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Die Munsee: Migrationsgeschichte Und Ethnische Identität

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Die Munsee: Migrationsgeschichte Und Ethnische Identität Die Munsee: Migrationsgeschichte und Ethnische Identität Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie im Fachbereich Philosophie und Geschichtswissenschaften der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität zu Frankfurt am Main vorgelegt von Siegrun Kaiser aus: Frankfurt am Main 2003 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Christian F. Feest 2. Gutachter: PD Dr. Iris Gareis Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 16. Juli 2003 II Danksagung - 8 A. Einleitung - 10 1. Ziel der Arbeit - 10 2. Quellensituation - 12 3. Forschungsgeschichte - 15 4. Phänomene der Algonkinforschung - 19 5. Ethnohistory - 21 6. Unveröffentlichte Quellen - 23 7. Feldforschung - 26 B. Hauptteil Die Munsee: Migrationsgeschichte und Ethnische Identität - 31 1. Die Heimat der Munsee im Nordosten - 31 1.1. Etymologie - 31 1.2. Siedlungsgebiet - 36 1.3. Bodenbeschaffenheit - 38 1.4. Der archäologische Befund - 39 2. Frühe Kontaktgeschichte - 52 2.1. Erste Begegnungen mit den Schwannack - 52 2.2. Integrationsversuche - 54 2.3. Pelzhandel - 57 2.4. Holländer als Ethnographen - 60 2.5. Wegenetz - 61 2.6. Sozialorganisation - 61 2.7. Erste territoriale Konflikte - 66 2.8. Die River Indian Confederacy: Der Bund der "Nördlichen" oder "Wölfe" - 76 2.9. Kontakte zu Zentral-Algonkin - 85 III 3. Exodus und Neuorientierung in Iroquoia - 92 3.1. Einrichtung der Irokesischen Pufferzone - 93 3.2. Lokalisierung der Munsee - 99 3.3. Interethnische Beziehungen - 102 3.4. Der Krieg Manawkyhickons - 103 3.5. Verelendung - 107 3.6. Verlust der letzten Enklaven im Nordosten - 108 3.7. Zur sozio-politischen Stellung der Munsee in Iroquoia - 115 4. Neue Souveränität in der Great Lakes Region - 120 4.1. Das Ohio Valley als Einwanderungsland - 120 4.2. Fusion zu Phratrien - 127 5. Überlebenstrategien während der Britischen Expansion (1740-1782) - 137 5.1. Erste Kontakte zu Missionaren - 137 5.2. Im Englisch-Französischen Krieg - 150 5.3. Siedlungsdichotomie an der Frontier - 162 5.4. Die Problematik überregionaler Repräsentanten - 164 5.5. Revitalisierung - 169 5.6. Im Aufstand Pontiacs - 173 5.7. Mission als politischer Überbau: Die Karriere des Papunhank - 181 5.8. Siedlungszentren im Ohio Valley - 197 5.9. Mitglieder im Rat der Delaware Nation - 200 5.10. Im Lord Dunmore War von 1774 - 202 5.11. Parteinahme während des Amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskrieges - 203 IV 6. "The world is already too narrow": Die Munsee nach Gründung der Vereinigten Staaten - 217 6.1. Abwanderung der New York-Munsee nach Kanada - 217 6.2. Spaltung der Grand River-Delaware - 218 6.3. Lineages in New York - 220 6.4. Die Sandusky-Munsee in Ohio - 221 6.5. Nach Indiana - 223 6.6. "The Big Uneasy": Zur Rolle der Munsee in der Tecamthi- Bewegung - 234 6.7. Im Bund der Wölfe: Die "Stockbridge-Munsee Connection" - 252 7. Der Kampf um eine Reservation - 265 7.1. Im Michigan Territory - 265 7.2. In Upper Canada - 284 7.3. Rückwanderung kanadischer Munsee in die USA - 293 7.3.1 Zuflucht bei den Stockbridge-Mahican - 298 7.3.2. Abzug der Auswandererpartei