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The Resistance of Galileo Galilei Against the Church's Domination In Allusion, Volume 06 No 01 February 2017, 9-16 The Resistance of Galileo Galilei against The Church’s Domination in Bertolt Brecht’sThe Life of Galileo Gondo Handianto Rina Saraswati English Department, Universitas Airlangga Abstract The Society is divided into two classes, bourgeoisie (oppressor) and proletariat (oppressed) based on Marxism. The conflicts that are occurred between these two classes are determined by social justice and wealth. This kind of phenomenon is well portrayed in the drama called The Life of Galileo. This drama provides the representation of the Church’s domination in science (Geocentric) into all aspect of society including science. This study attempts to reveal Galileo’s resistance against Church’s domination represented within the drama. This study also intends to reveal Galileo’s resistance (Heliocentric) which is represented through science against Church’s domination. The writer used Karl Marx’s theory and Louis Althusser’s theory with the approach to the Marxist criticism in science through a process called ‘interpellation’. In the end, it is found that Galileo’s resistance in Bertolt Brecht’s The Life of Galileo is the impact of the Church’s domination, the perpetual friction between scientific ideology, and also the Dogma which prevent Galileo from spreading the truth. Keywords: domination, ideology, interpellation, resistance, science 1. Introduction Social class determination was very strong at 15th century when it determined how people could eat, spoke, worship and so forth. The social class was deemed to be a culture and people admired this condition, but some people tried to fight against this culture. Those people became marginal because they believed that struggle would bring the prosperity of life. According to Paola E. Signorett, the cause of Italian problems was the church strict dominance, and developed into the lost religious moorings and had kept the Italians become politically divided (72). Moreover this situation was the cause of reformation orthodoxy and convicted to some Italy’s most brilliant intellectuals-philosophers and scientists such as Giordano Bruno, who was burned as a heretic in 1600, Tommaso Campanella, who was imprisoned in 1599 for 27 years, and Galileo Galilei, who was forced to recant his Copernican beliefs and was placed under permanent house arrest in 1633 (Signorett 73). As an interesting phenomenon in 15th century, the dominance issue of churches in science is also brought to life in some literary works. The writer chooses a literary work The Life of Galileo that comes from one of the most important figures in Europe and especially twentieth Century literature. The Life of Galileo is a drama from early twentieth century by Eugen Bertolt Friedrich Brecht that represents the marginality of science against the domination of religion, or cage of new era of science. The play is based on the life of Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) who was a key figure in the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century. Even if the setting of the whole play is in the seventeenth century, in fact Bertolt Brecht was all wrong about the seventeenth century in general and about Galileo Galilei in particular. Brecht wanted to develop his own epic theatre, and he had done his job by accepting the evidence of his senses. The Life of Galileo is a paradigmatic work of contemporary scientific theatre not only because of the playwright’s reputation, but also for its outcome and the influence on the later theatrical productions at that era. Nevertheless, the truth (fact) does not have to be plausible but fiction does (Brecht 11). 9 Allusion Volume 06 No 01 (February 2017) | Gondo Handianto; Rina Saraswati In The Life of Galileo, the whole story told about how a scientist was struggle for demanding the truth and justice. However, Galileo changed his attitude that originally he was a man who was determined to reveal the truth and finally he became afraid to the fearful power of church. Then, he surrendered with his determination about his discovery. Nevertheless, Galileo’s thought would become a great change in history and it proved the new truth. The interesting point here is about how an initial resistance changes the perspective of the world that represents by Galileo Galilei’s character as a determination to reach the truth as a beginning of the modern world. Galileo believed that all things must be considered logically and academically. In the end, Galileo lost his will to try struggle because the Church used their apparatus to prevent his thought. The problem of using apparatus to gain a power that Galileo has to face in this drama is well known in Post-Marxism theory as Ideological State Apparatus and Repressive State Apparatus introduced by a French Marxist Philosopher Louis Althusser. He believes that the attitude of people through a process called interpellation or hailing the subject, which ideology’s power gives some individuals identity by the structures and prevailing