DOCSLIB.ORG

ANNUAL REPORT for the FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED December 31, 2020 NXP SEMICONDUCTORS N.V

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ANNUAL REPORT for the FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED December 31, 2020 NXP SEMICONDUCTORS N.V ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED December 31, 2020 NXP SEMICONDUCTORS N.V. Forward-looking statements This document includes forward-looking statements which future. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on include statements regarding NXP’s business strategy, these forward-looking statements, which speak to results financial condition, results of operations, and market data, only as of the date the statements were made. as well as any other statements which are not historical Except for any ongoing obligation to disclose material facts. By their nature, forward-looking statements are information as required by the United States federal subject to numerous factors, risks and uncertainties that securities laws, NXP does not have any intention or could cause actual outcomes and results to be materially obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking different from those projected. These factors, risks and statements after we distribute this document, whether to uncertainties include the following: the duration and spread reflect any future events or circumstances or otherwise. For of the COVID-19 outbreak, its severity, the actions to a discussion of potential risks and uncertainties, please refer contain the virus or treat its impact, and how quickly and to to the risk factors listed in filings with the U.S. Securities what extent normal economic and operating conditions can and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Copies of our SEC resume; market demand and semiconductor industry filings are available on our Investor Relations website, conditions; the ability to successfully introduce new www.nxp.com/investor or from the SEC website, technologies and products; the demand for the goods into www.sec.gov. which NXP’s products are incorporated; trade disputes between the U.S. and China, potential increase of barriers to Use of fair value measurements international trade and resulting disruptions to NXP's established supply chains; the ability to generate sufficient In presenting the NXP Group’s financial position, fair cash, raise sufficient capital or refinance corporate debt at values are used for the measurement of various items in or before maturity; the ability to meet the combination of accordance with the applicable accounting standards. These corporate debt service, research and development and fair values are based on market prices, where available, and capital investment requirements; the ability to accurately are obtained from sources that we consider to be reliable. estimate demand and match manufacturing production Users are cautioned that these values are subject to changes capacity accordingly or obtain supplies from third-party over time and are only valid as of the period end date. producers; the potential impact of the outbreak of When a readily determinable market value does not exist, COVID-19 on NXP's business, operations, results of we estimate fair values using valuation models which we operations, financial condition, workforce or the operations believe are appropriate for their purpose. These require or decisions of customers, suppliers or business customers; management to make significant assumptions with respect the access to production capacity from third-party to future developments which are inherently uncertain and outsourcing partners and any events that might affect their may therefore deviate from actual developments. In certain business or NXP’s relationship with them including the cases independent valuations are obtained to support outbreak of COVID-19 or the requirements to suspend management’s determination of fair values. activities with customers or suppliers because of changing import and export regulations; the ability to secure adequate Basis of presentation and timely supply of equipment and materials from suppliers; the ability to avoid operational problems and The accompanying financial information included in this product defects and, if such issues were to arise, to correct document is based on International Financial Reporting them quickly; the ability to form strategic partnerships and Standards (“IFRS”) as adopted by the European Union, joint ventures and to successfully cooperate with alliance unless otherwise indicated. partners; the ability to win competitive bid selection For internal and external reporting purposes, NXP follows processes to develop products for use in customers’ accounting principles generally accepted