in das Nebraska Territory - 307 7.3.3. Die ersten Jahre in Kansas - 308 7.3.4. Spaltung der Stockbridge-Munsee von Wisconsin - 318 7.3.5. Der Kampf der Kansas-Munsee gegen die Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine - 321 7.3.6. An den Little Osage River - 330 8. "Back to the Relations": Die Munsee während der Allotment Era - 337 8.1. Unterschlupf bei Verwandten - 337 8.2. "...as if we had been transferred to some other planet": Die Sackgasse Wisconsin - 338 8.3. Munsee und Chippewa in Kansas - 344 8.4. Munsee und Chippewa in Kanada - 346 V 8.5. Konservatismus der Truthahn- und Wolfs-Munsee - 348 8.6. Annäherung von Munsee und Delaware im rituellen Kontext - 354 8.7. Das Ende der Klangesellschaft - 358 9. Ethnische Identität heute - 360 9.1. Wer ist heute ein Munsee? - 361 9.2. Reminiszenzen an politische Allianzen - 362 9.3. Streit um historische Identitäten: Die Auseinandersetzung von Munsee und Delaware im Delaware Indian Judgment Fund - 365 9.4. Intertribalität: Die Munsee im Delaware Nation Grand Council of North America - 369 9.5. Zur Situation der staatlich anerkannten Gruppen - 374 9.6. Munsee ohne staatliche Anerkennung - 393 9.7. Ausblick: Das Kasino von Manhattan Island - 405 C. Schlussresümé - 407 Anhang - 421 Texte - 422 1. "Conference Minutes and Pro Memoria of Gnadenhütten, Pennsylvania, 5. April 1753" - 423 2. "Gideon Williams and Other Members of the Munsee Tribe of Indians to his Excellency Zachary Taylor, President of the United States of America, Munsee Settlement, Indian Territory, March 15, 1849" - 425 3. Interview mit Gretta Jacobs und Geratha Phillips, Stockbridge-Munsee Reservation, Bowler, Wisconsin, 6. und 9. November 1996 - 432 VI Karten - 435 1. Siedlungsterritorium und Wegenetz der Munsee zu Beginn der Kontaktzeit - 436 2. Archäologischer Befund - 437 3. Erste dokumentierte Migrationen der Munsee im 17. Jahrhundert - 438 4. Siedlungen der Munsee in New York, Pennsylvania und Ohio (1720-1782) - 439 5. Siedlungen der Munsee in Ohio, New York, Indiana, Michigan, Ontario, Wisconsin (1779 bis heute) - 441 6. Siedlungen der Munsee in Kansas und Oklahoma (1837 bis heute) - 443 7. Karte des Muncey Indian Reserve No.1, Munceytown, Ontario, Kanada (2003) - 444 8. Übersichtskarte der Munsee-Migrationen und Siedlungsschwerpunkte nach 1720 - 445 Abbildungen - 446 1. Wolfsembleme der Munsee im 17. Jahrhundert, Skokloster Castle, Schweden - 447 2. "Lappawinzo, Pennsylvania (ca. 1737)" - 447 3. Zeitgenössische Tracht eines Munsee am Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin (ca. 1842) - 448 4. Zeitgenössische Abbildung kanadischer Munsee (um 1838) - 448 5. John Brown (Weh-wul-i-nund), National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington (1901) - 449 6. "Chippewa and Munsee Indians as they Appeared at Final Payment, Nov. 8, 1900" - 449 7. Charles Elkhair (Kaw-Kwul-lup-poox-way), New York-Munsee, Eastern Oklahoma Delaware Band, Dewey, Oklahoma, mit seinem Enkel Richard Franklin Falleaf - 450 8. Reuben Wilson (Wikpèkixing), New York-Munsee bei der Eastern Oklahoma Delaware Band, Dewey, Oklahoma - 450 9. Minnie Fouts oder Foultz (Wèmeehëlèxkwe), New York-Munsee bei der Eastern Oklahoma Delaware Band, Dewey, Oklahoma - 451 VII 10. Don Logan, Muncie-Delaware First Nation, Munceytown, Ontario (1996) - 451 11. Jacob Jacobs (Na-un-naup-tauk), Stockbridge-Munsee, Washington D.C. (ca. 1875); Mary Pye, Stockbridge-Munsee Reservation, Wisconsin (ca. 1870) - 452 12. Lyman Jacobs und Olive Miller Jacobs (n.d.) - 452 13. Howard und Gretta Jacobs, Familienfest, Stockbridge-Munsee Reservation, Wisconsin (1980) - 453 14. John Mohawk - 453 15. George Mohawk und Laura Gardner Mohawk, Elizabeth und Lillian, Stockbridge-Munsee Reservation, Wisconsin - 454 16. Clio Mae Caleb Church, Familientreffen, Pomona, Kansas (Juni 2000) - 454 17. Klaneponyme der heutigen Munsee und Delaware - 455 18. Delaware Gathering, Moraviantown (August 1996) - 455 Siglenverzeichnis - 456 Quellenverzeichnis - 458 Bibliographie - 463 Lebenslauf - 501 Erklärung - 8 - Danksagung Ethnologische Forschung ist immer die gemeinschaftliche Arbeit von Interessierten, Betrof- fenen und Gleichgesinnten. Mein Dank gilt daher all denen, die mich unterstützten, meine Daten und Erfahrungen zu einer Geschichte zu formen. Meine Recherche wurde möglich durch Stipendien des John F. Kennedy Institutes in Berlin, des Deutschen Historischen Institutes in Washington und des Deutschen Akademi- schen Austauschdienstes in Bonn. Ein Wiedereinstiegsstipendium für Frauen mit Kindern des Hessischen Ministeriums für Wissenschaft und Kunst gewährte mir die notwendige Grundlage zum Schreiben. Mein persönlicher Dank gilt Herbert C. Kraft, Professor an der Seton Hall University in Orange, New Jersey, der mir bis zu seinem Tod im Jahre 2000 ein guter Freund war. Er machte mich mit den archäologischen Fundplätzen im Heimatland der Munsee und den völkerkundlichen Sammlungen der Heye Foundation in New York bekannt. Sein Enthu- siasmus für Forschung und Lehre wird immer ein Vorbild für mich bleiben. Prof. Christian F. Feest, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, förderte mich mit Gutachten für Stipendien, ohne die eine Feldforschung nicht möglich gewesen wäre. Prof. David R. Wro- ne von der University of Stevens Point, Wisconsin, machte mich auf weniger bekannte Do- kumente über die Stockbridge-Munsee aufmerksam. Zuspruch für mein Projekt erhielt ich auch von Anthony F.C. Wallace, Ives Goddard und William C. Sturtevant. Belebt wurde meine Arbeit durch den interdisziplinären Kontakt mit deutschen und amerikanischen Wissenschaftlern, die an verwandten Themen arbeiten. Renate Bartl, Stefan Hertrampf, Carola Wessel, David M. Oestreicher und Theresa Schenk bestätigten mich dar- in, dass Austausch und gegenseitige Unterstützung im "Elfenbeinturm" der Wissenschaft möglich sind. Meine Kontakte zu den Munsee gestalteten sich freundlich, obwohl ich zunächst als eine ausländische Fremde und als "Anthro" kam. Stammesmitglieder verschiedener Reser- vationen machten mir ihre private Korrespondenz, Zeitungsartikel, Familiengeschichten, Namenslisten und Photos zugänglich. Darüber hinaus versorgten sie mich mit Nahrung und Unterkunft und nahmen Anteil an der Entwicklung meiner Kinder, die mich auf meiner Feldforschung begleiteten. Mein besonderer Dank geht an Clio Mae Caleb Church in Kan- sas, Floyd und Virginia Tousey, Gretta und Geratha Jacobs, ihre Tochter Nelda, Arletta Davids und Bill Terrio in Wisconsin; den Mitgliedern des Tribal Committee der Stock- bridge-Munsee,
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