; he had not struggledmuch, but had moved about ten yards. In ten minuteshe passed out of this world of trouble. I made a post-mortemexamination, and foundthat the backboneat the root of the neck was literallysmashed, the adjacent bones being splinteredand the parts much " bruised. We returnedto camp and packed up. In six miles we came to a nia," or water-holein a finegum-tree creek; a heavy flood had been down this season. Magnificentgrasses everywhere. Limestone and a coarse yellow sandstone; really a splendid country,luxuriant herbs, creepers, grasses, and bushes; box, acacias, &c. Undulating, with limestonerubble. 21th.?Latitude 22? 35' 47" S. These waters had led us out of our direction, but I startedagain as directas possiblefor Lake Nash, followingthe lay of the country to get good travelling. Our guide was much disappointedwhen I refusedto go " furthereast, and kept pointingaway E.N.E. saying Quattha." After going four " hoursthe boy saw a smoke bearing65?, and became veryexcited, exclaiming Oora, Quattha, Quu" (Smoke, water, lubras). Judging this smoke to be but a short distance away, we turnedtowards it, thinking it as well to fixthe positionof another water. Soon we entered countrywhich was alternatelygidyea and good grass, mulga and good grass,and low undulating sandy country,covered with spinifex, mallee, box, grevillia,and many good bushes. 28th (Sunday).?Warm, clear night. We travelled all day over the same kind of country,in the directionof the smoke,which still seemed as faroff as ever. At 4 p.m. we entereda tract of mulga scrub,which had been set on fire,and passed throughit as directedby our guide. At 5 p.m. I went on ahead to look fora grazing place, and a little over a mile distant saw a promisingwatercourse coming through low stonyhills, with a fireon the other side, and numerous fresh native tracks. We turned towards the fire and almost immediatelythe boy saw a number of natives camped under some shady bushes. The boy called out to them and they at once jumped up, not having seen us coming,and scatteredin all directions. The boy gave chase and called out to them; two women,attracted no doubt by a familiar language,were the firstto stop; theysoon found he was a brother,and embraced him. The othersseeing this stopped,and one by one came up to us until all were gatheredaround me. These people had evidentlyonly come here this afternoonand had cleaned out a well, and were restingafter their labours. We camped close by in a finetract of pasture. 29^.?We deepened the well but found there was no supply. Understanding fromthe nativesthat a water-holewas not fardistant to the south-east,I and Joorak guided by a native took all the camels and emptywater-vessels and proceededover good countryfor 12 miles,when we founda nice water-hole. The natives informed me that therewere some otherwaters close by. We turned the camels out foran houror two and then went back directto the camp, whichwe reachedat 10.30 p.m.; distance 10 miles. 30th.?As we would not go furthereast our guide leftus. We passed over hard

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 664 AN EXPEDITION ACROSS AUSTRALIA. sandy soil, well grassed; patches of flint-strewnground; patches of thick mulga scrub with an occasional cabbage gum, gidyea, and box, level, no stones,until, late in the afternoon,we entered low hills densely clothed with gidyea and the country around cut up by heavy rains. It was very hot; 98? in the shade at noon. 3!s?.?We are now 76 miles fromLake Nash; lat, 22? 3' 33" S.; thermometer 66? at daylight; aneroid29*59. The camels are gettingtender-footed, as we have had so much brokenflint ground to travel over. Much of the countrypassed over to-day is subject to inundation. Crossed a high rise, fromwhich an extensiveview was obtained. Good country. April lst.?Thermometer 56?; aneroid 29*44. Travelled over low hills and undulating country?mulga-covered hills, gidyea flats,clayey soil, good grasses, loose stones,ironstone, flint and sandstone?a pleasant country,enlivened by birds and wallabies. A 2 o'clock we enteredthe firstMitchell grass plain,which stretches away north-eastas faras the eye could reach,broken only here and thereby patches of gidyea. The same kind of countrycontinued all day. 2nd.?Thermometer 52?; lat. 21? 35' 53" S. The ground travelled over was a friable,clayey loam, with loose flint stones and grass. We crossed the Woodroffe. It was insupportablyhot; 103? in the shade. Halted at 2.25 p.m., as it;was too hot to travel. Supper at 6.40 p.m., and thenresumed our journey,having our meal on floodedcountry at midnight. 3rd.--On again at 1.5 a.m. over floodedcountry. At 2 entered a district of spinifex and loose stones, which continued with occasional breaks until 4 a.m., when, meetingwith some tame cattle, we camped and turnedout, expectingto find a path leading into water. We are about eight miles from Lake Nash head station. At sunrise we were again on the way, findinga path leading easterly over good limestone country. At a distance of threemiles we crossedthe road and the boundaryline just by a post marked "lat. 21? 5' 11" S. 338 miles 10 chains." Close by was the Georgina or Herbert,with magnificentwater. My eyes were very bad this morning,caused partly by the night travelling,and to-daywith a north wind blowing in my face as we travelled up the road to the station, a distanceof nine miles,they were indeed very painful. We thus safelycompleted our journey of 700 miles from Alice Well to Lake Nash. Two days' rest at the station put my eyes all right. An interestingtract of countrywas passed, seeminglyas high as the surroundingcountry, with no creeks in it, yet almost anywherewater can be obtained in large quantities by sinkingfive or six feet. In the same locality silverlead exists. A small piece I testedwith the blowpipe gave a large percentageof lead and showeda small point of silver. All the nativesmet with have the same mannersand customs; the languageis also the same as that of the Macumba and Finke districts,excepting the terminalletter of words; forinstance, Quattha becomes Quatthee,Pittara Pittaree,and so on. The natives gave us not the slightesttrouble. Our journeywas prettyhard on the camels,but comparativelyeasy forourselves. We found letters and newspapers awaiting us, and received a hospitable- welcomefrom Mr. and Mr& Farrar,of Lake Nash Station, to whom we are much indebtedfor many kindnessesshown us duringour three days' stay with them. Evidences of the original occupation of the country,now some 25 years since, when cattle and sheep were first depastured here, are to be met with in various places at Lake Nash, fartherup the Herbertand on the James and Rankine rivers, which join the Herbert30 miles northof Lake Nash. There are still standingold piles, showingthe sites of huts, stone sheepyards,&c. Lake Nash is a finesheet of water on the Herbertriver, many miles in length,but not absolutelypermanent, as.