forces of society (Althusser, Ideological Apparatus State. Modern Theory: An Anthology 181). Beside, Althusser also adds about the vast majority of the “good” subject: “People are inserted into practices, governed by the rituals of the Ideology. It means that people recognize the existing state of affairs, that really is true that it is so and not otherwise, and that they must be obedient to god, to their conscience, to the priest, to the boss, and so forth”. (Althusser, Ideological Apparatus State. Modern Theory: An Anthology 181) Using an ideology to gain a domination trough the society is not a new issue since there have been many researches on the Ideological State Apparatus and Repressive State Apparatus especially in literary works, including the studies from Tripti Tyagi, Ihsan Alwan Muhsin, and Ira Kristanti Bumbungan which equally analyze the Ideological and Repressive State Apparatus. Tripti Tyagi focused on protagonist character Mary Turner in Doris Lessing’s The Grass is Singing who was affected by the ruling ideological practices prevailed in the society, Ihsan Alwan Muhsin analyzed Galileo Galilei in Bertolt Brecht’s The Life of Galileo who was affected by the Church ideology and described as disastrous man, and Ira Kristanti Bumbungan applied Ideology and Ideological State Apparatus in Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things based on the caste that influence the people related with Christianity and Marxism. As those two studies also concerns with the Ideological and Repressive State Apparatus, the three previous studies above can help the writer to develop this study that bring issue about the resistance ideology against the dominance power that has not been addressed in their studies. Moreover, this study is focused on how the Church’s dominance as an Ideological State Apparatus operating toward people socially and politically and also about Galileo Galilei’s resistance against the Church’s dominance in Bertolt Brecht’s The Life of Galileo. 2. Marxist science Marxist criticism is related with Galileo's perspective about science. In order to give a correlation between the source of bourgeois and raw materials, the writer attempts to explain about the production of industrial development. Marxist science describes that our lives today are determined in every respect by the capitalist system of production related with industrial and science that have jurisdiction in which we live (Ranciere 61). In the capitalist society, there is an action by people that fated to be opposite with the domination through a revolution. This weight held by people who feel injustice in this world, and those people called proletariat. For sure, the proletariat try to observe the bourgeois as their concept to gain equality. It could be conceived by their participation in the political and economic education that held by bourgeois. Althusser argued that under modern capitalism during modern period, the education system had become the primary focus of class struggle to gain “human dignity” (qtd. in Ranciere 86). Moreover, the achievement of “human dignity” would make possible it to be accessed within the placing of morals and politics on the same scientific basis, putting an end to the separation between the certainty of science and the affirmations of moral experiences “by giving point to fact and ground to value” (Thomas 17). Every part that brings dignity and value in science must be determined by equality and justice in the society. Nevertheless, the science of society was necessary to keep the harmonious 10 The Resistance of Galileo Galilei against The Church’s Domination in Bertolt Brecht’s The Life of Galileo relations of various fragments of humanity (Thomas 17). Althusser also provides that the separation between “objects of knowledge” and “real objects” into several work which he discovered products of scientific theory. He said that the latter are their referents, the referents provided by a real, material world that present themselves to the scientist. The scientist’s task is to make objects of knowledge congruent with real objects at the levels of tasks to be performed or work (theoretical production), since the chance of the two can in no way be anticipated or taken for established (qtd. in Thomas 120). The raw material for scientific activity is provided by ideological conceptions of the world whose ideological character is covered under the nearness of sense impressions, uncovering its ideological system and can be the work of science (Thomas 121). As Althusser said, Ideologies by their very nature cannot admit to reveal their own ideological character (qtd. in Thomas 123). Indeed, only science has the wherewithal to do this. It is because science has the capacity to go beyond the immediate relations of everyday life. Ideology by contrast fails to reflect on itself or even to identify itself as ideological (Thomas 123). On the other hand, Althusser’s science is the imagery relationship of individuals to their real condition of existence that the science would appear as irreversible in history.
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