in the United equipment and products; the ability to successfully hire and States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). U.S. GAAP is NXP’s retain key management and senior product engineers; and, primary accounting standard for the Company’s setting of the ability to maintain good relationships with our suppliers. financial and operational performance targets. In addition, this document contains information concerning Statutory financial statements the semiconductor industry and NXP’s business generally, which is forward-looking in nature and is based on a variety These Group financial statements and the Company of assumptions regarding the ways in which the financial statements of NXP Semiconductors N.V. contain semiconductor industry, NXP’s markets and product areas the statutory financial statements of the Company prepared may develop. NXP has based these assumptions on in accordance with Dutch law. information currently available, if any one or more of these assumptions turn out to be incorrect, actual results may differ from those predicted. While NXP does not know, what impact any such differences may have on its business, if there are such differences, its future results of operations and its financial condition could be materially adversely affected. There can be no assurances that a pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of contagious diseases, such as COVID-19, will not have a material and adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition in the [-2] Contents Page Forward-looking statements 2 Financial highlights 4 Report of the Directors 5 About NXP 5 History and development of the Company 5 Business overview 5 Management commentary 15 Introduction 15 Reconciliation from IFRS to U.S. GAAP 15 Performance of the Group 16 Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources 21 Employees 24 Subsequent events 25 Governance 26 NXP’s Leadership 26 Corporate Governance 29 Audit committee Report 63 Compensation Committee Report 64 Nominating and Governance Committee Report 65 Audited financial statements 65 Group Financial Statements 66 Consolidated financial statements 66 Notes to the consolidated financial statements 73 Company Financial Statements 136 Company financial statements 136 Notes to the company financial statements 138 Other information 142 Independent Auditor’s Report 142 Statutory rules concerning appropriation of profit 151 Special statutory voting rights 152 Investor information 153 In this report the name “NXP” is sometimes used for convenience in contexts where reference is made to NXP Semiconductors N.V. and/or any of its subsidiaries in general. The name is also used where no useful purpose is served by identifying the particular company or companies. [-3] Financial Highlights $ in millions, unless otherwise stated 2020 2019 Revenue 8,612 8,877 Operating income 715 957 as a % of revenue 8.3 % 10.8 % Net income 308 541 - per common share in $: * basic 1.00 1.82 * diluted 0.98 1.78 Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) 1) 3,237 3,430 as a % of revenue 37.6 % 38.6 % Cash flows before financing activities 2,121 136 Shareholders’ equity 11,183 11,444 Employees at end of period 28,900 29,400 1) EBITDA is defined as operating income plus the results relating to equity accounted investees, excluding depreciation, amortization and impairment charges. [-4] Report of the Directors About NXP History and development of the Company Company Overview NXP Semiconductors N.V. is a global semiconductor company and a long-standing supplier in the industry, with over 50 years of innovation and operating history. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we generated revenue of $8,612 million, compared to $8,877 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. We provide leading solutions that leverage our combined portfolio of intellectual property, deep application knowledge, process technology and manufacturing expertise in the domains of cryptography-security, high- speed interface, radio frequency (RF), mixed-signal analog-digital (mixed A/D), power management, digital signal processing and embedded system design. Our product solutions are used in a wide range of end-market applications including: automotive, industrial & Internet of Things (IoT), mobile, and communication infrastructure. We engage with leading global original equipment manufacturers (OEM) and sell products in all major geographic regions. Our legal name is NXP Semiconductors N.V. and our commercial name is “NXP” or “NXP Semiconductors.” We were incorporated in the Netherlands in 2006 as a Dutch public company with limited liability (naamloze vennootschap). We are a holding company (the “Holding Company”) whose only material assets are the direct ownership of 100% of the shares of NXP B.V., a Dutch private company with limited liability (besloten vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid). Our corporate seat is in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. Our principal executive office is at High Tech Campus 60, 5656 AG Eindhoven, the Netherlands, and our telephone number is +31 40 2729999. We are registered at the office of the Commercial
