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PCBs 627 9. REFERENCES *Aarts JMMJG, Denison MS, Cox MA, et al. 1995. Species-specific antagonism of Ah receptor action by 2,2',5,5'-tetrachloro- and 2,2',3,3'4,4'-hexachlorobiphenyl. Eur J Pharmacol 293(4):463-474. *Abraham K, Hille A, Ende M, et al. 1994. Intake and fecal excretion of PCDDs, PCDFs, HCB, and PCBs (138, 153, 180) in a breast-fed and a formula-fed infant. Chemosphere 29(9-11):2279-2286. *Abrahamson LJ, Allen JR. 1973. The biological response of infant nonhuman primates to a polychlorinated biphenyl. Environ Health Perspect 4:81-86. *Abramowicz DA. 1990. Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of PCBs: A review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 10(3):241-251. *Abramowicz DA. 1994. Aerobic PCB biodegradation and anaerobic PCB dechlorination in the environment. Res Microbiol 145(1):42-6. *Abramowicz DA. 1995. Aerobic and anaerobic PCB biodegradation in the environment. Environ Health Perspect Suppl 103(5):97-99. *Abramowicz DA, Brennan MJ, Van Dort HM, et al. 1993. Factors influencing the rate of polychlorinated biphenyl dechlorination in Hudson River sediments. Environ Sci Technol 27:1125-1131. ACGIH. 1994. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices for 1994-1995. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH. ACGIH. 1995. Threshold limit values for chemicals substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices for 1995-1996. American Conferences of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH. *ACGIH. 1998. 1998 TLVs and BEIs. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents. Biological exposure indices. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH. *Achman DR, Brownawell BJ, Zhang L. 1996. Exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls between sediment and water in the Hudson River estuary. Estuaries 19(4):950-965. *Acquavella JF, Hanis NM, Nicolich MJ, et al. 1986. Assessment of clinical, metabolic, dietary, and occupational correlations with serum polychlorinated biphenyl levels among employees at an electrical capacitor manufacturing plant. J Occup Med 28(11):1177-1180. *Adinolfi M. 1985. The development of the human blood-CSF-brain barrier. Dev Med Child Neurol 27:532-537. *Adlercreutz H. 1995. Phytoestrogens: Epidemiology and a possible role in cancer protection. Environ Health Perspect Suppl 103(7):103-112. Endocrine section _________ *Cited in text PCBs 628 9. REFERENCES *Adriaens P, Grbic-Galioc D. 1994. Cometabolic transformation of mono- and dichlorobiphenyls and chlorohydroxybiphenyls by methanotrophic groundwater isolates. Environ Sci Technol 28:1325-1330. *Afghan BK, Chau ASY. 1989. Analysis of trace organics in the aquatic environment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 33-68. *Agrawal AK, Tilson HA, Bondy SC. 1981. 3,4,3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl given to mice prenatally produces long-term decreases in striatal dopamine and receptor binding sites in the caudate nucleus. Toxicol Lett 7:417-424. *Agrell C, Okla L, Larsson P, et al. 1999. Evidence of latitudinal fractionation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners along the Baltic Sea region. Environ Sci Technol 33(8):1149-1156. Ahlborg ΜG, Becking GC, Birnbaum LS, et al. 1994. Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like PCBs. Chemosphere 28(6):1049-1067. Ahlborg UG, Lipworth L, Titus-Ernstoff L, et al. 1995. Organochlorine compounds in relation to breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and endometriosis: An assessment of the biological and epidemiological evidence. Crit Rev Toxicol 25(6):463-531. Albrecht WE. 1987. Central nervous system toxicity of some common environmental residues in the mouse. J Toxicol Environ Health 21:405-421. *Albro PW, Fishbein L. 1972. Intestinal absorption of polychlorinated biphenyls in rats. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 8:26-31. Albro PW, Parker CE. 1979. Comparison of the compositions of Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1016. J Chromatogr 169:161-166. *Albro PW, Corbett JT, Schroeder JL. 1981. Quantitative characterization of polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures (Aroclors 1248, 1254, and 1260) by gas chromatography using capillary columns. J Chromatogr 205:103-111. *Alcock RE, Bacon J, Bardget RD, et al. 1996. Persistence and fate of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sewage sludge-amended agricultural soils. Environ Pollut 93(1):83-92. *Alcock RE, McGrath SP, Jones KC. 1995 . The influence of multiple sewage sludge amendments on the PCB content of an agricultural soil over time. Environ Toxicol Chem 14(4):553-560. *Alcock RE, Sweetman AJ, Juan C-Y, et al. 1999. The intake and clearance of PCBs in humans - a generic model of lifetime exposure. Organohalogen Compounds 44:61-65. *Alder AC, Haggblom MM, Oppenheimer SR, et al. 1993. Reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls in anaerobic sediments. Environ Sci Technol 27:530-538. *Adlercreutz H. 1995. Phytoestrogens: Epidemiology and a possible role in cancer protection. Environ Health Perspect Suppl 103(7):103-112. PCBs 629 9. REFERENCES *Alford-Stevens AL, Bellar TA, Eichelberger JW, et al. 1986. Accuracy and precision of determinations of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls with automated interpretation of mass spectrometric data. Anal Chem 58:2022-2029. Alford-Stevens AL, Budde WL, Bellar TA. 1985. Interlaboratory study on determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in environmentally contaminated sediments. Anal Chem 57:2452-2457. *Allen JR. 1975. Response of the nonhuman primate to polychlorinated biphenyl exposure. Fed Proc 34:1675-1679. *Allen JR, Abrahamson LJ. 1973. Morphological and biochemical changes in the liver of rats fed polychlorinated biphenyls. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1:265-280. *Allen JR, Barsotti DA. 1976. The effects of transplacental and mammary movement of PCBs on infant Rhesus monkeys. Toxicology 6:331-340. *Allen JR, Norback DH. 1973. Polychlorinated biphenyl- and triphenyl-induced gastric mucosal hyperplasia in primates. Science 179:498-499. *Allen JR, Norback DH. 1976. Pathobiological responses of primates to polychlorinated biphenyl exposure. In: Proceedings of the National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyls, EPA 560/6-75-004, 43-49. *Allen JR, Abrahamson LJ, Norback DH. 1973. Biological effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and triphenyls on the subhuman primate. Environ Res 6:344-354. *Allen JR, Barsotti DA, Carstens LA. 1980. Residual effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on adult nonhuman primates and their offspring. J Toxicol Environ Health 6:55-66. Allen JR, Barsotti DA, Lambrecht LK, et al. 1979. Reproductive effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons on nonhuman primates. Ann NY Acad Sci 320:419-424. *Allen JR, Carstens LA, Barsotti DA. 1974a. Residual effects of short-term, low-level exposure of nonhuman primates to polychlorinated biphenyls. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 30:440-451. *Allen JR, Norback DH, Hsu IC. 1974b. Tissue modifications in monkeys as related to absorption, distribution, and excretion of polychlorinated biphenyls. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2:86-95. *Allen-Gil SM, Gubala CP, Wilson R, et al. 1997. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments and biota from four US Arctic lakes. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 33(4):378-387. *Alley EG, Lu G. 1995. Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in fatty biological matrixes by on-line supercritical fluid extraction and supercritical fluid cleanup. J AOAC Int 78(4):1051-1054. Altenkirch H, Stoltenburg G, Haller D, Hopmann D, Walter G. 1996. Clinical data on three cases of occupationally induced PCB-intoxication. Neurotoxicology 17(3-4):639-643. *Althaus FR, Lawrence SD, Sattler GL, et al. 1982. Chemical quantification of unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured hepatocytes as an assay for the rapid screening of potential chemical carcinogens. Cancer Res 42:3010-3015. PCBs 630 9. REFERENCES Altman NH, New AE, McConnell EE, et al. 1979. A spontaneous outbreak of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) toxicity in Rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta): Clinical observations. Lab Anim Sci 29(5):661-665. *Altman PK, Dittmer DS. 1974. In: Biological handbooks: Biology data book. Vol. III. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 1987-2008, 2041. *Altmann L, Lilienthal H, Hany J, et al. 1998. Inhibition of long-term potentiation in developing rat visual cortex but not hippocampus by in utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls. Dev Brain Res 110:257-260. *Altmann L, Weinand-Haerer A, Lilienthal H, et al. 1995. Maternal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls inhibits long-term potentiation in the visual cortex of adult rats. Neurosci Lett 202(1-2):53-56. *Altshul L, Korrick S, Tolbert P, et al. 1999. Cord blood levels of PCBs, p,p'-DDE and HCB in infants born in communities adjacent to a PCB-contaminated hazardous waste site. Organohalogen Compounds 44:67-70. *Alvares AP, Fischbein A, Anderson KE, et al. 1977. Alterations in drug metabolism in workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. Clin Pharmacol Ther 22:140-146. *American Liver Foundation. 2000. Gilbert’s Syndrome. October 22, 2000. Http://www.gastro.com/liverpg/gilberts.htm. *Andersen ME, Krishnan K. 1994. Relating in vitro to in vivo exposures with physiologically based tissue dosimetry and tissue response models. In: Salem H, ed. Animal test alternatives: Refinement, reduction, replacement. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 9-25. *Andersen ME, Clewell HJ III, Gargas ML, et al. 1987a. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics and the risk assessment process for methylene chloride. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 87:185-205. Andersen ME, MacNaughton MG,
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  • Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment Chapter R.6: Qsars and Grouping of Chemicals

    Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment Chapter R.6: Qsars and Grouping of Chemicals

    Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment Chapter R.6: QSARs and grouping of chemicals May 2008 Guidance for the implementation of REACH LEGAL NOTICE This document contains guidance on REACH explaining the REACH obligations and how to fulfil them. However, users are reminded that the text of the REACH regulation is the only authentic legal reference and that the information in this document does not constitute legal advice. The European Chemicals Agency does not accept any liability with regard to the contents of this document. © European Chemicals Agency, 2008 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. 2 CHAPTER R.6 – QSARS AND GROUPING OF CHEMICALS PREFACE This document describes the information requirements under REACH with regard to substance properties, exposure, use and risk management measures, and the chemical safety assessment. It is part of a series of guidance documents that are aimed to help all stakeholders with their preparation for fulfilling their obligations under the REACH regulation. These documents cover detailed guidance for a range of essential REACH processes as well as for some specific scientific and/or technical methods that industry or authorities need to make use of under REACH. The guidance documents were drafted and discussed within the REACH Implementation Projects (RIPs) led by the European Commission services, involving stakeholders from Member States, industry and non-governmental organisations. These guidance documents can be obtained via the website of