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions AN EXPEDITION ACROSS AUSTRALIA. 665 duringthe last great droughtit was quite dry, and Mr. Farrar had to removeall his stock. While he was away with his cattle, Mrs. Farrar was leftfor six weeks, her only companionsbeing her son, a little fellownine yearsof age, and a small blackboy to look afterthe stationand a fewhorses. When we reached Austral Downs, 30 miles distantfrom Lake Nash, my camels were so tender-footedthat it was impossibleto send to Eocklands Station, 60 miles distant to the north-north-east,where a freshsupply of provisionswas awaiting me, having been sent there to my order some three weeks previous fromBurketown. AccordinglyI arrangedfor a team to take them on to Avon Downs, within 30 miles of which my surveywork would take me in about six weeks later. In the meantime I got sufficientrations, by the kindnessof Messrs. Little and Affleck,to carryus on until it suited me to send into Avon Downs formy own. We commencedto survey the boundaries of runs on the 12th April, and were occupied in this work over a wide districtuntil October,by which time we had surveyed550 miles of boundaries and connected the eastern frontierof the province with the Overland Telegraph line. The companionsof my journey to the Gulf,Lieut. Dittrich,Mr. Leech, Warman, Joorak,and Dick, proceededalong the road to Boroloola. The Downs countryis a continuationof Barkly's Tableland, usually spokenof " as The Tableland." Austral Downs is a sheep station belonging to Messrs. Eichardson and Little; the homestead is built on a point of land between the Herbert and James rivers, and is a substantial structure,consisting of threegood roomybuildings of wood and iron,besides large sheds. A good many miles of sheep- proof fencinghas been erected. The sheep, in number about 12,000, are doing well. The countryhere is very good, being high, stony downs,very well grassed, and clothed to a good extent with blue-bush. There is plenty of water in the Herbert and James rivers,besides in the Shakespeare and othercreeks. The same class of country,improving slightly, continues 50 miles northwardsto Avon Downs on the James river. This is also a sheep station, with many miles of sheep-proof fencing,and about 12,000 sheep. Mr. Affleck,the manager,has constructeda very finedam across the river,throwing back a large body of water; he is building a substantialhomestead close by, stone ^being used for the manager's house. Some fourmiles from the homestead a well was sunk about 150 feet, and a very large supply of really good water was obtained. Dams are being constructedat different places on this run, and improvementsgenerally are being carriedout energetically. Some 25 miles to the eastward the owners of Eocklands are buildinga station on Happy Creek, where they have good countryand permanentwater. Stone is also being used in theirbuildings. The stock consistsof cattle and horses,but soon sheep will take the place of the largeranimals. The trade of these stations,though situated in the NorthernTerritory of South Australia, must find its outlet at Burketown in Queensland, as that port is the nearestand most convenient. The road leads west of northfrom Avon Downs over extensive downs, very well grassed, relieved by patches of gidyea and a strip of so-called "desert country" for 30 miles to Lorne Creek, when it turns more northerly,and in 20 miles passes a large reservoirat the time of our visit being constructed by Messrs. Eichardson & Little. Fifty miles farthertakes us to Alexandria Station, belonging to Messrs. Forest, Collins, & M'lllwraith. It is a cattle estate on the Playfordriver, and the most easterlystation on the tableland whose tradewill be with the newlyopened port on M'Arthur river. A large supply of freshwater has been obtained at a depth of 58 feet at this station. This firm holds a large tractof country,the greaterportion of which is firstclass, the grasses being of the best, the countryhaving stretchesof very luxuriant downs, plains,