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EM Analysis in the Iot Context: Lessons Learned from an Attack on Thread∗
    EM Analysis in the IoT Context: Lessons Learned from an Attack on Thread∗ Daniel Dinu1 and Ilya Kizhvatov2 1 SnT, University of Luxembourg, [email protected] 2 Digital Security Group, Radboud University Nijmegen, [email protected] Abstract. The distinguishing feature of the Internet of Things is that many devices get interconnected. The threat of side-channel attacks in this setting is less understood than the threat of traditional network and software exploitation attacks that are perceived to be more powerful. This work is a case study of Thread, an emerging network and transport level stack designed to facilitate secure communication between heterogeneous IoT devices. We perform the first side-channel vulnerability analysis of the Thread networking stack. We leverage various network mechanisms to trigger manipulations of the security material or to get access to the network credentials. We choose the most feasible attack vector to build a complete attack that combines network specific mechanisms and Differential Electromagnetic Analysis. When successfully applied on a Thread network, the attack gives full network access to the adversary. We evaluate the feasibility of our attack in a TI CC2538 setup running OpenThread, a certified open-source implementation of the stack. The full attack does not succeed in our setting. The root cause for this failure is not any particular security feature of the protocol or the implementation, but a side-effect of a feature not related to security. We summarize the problems that we find in the protocol with respect to side-channel analysis, and suggest a range of countermeasures to prevent our attack and the other attack vectors we identified during the vulnerability analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Forwarding Strategies for 6Lowpan-Fragmented Ipv6 Datagrams
    Forwarding Strategies for 6LoWPAN-Fragmented IPv6 Datagrams Vom Promotionsausschuss der Technischen Universit¨atHamburg-Harburg zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Dissertation von Andreas Weigel aus Potsdam, Deutschland 2017 Date of Oral Examination September 05th, 2017 Chair of Examination Board Prof. Dr. Heiko Falk Institute of Embedded Systems Hamburg University of Technology First Examiner Prof. Dr. Volker Turau Institute of Telematics Hamburg University of Technology Second Examiner Prof. Dr. Andreas Timm-Giel Institute of Communication Networks Hamburg University of Technology Acknowledgment Several people supported me in the long, difficult and sometimes frustrating process of finishing this dissertation. I want to seize the opportunity to express my deeply felt gratitude towards them. First, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Turau for his guidance, encourage- ment and intellectual input, but also for being the kind of superior he is. I would like to thank my colleagues, who made everydays work at the institute a pleasant experience. Special thanks go to my \roommates" Bernd-Christian Renner, Martin Ringwelski and Florian Kauer for bearing with me and my curses and com- plains and for providing so much valuable input. Further, I'd like to thank Stefan Untersch¨utzand Martin Ringwelski for their implementation work on CometOS and its 6LoWPAN module and the numerous fruitful discussions. I want to thank my parents for their genes and the continuous support I experienced throughout my life. And finally: Thanks Susanne, for your encouragement and help and for taking on life together with me. Andreas Weigel L¨uneburg,November 2017 Abstract Recent efforts towards a fully standardized protocol stack (RPL, CoAP, 6LoWPAN) for \low power and lossy networks" (LLNs) contribute to realize the vision of the Internet of Things.
    [Show full text]
  • Semantic Service Provisioning for 6Lowpan: Powering Internet of Things Applications on Web
