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Factors Affecting Early Life Patterns of the European Flounder Platichthys Flesus in a Nursery Habitat

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Factors Affecting Early Life Patterns of the European Flounder Platichthys Flesus in a Nursery Habitat Platichthys Platichthys MORFOLOGIA E MORFOLOGIA FISIOLOGIA - of the European Flounder the European of in a Nursery in a Nursery DOUTORAMENTO CIÊNCIA ANIMAL Life Early Affecting Factors Patterns flesus Habitat Mendes Vinhas Cláudia D 2018 Cláudia Vinhas Mendes. Factors Affecting Early Life Patterns of the European Flounder D.ICBAS 2018 Platichthys flesus in a Nursery Habitat Factors Affecting Early Life Patterns of the European Flounder Platichthys flesus in a Nursery Habitat Cláudia Vinhas Mendes Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar The research reported in this thesis was conducted at: Laboratório de Hidrobiologia e Ecologia do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies of the University of Hull, UK Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto i The research reported in this thesis was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) through the PhD grant SFRH/BD/86325/2012. ii “In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we are taught.” Baba Dioum “Mar, metade da minha alma é feita de maresia.” Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen iii iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS/AGRADECIMENTOS I would like to express my gratitude for all the people that in various ways have contributed to this fascinating journey into the flounder life. Agradeço ao Professor Adriano Bordalo e Sá, por todo o apoio prestado, desde a disponibilização das condições necessárias à realização do trabalho, orientação, preocupação, compreensão, motivação e entusiasmo. Agradeço à Doutora Sandra Ramos por me ter proposto o tema da tese, pelo apoio e compreensão ao longo do meu trabalho e por todas as discussões científicas acerca da intrigante vida da solha. I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Michael Elliott for all the support provided by sharing his scientific knowledge, motivation and kindness. Thank you for receiving me in Hull where I had the opportunity to learn so much. Um grande obrigado à Eva Amorim, companheira de aventuras e desventuras, no barco e em terra firme, no Porto e em Hull. Foram momentos de grande trabalho, mas também de companheirismo e boa disposição. Agradeço a todos que participaram nas amostragens e triagens do Lima, incluindo voluntários nas triagens e identificação de zooplâncton e macroinvertebrados, ao Rui e ao Sr. Pinto. Agradeço ao Sr. José Manuel por nos receber na sua embarcação, por se mostrar sempre prestável, pela boa disposição e partilha do seu vasto conhecimento acerca do Rio Lima. Um agradecimento à Marta Ferreira, Virgínia e Sandrine pelo apoio prestado na quantificação de ácidos nucleicos. Agradeço ao Filipe Martinho pela disponibilidade em transmitir o seu conhecimento acerca da análise de otólitos. Agradeço ao laboratório de Biologia Celular do ICBAS pela disponibilização do microscópio óptico. Um obrigado especial à Sónia, Elsa e Ângela pelo apoio e boa disposição nesse período. Este trabalho não teria sido possível sem os elementos do laboratório de Hidrobiologia. Um agradecimento especial à Dona Lurdinhas que sempre me acompanhou desde que cheguei ao laboratório, com os seus conselhos, auxílio e boa disposição; à Fernanda pela sua preocupação, curiosidade, bom-humor e perseverança na “caça aos otólitos”. Obrigada à Élia pelas conversas, risadas e v boleias; à Sérgia pelo incentivo e pelas viagens entre a terrinha e o Porto, à Ana pelo companheirismo, partilha de conversas e bom-humor no dia a dia, e à Catarina e Raquel pelo apoio. Ao longo destes anos, foram muitos os que entre cafés, chocolate e risadas me deram o carinho, apoio e amizade necessários para concluir esta jornada. Thank you Bartek and Moni, the best neighbours in the world, for all the special moments in everyday life at our “Bonjardim Society”. Dziękuję bardzo Paulisia for the laughs, support and “surykatka” moments, and Wojtek for the friendship and solidarity in this PhD life. Thank you all “Boredom Busters” for bringing the fun to everyday life in Porto. A special thanks to Kate and Vinnie for receiving me in Hull and making me feel at home. Agradeço também a todos que me deram apoio nesta recta final, em especial Paula, Jacinto, António, João e Hugo. Thank you Sarah for being so present and supportive, and for introducing me to my writing retreat in Flores island. Quero agradecer à minha “família” da Ilha das Flores por todo o carinho com que me receberam no cantinho mais ocidental da Europa, e por me darem a paz de espírito tão fundamental nesta etapa da escrita – um obrigado muito especial à Sandrina, Guilherme, Ivo e Jaen por toda a amizade e companheirismo, e à Isabel por todo o carinho e por me acolher na sua cozinha/escritório com a esplêndida vista que inspirou a escrita desta tese. Muito obrigada ao meu pai, mãe e mano Nuno, por me ouvirem e proporcionarem o apoio e afecto incondicional tão importantes, estando sempre presentes. vi CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS/AGRADECIMENTOS .................................................................... v CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ xi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ xiii LIST OF PAPERS ............................................................................................................... xiv ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 1 RESUMO .............................................................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 1 .......................................................................................................................... 5 General introduction .............................................................................................................. 5 1.1. Estuaries: complex ecosystems .......................................................................... 6 1.2. Living in estuaries ................................................................................................. 9 1.3. Fishes in estuaries ...............................................................................................10 1.4. The estuarine nursery value ................................................................................16 1.5. The European flounder Platichthys flesus .........................................................18 1.6. The study area ......................................................................................................22 1.7. Motivation and main objectives ..........................................................................25 CHAPTER 2 .........................................................................................................................29 Early life of European flounder Platichthys flesus in an estuarine nursery ............................29 Abstract ................................................................................................................................30 2.1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................31 2.2. Material and Methods ...........................................................................................32 2.2.1. Study area ......................................................................................................32 2.2.2. Data Collection ..............................................................................................33 2.2.3. Otolith preparation and analysis ..................................................................33 Early life traits ................................................................................................................34 Otolith growth rates .......................................................................................................34 2.2.4. Stomach content analysis ............................................................................35 2.2.5. Data analysis .................................................................................................35 vii 2.3. Results ..................................................................................................................36 2.3.1. Physical-chemical parameters .....................................................................36 2.3.2. Spatial and temporal distribution of 0-group European flounder ..............36 2.3.3. Early life traits and growth rates of 0-group European flounder ...............39 2.3.4. Diet patterns of 0-group European flounder ...............................................42 2.4. Discussion ............................................................................................................45 2.4.1. The early life traits of European flounder ....................................................45 2.4.2. Growth rates ..................................................................................................46 2.5. Conclusions..........................................................................................................50 CHAPTER 3 .........................................................................................................................51
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