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and low hills, watered by the Buchanan, Playford,Bluebush, and Brunette creeks, in all of which are large water-holes,also by permanentsprings. Some very good timber for building purposes is obtained a few miles north of the homestead. The cattle and horses were all looking well. The highest recorded shade temperatureat the stationis 110?, while the winter sends the thermometerbelow freezing-pointvery frequently. This is the most comfortablehomestead on the tableland. Again followingthe road, we travelledwesterly for 18 miles along the Playford,whence a branch road continuesalong the river to Alroy Downs, about 25 miles distant, situatedon the Lower Amazon Lagoon. The same class of countrycontinues rightthrough, but a veryvaluable salt bush grows on this run, which is but rarelyfound on any of the others. The main road turns N.N.W. and at a distanceof 22 miles crosses the Bluebush Creek, in which are some large water-holes; continuingmuch the same course still over well-grassed downs for 23 miles, Brunette Creek is crossed, and we find ourselves at an outstation of M'Donald, Smith, k Co., of Sydney. There is very finewater here; at the time of my visit there was continuouswater for 20 miles, with some very large and deep holes, terminatingin Lake Sylvester,which is but a shallow basin of large extent, therebeing quite 10 square miles of water when I saw it. Following up Brunette, Creek north-easterly,some of the finestcountry in Australia is passed over,with splendid water-holes. The road now leads west 18 miles to Corella Lagoon, a large water-holeover 5 miles long and perhaps thirty chains wide at the widest part. On this lagoon two stationshave been formed. South-south-eastand south-westof Corella Lagoon is an extensivetract of countrysubject to inundation by the water from the Buchanan and Playford rivers, Bluebush Creek, Brunette and Corella Creeks, which form lakes of greater or lesser extent,most of them holding ten months' water. This country is covered with blue-bush, polygonum,and box, amongst which the cattle remain during the dry season,finding ample sustenance fromthose bushes, which enable the stationsto muster,at any time,a large number of fat animals. There are about 250 head of horses and 12,000 head of cattle on Buchanan Downs. Both classes of stock breedand thrivewell. The road now leads north for 18 miles over fairly grassed downs, when it enters forestcountry, generally called desert. In my opinion,this is bettercattle countrythan most of the downs or plains, for,although we find strips of worthless oountry,spinifex, &c, yet there are many of the best cattle bushes and a large extent of good grassedcountry, the grass remaininggreen longer than it does on the exposed plains. At 40 miles fromCorella we find Anthony Lagoon, on which is situated the homesteadof CresswellDowns Station. The stationbuildings are at presentonly of a temporarycharacter. Some 3000 or 4000 finecattle, besides a largenumber of horses, are depasturingon this creek,in whichare othergood waters besides Anthony Lagoon. The beef killed here is quite fitfor the southernmarkets, and some hundredsof the finestfat bullocks can be taken off the run at any time. Here is the firststore, oommonly called "shanty," we have met with since leaving Dalhousie Station. Boroloola is but 170 miles distant,yet the pricescharged to travellersfor goods are somethingsurprising. I quote a few lines:?Sugar, ls. 3d. perlb.; rice,ls. Gd.; pre? servedpotatoes, 25.; currants,2s.; raisins,2s. 3d.; jam, 2s. 6c?.; and rum 18s. per bottle. Here again the road divides,one branchgoing due west for42 miles,crossing the Cobbs and Turkey creeks,in both of which are water-holes,standing in ordinary seasons up to Octoberand November,to Eva Downs station,owned by E. Maher & Co., of Sydney. The homesteadis built on an elevated spot, amongst a clump of dark-greengidyea-trees, and overlookinga considerableextent of good country,all nicely clothedwith the best grasses and good bushes and trees,with here and there