    Semantic service provisioning for 6LoWPAN : powering internet of things applications on Web Ngoc Son Han To cite this version: Ngoc Son Han. Semantic service provisioning for 6LoWPAN : powering internet of things applica- tions on Web. Other [cs.OH]. Institut National des Télécommunications, 2015. English. NNT : 2015TELE0018. tel-01217185 HAL Id: tel-01217185 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01217185 Submitted on 19 Oct 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. DOCTORAT EN CO-ACCREDITATION TEL´ ECOM´ SUDPARIS - INSTITUT MINES-TEL´ ECOM´ ET L'UNIVERSITE´ PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE - PARIS 6 Sp´ecialit´e: Informatique et R´eseaux Ecole´ doctorale : Informatique, T´el´ecommunications et Electronique de Paris Pr´esent´eepar HAN Ngoc Son Semantic Service Provisioning for 6LoWPAN: Powering Internet of Things Applications on Web Soutenue le 08/07/2015 devant le jury compos´ede: No¨elCrespi Professeur HDR, Telecom SudParis Directeur de th`ese Roch H. Glitho Professeur, Concordia University, Canada Rapporteur Yacine Ghamri-Doudane Professeur HDR,
    [Show full text]
  • A Tale of Five Protocols
    A tale of five Ebook protocols The ultimate guide to the IoT wireless communication Revision 3.0 landscape February 2018 2018 EDITION Ebook by Silvair Table of Contents In pursuit of interoperability 3 Can we talk? 5 Why not Wi-Fi? 8 Riding the Z-Wave 13 ZigBee – is the sting still sharp? 19 THREADing the way through a connected home 24 Bluetooth: a technology in transition 30 And the winner is... 40 Copyright © 2018. All rights reserved. page 2 Ebook by Silvair Introduction: 1 In pursuit of interoperability Companies venturing into the IoT market are facing some difficult choices. One of the crucial de- cisions they need to make relates to the wireless communication technology their future smart products will employ. At the most basic level, the IoT is all about connectivity. The idea is that countless numbers of smart devices are able to communicate seamlessly, producing massive benefits across all aspects of our lives and having a remarkable impact on our society. The reality, however, is still far from that concept. At this early stage of market development, the Internet of Things is heavily fragmented and lacks interoperability. A recent report from McKinsey Global Institute predicts that the global economic impact of the IoT could reach even up to $11.1 trillion per year by 2025, representing 11% of the entire world economy. But at the same time, it identifies several major obstacles on the road to this IoT promised land. Topping the list is the problem of varying standards which prevent devices and systems from communicating with each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Take Control of Apple Home Automation (1.3) SAMPLE
    EBOOK EXTRAS: v1.3 Downloads, Updates, Feedback TA K E C O N T R O L O F APPLE HOME AUTOMATION Get started with HomeKit-compatible smart home products by JOSH CENTERS $14.99 Click here to buy the full 169-page “Take Control of Apple Home Automation” for only $14.99! Table of Contents Read Me First ............................................................... 4 Updates and More ............................................................. 5 What’s New in Version 1.3 .................................................. 5 What Was New in Version 1.2 ............................................. 6 Introduction ................................................................ 8 HomeKit Quick Start .................................................. 10 Get Started with HomeKit .......................................... 11 Understand What HomeKit Is ............................................ 11 Understand What HomeKit Does ........................................ 12 Learn the HomeKit Hierarchy ............................................ 14 Understand HomeKit in Practice ......................................... 16 Plan Your HomeKit Home ........................................... 18 Learn the Types of Accessories .......................................... 18 Consider Your Needs ........................................................ 24 Choose Your First Accessories ........................................... 26 Set Up Accessories .................................................... 29 Configure Your Router with HomeKit .................................
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Study of Thread Mesh Network for Wireless Building Automation Systems
