Mapping the Outer Bulge with Rrab Stars from the VVV Survey F
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Plotting Variable Stars on the H-R Diagram Activity
Pulsating Variable Stars and the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram The Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) Diagram: The H-R diagram is an important astronomical tool for understanding how stars evolve over time. Stellar evolution can not be studied by observing individual stars as most changes occur over millions and billions of years. Astrophysicists observe numerous stars at various stages in their evolutionary history to determine their changing properties and probable evolutionary tracks across the H-R diagram. The H-R diagram is a scatter graph of stars. When the absolute magnitude (MV) – intrinsic brightness – of stars is plotted against their surface temperature (stellar classification) the stars are not randomly distributed on the graph but are mostly restricted to a few well-defined regions. The stars within the same regions share a common set of characteristics. As the physical characteristics of a star change over its evolutionary history, its position on the H-R diagram The H-R Diagram changes also – so the H-R diagram can also be thought of as a graphical plot of stellar evolution. From the location of a star on the diagram, its luminosity, spectral type, color, temperature, mass, age, chemical composition and evolutionary history are known. Most stars are classified by surface temperature (spectral type) from hottest to coolest as follows: O B A F G K M. These categories are further subdivided into subclasses from hottest (0) to coolest (9). The hottest B stars are B0 and the coolest are B9, followed by spectral type A0. Each major spectral classification is characterized by its own unique spectra. -
Naming the Extrasolar Planets
Naming the extrasolar planets W. Lyra Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, K¨onigstuhl 17, 69177, Heidelberg, Germany [email protected] Abstract and OGLE-TR-182 b, which does not help educators convey the message that these planets are quite similar to Jupiter. Extrasolar planets are not named and are referred to only In stark contrast, the sentence“planet Apollo is a gas giant by their assigned scientific designation. The reason given like Jupiter” is heavily - yet invisibly - coated with Coper- by the IAU to not name the planets is that it is consid- nicanism. ered impractical as planets are expected to be common. I One reason given by the IAU for not considering naming advance some reasons as to why this logic is flawed, and sug- the extrasolar planets is that it is a task deemed impractical. gest names for the 403 extrasolar planet candidates known One source is quoted as having said “if planets are found to as of Oct 2009. The names follow a scheme of association occur very frequently in the Universe, a system of individual with the constellation that the host star pertains to, and names for planets might well rapidly be found equally im- therefore are mostly drawn from Roman-Greek mythology. practicable as it is for stars, as planet discoveries progress.” Other mythologies may also be used given that a suitable 1. This leads to a second argument. It is indeed impractical association is established. to name all stars. But some stars are named nonetheless. In fact, all other classes of astronomical bodies are named. -
The Minor Planet Bulletin
THE MINOR PLANET BULLETIN OF THE MINOR PLANETS SECTION OF THE BULLETIN ASSOCIATION OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY OBSERVERS VOLUME 36, NUMBER 3, A.D. 2009 JULY-SEPTEMBER 77. PHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF 343 OSTARA Our data can be obtained from http://www.uwec.edu/physics/ AND OTHER ASTEROIDS AT HOBBS OBSERVATORY asteroid/. Lyle Ford, George Stecher, Kayla Lorenzen, and Cole Cook Acknowledgements Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire We thank the Theodore Dunham Fund for Astrophysics, the Eau Claire, WI 54702-4004 National Science Foundation (award number 0519006), the [email protected] University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, and the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire (Received: 2009 Feb 11) Blugold Fellow and McNair programs for financial support. References We observed 343 Ostara on 2008 October 4 and obtained R and V standard magnitudes. The period was Binzel, R.P. (1987). “A Photoelectric Survey of 130 Asteroids”, found to be significantly greater than the previously Icarus 72, 135-208. reported value of 6.42 hours. Measurements of 2660 Wasserman and (17010) 1999 CQ72 made on 2008 Stecher, G.J., Ford, L.A., and Elbert, J.D. (1999). “Equipping a March 25 are also reported. 0.6 Meter Alt-Azimuth Telescope for Photometry”, IAPPP Comm, 76, 68-74. We made R band and V band photometric measurements of 343 Warner, B.D. (2006). A Practical Guide to Lightcurve Photometry Ostara on 2008 October 4 using the 0.6 m “Air Force” Telescope and Analysis. Springer, New York, NY. located at Hobbs Observatory (MPC code 750) near Fall Creek, Wisconsin. -
5. Cosmic Distance Ladder Ii: Standard Candles
5. COSMIC DISTANCE LADDER II: STANDARD CANDLES EQUIPMENT Computer with internet connection GOALS In this lab, you will learn: 1. How to use RR Lyrae variable stars to measures distances to objects within the Milky Way galaxy. 2. How to use Cepheid variable stars to measure distances to nearby galaxies. 3. How to use Type Ia supernovae to measure distances to faraway galaxies. 1 BACKGROUND A. MAGNITUDES Astronomers use apparent magnitudes , which are often referred to simply as magnitudes, to measure brightness: The more negative the magnitude, the brighter the object. The more positive the magnitude, the fainter the object. In the following tutorial, you will learn how to measure, or photometer , uncalibrated magnitudes: http://skynet.unc.edu/ASTR101L/videos/photometry/ 2 In Afterglow, go to “File”, “Open Image(s)”, “Sample Images”, “Astro 101 Lab”, “Lab 5 – Standard Candles”, “CD-47” and open the image “CD-47 8676”. Measure the uncalibrated magnitude of star A: uncalibrated magnitude of star A: ____________________ Uncalibrated magnitudes are always off by a constant and this constant varies from image to image, depending on observing conditions among other things. To calibrate an uncalibrated magnitude, one must first measure this constant, which we do by photometering a reference star of known magnitude: uncalibrated magnitude of reference star: ____________________ 3 The known, true magnitude of the reference star is 12.01. Calculate the correction constant: correction constant = true magnitude of reference star – uncalibrated magnitude of reference star correction constant: ____________________ Finally, calibrate the uncalibrated magnitude of star A by adding the correction constant to it: calibrated magnitude = uncalibrated magnitude + correction constant calibrated magnitude of star A: ____________________ The true magnitude of star A is 13.74. -
Exoplanet Community Report
JPL Publication 09‐3 Exoplanet Community Report Edited by: P. R. Lawson, W. A. Traub and S. C. Unwin National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California March 2009 The work described in this publication was performed at a number of organizations, including the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Publication was provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Compiling and publication support was provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its endorsement by the United States Government, or the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. © 2009. All rights reserved. The exoplanet community’s top priority is that a line of probeclass missions for exoplanets be established, leading to a flagship mission at the earliest opportunity. iii Contents 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................1 1.2 EXOPLANET FORUM 2008: THE PROCESS OF CONSENSUS BEGINS.....................................................2 -
Searching for RR Lyrae Stars in M15
Searching for RR Lyrae Stars in M15 ARCC Scholar thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the ARCC Scholar program Khalid Kayal February 1, 2013 Abstract The expansion and contraction of an RR Lyrae star provides a high level of interest to research in astronomy because of the several intrinsic properties that can be studied. We did a systematic search for RR Lyrae stars in the globular cluster M15 using the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (CRTS). The CRTS searches for rapidly moving Near Earth Objects and stationary optical transients. We created an algorithm to create a hexagonal tiling grid to search the area around a given sky coordinate. We recover light curve plots that are produced by the CRTS and, using the Lafler-Kinman search algorithm, we determine the period, which allows us to identify RR Lyrae stars. We report the results of this search. i Glossary of Abbreviations and Symbols CRTS Catalina Real-time Transient Survey RR A type of variable star M15 Messier 15 RA Right Ascension DEC Declination RF Radio frequency GC Globular cluster H-R Hertzsprung-Russell SDSS Sloan Digital Sky Survey CCD Couple-Charged Device Photcat DB Photometry Catalog Database FAP False Alarm Probability ii Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Background on RR Lyrae Stars 5 2.1 What are RR Lyraes? . 5 2.2 Types of RR Lyrae Stars . 6 2.3 Stellar Evolution . 8 2.4 Pulsating Mechanism . 9 3 Useful Tools and Surveys 10 3.1 Choosing M15 . 10 3.2 Catalina Real-time Transient Survey . 11 3.3 The Sloan Digital Sky Survey . -
Cosmic Distance Ladder
Cosmic Distance Ladder How do we know the distances to objects in space? Jason Nishiyama Cosmic Distance Ladder Space is vast and the techniques of the cosmic distance ladder help us measure that vastness. Units of Distance Metre (m) – base unit of SI. 11 Astronomical Unit (AU) - 1.496x10 m 15 Light Year (ly) – 9.461x10 m / 63 239 AU 16 Parsec (pc) – 3.086x10 m / 3.26 ly Radius of the Earth Eratosthenes worked out the size of the Earth around 240 BCE Radius of the Earth Eratosthenes used an observation and simple geometry to determine the Earth's circumference He noted that on the summer solstice that the bottom of wells in Alexandria were in shadow While wells in Syene were lit by the Sun Radius of the Earth From this observation, Eratosthenes was able to ● Deduce the Earth was round. ● Using the angle of the shadow, compute the circumference of the Earth! Out to the Solar System In the early 1500's, Nicholas Copernicus used geometry to determine orbital radii of the planets. Planets by Geometry By measuring the angle of a planet when at its greatest elongation, Copernicus solved a triangle and worked out the planet's distance from the Sun. Kepler's Laws Johann Kepler derived three laws of planetary motion in the early 1600's. One of these laws can be used to determine the radii of the planetary orbits. Kepler III Kepler's third law states that the square of the planet's period is equal to the cube of their distance from the Sun. -
Extrasolar Planets Topics to Be Covered
3/25/2013 Extrasolar planets Astronomy 9601 1 Topics to be covered • 12.1 Physics and sizes • 12.2 Detecting extrasolar planets • 12.3 Observations of exoplanets • 12.4 Exoplanet statistics • 12.5 Planets and Life 2 What is a planet? What is a star? • The composition of Jupiter closely resembles that of the Sun: who’s to say that Jupiter is not simply a “failed star” rather than a planet? • The discovery of low-mass binary stars would be interesting, but (perhaps) not as exciting as discovering new “true” planets. • Is there a natural boundary between planets and stars? 3 1 3/25/2013 Planets and brown dwarfs • A star of mass less than 8% Luminosity “bump” due to short- of the Sun (80x Jupiter’s lived deuterium burning mass) will never grow hot Steady luminosity due to H burning enough in its core to fuse hydrogen • This is used as the boundary between true stars and very large gas planets • Object s b el ow thi s mass are called brown dwarfs • The boundary between BD and planet is more controversial – some argue it should be based on formation – other choose 0.013 solar masses=13 Mj as the boundary, as objects below this mass will never reach even deuterium fusion 4 Nelson et al., 1986, AJ, 311, 226 5 Pulsar planets • In 1992, Wolszczan and Frail announced the discovery of a multi‐ Artist’s conception of the planet planet planetary system around the orbiting pulsar PSR B1257+12 millisecond pulsar PSR 1257+12 (an earlier announcement had been retracted). -
Orders of Magnitude (Length) - Wikipedia
03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia Orders of magnitude (length) The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths. Contents Overview Detailed list Subatomic Atomic to cellular Cellular to human scale Human to astronomical scale Astronomical less than 10 yoctometres 10 yoctometres 100 yoctometres 1 zeptometre 10 zeptometres 100 zeptometres 1 attometre 10 attometres 100 attometres 1 femtometre 10 femtometres 100 femtometres 1 picometre 10 picometres 100 picometres 1 nanometre 10 nanometres 100 nanometres 1 micrometre 10 micrometres 100 micrometres 1 millimetre 1 centimetre 1 decimetre Conversions Wavelengths Human-defined scales and structures Nature Astronomical 1 metre Conversions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length) 1/44 03/08/2018 Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia Human-defined scales and structures Sports Nature Astronomical 1 decametre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Sports Nature Astronomical 1 hectometre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Sports Nature Astronomical 1 kilometre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 10 kilometres Conversions Sports Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 100 kilometres Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 1 megametre Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Sports Geographical Astronomical 10 megametres Conversions Human-defined scales and structures Geographical Astronomical 100 megametres 1 gigametre -
Caput Medusae
john c. barentine ASTERISMS, SINGLE-SOURCE AND REBRANDS Uncharted Constellations Asterisms, Single-Source and Rebrands John C. Barentine Uncharted Constellations Asterisms, Single-Source and Rebrands 123 John C. Barentine TUCSON, AZ, USA SPRINGER PRAXIS BOOKS IN POPULAR ASTRONOMY Springer Praxis Books ISBN 978-3-319-27618-2 ISBN 978-3-319-27619-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-27619-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015958891 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover illustration: “Lacerta, Cygnus, Lyra, Vulpecula and Anser”, plate 14 in Urania’s Mirror, a set of celestial cards accompanied by A familiar treatise on astronomy...byJehoshaphatAspin.London. -
Meteor Csillagászati Évkönyv
Ár: 3000 Ft 2016 meteor csillagászati évkönyv csillagászati évkönyv meteor ISSN 0866- 2851 2016 9 770866 285002 meteor 2016 Távcsöves Találkozó Tarján, 2016. július 28–31. www.mcse.hu Magyar Csillagászati Egyesület Fotó: Sztankó Gerda, Tarján, 2012 METEOR CSILLAGÁSZATI ÉVKÖNYV 2016 METEOR CSILLAGÁSZATI ÉVKÖNYV 2016 MCSE – 2015. OKTÓBER–NOVEMBER METEOR CSILLAGÁSZATI ÉVKÖNYV 2016 MCSE – 2015. OKTÓBER–NOVEMBER meteor csillagászati évkönyv 2016 Szerkesztette: Benkõ József Mizser Attila Magyar Csillagászati Egyesület www.mcse.hu Budapest, 2015 METEOR CSILLAGÁSZATI ÉVKÖNYV 2016 MCSE – 2015. OKTÓBER–NOVEMBER Az évkönyv kalendárium részének összeállításában közremûködött: Bagó Balázs Kaposvári Zoltán Kiss Áron Keve Kovács József Molnár Péter Sánta Gábor Sárneczky Krisztián Szabadi Péter Szabó M. Gyula Szabó Sándor Szôllôsi Attila A kalendárium csillagtérképei az Ursa Minor szoftverrel készültek. www.ursaminor.hu Szakmailag ellenôrizte: Szabados László A kiadvány a Magyar Tudományos Akadémia támogatásával készült. További támogatóink mindazok, akik az SZJA 1%-ával támogatják a Magyar Csillagászati Egyesületet. Adószámunk: 19009162-2-43 Felelôs kiadó: Mizser Attila Nyomdai elôkészítés: Kármán Stúdió, www.karman.hu Nyomtatás, kötészet: OOK-Press Kft., www.ookpress.hu Felelôs vezetô: Szathmáry Attila Terjedelem: 23 ív fekete-fehér + 12 oldal színes melléklet 2015. november ISSN 0866-2851 METEOR CSILLAGÁSZATI ÉVKÖNYV 2016 MCSE – 2015. OKTÓBER–NOVEMBER Tartalom Bevezetô ................................................... 7 Kalendárium .............................................. -
Mein Erstes Teleskop 4
www.vds-astro.de ISSN 1615-0880 IV/2012 Nr. 43 Zeitschrift der Vereinigung der Sternfreunde e.V. Schwerpunktthema Mein erstes Sturm, Schnee und gute Laune Kometenbahn selbst bestimmt Sternwarten im Porträt Seite 40 Seite 65 Seite 100 Teleskop Editorial 1 Liebe Mitglieder, liebe Sternfreunde, zu unserem Schwerpunktthema in diesem Journal hätte jeder Sternfreund etwas beitragen können. Wer erinnert sich nicht an sein erstes (eigenes) Teleskop oder sogar an seine ersten Geh-(Seh-)versuche am gestirnten Himmel? Besonders das erste selbstgebaute Fernrohr wird immer einen herausragenden Platz beim Titelbild: Erbauer einnehmen. Lesen Sie, wie es anderen Sternguckern ergangen ist ... Jupiter und Ganymed am 26.09.2011 um 00:40 UT, aufgenommen am In ganz Deutschland konnten die Sternschnuppen des Perseiden-Stroms bei 20-Zoll-Newton (f/4) aus der Garten- bestem Wetter beobachtet werden. Zufällig traf sich der VdS-Vorstand fast voll- sternwarte der Familie Winterer in zählig genau zum Maximums-Wochende zu einer Sitzung und durfte so das Meitingen. Zur Bildgewinnung kam eine schöne Himmelsspektakel unter dem herrlichen Himmel der Lüneburger Heide DMK 21 AU618 von TheImagingSource anschauen, wunderbar und beindruckend! Schicken Sie uns doch Ihre Bilder der und ein Astronomik-RGB-Filtersatz II diesjährigen Perseiden zur Veröffentlichung im Journal für Astronomie! zum Einsatz. Die Bildsequenzen wurden mit FireCapture aufgenommen. Die Betreuung der Mitglieds-Sternwarten und -Vereine geht weiter, auch in Die Effek tivbrennweite lag bei 8.270 diesem Journal stellen sich wieder vier von ihnen vor. Überzeugen Sie sich selbst mm. Die Summenbilder der Kanäle von deren Angebot und planen Sie doch mal einen Besuch. Ab Spätherbst kann Rot, Grün und Blau wurden jeweils sich zusätzlich jeder Mitgliedsverein über eine Deutschlandkarte auf der VdS- einzeln mit AviStack gemittelt, für die Website vorstellen.