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a low rise,clothed with spinifex. The manager'shouse is of wood and iron. Leaving Eva Downs, we still travelledwest. Though when we went along in August there was no track,there is now one well beaten,leading to Powell's Creek,about 85 miles distant,crossing the Broad at 9 miles, the Bundara in 43 miles, which is the last water until reachingthe telegraphstation at Powell's Creek. The countryis fairly well, in places very well, grassed; good cattle bushes and blue-bush are plentiful. Water is scarce,but easy of conservation. I omittedan importantfeature at Eva Downs, viz. a well about 60 feetdeep, with a good supply of good stock water. From Oresswell Downs the road leads north-easterlyfor 35 miles over well- grassed downs and plains, with patches of flooded country and good bushes, to Walhollow Downs. This, the last station on the tableland?distant about 135 miles fromBoroloola?is owned by J. B. Christian,of Sydney,and managed by his brother. The country is very good, having all the best grasses growingin profusion,and many good cattle bushes scatteredin large patches. It is veryfairly watered. The cattle and horsesall look well. The homestead is situated on the bank of a large gum creek,in which are some nice water-holes,the principal one, Collabirrian,being 4 miles south of the station. This vast extent of downs and plains, called "The Tableland," drained and watered by the Milne, the Woodroffe,the Herbert,the Shakespeare,Happy Creek, the James, the Eankine, Lorne Creek, the Buchanan, the Playford,Bluebush, Brunette,Corella, Blonde, Croaker,Cresswell, and TurkeyCreeks, embracing an area of about 25,000 square miles, with,I think,an average rainfallof about 20 inches, is destinedto become,ere many years have elapsed, one of the finestwool-producing districtsin Australia. The constructionof dams and excavationof reservoirs,from the natureof the soil and the contourof the country,will be easy and comparatively inexpensive. Good water will also be obtainedby sinking,all over the tableland. Upon the developmentof this countrydepends the advancementof Boroloolaand the success of the MacArthur river as a port. There is no doubt that this is the natural outlet forall that country. The road fromWalhollow Downs Station leads over the heads of the Kilgour and down the South Australianvalley, than which it would be difficultto finda betteror prettierbit of countryany where. Afterwe leave this valley the countrybecomes less rich in its character,though the grasses are still very good, and is permanentlywatered by springs. Limestone and sandstoneare the prominentrocks. The countryis well timbered,and the hills, thoughrocky, are well grassed. The countryis brokeninto valleys and low ranges. Very fine timber grows in the valley of the MacArthur,and the grasses remain good rightthrough to Boroloola. Thirty-fivemiles beforereaching the townshipwe overtook the camels at the MacArthurriver head station,owned by Messrs. Amos Brothers & Broad, of (Sydney. Twenty thousand head of cattle are depasturing on theirimmense run of 9,000,000 acres. Improvementsare being carriedon with considerable energy by the manager. Three out-stationshave been formed. The homestead consists of six large wooden buildings, and is very comfortable. It is situated on the east bank of the river,and has a pleasant outlook over timbered, well-grassed country,backed up by bold hills from 3 to 6 miles distant. The managerhas a finegarden on the banks of the river,in which are growingbananas, figs, Cape gooseberries,melons of all sorts,English and sweet potatoes,cabbages, lettuces,tomatoes, beans, and many othervegetables. Boroloola township consists of three stores and two hotels,a butcher'sshop, in which forabout six days in the week there is no meat, a saddler's shop withoutany " saddles, and a Chinese garden. A few weeks before my visit, grog,"it is alleged, was to be had at all these stores,and the place was the resortfor the desperate characters?horse-thievesand such-like?from the back settlementsof Queensland,

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 668 AN EXPEDITION ACROSS AUSTRALIA. but the news of the arrival of the special magistrate,Mr. M'Minn, dispersedall the bad characters,so that when we were therethe place was peaceable and quiet. Fine timberis obtainablehere, Cypress pine, Casuarina, paper-bark,gums, blood- wood, Leichhardt pine, messmate,currajong, and a very fine timber locally called mahogany. I saw no minerals,although cinnabar is reportedto have been found. Copperand silverlead will be found,and probablygold. We remainedonly two days at Boroloola, when,having despatched two of my men with the camels and stores for their long journey of 1300 miles back to our starting-point,Hergott Springs,we set sail at midnighton October 19th, in a small boat to join the Ellerton schooner lying at anchor some 27 miles dowa the river. The riverhaving been described by Captain Carrington,I will not say anythingbeyond that it appeared to me to be a fairlygood waterway,somewhat difficultfor sailing craft, but very suitable for lightd-raughtsteamers. After taking in ballast wTekedged the Ellerton fora considerabledistance each day,getting aground more than once, until the followingTuesday, when we got underway at sunrisewith a strongsouth wind bowlingus along quite merrily. In 20 miles we passed clear of the Sir Edward Pellew group of islands, and then found a very heavy sea running,which, as our good ship was only in ballast, tossed her about considerably,making all the passengersbut one and some of the crew sick. I was sleepingon the main hatchwaywhen a heavy sea strikingus underthe countergave the ship such a shock that I was thrownright over against the bulwarksand nearly overboard. We ran between230 and 240 miles in the first24 hours; the wind followedus aroundthe coast, each day becominglighter until at 8 p.m. on Monday,November lst, when offEast Point at the entrance to Port Darwin, a very heavy squall struckus, throwingthe vessel down on her beam-ends,and had not fivesails burstand blown away we must have capsized. Next morningwe sailed into the lovely harbourof Port Darwin, where aftera week's stay amongst my old friends,we embarkedfor Sydney on the s.s. Tannadia. Our journey was thus successfullycompleted, reaching the northcoast of Aus? tralia ratherover twelve monthssince we leftAdelaide and havitfgtravelled roughly about 4000 miles.