    EXAMENSARBETE INOM ELEKTROTEKNIK, AVANCERAD NIVÅ, 30 HP STOCKHOLM, SVERIGE 2016 Experimental Study of Thread Mesh Network for Wireless Building Automation Systems DAPENG LAN KTH SKOLAN FÖR ELEKTRO- OCH SYSTEMTEKNIK i KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Abstract Master of Science Experimental Study of Thread Mesh Network for Wireless Building Automation Systems by Dapeng LAN Wireless sensor network technologies have gained significant popularity in home automation due to their scalability, system mobility, wireless connec- tivity, inexpensive and easy commissioning. Thread, a new wireless pro- tocol aiming for home automation, is proposed by Google Nest and stan- dardized by Thread Group. This thesis presents a thorough experimental evaluation of Thread wire- less protocol with the hardware platform from NXP. The test plan, imple- mentation, and analysis of the experiments is discussed in details, including signal coverage, unicast and multicast latency, reliability, and availability. Furthermore, a system level model considering the delay in different layers for the latency of Thread mesh network is presented, and validated by the experimental results. Finally, a friendly tool was developed for installers to estimate the latency of Thread mesh network. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Sammanfattning) ! Trådlösa) sensornätverk) har) fått) betydande) popularitet) för) hemautomation) på) grund) av) deras) skalbarhet,) systemmobilitet,) trådlösa) konnektivitet,) låga) prisnivå) och) enkla) implementation.) Thread,)ett)nytt)trådlöst)protokoll)avsett)för)hemautomation,)är)
    [Show full text]
  • Benefits of IP in Iot and M2M Systems
    Benefits of IP In IoT and M2M systems Geoff Mulligan Principal – Proto6, LLC Chairman IPSO Alliance Chair 6LoWPAN Building the Internet of Things: New protocols need not apply IP is Essential Leverage existing knowledge, tools, protocols, experience Support for multiple PHYs End to end connectivity, security No gateways/translation But – Is v6 essential Need the address space SLAAC is good No NAT! Better header compression Speaking of Header Compression 6Lowpan is a mechanism to fit IPv6 into small data frames and improve transmission efficiency 6LowPAN Compression X X X X X X X X Not just for 15.4 Originally designed for IEEE 802.15.4 Draft to use with Bluetooth Low Energy Power Line Control (P1901.2, G3) Low Power WiFi Inventing new protocols Zigbee - delayed the market by years Only recently adopted IP (for Smart Energy) Multiple non-interoperable stacks COAP – interesting but not required HTTP can be made small TCP can be improved RPL – good for specific scenarios AODV, OLSR, DSR, even RIP work just fine “Premature optimization is the root of all evil” – Donald Knuth IPSO Application Framework IPSO Alliance –www.ipso-alliance.org 60+ member companies promoting IP in sensor/control, M2M and IoT applications Application Framework Application agnostic “Restful” compatible – COAP or HTTP License Free Promoters Contributors: Aidon Oy ~ Concept Reply ~ ConnodeCubic GTS ~ Econocom ~ ElectroTest Sweden ~ Eliko Elster ~ Emerson ~ EPRI ~ Google ~ Inria ~ ISMB ~ Lulea Univ of Tech ~ MAXFOR Maxim Integrated Products ~ Millennial Net ~ Nokia ~ Novo ~ Sensus ~ Synapse Wireless Tampere Univ of Tech ~ Texas Instruments ~ TMC ~ UTRC-I ~ Watteco ~ WISENET About IPSO: The IPSO Alliance is the leading organization promoting the use of Internet Protocol (IP) for smart object communications for use in energy, consumer, healthcare and industrial applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Thread and Zigbee for Home and Building Automation
    Thread and Zigbee for home and building automation Roberto Sandre Systems Engineer Texas Instruments Introduction The applications and services enabled by home automation technologies have inspired authors, screenwriters and cartoonists for decades. But finally, advances in wireless communication, combined with the increased penetration of distributed cloud computing and the launch of innovative user interfaces like voice, have popularized the adoption of smart devices in the home, controlled by digital assistants like the Amazon Echo. An interesting corollary to that adoption is the rebirth of home automation in a different application context. Rather than a “Jetsons”-like solution with home control at the user’s fingertips, smart home devices do things autonomously, providing convenience and cost savings. While more glamorous in the residential domain, the Today, many communication technologies enabling advantages that automation brings are not just for device-to-device, device-to-cloud and device-to- homeowners. Automation is even more important in mobile wireless infrastructures are at the heart of commercial and industrial building domain, where home and building automation, including Wi-Fi®, energy consumption and device maintenance have Bluetooth® and Bluetooth low energy, Sub-1 GHz, a larger cost impact. For instance, the amount Zigbee and Thread. of electricity used by heating, ventilation and Given the ubiquity of access points and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems in smartphones, Bluetooth low energy and Wi-Fi office spaces can be managed efficiently with fully are popular for home and building automation autonomous devices that balance environmental devices like Internet protocol (IP) cameras and door conditions, space occupancy and instantaneous locks, as well as appliances and wearables.
