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Biology and Biological Control of Yellow Starthistle

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Biology and Biological Control of Yellow Starthistle University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Department of Agriculture: Forest Service -- USDA Forest Service / UNL Faculty Publications National Agroforestry Center 2003 Biology and Biological Control of Yellow Starthistle Linda M. Wilson University of Idaho Cynthia Jette University of Idaho John Connett University of Idaho Joseph McAffrey University of Idaho Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdafsfacpub Part of the Forest Sciences Commons Wilson, Linda M.; Jette, Cynthia; Connett, John; and McAffrey, Joseph, "Biology and Biological Control of Yellow Starthistle" (2003). USDA Forest Service / UNL Faculty Publications. 111. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdafsfacpub/111 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Forest Service -- National Agroforestry Center at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA Forest Service / UNL Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF Y ELLOW STARTHISTLE LINDA M. WILSON, CYNTHIA JETTE, JOHN CONNETT, JOSEPH MCCAFFREY FHTET-1998-17 U.S. Department Forest 2nd Ed., July 2003 of Agriculture Service FHTET he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 Tby the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for information only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Federal Recycling Program Printed on recycled paper. Biology and Biological Control of Yellow Starthistle Linda M. Wilson1, Cynthia Jette1 John Connett1, and Joseph P. McCaffrey1 in cooperation with Carol Bell Randall2, Christina Kuykendall3, Leonard Lake4 1 Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 442339, Moscow, ID 83844-2339 2 Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, 3815 Schreiber Way, Coeur d’Alene, ID 83815-8363 3 Nez Perce Biocontrol Center, P.O Box 365, Lapwai, ID 83540 4 USDA Forest Service, Nez Perce National Forest, Route 2, Grangeville, ID 83530 For additional copies of this publication, contact: Carol Bell Randall Richard Reardon USDA Forest Service FHTET, USDA Forest Service Coeur d’Alene Morgantown Idaho West Virginia (208) 765-7343 (304) 285-1566 [email protected] [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Christina Kuykendall, Leonard Lake, and Carol Bell Randall for their contributions to this manual; Cindy Roché for contributing photographs and draw- ings; and Mark Riffe and Chuck Benedict of INTECS/Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, for editing, layout and graphics. We would also like to thank Richard Reardon of the Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, West Virginia, for providing the funds needed to complete and publish this manual. All photographs used in this publication can be accessed and viewed on line. You’ll find reference codes (UGA0000000) in the captions for the figures in this publication. Point your browser at http://www.forestryimages.org, and enter the reference code at the search prompt. Sources of Figures Cover J. Connett, C. Roché, L. Wilson Figures 2b, 3, 5a-l, 38 C. Roché Figures 2a, 10, 29, 31, 33, 35-37, 40 University of Idaho Figure 6 Biocontrol of Weeds in the West Figures 12, 27 E. Coombs, Oregon Department of Agriculture Fig 1, 11, 13-16, 19, 20, 39 J. Connett, University of Idaho Figure 24 G. Piper, Washington State University Figures 17, 18, Table 4 J. Johnson, University of Idaho Figures 4, 7-9, 21, 26, 28, 41 L. Wilson, University of Idaho Figure 22 L. Lake, US Forest Service Figure 23, 25 D. Schotzko, University of Idaho Figure 30, 32a, 34 K. Loeffelman, University of Idaho Figure 32b BioQuip Catalog Table 2 California Department of Food and Agriculture __________________________________________ BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF Y ELLOW STARTHISTLE Contents INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 Overview ..................................................................................................... 1 Biological Control of Weeds ........................................................................ 2 About This Manual ...................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 1: GETTING TO KNOW YELLOW STARTHISTLE ................................... 5 Yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis L. .................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2: BIOLOGY OF YELLOW STARTHISTLE BIOCONTROL AGENTS..............11 Overview ................................................................................................... 11 Basic Insect Biology................................................................................... 11 What is This Insect?....................................................................................12 Yellow Starthistle Weevils ..........................................................................14 Bangasternus orientalis .............................................................................................. 16 Eustenopus villosus ................................................................................................... 18 Larinus curtus ........................................................................................................... 20 Yellow Starthistle Flies ...............................................................................21 Chaetorellia australis and C. succinea ........................................................................ 23 Urophora siruneseva ................................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER 3: ELEMENTS OF A YELLOW STARTHISTLE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL PROGRAM ...................................................................................... 27 1. Selecting and Preparing Release Sites ...................................................28 2. Collecting Biocontrol Agents .................................................................30 3. Handling Biocontrol Agents ..................................................................36 4. Releasing Biocontrol Agents ..................................................................38 5. Monitoring .............................................................................................41 6. Establishing Photo Points .......................................................................47 GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... 49 SELECTED REFERENCES .......................................................................... 53 General: Biological Control .......................................................................53 Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) .................................................54 Bangasternus orientalis .............................................................................................. 57 Chaetorellia australis ................................................................................................. 58 Chaetorellia succinea ................................................................................................ 58 Eustenopus villosus ................................................................................................... 59 i BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF YELLOW STARTHISTLE __________________________________________ Larinus curtus ........................................................................................................... 59 Urophora sirunaseva ................................................................................................. 60 Vegetation Monitoring ...............................................................................60 APPENDICES Appendix A: Troubleshooting Guide: When Things go Wrong Appendix B: Biological Control Agent Release Form Appendix C: Monitoring Plan Questionnaire Appendix D: Biocontrol Monitoring Report Appendix E: Qualitative Monitoring Form Appendix F: Quadrat Density and Cover Data Form Appendix G: Macroplot Design for Measuring Density FIGURES Figure 1. Flowering yellow starthistle near Peck, Idaho. ................................................... 1 Figure 2. Yellow starthistle
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