VOCABULAKYOF THE LANGUAGESPOKEN BY THE NATIVESIN LATITUDES23? TO 28? S., as obtainedby a Memberof my Expedition,1885-6.

English. Native. English. Native. Kangaroo. aura owtira. Fly. aminga. Opossum. undina. Snake . abma,wadna. Dog. lukra. The blacks .. .. arrallaarrilla- Emu. alia. A lubra (young) .. quei. Black duck .. .. chickeway. Crayfish. yuru. Wood duck .. .. erialta. And. eripin. Pelican . eriwanta. Father . acknja. Crow ...... angela. Mother . mia. Cockatoo. eranda. Sister . kongara. Swan . andelura. Brother . eckelgecka. Egg. querta. A baby . kinka. Track . inga. Boy. wei. Fish. unda. An old man .. .. ackniritja. Mosquito. ewinga. An old woman .. aragatja.

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English. Native. English. Native. Head . kopita. Bark. timba. Eye. alkna. Good. alljura-allmala. Ear. alprketa. Bad. akuna. Mouth . rucketa. Sweet . wurta. Teeth . arteta. Hungry. anunkula. Hair ofthe head .. akera, perka. Thirsty . ankuta. Beard . aninga. To eat . ookooma. Nose. eddla. To drink. quatchenja. Hand . elchu angunga,or To sleep.| Tongue . alljumma. \ anggunjela. Stomach. atnela. To walk. limman. Breast . uletja. To see . arrimma. Posterior. atnungyuna. Yesterday .. .. mirka. Leg. enta. To-day . letta. Foot. inga. To-morrow .. .. aljurka. Bone. gtina. Whereare theblacks ? arrillathimma ? I do Blood . arigna. notknow .. .. jurruga allang- Skin. pulla. gelarda. Fat. andara. Plenty . ackindja, acknar- Bowels . atnundurka. ridja. Excreta. aedna. Big. ackrimulla. A large spear .. .. arilpa. Little . attnetja. Small spear .. .. atjalta. Dead. alluka. Instrumentfor throw- ( womerah,or By-and-by .. .. urraka. ing the spear .. \ amura. Come on. pit-chi. Shield . ulkudda. Creek . toola,or toorla. Stone tomahawk .. elapa. Wood . ooltha. Sun'. rara. A wooden water- Moon . angitra. vessel. urtna. Star. andulbra. A rat . ootninka. Light . elilkima. Kangaroo rat .. .. coworta. Dark. ingna. Sandhill. alba. Cold. arindja. Gum tree. oomara, Heat. anginja. Day. eldala. Night . angala. d Fire. bora. falapa.erilpara. Water . quatcha. The mulga tree .. articka. Smoke . kurtu,rerendem. Aclaypan .. .. ooliripa. Sand. ealla. Little water .. .. atchooka. Stone . apperda. Stonytableland .. eckellara. Wind . allurepa. Turkey . toorwa. Rain. ackulja. A shortdistance .. urtingjia. Thunder. ulkulta. A long distance .. urtinga. Grass . nanga. A verylong way .. urtingaurtinga. Wood . ulta. House . miamia? Camp ...... meringa,umara. One(l) . ninta. Yes. beh, airatja. Two (2). dramma. All rightenough .. kallakalla. Three(3). eripidramma. No. warra. Four (4). nintaeripidramma. No . ackana. Five (5). drammaeripidram? No . atchia. ma. Me. yinga. Plenty . acknarridga. You. unga, or unda,

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The followingis one of the eorroborrees:? Umbranai,umbranai jib-jib acunai Kudu kaer en kae dull by ra ru mae Koota warranmorran munae Kutu worranwin ginae Wan a du ping qua wonnawarrara.