    [Show full text]
  • Wi-Fi 6 and Matter: the Real Plug and Play Smart Home
    WHITE PAPER Wi-Fi 6 and Matter: The Real Plug and Play Smart Home Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has more people working from home, and this has accelerated the adoption of the new Wi-Fi standard (Wi-Fi 6). Consumers are upgrading home networks with this new, higher speed Wi-Fi 6, and they are enjoying the additional key benefits of its distributed architecture – ease of setup for coverage all over the house and high capacity that serves the needs of all family members – from video conferencing in the home office, to binge watching a favorite show in the living room, to hours of online gaming in an upstairs bedroom. Until now, smart homes have been serviced by multiple, competing standards – Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth® Low Energy, Thread, etc. This fragmentation, split over multiple standards, has kept smart homes – and the IoT itself – from living up to its potential. Matter (formerly Project CHIP) brings Zigbee, Thread, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi into one overarching standard. This paper addresses why this will enable truly smart homes. 1 Wi-Fi 6 Distributed Architecture and Pods Wi.- Fi 6’s distributed architecture brings a router and a set of satellites, or “pods,” that can be strategically positioned in the home. These pods connect themselves automatically to the main router, the one that connects to the outdoor internet, via a protocol called EasyMesh™. The result is high speed Wi-Fi through the whole house. Gone are the days when proximity to the router is crucial for performance, and repeaters and/or powerline adapters are needed to cover the dead zones.
    [Show full text]
  • Take Control of Apple Home Automation (1.1) SAMPLE
    EBOOK EXTRAS: v1.1 Downloads, Updates, Feedback TA K E C O N T R O L O F APPLE HOME AU T O M AT I O N Get started with HomeKit-compatible smart home products by JOSH CENTERS $14.99 Click here to buy the full 157-page “Take Control of Apple Home Automation” for only $14.99! Table of Contents Read Me First ............................................................... 4 Updates and More ............................................................. 5 Basics .............................................................................. 5 What’s New in Version 1.1 .................................................. 6 Introduction ................................................................ 7 HomeKit Quick Start .................................................... 9 Get Started with HomeKit .......................................... 10 Understand What HomeKit Is ............................................ 10 Understand What HomeKit Does ........................................ 11 Learn the HomeKit Hierarchy ............................................ 13 Understand HomeKit in Practice ......................................... 15 Plan Your HomeKit Home ........................................... 18 Learn the Types of Accessories .......................................... 18 Consider Your Needs ........................................................ 24 Choose Your First Accessories ........................................... 25 Set Up Accessories .................................................... 28 Identify the HomeKit Code ...............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Coap Infrastructure for Iot
    CoAP infrastructure for IoT A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Computer Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Heng Shi ©Heng Shi, April/2018. All rights reserved. Permission to Use In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Computer Science 176 Thorvaldson Building 110 Science Place University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada S7N 5C9 i Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) can be seen as a large-scale network of billions of smart devices.
    [Show full text]
  • State Machine Inference of Thread Networking Protocol
    Bachelor thesis Computer Science Radboud University State machine inference of Thread networking protocol Author: First supervisor/assessor: Bart van den Boom Dr. ir. Joeri de Ruiter S4382218 [email protected] Second supervisor: Dr. Ilya Kihzvatov [email protected] Second assessor: Dr. ir. Erik Poll [email protected] June 29, 2018 Abstract Thread is a recently deployed communication protocol stack specifically de- signed for home automation. Part of the protocol stack is Mesh Link Es- tablishment (MLE), which is extended for Thread. The aim of this paper is to obtain useful insights in the behaviour of the MLE implementation of OpenThread. To do so, we inferred state machines by using active Mealy machine inference. These behavioural models were then compared to the specification as given by Thread, resulting in the discovery of anomalies present in the OpenThread implementation. Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Thread 5 2.1 Mesh networks . .6 2.2 Thread stack . .7 2.2.1 IPv6 . .8 2.2.2 MeshCoP . .8 2.2.3 MLE . .8 2.2.4 Security . .9 3 Automated state machine learning 10 3.1 Mealy machines . 10 3.2 Mealy machine inference . 11 3.2.1 Approach . 11 3.2.2 Active learning of Mealy machines . 12 3.2.3 Equivalence approximation algorithm . 12 4 Method 13 4.1 Scope of learning . 13 4.2 Experimental setup . 13 4.2.1 Learning process . 14 4.3 Implementation . 15 4.4 MLE messages and processes . 17 4.5 Learner Alphabet . 24 5 Results 25 5.1 Partial message set .
    [Show full text]