The tribesare dividedinto fourclasses: Piltara,Parola, Panunga,and Gomorra. A Pittariman marriesa Gomorrawoman, the offspringis a Panunga; a Gomorraman marriesa Piltara woman,the offspringis a Parola; a Panunga man marriesa Parola woman,the offspringis a Piltara; a Parola manmarries a Panunga woman,the offspring is a Gomorra. The tribeson the Plenty and Marshall rivershave the same tribal division,except that Piltara becomesPiltare, and so on; and the language is nearlythe same,as the followingwords will show. I obtainedthese fromthe two girls spoken of in my journal. English. Native. English. Native. Head . kopita. Chin. arugid. Eye. elguma. Nose. ecla. Arm. upgua. Hand . ildya. Breasts(female) .. oolitcha Stomach ...... oonita. Leg. .. labba. Foot ... inga. Hair. .. ookka.

The next tribemet with, in latitude20? 30', southspoke quite differently. English. Native. English. Native. Yes. youi. Water ...... yuca. Fire. menala. Sun. uwitchera. Moon . ikurta. Girl ...... wooragara. Boy. ninta. Hair of head .. *. coola. Eye. mingha. Nose. oordool. Teeth . coorgada Ear. penalla. Whiskers. chinunga. Head ...... liya. Arm. kadarra. Breasts ...... coonoowalla. Stomach. woodulla. Penis . woola. Womb . bool. Leg ... poordagga. Foot ...... cheena. Stone ...... pooringam. Grass ...... thuam. Spinifex (Triodia > Comeon. poorkapa. irritans). chepada.

The Umbria tribe in the Anthony'sLagoon country,lat. 18? south,again " speak quite differently.The nativename of the lagoon is Karkarkwedja." English. Ndtive. English. Native. Head . tamunga. Stomach. turoom. Nose. calum. Leg. chack. Eye ...... mooloo. Foot. changa. Teeth . queedyun. Fingers. moomooroo. Whiskers...... chamungdool. Boy or youngman .. tua\ Chin. chamdum. Girl,small .. .. allung. Neck...... ,. koorangim. ? big,but a virgin noongarin. Arm. charloo. Woman,young .. koodunger. Hand ?. .. .. labeera. ? old .. .. malummalat. -d , ( abooloo. Old man. boomutch. Breasts .< vl 1 grenyal. Inodianutans .. boorime.

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions EXPLORATIONSAND ASCENTS IN THE CAUCASUS IN 1889. 671

English. Native. English. Native. Creek timber .. .. koondadarra. Boy,small .. .. ullach. Guttapercha .. .. munguugil. ? big . tuya. Coohbah. chibaroo. ? circumcised .. boo-tinga. Plentyof trees .. riarra. Body. winningi. Horse . deemanna. Sun. kamboola. Dog. tchangti. Moon . adungaree. Hawk . kaloom. MorningStar ,. .. cumbungaree. Crow. noomurme. Star. chingit. Creek . illigarra. Wind . margool. Stone,or hill .. .. kooda. Cold. raragingen. Plain . mimgroo. Eain. ira. One. chandidgi. Hot. oolawudya. Two. koodgarra. No . que-ella. Three . oorgunbulla. Yes. esbella. Four rkoodgarrangarra \koodgarrangarra.

This tribeextends to the coast country,and the same language is spoken to the salt water,when it changes. The natives here have twelve tribal divisions,and are rathera fine race, many of them being over six feetin height; one fellowis 6 feet8J inches high,and weighs 17J stone.

Explorations and Ascents in the Caucasus in 1889.

The following is a list of the principal ascents and expeditions made this year in the Central Caucasus. (See map, ante, p. 404.) Of the passes, Nos. 4 and 5 are rarely used by native hunters. The rest were crossed for the first time this summer. Mr. D. Freshfield and Captain Powell crossed all of them; Mr. C. T. Dent the first three, and Mr. Hermann Woolley the first two. Alpine guides were employed. Passes.?1. The Ceja Pass from the source of the Ardon (close to the Mamisson Pass) to the Ceja Valley. 2. The Ullu-auz Pass (14,300 feet?Ullu-auz = great valley) from the Cherek by the Tutuin-su and over the eastern ridge of Dych-tau to Dou-mala. On this pass the last bivouac of Donkin and Fox was discovered. (See ante, p. 559). 3. The Saluinan Chiran Pass (13,622 feet?Chiran = Glacier) from the Bezingi Glacier by a hitherto unmapped glacier, the Chaour-tu, to the Gara-su and Chegem. The descent on to the neve of the Chaour-tu is by a wall of rocks 1400 feet high, raked in the afternoon by volleys of stones which fall with the velocity of bullets. Much time (seven hours) was consumed in the endeavour to avoid these, and the glacier had to be descended by lantern-light. Its prodigious moraines bear witness to the rapid disintegration of the ridges that encircle the upper snow-fields. 4. A pass from the Bashil-su to the Adyr-su (12,678 feet) parallel to that crossed last year by Fox and Donkin.

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 704 NEW MAPS.

concludeswith an appeal to humanityfor immediate interference. The map contains a large amount of topographical detail, a proportionof which is probablyhypothetical, and forsome reason the Indian Oceat, akes, and rivers are all colouredbright green.

ATLANTIC OCEAN ISLANDS Canary Islands.?Das Thal von Orotava (Tenerife). Aufgenommenund gezeichnet von Dr. A. Rothplatz. Scale 1:50,000 or 1*4 inches to a geographicalmile. * Petermann's Geographische Mitteilungen/ Jahrgang 1889, Taf 15. Gotha, Justus Perthes. (Dulau.) CHARTS.

United States Charts.?No. 1162, Port Chimbote(Ferrol Bay). Peru, Price ls. -. Pilot Chart of the North Atlantic Ocean. October 1889. With a " Supplementillustrating The St. Thomas-HatterasHurricane of Sepcember3-12, 1889." U, S. Hydrographic Office. George L. Dyer, Lieutenant u.s.n., Hydrographer. Washington,D.C, 1889.

This content downloaded fromATLASES. 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Hachette et Cie.?Atlas de Geographie Moderne,

Stieler's Hand-Atlas.?Neue Lieferungs-Ausgabevon ??. 95 Karten in Kup- ferdruck und Handkolorit,herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Herm. Berghaus, Carl und Vogel Herm. Habenicht. Erscheintin 32 Lieferungen(jede mit 3 Karten, die letzte mit 2 Karten und Titel). Fiinfzehnte (15) Lieferung. Inhalt: Nr. 49, Ost-Europa, Blatt 6 in 1:3,700,000, von A. Petermann? Nr. 69, 4 Afrika,Blatt in 1:10,000,000, von R. Liiddecke. Nr. 88, VereinigteStaaten, Blatt 6 in 1:3,700,000, von A. Petermann. Sechszehnte(16) Lieferung. Inhalt: Nr. 47, Ost-Europa, Blatt 4 in 1:3,700,000 von A. Petermann. Nr. 58, Palastina in 1:1,200,000 von A. Petermann. Nr. 84, Vereinigte Staaten, Blatt 2 in 1: 3,700,000, von A. Petermann. Gotha, Justus Perthes. ls. Gd. each part. {Dulau.) Sheets 47 and 49 formpart of the map of East Europe, the formerincludes Central Russia, and the latterthe countrysouth of it as faras the Turkish and Persian frontier;it also containstwo insets,one of Ararat,and anotherof Tiflis and its neighbourhood. Sheet 69 is part of the new map of Africain courseof in this publication atlas; it] includes all the coast between Suakin and Cape Delgado and the interioras faras the eighteenthmeridian east of Greenwich, thus embracingthe greaterportion of Equatorial Africa. Two insetsare given, showingrespectively Perim Island and the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. Sheets 84 and 88 are maps of portionsof the United States, and belong to the six-sheet map of that country. Sheet 58 is a map of Palestine, which also containsan enlargementof the countryto the northof Sur (Tyre). 704 NEW MAPS.

concludeswith an appeal to humanityfor immediate interference. The map contains a large amount of topographical detail, a proportion of which is probablyhypothetical, and forsome reason the Indian Oceat, akes, and rivers are all colouredbright green.

ATLANTIC OCEAN ISLANDS Canary Islands.?Das Thal von Orotava (Tenerife). Aufgenommenund gezeichnet von Dr. A. Rothplatz. Scale 1:50,000 or 1*4 inches to a geographicalmile. * Petermann's Geographische Mitteilungen/ Jahrgang 1889, Taf 15. Gotha, Justus Perthes. (Dulau.) CHARTS.

United States Charts.?No. 1162, Port Chimbote(Ferrol Bay). Peru, Price ls. -. Pilot Chart of the North Atlantic Ocean. October 1889. With a " Supplementillustrating The St. Thomas-HatterasHurricane of Sepcember3-12, 1889." U, S. Hydrographic Office. George L. Dyer, Lieutenant u.s.n., Hydrographer. Washington,D.C, 1889.

ATLASES.

Hachette et Cie.?Atlas de Geographie Moderne,

Stieler's Hand-Atlas.?Neue Lieferungs-Ausgabevon ??. 95 Karten in Kup- ferdruck und Handkolorit,herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Herm. Berghaus, Carl und Vogel Herm. Habenicht. Erscheintin 32 Lieferungen(jede mit 3 Karten, die letzte mit 2 Karten und Titel). Fiinfzehnte (15) Lieferung. Inhalt: Nr. 49, Ost-Europa, Blatt 6 in 1:3,700,000, von A. Petermann? Nr. 69, 4 Afrika,Blatt in 1:10,000,000, von R. Liiddecke. Nr. 88, VereinigteStaaten, Blatt 6 in 1:3,700,000, von A. Petermann. Sechszehnte(16) Lieferung. Inhalt: Nr. 47, Ost-Europa, Blatt 4 in 1:3,700,000 von A. Petermann. Nr. 58, Palastina in 1:1,200,000 von A. Petermann. Nr. 84, Vereinigte Staaten, Blatt 2 in 1: 3,700,000, von A. Petermann. Gotha, Justus Perthes. ls. Gd. each part. {Dulau.) Sheets 47 and 49 formpart of the map of East Europe, the formerincludes Central Russia, and the latterthe countrysouth of it as faras the Turkish and Persian frontier;it also containstwo insets,one of Ararat,and anotherof Tiflis and its neighbourhood. Sheet 69 is part of the new map of Africain courseof in this publication atlas; it] includes all the coast between Suakin and Cape Delgado and the interioras faras the eighteenthmeridian east of Greenwich, thus embracingthe greaterportion of Equatorial Africa. Two insetsare given, showingrespectively Perim Island and the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. Sheets 84 and 88 are maps of portionsof the United States, and belong to the six-sheet map of that country. Sheet 58 is a map of Palestine, which also containsan enlargementof the countryto the northof Sur (Tyre).

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 704 NEW MAPS.

concludeswith an appeal to humanityfor immediate interference. The map contains a large amount of topographical detail, a proportion of which is probablyhypothetical, and forsome reason the Indian Oceat, akes, and rivers are all colouredbright green.

ATLANTIC OCEAN ISLANDS Canary Islands.?Das Thal von Orotava (Tenerife). Aufgenommenund gezeichnet von Dr. A. Rothplatz. Scale 1:50,000 or 1*4 inches to a geographicalmile. * Petermann's Geographische Mitteilungen/ Jahrgang 1889, Taf 15. Gotha, Justus Perthes. (Dulau.) CHARTS.

United States Charts.?No. 1162, Port Chimbote(Ferrol Bay). Peru, Price ls. -. Pilot Chart of the North Atlantic Ocean. October 1889. With a " Supplementillustrating The St. Thomas-HatterasHurricane of Sepcember3-12, 1889." U, S. Hydrographic Office. George L. Dyer, Lieutenant u.s.n., Hydrographer. Washington,D.C, 1889.

ATLASES.

Hachette et Cie.?Atlas de Geographie Moderne,

Stieler's Hand-Atlas.?Neue Lieferungs-Ausgabevon ??. 95 Karten in Kup- ferdruck und Handkolorit,herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Herm. Berghaus, Carl und Vogel Herm. Habenicht. Erscheintin 32 Lieferungen(jede mit 3 Karten, die letzte mit 2 Karten und Titel). Fiinfzehnte (15) Lieferung. Inhalt: Nr. 49, Ost-Europa, Blatt 6 in 1:3,700,000, von A. Petermann? Nr. 69, 4 Afrika,Blatt in 1:10,000,000, von R. Liiddecke. Nr. 88, VereinigteStaaten, Blatt 6 in 1:3,700,000, von A. Petermann. Sechszehnte(16) Lieferung. Inhalt: Nr. 47, Ost-Europa, Blatt 4 in 1:3,700,000 von A. Petermann. Nr. 58, Palastina in 1:1,200,000 von A. Petermann. Nr. 84, Vereinigte Staaten, Blatt 2 in 1: 3,700,000, von A. Petermann. Gotha, Justus Perthes. ls. Gd. each part. {Dulau.) Sheets 47 and 49 formpart of the map of East Europe, the formerincludes Central Russia, and the latterthe countrysouth of it as faras the Turkish and Persian frontier;it also containstwo insets,one of Ararat,and anotherof Tiflis and its neighbourhood. Sheet 69 is part of the new map of Africain courseof in this publication atlas; it] includes all the coast between Suakin and Cape Delgado and the interioras faras the eighteenthmeridian east of Greenwich, thus embracingthe greaterportion of Equatorial Africa. Two insetsare given, showingrespectively Perim Island and the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. Sheets 84 and 88 are maps of portionsof the United States, and belong to the six-sheet map of that country. Sheet 58 is a map of Palestine, which also containsan enlargementof the countryto the northof Sur (Tyre).

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 3

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.101 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 11:45:07 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions