SEALING, WHALING & EARLY SETTLEMENT OF VICTORIA An Annotated Bibliography of Historical Sources
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Susan Chamberlain June 1989
Victoria Department of ~-~ · l Archaeological Conservation ~ Survey & Environment Sealing, Wh~ling &
Early Settlement of Victoria
An annotated bibliography of historical sources
Susan Chamberlain
.-6 DEC 1991
VICTORIA
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-· CONTENTS
Introduction l
Selection Criteria and Methodology 3
Discussion Based on Selected Sources and Scope of Bibliography 4
Funher Points Arising from the Bibliography 12
Conclusion 15
Suggestions and Recommendations 15
Bibliography and Explanatory Notes 16-64
Manuscript Sources:
Log books
Other Manuscripts
Printed Sources:
Newspapers
Historical Records of New South Wales
Theses
Illustrations
Secondary Sources:
Local History Files l
Introduction
Whaling and scaling were two of the earliest industries associated with the young colony of New South Wales. As early as 1798 sealers were working in Bass Strait and by 1803 both colonial and foreign vessels were operating in the area. 1 It was from this date onwards that the slaughter of seal and whale populations began on an unprecedented scale, the impact from which the stocks of these mammals have never fully recovered. These activities were often carried out jointly but after the annihilation of both seals and sea-elephants from various Bass Strait Islands, whaling became the principal industry. However, whalernen never lost an opponunity to exploit remaining seal colonies as even as late as 1858 sealers were operating on a commercial basis on Julia Percy Island in Penland Bay.2
The methods used by colonial sealers and whalemen to capture their respective prey were based, as in the case of whaling, on a centuries old Basque method which was adopted by the British and Americans and later refined with the development of the on board tryworks in 1790. 3 In fact there were three types of whaling practised in the Australian colonies and these were largely influenced by the species of whale pursued. The first method, based on techniques developed by the Basques was bay whaling. This involved the use of a whaleboat of five, seven, nine or even eleven oars4 and was confined to bays and inlets where the Southern Right. or Black Whale as it was known, frequented. However, at Two Fold Bay Humpback whales were also taken by whaleboats after they had been lured into the bay by Killer Whales. S Right Whales, visited the coastal areas of Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales and were easily exploited by whalernen as the whales used these locations to breed and calve, usually between July and September each year. Whalemen had no compunction about killing the calf whale, illustrated by a repon in the Penland Guardian in 1843, as they knew the cow would come to the aid of its offspring. 6 The indiscriminate killing of young whales eventually led to the almost total annihilation of Southern Right Whale stocks which in turn accelerated the demise of whaling in colonial Victoria.
After capture, the whale was either towed back to the shore or allowed to sink. During the following twenty-four to thiny-six hours the carcase would rise again to the surface where it was stripped of its blubber and whalebone. The remainder was either discarded or given to local residents to boil down. 7 In some instances, as quoted in Ponland newspapers, local Aborigines would obtain pieces of the flesh for their own consumption. 8
The second method used by colonial whalemen relied on a vessel, which was anchored in the bay, rather than on shore-based tryworks as a processing plant. This technique also concentrated on Southern Right Whales. A good account of this method is provided in the log book of the Hobart whale ship Lady of the Lake which was commanded by Henry Wishart. The vessel was operating in a cove off Wilson's Promontory for over six weeks in 1837.9
l w.R. Couman. Saline in Bw Strait Typescript of a draft manuscript, 44p. Ms. held by the La Trobe Library of Victoria. (Undaled) p.l. 2 'Sealing'. PCltland Guanljap. Monday, 19 April 1858. 3 Susan Chamberlain. The Hobart Wba!jng lndusb'Y 1830 to 190Q. Thesis submitted for fulfllment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, La Trobc University, Marcil 1988. (See Chapeu on whaling technology). 4 H.P. Wellings. Beniamin Boyd in Australia 1842 to t 849 (Shipping Magnate, Merchant Banker, Pa.uoralist and Station Owner, Member of Legislative Cowtcil, Town Planner, Whaler) Sydney, D.S. Ford. 193? p.44. 5 Ibid. Sbcxe WhaJinc at Two-Fold Bay (Assisted by the renown Killer Whales - an imporWtt industty now defunct) Eden, The Magnet vojce. 1964. 6 'Curiosity'. Portland Guardjan. Saturday. 8 July 1843. 7 'Enterprise'. Ibid. Saturday, 21June1845. 8 'Aborigines'. Ibid. 8 July 1843 and 13 July 1844. 9 Log of the barque Lady gfthe Lake dated Thursday, 18 May 1837 IO Sunday, 28 October, 1837. Aulhor unknown. Original Ms. held by the W.L. Crowther Library, Siaie Library of Tasmania, Hoban. (Typed verbatim exaact provided by Susan Chamberlain). 2
The third method is known as pelagic whaling. This was largely based on the pursuit of the Sperm whale which migrates in the open sea and therefore whalemen were forced to capture and process their prey in remote locations. However, with the introduction of the onboard tryworks, blubber platforms and fluke chains seamen became very adept at procuring oil using this method. The log book of the Launceston whale ship, Lady Mary Pelham, commanded by William Dutton of Portland provides an illustration of pelagic whaling in the 1840s.10
Seals were also vulnerable to capture when they came into the islands and rocks close to the shoreline. Both seals and sea-elephants were despatched by clubbing with a long wooden waddy to render them unconscious and then a knife was drawn across the throat Accounts of the activities of Bass Strait sealers and those operating at Julia Percy Island at Penland and Seal Island in Westernport also mention the use of weapons such as horse pistols, shot guns and air rifles to expedite the killing process. 11 The use of modern weapons distinguished sealers from whalemen who persevered with traditional equipment such as the lance and harpoon. No evidence was discovered of bay whalers resorting to harpoon guns which were developed, although in a primitive form, by the 1840s. 12
Bass Strait sealers and those living on the coast of Victoria and on Kangaroo Island in South Australia were also unique in that they enlisted, whether voluntarily or otherwise, the considerable skills of Aboriginal women in capturing seals. They also, like their whaling counterparts, went to extraordinary lengths to secure their prey, often scaling almost inaccessible cliffs and sailing their boats into rocky and almost impenetrable islands and caves. 13
The migratory patterns and the species of whale and seal influenced the type of hunting techniques adopted by whalemen and sealers. More importantly, these factors also dictated the location in which hunting took place. As a result, especially in the case of Victoria and Bass Strait, hunters entered areas which had been previously uninhabited by white men and established either permanent or semi-permanent outposts near whaling and sealing grounds.
10 Log of the barque l.ady Marv Pelham dated 13 November 1844 to 3 May 1845. Author G. Wilson. Surgeon. Original Ms. held by the La Trobe Library of Victoria. (Typed verbatim notes provided). 11 W.R. Cottman, Ibid. See also other references dealing with the culling of seal colonies. Also cruelty of sealers towards their prey. 12 Susan Chamberlain, Ibid. 13 'Sealing'. Portland Gyar Two sets of papers which are held in the Archives Office of Tasmania have also been included in the manuscript section. These are papers by Harry O'May and J.E. Philp who were two local maritime historians and members of the Ship Lovers' Society of Tasmania in the 1930s. O'May's publications including Hobart Rjyer Craft and Sealers of Bass Strait and Wooden Hookers and Whales hips of Tasmania are sources on whaling which cannot be entirely dismissed as they were written in collaboration with a number of old-time whalemen. The papers held in both collections are quite extensive and include newspaper cuttings, photographs, manuscripts and other items associated with whaling and sealing. Newspapers One of the largest sections of the bibliography is newspaper articles. Newspapers, particularly those published in the nineteenth century are a valuable source of historical material. For example daily shipping movements were reported together with the manifest of each vessel, its port of departure and destination. Apart from arrival and destination, the shipping news often gave accounts of eventual voyages, wrecks and the activities of sealers and whalemen. Local intelligence also provided graphic accounts of whale hunts, sealing and other items pertaining to these activities. Due to time factors it was not possible to completely survey all early newspapers which may have dealt with the settlement of Victoria. However, the Launceston Advertiser was examined for the years 1834 to 1836, the Pooland Guaroian from 1843 to 1845 and the Sydney Gazette from 1803 to 1805 inclusive. It is not necessary to discuss each individual newspaper article as these are listed in the bibliography together with relevant notes pertaining to each entry. Nevertheless, some i terns are wonhy of selection and will be discussed under the. heading of the individual newspaper. 14 'A Melancholy Event' (The death of Captain Henry Wishart) Colonial Tjmg. Tuesday, 20 Augmt 1839. 5 11November1884 An article describes among a number of aspects of the town of Penland, the seals at Julia Percy Island which were still hunted by local residents. The author declined an invitation to join a sealing party. Saturday, 6 December 1884 A letter from Captain Alexander Campbell who claimed he was asked to join a whaling pany at Penland Bay in 1832. He also stated that he made two or three voyages to Portland to hunt both seals and whales. This statement confirms that William Dutton had established a settlement prior to the arrival of the Hentys in 1834. Tuesday, 27 May 1890 In an obituary to Captain Alexander Campbell it is claimed that he met Captain Wishart in Sydney in about 1836 and was told by Wishan of his previous visits to Pon Fairy. This is an interesting point as pan of the controversy over the date of the discovery of Pon Fairy is a claim by William Earle that he was informed by an old inhabitant of the town (possibly Alexander Campbell?) that James Wishan arrived in 1810 on the vessel fm. Tuesday, 25 May 1909 Letter to the editor from Reginald Jones, relating an account by an old resident that Mallacoota was the site of the first settlement in Victoria. Friday, 28 May 1909 Letter to the editor outlining details of the settlement of Mallacoota by Captain John Stevenson, a whaleman, who had been employed by Boyd of Two-Fold Bay. Saturday, 26 October 1963 An article researched by John Hetherington on the life of John and Charles Mills of Pon Fairy. Two claims attributed to the Mills brothers were that Captain Wishan provided them with his original chans of the Victorian coastline and they established a whaling station at Pon Fairy in 1826. Hamilton Spectator Wednesday, 23 September 1877 Declaration by William Dutton that he visited Portland in 1828. He was sealing at Blacknose Point and returned again in 1829. In 1830 he erected a house and was living in Portland when the Hentys first visited the area. He was also at Portland when the Hentys arrived in November 1834. Tuesday, 23 July 1878 Obituary to William Dutton. Does not dispute his claim that he was living in Ponland in 1828 but 'his attempt at subsistence for himself was a very different thing to Mr Henty's successful attempt at colonization'. 6 Launceston Adyerriser Thursday, 31July1834 A report on whaling activities at Portland prior to the arrival of the Hentys in November 1834. Dutton was employed by Griffiths of Launceston as whaleman in this period. The report also mentions another whaling party operating in the bay. Thursday, 16 October 1834 The departure of the Hentys from Launceston in the vessel Thistle to establish their settlement at Portland. Thursday, 5 May 1836 A report on whaling activities both at Portland and Port Fairy. Thursday, 6 October 1836 Report on the arrival of Major Mitchell at Portland Bay. People 20 January 1960 Dates the first settlement at Mallacoota in 1840. Captain John Stevenson was sent to take charge of a whaling station owned by Dr John Imlay of Two-Fold Bay, New South Wales. Ponlaod Guar Various references provide a graphic account of the bay whaling and the development of both Portland and Port Fairy. Articles also include the activities of sealers and Hoban whale ships which visited the area during the whaling season. Saturday, 22 April 1843 Two boats equipped for sealing were sent to Julia Percy Island. Saturday, 24 June 1843 A month old bull calf was killed together with its mother. The carcase drifted ashore and was dismembered by local townspeople. Saturday, 8 July 1843 Aborigines visited Portland for the first time in twelve months. 'Attracted by the remains of the bull calf and two whales'. Saturday, 8 July 1843 A bull calf was not separated from its mother until the carcase was brought ashore. The calf was also killed and later: discarded. Saturday, 26 August 1843 Griffiths arrived from Launceston with three families intending to settle at Port Fairy. 7 Saturday, 18 November 1843 William Dutton and Robinson sealing at Julia Percy Island. They lost their boat after entering a breeding cave and were rescued by another party of sealers who were operating on the island. Saturday, 4 May 1844 A tourist visiting Ponland expressed surprise when informed that Westempon and Ponland were not settled prior to 1834 as according to his information the areas had previously been frequented by sealers and bark cutters. He also believed that it was a report from sealers from Julia Percy Island that induced the Hentys to settle in Portland. Saturday, 13 July 1844 A large number of Aborigines came into the town and proceeded to cook and eat the remains of a whale which had been discarded and left to rot on the beach. Saturday, 4 January 1845 Expons from Ponland of whale oil and whale bone exceeded the value of wool. Saturday, 21June1845 The remains of a whale carcase was taken and boiled down in the Ponland Melting Establishment. Monday, 19 April 1858 A party of sealers from Julia Percy Island were rescued after their boat was smashed against the rocks. They succeeded in killing about 300 seals. Wednesday, 6 June 1858 All available shares of the Ponland Whaling Company were purchased. Wednesday, 12 July 1860 A cow whale and calf were killed near Whaler's Bluff. Monday, 19 August 1861 A guano lease was granted for Julia Percy Island. Thursday, 12 November 1868 During a visit to Julia Percy Island, the graves of two sealers dating from 1822 and 1828 respectively could still be observed. The excursionists amused themselves by shooting a number of seals. Monday, 24 August 1868 The last whale to enter the Bay was killed by William Dutton and a volunteer crew. Thursday, 21November1872 Address by Edward Henty and his account of the first settlement at Portland Bay. He does not mention his whaling activities. 8 Portland Mercuzy and Nonnanby Advertiser (precursor of the Portland Guarciian) Monday, 30 November 1842 A fisherman who had been sealing on Julia Percy Island discovered tWo graves, one which was marked 'W. Hardman 25 December 1828'. Wednesday, 22 February 1843 A resident from Melbourne, who was present at the interment of Hardman on Julia Percy Island claimed that a small vessel called the ~ visited the area to obtain seals. While at the Island, the crew of the ~captured several escaped convicts who fled to the nearby shore. The vessel departed a day later after naming the cove Pon Fairy. Wednesday, 15 November 1843 William Dutton killed fourteen seals at Julia Percy Island. Wednesday, 20 December 1843 A young seal pup was killed on the beach at Portland Bay. Sealing parties were operating on Julia Percy Island. Sydney Gazette Sunday, 3 February 1803 The schooner~ was informed by sealers from the Kent's Group that the British whaleship Pandora's Packet was cruising off Wilson's Promontory. Sunday, 4 December 1803 Advertisement for sealing gangs for Bass Strait. Sunday, 4 December 1803 American vessel, Charles of Boston, whaling and sealing in Bass Strait. Sunday, l January 1804 Boat crew from the colonial schooner Governor Kini seized by American vessel Charles of Boston. Intensive rivalry between colonial and foreign sealers. Sunday, 12 February 1804 Edwin arrived from Pon Phillip and Bass Strait with seal skins. Sunday, 12 February 1804 Vessel Edwin sealing in vicinity of Port Phillip. Sunday, 30 June 1804 Repon of Perseyerance of Boston Captain Amaso Delano and American schooner Pilmm. Sunday, 7 October 1804 Repon of Nancy put into Westernpon where che vessel took onboani seal skins procured by one of her sealing gangs. 9 Sunday, 30 July 1809 Brig Actiye on scaling and whaling voyage was driven ashore at Westernport on 11 June 1809. Sunday, 30 September and 7 October 1815 Account of Hoban Town vessel Geordy driven ashore at Port Phillip. Monitor Friday, 15 December 1826 Lengthy description of Westernport by sealers brought to Sydney on board the French corvette L'Ascrolabe. Historical Documents of New South Wales These deal mainly with despatches written by Governor King and relate to the activities of sealers in Bass Strait. There is also a verbatim report by Bass of his explorations in Bass Strait and an account by James Murrel of an incident involving the American Amaso Delano and his treatment of colonial scalers. There is also the journal of the proceedings on board the Calcutta and the establishment of the first settlement at Pon Phillip dated October to December 1803, together with several letters and despatches regarding the abandonment of the settlement. Illustrations Although there are no known photographs or illustrations of whaling on the Victorian coastline a number of pictorial references have been included in the bibliography. Of special interest arc three sealing illustrations: The Australasian Sketcher 9 June 1877 An account of sealing on Julia Percy Island together with an engraving depicting sealers scaling a 130 foot cliff in order to shoot seals. They also entered breeding caves and killed a number of pups and wounded many other seals. As the men ascended the cliff they could not resist firing parting shots at the seals below. The 11lustrated Australian News 4 May 1881 Account of sealing in Bass Strait by panics from both Tasmania and Victoria. A sketch illustrates sealers shooting seals from a passing yacht. The Leader 19 June 1909 Graphic photographs of seal shooting and skinning at Seal Island in Westernport. 10 Theses Four theses have also been included. Of these only two have been cited. The first deals with the Hoban Whaling Industry from 1830 to 1900 and is useful as a background into the complexities of the whaling trade. It examines both the economic and social aspects of whaling together with topics such as technology, the history of the Hoban whaling fleet, including vessels which visited Portland. The dissertation by L.C. Murray which was submitted in 1927, is held by the W.L. Crowther Library, State Library of Tasmania. The paper contains very few references and a limited bibliography. The theses by Richard Geeves and W.S. Logan have not been examined, however, it would be worthwhile to obtain copies of all four theses for future reference. Secondary Sources Included among the secondary sources are reprints of the journals of Hume and Hovell, Nicholas Baud.in, Matthew Ainders and others. These navigators and explorers visited the areas which are dealt with in this bibliography and provide useful historical background to the study. A similar observation can be made about publications such as Dakin's Whalemen Adyenturers. Gordon Jackson's, The British Wbalin~ Trade and John Bach's A Maritime Histoi:y of Australia. A number of publications on Bass Strait are also listed as sealing and whaling in this region were linked both to Victoria and Tasmania. Several references deal with the treatment of Aboriginal women by white sealers and examine the relationship between these two groups. See Bonwick, The Last Tasmanians, Stephen Murray-Smith, 'Beyond the Pale: The Islander Community of Bass Strait in the Nineteenth Century' and Lyndall Ryan, 'The Struggle for Recognition: Part Aborigines.in Bass Strait in the Nineteenth Century'. These and other publications including Dire Strait by Charles Bateson provide good accounts of the history of sealing in Bass Strait and the migration of sealers between the various islands and possibly onto the mainland, panicularly around Wilson's Promontory and Westernport. Conflicts between American and colonial sealers are also dealt with in the bibliography. The most notable reference is Amaso Delano's account of his voyage to Van Diemen's Land which included visits to the seal islands of Bass Strait and his altercation with the colonial sealer James Murrel. Thomas Dunbabin in his two articles, the first of which was published in 1926 and titled 'Whalers, Sealers and Buccaneers', refers to the short-lived settlement at Westernport and the kidnapping of Aboriginal women by sealers both from Tasmania and the mainland. In his publication 'With Harpoon and Lance', Dunbabin mentions briefly the existence of a bay whaling station at Mallacoota Inlet in the 1830s which was founded by Captain John Stevenson. However, a publication by the Mallacoota and District Historical Society, claims that Ben Boyd established whaling stations at Bittangabee and Gabo Island and that Stevenson settled Mallacoota in 1841. William Earle's Pon Fajzy is notable if only for his assertion that Captain James Wishan in the cutter faiO' sighted Port Fairy on 24 April 1810. This statement which was based on accounts given to Earle by an old resident and the alleged existence of a diary written by one of the crew members has been accepted by virtually every historian as a factual account of the discovery of Port Fairy. (See discussion arising from a survey of the. sources contained in the bibliography) Earle also assened that a whaling station was established at Port Fairy prior to the arrival of the Hentys at Ponland. However, he provides no documentary evidence for this and other claims regarding the early settlement of this township. William Grant's voyage of exploration to the coast of Victoria in 1801-1802 included the sighting of Julia Percy Island and Portland Bay. He also visited Wilson's Promontory and Seal Island in 1801 and attempted to cultivate a garden on Churchill Island. He made no mention of sealing gangs operating in this region. 11 However, in 1826 scalers, accompanied by their Aboriginal wives, were sighted by D'Urville during his voyage. His journal is the source of one of the earliest illustrations of Westernport entitled 'Habitation de Pecheurs de Rocques au Port Western'. A lithograph copy is now held in the La Trobc Library of Victoria. Local History Files These sources proved disappointing particularly those dealing with Mallacoota, which have been incorporated in the general list of secondary sources. However, one publication which is of particular interest and held in the local history file for Port Fairy was an article by Martin Syme, 'An Examination of the Evidence Supporting the Arrival of the First Vessel at Port Fairy'. Syme examined shipping records for the period and after thorough research disputes William Earle's claim that Port Fairy was discovered by James Wishart in 1810. The notes which accompany the secondary sources are self-explanatory and typewritten extracts or photocopies have been provided where necessary. The list of printed publications is by no means definitive but it provides the basis for further research into sealing and whaling in early Victoria. 12 Further Points Arising from the Bibliography Sealing Sealing in Bass Strait and also in the region of Westernpon and Wilson's Promontory began in earnest in the early 1800s. However, it is debatable whether sealing gangs were operating at Ponland and Julia Percy Island before the 1820s. W.R. Cotnnan estimated there were over 250,000 seals and sea-elephants in Bass Strait ~rior to the arrival of sealers but by the 1820s these populations had been almost annihilated. 5 This factor may account for the interest shown in Ponland as a new sealing ground and why it had been previously ignored by sealers prior to the 1820s. Local whalemen from Ponland and Pon Fairy hunted seals during the 1820s and 1830s and continued to operate, although on a smaller scale until the 1850s. From the middle of the century onwards local residents hunted seals on a small scale both for commercial and personal use. There appeared to be no perception of the damage caused to seal colonies by the indiscriminate slaughter of females and young pups as seal shooting was seen as an 'exciting spon•.16 Sealers were often viewed by their contemporaries as pirates and ship wreckers but these attitudes were not always justified as the conditions under which sealing gangs worked were not only cruel but also harsh. Left in remote areas for months or years on end it was a lifestyle where only the fittest could survive. It is not surprising, given the isolation and loneliness, that these men took Aboriginal women for their wives. There is considerable debate among historians as to the treattnent meted out to black women, although Lyndall Ryan argues that without their consorting with white sealers the Tasmanian Aboriginal population may not have survived.17 Foreign whaleships and sealers were operating in Bass Strait from the beginning of the nineteenth century. This was cause for a great deal of concern by colonial authorities who had very little jurisdiction over their activities. Governor King in a letter to Lord Hoban which reponed the loss of a French sealing vessel, L'Enteeprise, at Cape Barren in 1803, expressed the view that he hoped this event would deter other foreign vessels from visiting Bass Strait. His concern was over a perceived threat, whether real or otherwise, of foreign intervention in the area and a fear of competition for seals from American and French vessels.18 The Visit by James Wishart, a sealer, to Port Fairy in 1810 This point will no doubt be debated by historians for many years and may never be resolved. For example, Powling in his history Pon Fajzy -The First Fifty Years 1837 to 1887 attempts to clarify the points raised by Earle and his claims associated with Captain Wishart. Whereas, Noel Learmouth in his publication The Portland Bay Settlement - Beine a HistOQ' of Ponland confused Captain James Wishart with Henry Wishart who was killed at Sealers Cove in 1839.19 Martin Symc, on the other hand, argues convincingly that the 1810 discovery cannot be verified historically and believes the probable earliest date of arrival was 1826 or 1828. This assertion is given more credence by the primary source evidence, especially the discovery of the two graves on Julia Percy Island in 1842.20 However, Earle's claims cannot entirely be dismissed, if the obituary to Captain Campbell, who purponedly met Wishart in Sydney in 1836, is to be accepted as factual. Nevertheless, what does emerge from the sources examined is that the majority of writers accept without question that Wishart sighted Pon Fairy in 1810. 15 W.R. Cottman, Ibid. 16 Joseph Pickersgill. Yictocian Rai lways Tourist Gujde (conraining accurate and full particulars of the watering places, scenery, shooting, fishing, sporting, hotel accommodation, etc. in Vicroria, also a new complete Railways Map showing all the present and projected lines) Melbourne, Sands and McDougall Lld., 1885, p.174. 17 Lyndall Ryan. 'The Struggle for Recognition: Part Aborigines in Bw Strait in the Nineteenth Century'. Aboriginal Histpry, 1(1), 1977. 18 Historical Records ofN.S.W., vol. 5, 9 May 1803. 19 Colonjal Tjmes. Ibid. 20 'The Lady Julia Percy Island'. Ponland Mercury and Nonnanby Adyeaiscr. Wednesday, 30 November 1842. Martin Syme. 'An Examination of the Evidence Supporting the Arrival of the First Vessel at Port Fairy'. Regiopal Journal of Social Issues. 13 December 1983. (See absuact) \ 13 l William Dutton's claim as the first settler at Portland This point is given more credence than the issue raised over the discovery of Port Fairy. A number of primary sources, including the diary of Edward Henty, confirm that Dutton had established a whaling station at Portland prior to 1834. Other references including the report in the Launceston Adyeniser for July 1834 and the declarations by Dutton and Alexander Campbell outlining the activities of bay whalers prior to the arrival of the Hentys, further support Dutton's claim as the first settler at Portland Bay.21 William Dutton was both a whaleman and sealer and unlike the Hentys he continued his association with these activities for almost his entire life. Dutton, also in the tradition of sealers, took an Aboriginal woman for his companion, a practise which he continued when whaling in New Zealand.22 Whaling at Portland, Port Fairy, Wilson's Promontory and Mallacoota The expansion of the colonial whaling industry did not take place until the late 1820's due to trade sanctions and the Charter of the East India Company, which among other clauses restricted the size of colonial vessels to under 250 tons burthen. Prohibitive import duties on colonial oil imported into Great Britain meant that whalemen had to export to either China or India rather than to the larger and more lucrative British market. However, by 1828 these restrictions had largely been removed and from that date onwards whaling in the Australian colonies, particularly in Tasmania expanded to become of the that colony's major industries. Demand for whale products also increased during the early nineteenth century especially with the refinement of whale oil lamps which were used to illuminate both domestic and commercial premises. The development of internal lighting in the new factories of the industrial revolution in turn increased production and therefore the demand for oil. Various combinations of seal and black whale oil were burnt in street lighting while whalebone was used in a large number of manufacturing processes and was the only material which was the equivalent of the modern day sprung wire and steel. Whale oil also acted as a lubricant for machinery and in the manufacture of cloth and rope. 23 The restrictions placed on the size of vessels did not affect the activities of sealers as they relied on small schooners or cutters to transport scaling gangs to shore stations. In the case of bay whalers the major piece of equipment was the whale boat although the whale oil was transported in British vessels. After the removal of the restriction on the size of vessels, large barques and brigs were purchased and used in bay whaling. 24 The constraints placed on the activities of colonial whalemen meant that whaling on a large scale did not commence until the late 1820s. Therefore, it is more than likely that whalemen did not commence operating on the Victorian coastline before 1826. There is ample evidence in the primary sources which supports this argument particularly if the activities of William Dutton, Alexander Campbell and John and Charles Mills of Port Fairy arc taken into account. J.G. Wiltshire in what is probably the best account of the life of William Dutton claims that Edward Henty first visited Ponland in the Thistle to collect oil from Dutton's whaling station. He funher states that 'the coming of the Hentys to Portland was entirely due to the oil industry 21 Edward Henty. Daily diary from 1834 to 1839, Ms. La Trobe Library of Victoria. 'The Whale Fishery - Portland' Launceswn Adyenjser. Thursday, 31 July 1834. 'Declaration by William Dutton'. Hamilton Soecta!Or. Wednesday, 23 September 1877. 1..ettet from Captain Alexander Campbell'. ~· Saturday, 6 December 1884. 22 Edward Henty. Ibid. Log of the barque Lady Marv Pelham. Ibid. 23 Susan Chamberlain. fbid. Section on Trade Restrictions and Whale Products. 24 Ibid. 14 established by Dutton•.25 Wiltshire dates the decline of whaling at Ponland and Port Fairy by 1840, however, careful examination of the Portland Guardian for the years 1842 to 1845 would seem to negate this argument. During this period there were at least three shore parties active in the area together with Hobart whaleships which visited the bay during the whaling season. (sec newspaper extracts) In 1845 Dutton returned to Portland after an unsuccessful sperm whaling voyage in command of the Lady Mazy Pelham. He continued whaling with a shore party but by 1849 the Hentys had a monopoly on bay whaling at Portland. According to Wiltshire the season 1851 to 1868 inclusive yielded only twelve whales. However, each whale was worth about 400 pounds which justified. at least in the opinion of men such as Dutton, the maintenance of the industry. 26 In 1858 the Ponland Whaling Company was formed with an issue of thiny shares valued at ten pounds each. These were sold almost immediately.27 From a survey of the accounts of the Portland Whaling Company it can be seen that there was a credit balance of over I 00 pounds, which did not include the value of the whalebone and oil. 28 The Company only survived for just over twelve months although there was a brief revival in subsequent years. The last whale killed at Portland was captured by William Dutton and a volunteer crew in 1868. 29 Several observations can be made about the whaling industries located at Portland and Port Fairy. First, whalemen concencrated purely on bay whaling simply because of the availability of Right Whales in this area. The indiscriminate killing of cow and calf whales affected the ability of the species to regenerate and therefore over a period of years the number of whales coming to Ponland gradually dwindled. Whalernen themselves also observed that whales were becoming 'shy' a term they used to describe the increased awareness by whales of the dangers they faced by entering the bay. 30 Second, although whaling companies were formed by local residents there was never any attempt to purchase a whaling fleet and hunt other species such as Sperm Whales. It is not the intention of this report to usurp the research carried out on whaling and sealing in Westernport by the Victoria Archaeological Survey. It is sufficient to mention that joint whaling and sealing ventures were undertaken in this area as early as 1803. For the reasons outlined in the discussion dealing with whaling at Pon Fairy and Portland it is unlikely that large numbers of colonial whalemen visited Westernport or Wilson's Promontory before the mid 1820s. Evidence also suggests that this locale was not frequented, to any great extent, by Hobart whalemen who preferred the whaling grounds off the coast of New Zealand and the Great Australian Bight. especially from the mid 1840s onwards when it became increasingly difficult to obtain sufficient numbers of Black Whales.31 A pan from the few brief references cited in the bibliography it was not possible, especially in the time permitted, to obtain any detailed information on the activities of whalers at Mallacoota. There appears to be confusion over the date of settlement by Captain Stevenson but it is most likely to be 1841. However, he may have visited the area at an earlier date to take charge of a whaling station either at Mallacoota or on Gabo Island. Further work, if the sources are available, needs to be carried out on this area and its connection with Two-Fold Bay. 25 J.G. Wiltshire. Wj!!jam Dutton and the Wha!jng and Sealing Industries. Section 2, People's Histay of Portland and District, Portland. E. Davis and Sons Pty. Ltd., 1976. 26 J.G. Wiltshiie. Ibid. 27 'Wluµi.ng Company'. Portland Guardian. Wednesday, 6 June 1858. 28 Portland Whaling Company, Bank accounts for Lhe year 1858. Ms. La Trobe Library of Victoria. 29 'Whale Fishery'. Portland Guardjap. Monday, 24 August 1868. 30 'Duuon's Party'. Ibid. Saturday, 20 May 1843. 31 Susan Chamberlain. lbid. 15 Conclusion From the evidence examined it is clear that, apart from early explorers and navigators, whalemen and sealers were the first white men to settle in Victoria. The selection of the sites for their whaling and sealing stations was not random but was influenced by the type of prey they hunted and the techniques they adopted in order to render whales and seals into oil and skins. Information gleaned from these early settlers precipitated permanent occupation by other groups. Nevertheless, while the initial interest of new arrivals was in whaling and sealing, they eventually transferred their attention from maritime to agricultural pursuits. Whaling and sealing were the first two major industries established in the colonies and until the 1830s the value of exports of whale oil and whalebone exceeded wool and other primary produce. 32 If whalemen and sealers are credited with being the first settlers in the colony of Victoria and on Bass Strait Islands some of the legacies inherited from their activities are far reaching, particularly in relation to the destruction of whale stocks and seal colonies. However, while these acts can be condemned from a twentieth century perspective they must also be seen in the light of attitudes which prevailed in the nineteenth century and the demand for seal and whale products for which there were not available artificial substitutes. A Few Suggestions and Recommendations 1. Obtain from the La Trobe Library of Victoria a copy of the W.R. Cottman manuscrip~ Sealin~ in Bass Srrait. 2. Obtain copies of the four theses listed in the bibliography. 3. At some future date examine records and local newspapers dealing with Two-Fold Bay and its connection with Mallacoota and Gabo Island. 4. A more detailed newspaper search should be carried out on this subject. For example, Launceston Advertiser from 1837. Sydney Gazette from 1806 and the Portland Guardian from 1845 to 1858. In addition it may be worthwhile examining the Pon Phillip Patriot and other Tasmanian newspapers such as the Colonial Times. 32 'Exports from the Port of Portland from 1 January to 31 December 1845'. Portland Guardian. Sallll'day, 4 January 1845. 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY Note: This bibliography is also listed on a card file. The abbreviations (T.E.) typed extract and (P.C.) photocopy indicate that either typed notes or a photocopy has been provided for the individual reference. Both the typed extracts and photocopies are filed in the same sequence as the card file and typewritten bibliography. In addition to the bibliographical reference brief notes are provided on each entry. Where necessary the typed notes and photocopies provide more detailed infonnation pertaining to a particular source. MANUSCRIPT SOURCES Log Books Log of the schooner Brothers dated Sunday 3 January 1813 to Monday 31May1813. Author: Captain James Kelly. Original Ms. held by the W.L. Crowther Library, State Library of Tasmania, Hobart. Notes: (P.C.) One of the few authentic log books of the period. Sealing in Westernport Bay. Vessel returned to Sydney with 7,070 seal skins. Sec also notes by W.L. Crowther. 'A Sealing Voyage to Bass Strait by the Schooner Brothers in 1813'. Papers and Proceedio~s Royal Society of Tasmania, May 1937, pp. 81-84. Log of the barque Lady Mazy Pelham dated 13 November 1844 to 3 May 1845. Commanded by William Dutton from Launceston, Van Diemen's Land to the South Seas on a Whaling Voyage. Author: G. Wilson, Surgeon. Original Ms. held by the La Trobc Library of Victoria. Notes: (T.E.) Of interest because of its association with William Dutton and Portland. Lady Mazy Pelham was a vessel which frequently visited Portland and carried out whaling operations in the bay. Log of the barque Lady of the Lake dated Thursday, 18 May 1837 to Sunday 28 October 1837. Author: unknown (Commanded by Henry Wishart). Original Ms. held by the W.L. Crowther Library, State Library of Tasmania, Hobart. Notes: (T.E.) Verbatim notes. Original spelling and punctuation. Whaling in a cove at Wilson's Promontory from Wednesday 19 July 1837 to Monday 28 August 1837. One of the earliest log books illustrating bay whaling using the vessel as a processing plant Other Manuscript Sources EARLE, William, Jr. (1850-1902) Scrapbook of press cuttings and memorabilia associated with William Earle (author of the History of Pon Faizy) the Earle Family and Pon Fairy, 1862- 1934. Ms. held by the La Trobe Library of Victoria. Notes: Apart from two newspaper articles on local history which mention whaling and the claim that James Wishart visited Port Fairy in 1810 (see photocopies) the remainder of the material deals with activities associated with the local council, mechanics institute and various other groups. 17 BROWN, Margaret Emily. Typewritten Ms. recording 58 years of life mainly spent in Pon Fairy. 56p. (Undated) Ms. held by the La Trobe Library of Victoria. Notes: Useful and detailed account of pioneers in the district especially the activities of the women. No mention of whaling or the history of the area. ·Briefly recollects Captain Mills and his knowledge of the alleged Mahogany Ship. COTTMAN, W.R. Sealini jn Bass Strait. Typescript of a draft manuscript, 44p. (Undated) Ms. held by the La Trobe Library of Victoria. Notes: (T.E.) A well researched account of sealing in Bass Strait from 1798. Unfonunately there are no bibliographical references although it appears to be based on newspapers and other similar documents. Manuscript Librarian was unable to provide a date when this manuscript was prepared. HENTY, Edward. (1810-1878) Daily Journal, kept by Edward Henty at Ponland Bay from his arrival on 19 November 1834 until 5 July 1839. Original Ms. held by La Trobc Library of Victoria. Available on microfilm. Notes: (T.E.) Only selected entries have been extracted. Of imponance for two reasons: first account of early settlement and whaling activities and second confirms that William Dutton had established a whaling station at Penland Bay prior to the arrival of the Hentys. O'MAY, Harry. Notes on Whaling. Non-state documents NS/543/118 to NS/543/125. Ms. held in the Archives Office of Tasmania, Hobart. Notes: Large collection of photographs, newspaper clippings and notes compiled by Harry O'May and used in his various publications (Sec Secondary Sources). Also documents dealing with sealing. PHILP, J.E. Non-state documents. Ms. held by the Archives Office of Tasmania, Hoban. Notes: J.E. Philp was the author of Whalini Ways of Hoban Town (See Secondary Sources). His large collection of papers includes manuscripts formally held by the Shiplovers' Society of Tasmania, newspaper articles, recollections and notes on whaling and sealing. PORTLAND WHALING COMPANY. Account with the Penland Whaling Party. Ms. held by the La Trobe Library of Victoria. Notes: Balance of one hundred pounds, fifteen shillings after expenses such as erecting huts, purchase of whaleboats and gear. PORTLAND WHALING COMPANY. Cash in account current with the Ponland Whaling Party. Ms. held by the La Trobe Library of Victoria. Notes: Balance of one hundred and twenty pounds, twelve shillings and seven pence after expenses. Whalebone shipped to London via West India. (1858) PORTLAND WHALING COMPANY. Prospectus 1858. Ms. held by the La Trobc Library of Victoria. Notes: (T.E.) Typed copy of original prospectus. An issue of thirty shares valued at ten pounds each. These were all purchased by local residents. (See Pon}and Guardian. Wednesday, 6 June 1858). 18 PRINTED SOURCES Newspapers ARGUS (P.C.) Saturday, 19 February 1881 Title: The settlement of Port Phillip Extracts from the diary of Captain King RN, who accompanied Sir Richard Bourke, Governor of New South Wales, when he visited Port Phillip in 1837. Lengthy extracts describing the settlement, geography, topography and local Aborigines. ARGUS (P.C.) Saturday, 11 November 1884 Title: Picturesque Victoria by the 'Vagabond'. The Cradle of Victoria - Portland. Author interviewed twenty old residents of Portland. Discussion on early discovery, description of area, arrival of Major Mitchell. Description of whaling. Seals still remain on Julia Percy Island. Excursions organised to hunt and fish on the island. Seals killed for own use. Description of killing. Author declines invitation to participate on a seal hunt. Portland harbour the only refuge for 100 miles along the coast. ARGUS (P.C.) Saturday, 6 December 1884 Title: Picturesque Victoria by the 'Vagabond' - Warmambool. Description of the township and surrounding districts together with activities associated with the development of the settlement. ARGUS (P.C.) Saturday, 6 December 1884 Title: Early Days of Portland - Letter from Captain Alexander Campbell. In 1832 he was asked to join a bay whaling party at Portland but preferred pelagic whaling. His cousin, Captain Hugh McLean, made 2 - 3 voyages to Portland for seal skins and whales about 1828. Whaling party built huts on shore (Campbell occupied one of these buildings). Dunon received Hentys when they arrived in 1834. Dutton employed 30 men. Campbell lived for 14 years in Port Fairy, never knew whalers to use Julia Percy Island as a lookout. Captain Mills and others were scaling prior to the arrival of the whalers. ARGUS (P.C.) Saturday, 7 March 1885 Title: Picturesque Victoria by the 'Vagabond' - Camperdown to Belfast. Attributes the discovery of Port Fairy to Captain Nichols of Tasmania. sailing the cutter~. Entered the cove in December 1828. Whalers camped and boiled down their oil on shore. No regular attempt to settle until 1842. Atkinson was infonned about the suitability of the surrounding couni:rysidc by a family of a whaler. Includes table of exports for 1880 and 1864. Description of township in 1885. r 19 ARGUS (P.C.) Saturday, 14 March 1885 Title: Picturesque Victoria by the 'Vagabond' - At Belfast. Visit to Griffiths Island, Public Institutions such as the botanical gardens, hospital and Benevolent Asylum, schools and churches, etc. ARGUS (P.C.) (T.E.) Tuesday, 27 May 1890 Title: Obituary: the Late Captain Campbell According to the obituary 'whilst in Sydney about this time (c 1837) Campbell met Captain Wishan and was told by him of his visit to Port Fairy'. This may possibly have been the source of William Earle's claim that Port Fairy was discovered by Wishan in 1810. (Sec Earle's Histoty of Pon Faity) ARGUS (P.C.) Saturday, IO June 1905 Title: Early Victoria, Western Disaict Pioneers by 'Goulbumian'. Description of arrival of the Hentys at Portland Bay and establishment of the whaling station. Visit by Major Mitchell in 1837. Geographical description of area. ARGUS (P.C.) Tuesday, 25 May 1909 Title: Early Victorian History - Letter to the Editor from Reginald Jones, Kerang. While visiting Mallacoota an old resident claimed the area was the site of the first settlement of Victoria. ARGUS (P.C.) Friday, 28 May 1909 Title: Early Victorian History - Letter to the Editor regarding settlement at Mallacoota. Claims Captain Stevenson established a settlement at Mallacoota prior to the Hcntys at Portland. (see also T. Dunbabin, 'With Harpoon and Lance'. Nayy Lea&Jle Journal, August 1823. (P.C.)) ARGUS (P.C.) Friday, 2 July 1909 Title: Bass and the Derelicts. Answer to enquiry regarding convicts found by Bass on 3 I anuary 1798 on a small island off Wilson's Promontory. ARGUS (P.C.) Friday, 27 October 1911 Title: Victoria's First Permanent Settler - A Reminiscence. Letter from W. Goldsmith of Albert Park who personally witnessed approximately 45 years earlier William Dutton pursue and kill a whale. By this time whaling had ceased in Portland but 'boats and gear were still there'. Author's father was responsible for the "tub" (i.e. which contained the whaleline which was attached to the harpoon). The whale hunt was watched by 20 'I hundreds of sightseers who lined the cliffs. Last whale killed by Dutton which brought his tally to 100 taken in Portland Bay. ARGUS (P.C.) (I.E.) Saturday, 26 October 1963 Title: 'The Storm's Roar was Music to the Mills Brothers' by John Hetherington. Life of Charles and John Mills, some of the earliest settlers of Pon Fairy. c:Iaims Mills brothers knew of Pon Fairy prior to their arrival and were given charts drawn by Captain Wishan. BULLETIN 27 March 1919 Title: 'Old Victorian Settlements' by D.F. <:ites William Earle 'an old rimer of the district' who placed the discovery of Pon Fairy by James Wishart on 25 April 1810. In 1826 Pon Fairy was visited by sealers and by 1836 100 men were engaged as whalers. In 1860 several schooners were engaged to convey whale skeletons to Melbourne where they were ground for bone dust. COLONIAL TIMES ('I'. E.) Tuesday, 20 August 1839 Title: Melancholy Event Death of Captain Henry Wishart of the Hobart whaleship Wallaby at Sealer'-s Coye, Wilson's Promontory. Charles Bayley, the First Mate reponed that Wishan lost his life only 50 yards from the shore. He was apparently attacked by a shark. This article clarifies confusion surrounding James Wishan, the sealer, and Henry Wishart, the whaleman. HAMILTON SPECTATOR (P.C.) Wednesday, 23 September 1877. Title: Who is the Oldest Colonist? A declaration by William Dutton stating he visited Portland in the schooner Madeira Packet in December 1828. Sealing at Blacknose Point. Left late January 1829. Returned in July 1829. The vessel &no: remained. In January 1830 he built a house and returned again in March 1831. Lived in the house for 12 months, left, and returned in November 1832 and remained until March 1833. Went to Launceston and returned in~ to establish a whaling station. Erected buildings and grew vegetables. In July 1833 Edward Henty visited Portland in the Thistle. returned November 1834 to settle permanently. In 1835 the Hentys commenced 'tonguing' (removing the tongues of marine animals to extract oil). Dutton was living at Portland during that period. HAMILTON SPECTATOR (P.C.) Tuesday, 23 July 1878 Title: Obituary: William Dutton 'Career of the hardy old whaler is wonhy of notice from the fact that he claimed to have visited Penland Bay in the month of December 1828 .... It appears that the priority of Dutton's landing is not disputed but his attempt to gain subsistence for himself was a very different thing to Mr Henty's successful attempt at colonisation'. (See Dutton's Affidavit, Hamilton Spectator. Wednesday, 23 September 1874 and reprinted Wednesday, 23 September 1877). 21 HOBART TOWN COURIBR (P.C.) Saturday, 29 December 1827 Title: The AsUQlobe (sic) (French Corvette) Arrival of Captain D'Urville from Westernpon where he picked up and transponed sealers and others to Sydney. PEOPLE 20 January 1960, 10(24) pp. 31-33 Title: 'Storm Swept Gaba - There's One Place Where It Is Easy to Save Money'. 'First settler was a sea captain, John Stevenson, who went there in 1840 to take charge of a whaling station owned by Dr John Imlay'. LAUNCESTON ADVERTISER (P.C.) Thursday, 31July1834 Title: The Whale Fishery - Portland Successful season. Repon from Griffith's schooner Elizabeth. Sinclair party killed 36 'fish', Messrs Hewitt & Company 25 'fish'. Schooner returned to Penland with additional casks. LAUNCESTON ADVERTISER (P.C.) Thursday, 16 October 1834 Title: Shipping Report - Depanure of the Schooner Thistle for Portland Bay. 'On Monday, 13 October 1834 the Schooner Thistle - Liddell, Master- Passengers - Messrs Henty ~d Campfield and 5 indentured servants'. Cargo included a quantity of building and agricultural implements. LAUNCESTON ADVERTISER (P.C.) Thursday, 5 May 1836 Title: The Oil Trade Barque Socrates arrived in Launceston from Penland Bay with 23 tuns (correct spelling) Sperm Oil. Report on bay whaling at Penland and Pon Fairy had commenced with prospects for a successful season. Bay whaling parties from Launceston: Hewitt & Company, Hcntys and John Griffiths who employ 'upwards 100 hands'. LAUNCESTON ADVERTISER (P.C.) Thursday, 23 June 1836 Title: The Fishery (also the wreck of the Sarah Ann> Portland whalers processed 240 tuns (correct spelling) of whale oil. Schooner Sarah Ann belonging to the Launceston Company was wrecked at Port Fairy. LAUNCESTON ADVERTISER (P.C.) Thursday, 21 July 1836 Title: Schooner Elizabeth Arrival of schooner Elizabeth (owned by Griffiths) in Launceston. Reports success of whaling parties at Portland Bay. 22 LAUNCESTON ADVERTISER (P.C.) Thursday, 6 October 1836 Title: Major Mitchell Repon of the arrival of Major Mitchell at Ponland Bay. Supplied with provisions by the Hentys. LAUNCESTON ADVERTISER (P.C.) Thursday, 13 October 1836 Title: Arrival Launceston from Ponland QWna 327 casks of whale oil and 2 tons of whalebone. Departed for London. Title: Imponant Notice to Mariners from the Master of the .QWn.a. Recommends Ponland Bay as good shelter for Mariners, especially those sailing between Sydney and Van Diemen's Land. Supplies of water are also available. PORILAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 11 February 1842 Title: Pon Fairy Fony families from Melbourne en route to settle newly surveyed township - comments that unless improvements are made for the shelter of shipping Bay only suitable for small craft. PORTI.AND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 3 September 1842 Title: Launch Vessel built for Henty Brothers at Ponland 18 tons bunhen to be used for conveying stock and goods to vessels in Bay - previously whale boats had been used. PORILAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 17 September 1842 Title: Whaling Whales entered the Bay - 2 whales observed - friendly nature - two whale boats pursue but unable to capture - spectators watch with amazement - third boat manned by "private adventurers" also attempted to whale. Illustrates that local inhabitants also pursued whales in addition to whaling panics controlled by the Hentys and others. PORTI..ANP GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 31December1842 Title: Expons (Wool and Seal Skins) Minerva - 139 bales of wool - 100 sheep one puncheon of seal skins "the produce of the district". PORTI.AND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 28 January 1843 Title: Pon Fairy Thriving little settlement is going ahead. Arrival of several persons _including Mr Chcine - Late of V.D.L . and brother of Mr Urquhart - "the fonunate proprietor of the special survey." 23 PORTI.AND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 4 February 1843 Title: Port Fairy Port Fairy to become public township. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 4 February 1843 Title: Whaling Henty proposes to increase his whaling establishment at Portland. Purchased "two extra seven - oared boats and their crew above the number he employed last season". PORILAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 18 February 1843 Title: Port Fairy Development of Port Fairy and rivalry between Portland and Port Fairy - both intimately connected - prosper or decline together supports settling of Pon Fairy. PORILAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 11 March 1843 Title: Colonial Whaling Reported cited in Sydney Herald 24 colonial vessels whaling - gross tonnage 5886 - average vessel 264 tons. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 11 March 1843 Title: Capture of a whale Adelaide captured a whale - vessel is equipped for whaling but also trade between colonial ports - (Hobart vessel). PORTI..AND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 22 April 1843 Title: The Grecian (Hobart whaleship) Put into Ponland Bay for several days. PORTI..AND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 22 April 1843 Title: Sealing Two boats each with a crew of 4 at Julia Percy Island for sealing - "having been attracted by the success of their fortunate fore runners". PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 22 April 1843 Title: Preparations for whaling Henty boats in superior condition. 24 PORJLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 22 April 1843 Title: Whaling (Pon Fairy) Whale entered Bay but avoided capture by boat's crew. PORUAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 22 April 1843 Title: Pon Fairy Agricultural implements arrived from Melbourne for 100 farmers residing in tents - 12 days expected from Melbourne - establishment of mill thus settlement independent from Van Diemen's Land. PORTLAND GUARPIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 6 May 1843 Title: Pon Fairy Two whales entered the Bay to calve - whale boats in pursuit. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 20 May 1843 Title: Dutton's Pany (Whaling) Sailed all day with no success - 2-3 whales in Bay but very "shy" 'and appeared as is usual for the commencement of the season, excessively wild'. Whales more than a match for boat crews. PORJLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 20 May 1843 Title: Prince of Denmark (Hoban Whale Ship) Anchored in Bay for whaling season - 4 whale boats (7-oared) together with complete crews. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 3 June 1843 Title: The Whales Two whales entered Bay - immediately pursued by 8 boats. Spurting large amounts of air and water - boats fonn a semi circle around whales but they avoided capture. Spectacular display between boats and whales. PORILANDGUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 10 June 1843 Title: The Whale Fishery Shoal of whales entered Bay - 7 were pursued - decorated whale boat - fine day scene could be observed. Dutton secured large whale and in agonising pain attempted to escape - but was killed with repeated strikes of the lance. Essini:ton and Prince of Denmark also captured whales. Whalcmen occupied ~rng out and pursuing - "tolerably well occupied." Number of whales taken by share parties Heney; Griffiths and Garrat. 25 PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 14 June 1843 Title: Prince of Denmark (Hobart Whaleship) Arrived Portland to take stock to Hobart, also obtained whales - crew brought a number of black swans from Pon Davey (V.D.L.) to Ponland. PORTI.AND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 14 June 1843 Title: Whaling Henty's Pany stationed at Convincing Ground in Ponland Bay - captured a small whale - rendered 4 tuns of oil. PORTI.ANP GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 24 June 1843 Title: Curiosity Bull calf which was killed with its mother - drifted on shore - curious townspeople arrived with axes, saws, etc., removed "parts that were the most portable and most rare" - whale one month old and 18 feet in length. PORTI.ANP GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 24 June 1843 Title: The Whalers Whale came alongside vessel Essin~ton, boat lowered - injured whale swamped boat injuring 2 crewmen. Prince of Denmark - also lowered after whale with similar success - Dutton - finally captured whale - several boat's crew left whaling after receiving substantial lays. State of whaling panics Henty, Griffiths and Garrat. PORTI.AND GUARDIAN (T.E.) Saturday, I July 1843 Title: State of the Fishery Number of whales taken by share parties - Henty, Griffiths, Garrat FORTI.AND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 8 July 1843 Title: Whaling Dutton's whale boat Liwl under repair. After repairs are complete resume whaling. "Their success in a measure, is the success of Penland". PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 8 July 1843 Title: Aborigines Aborigines visited Ponland for the first time in 12 months. Attracted by the remains of the bull calf and two whales. 26 PORTI.AND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 8 July 1843 Title: Another whale calf. Bull calf was not separated by its mother until carcase of the latter was brought ashore. About 20 feet in length - "it appears in every way perfect." Calf also killed. PORTI.AND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 8 July 1843 Title: Sate of the Fishery Number of whales taken by 3 shore panics, Henty, Garrat and Griffiths. PORTI.ANP GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 15 July 1843 Title: State of the Fishery Number of whales taken by 3 shore panics: Henty, Garrat and Griffiths - oil destined for British markets. PORTI.ANP GUARDIAN (T.E.) Saturday, 22 July 1843 Title: State of the Fishery Number of whales caught by shore panics. Henty, Griffiths and Garrat. PORILAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 29 July 1843 Title: Pon Fairy Eleven whales captured - 90 tuns of oil tried out. PORILAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 24 July 1843 Title: The Whalers Founeen whales entered Bay and were pursued by 7 boats and 50 men - all managed to escape into the open sea. PORTI.ANP QUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 29 July 1843 Title: State of the Fishery Number of whales caught by 3 shore panics: Henry, Griffiths and Oarrat PORTI.AND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 5 August 1843 Title: Belfast Erection of Church and sale of lands. 27 PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 5 August 1843 Title: Portland and Belfast Packet Vessel built in Henty's yard by Sinclair for trade between Ponland and Port Fairy. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 5 August 1843 Title: Whaling Dutton from Henty's party and Hay from Garrat's claim 1/2 whale each under rules governing whaling - Prince of Denmark's (Hobart Whaleship) boat from vessel's party pursued a bull whale which cut it in half with its flukes. They were eventually rescued and the whale killed. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 12 August 1843 Title: Township and the Bay - Belfast Building is being erected - no sheltered anchorage for vessels in the Bay. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 12 August 1843 Title: Belfast - The Whalers Twelve whales caught at Port Fairy 1843 season. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 12 August 1843 Title: Whaling Number of whales taken by 3 shore parties: Henty, Garrat and Griffiths. One small whale (2 tuns of oil) probably a calf. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 26 August 1843 Title: Belfast Griffiths arrived from Launceston with 3 families to settle in Pon Fairy. Brought materials for a windmill - previous commercial misfortunes - commence new life in district. A number of families from Van Diemen's Land expected as settlers. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 26 August 1843 Title: Whaling Slight mistake in calculation in number of whales taken by 3 shore parties - Henty, Garrat and Griffiths - list compiled by a local resident - 1 hump back whale included in total - Essine-ton departed for Two-Fold Bay where '' there is less competition". Hobart vessel Prince of Denmark full - ship Henty's secured 100 tuns of whale oil. 28 PORILAND GUARDIAN (T.E.) Saturday, 9 September 1843 Title: Whaling Two whales captured at Port Fairy - the total for the season 15. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (T.E.) Saturday, 16 September 1843 Title: Shipping Departures Minerva - for Launceston - 43 tuns whale oil, 4 tons whale bone. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (T.E.) Saturday, 23 September 1843 Title: Shipping Departures ~for Launceston via Belfast - 30 tuns whale oil, 2 cwt whale bone. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 18 November 1843 Title: Belfast Problem with leasing land - Griffiths' mill under construction. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 18 November 1843 Title: Sealing Dutton and Robinson - sealing on the Julians - lost their whale boat, 19 skins and a small cask of oil - entered a cave where animals took refuge, vessel capsised. Rescued by another sealing party on the island. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 17 February 1844 Title: Belfast General description of township especially building and windmill - Merri-jig hotel, Golden Fleece - various business establishments. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 17 February 1844 Title: Whaling Henty's imported per Diana 7-oared whale boats from Hobart. Lack of success by Hobart whaleship Prince of Denmark - last season - "will make strangers rather shy of wasting their time here in the next season". PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 20 April 1844 Title: An Amateur Whaling Crew 29 S.G. Henty. Esq. to head a volunteer whaling boat during the season. Boat will be prepared to launch at any given time from the beach opposite his residence. Crew can obtain good sport and "occasionally pocket a five pound note". PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 20 April 1844 Title: Whaling Whaling Bark - manned chiefly by New Zealanders "a fine trial will be exhibited between the whaling capabilities of the New Zealanders and Europeans". PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 20 April 1844 Title: The Whalers Four whaleships in Harbour - 120 men - critical of the fact that very little is known about the vessels - Portland whaling threatened by their presence - Portland defenceless settlement exposed to "runaways and dishonest fellows" who are on their way to South Australia - Council should be given additional powers over fisheries and navigation in the Bay. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 4 May 1844 Title: Portland, Port Phillip in 1844 - (A Descriptive Sketch) by an Australian Tourist. Writer claims it was curious that the area was not settled prior to 1834 as for many years Westernport and Portland Bay had been frequented by sealers and bark cutters. "It was probably the report of some of those who had made a sealing establishment on Lady Julia's Island that the Messrs Henty were induced to try their fortune at Portland Bay". Description of locale and township, Police Office, custom department, Port, "principal commerce, whaling" besides 2 shore establishment - 3 vessels operating. Social advantages re schools and churches. Aborigines: "should be put under restraint and brought up to work hard". Several Aborigines (not from Portland) working as whalers. Stores are 50% in price higher than in Melbourne - concludes - Tallow, hides, dairy produce - wool, oil, bark, live stock at their command - mining, brewery, could also be produced - otherwise "If such exertions are not made, Portland will remain a third-rate provincial town". Also contains list of all free-holding dwellings and their owners. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 1 June 1844 Title: Whaling Report Beginning of season. Number of whales taken by Henty Shore Party, vessels (Hobart) A2nes & Elizabeth & Adelaide - also report of boat capsising and injured crew member rescued by A2nes & Elizabeth - One whale produced 12 tuns of whale oil (this constituted a very large whale). PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 8 June 1844 Title: Whaling Report Number of whales taken by Henty Shore Party, vessels (Hobart) A~nes Elizabeth Adelaide and Fame. Also report on whale capsising and demolishing whale boat - eventually captured and killed. 30 PORILANP GUARDIAN (T.E.) Saturday, 15 June 1844 Title: Whalers Whalers causing a disturbance at Port Fairy. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (T.E.) Saturday, 15 June 1844 Title: Whaling Report Number of whales taken by Henty Shore Party Hobart vessels A~nes & Elizabeth and Adelaide and ~ 1 whale - humpback. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 6 July 1844 Title: Belfast - Whaling at Port Fairy Whaling at Port Fairy more successful than in Portland Bay. The latter 3 or 4 boats captured 6 whales - while at Port Fairy 9 whales including 1 humpback has been captured. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 6 July 1844 Title: Belfast A new tavern built by Captn Sanders called "Sally Ann". Also maintenance of "primitive and old established "Merri Jig". PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 6 July 1844 Title: Whaling Report Number of whales taken by Henty Shore Party (Hobart) A~nes & Elizabeth. Adelaide (Hobart) and~. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 13 July 1844 Title: The Cemetery Site chosen for burial ground. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 13 July 1844 Title: Aborigines Aborigines attracted to "putrid carcasses of 2 or 3 whales near double comer after regaling themselves on the savory morsel which drew them from their ordinary haunts and employment to Portland". Many in "a state of perfect nudity". Residents had not for 2 years witnessed such a large gallery of Aborigines - many visited their encampment and were "confounded to see them profess to cook, and actually devour the filth which the whale carcass of the time rapidly decomposing, afforded them". 31 PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 13 July 1844 Title: Whaling Report Number of whales taken by Henty Shore Party 29 May to 11 June 1844 Hobart whaleship A~es & Elizabeth 30 May - 7 July 1844 - Adelaide (Hobart whaleship) 24 May - 25 June 1844- including one humpback whale - Fame - 4 June 1844. PORTLAND QUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 27 July 1844 Title: Whaling at Belfast (Port Fairy) Ten whales ta.ken - shore party secured 9 and vessel (Hobart) Adelaide 1 whale almost immediately on arrival. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 27 July 1844 Title: Whaling Report Henty Shore Party and whaleship (Hobart) number of whales taken. Success by the shore parties greater than in the previous year. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 14 September 1844 Title: Whaling Report Thirteen whales taken by Henry shore party between - May 20 and 12 September 1844. Including one humpback. One whale towed whale boats beyond the Lawrences. Hobart whaleship Dundee Merchant also came into the Bay. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 12 October 1844 Title: Whaling Three reports: 1. Whaling in course of formation. 2. Private individt1als will hit out on additional shore party - argues for more capital to be invested in whaling otherwise Tasmanians will take advantage of the available whales. 3. Heney establishes a look out station on the Julians, "in concert with a vessel in the bay". PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 12 October 1844 Title: Risk Port Fairy becoming "so notorious for wrecks" - questions whether importers and exporters should avoid using vessels which travel via Port Fairy. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 4 January 1845 Title: Exports from the Port of Portland from 1 January to 31 December 1844. Value of whale oil and whale bone oil 4553 pounds, whale bone 808 pounds compared to wool 31,831 pounds, however whale products - second largest export. 32 PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 7 May 1845 Title: Whaling Report Whales taken by various vessels Lady Mary Pelham, Agnes & Elizabeth and Mar~aret - Large whale was fastened to by the shore party but escaped spouting "thick blood". PORTLAND GUARDIAN (T.E.) Saturday, 21June1845 Title: Enterprise Remains of whale carcasses taken by local man - Barnes, and boiled down in his Portland Melting Establishment. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (T.E.) Saturday, 28 June 1845 Title: Whaling Whales taken by various vessels Lady Mary Pelham, Agnes & Elizabeth, Mar~aret, Abeona and Henty Shore Party. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 2 August 1845 Title: Whaling Report Report on number of whales taken in Bay by vessel Lady Mary Pelham, Mar~aret and Abeona (from Hobart) also Henty's shore party. Report out of 14 whales taken only 4 were cow whales. "This is rendered still more singular from the fact that up to the present season a bull whale has seldom been caught in the Bay before August". PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Saturday, 13 September 1845 Title: Whaling Report Number of whales taken by vessel Lady Mary Pelham - also Henty shore party - another &m also in the Bay - Pelham preparing for a sperm whaling voyage. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Monday, 19 April 1858 Title: Sealing A party of three men lost their boat when smashed against rocks. "They have been successful in their fishing, having killed about 300 seals, caught in the caves and holes on the Island". PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Wednesday, 6 June 1858 Title: Whaling Company All shares in Company taken up. 33 PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Wednesday, 26 May 1858 Title: Domestic Intelligence: Whaling Formation of a Company of thirty members subscribing 10 pounds each. "A very competent headsman, Cambray - one of the earliest whalers at this port - has been engaged. It is intended to engage a second one and to start two boats". PORTLAND GUARDIAN (T.E.) Friday, 18 June 1858 Title: Whaling Whaling Company launched boat in preparation for season. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (T.E.) Friday, 9 July 1858 Title: Julia Percy Island Lease granted for sealing on Julia Percy Island. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Friday, 17 September 1858 Title: Whaling Whale killed in sight of land - witnessed by a crowd of townspeople - Cambray, headsman - yield 7 or 8 tons of oil. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (T.E.) Wednesday, 13 October 1858 Title: Whaling Company Company to continue operating in 1859. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Wednesday, 12 July 1860 Title: Whale Whale, accompanied by calf, was killed near Whaler's Bluff. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Friday, 13 July 1860 Title: The Whale Capture Cow whale measured 60 feet yield 7 or 8 tons of oil and about one third ton of whale bone - worth 400 pounds. "A very handsome return to the Company to begin with .... This auspicious beginning will put heart into the Company's operations, and this new valuable export will contribute much to a revival of trade in the town". 34 PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Wednesday, 26 April 1861 Title: Whaling Advertisement for Headsman, Boatsteerer and Pulling hands. FORTI.AND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Friday, 7 June 1861 Title: Whaling and New Whale Boat Whalers lost a whale - New whale boat for whaling company built in Melbourne. PORTLANPGUARDIAN (P.C.) Monday, 19 August 1861 Title: Another Whale Seventh whale caught in the season. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Monday, 19 August 1861 Title: Julia Percy Island Guano lease sold by auction to Melbourne Company. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (T.E.) Thursday, 2 June 1864 Title: A Whale Hunt Lengthy description of an unsuccessful whale hunt at Portland Bay. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Thursday, 12 November 1868 Title: Visit to Julia Percy Island "Six or seven years ago a party gathering guano - left a horse there" - greeted party - other wild life included 5 or 6 goats, kangaroo rats, multitude of white rabbits. "Great numbers of seals were visible under the cliffs". There are two graves "covering the bodies of two sealers, one in 1822 the other 1828". Our excursionists amused themselves shooting for some hours and left the Island about 6 pm. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Monday. 24 August 1868 Title: Whale Fishing On Friday 21st whale appeared in the Bay. A volunteer crew headed by William Dutton, went in pursuit. After a chase of hour and a half the whale was harpooned near North Bluff. Dutton lanced the whale but it took two hours to die. Whale surfaced bellowing and gushing blood which could be heard from the shore. Anchored at jetty 42 feet long - 5-6 tons of oil and 400- 500 cwt in whale bone, worth 200-300 pounds. "The success of this adventure will probably have the effect of resuscitating the now defunct 'Portland Whaling Company'." 35 PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Thursday, 21November1872 Title: Anniversary, Mr E. Henty, Pioneer of Victoria Address given by Edward Henty - 38 years in Portland - claims of first settler anchored in Bay 19 November 1834 - brought first cattle and sheep and planted fust vine, does not mention his whaling interest. PORTLAND GUARDIAN (P.C.) Monday, 8 November 1886 Title: Original Correspondence: An early pioneer Examines life of William Dutton and his claims as first settler. "In 1847 gave up command of Lady Mazy Pelham and purchased a farm near N arrawong - his widow remarried to Mr Bell, but was widowed a second time. She then resided in Ponland. Died in 1885 buried with husband. Correspondent supports Dutton's claims as fust settler. PORTLAND MERCURY AND NORMANBY ADVERTISER (P.C.) Wednesday, 30 November 1842 Title: The Lady Julia Percy Island A fisherman, who had been sealing on the island discovered two graves, one marked W. Hardman 25th December 1828 - written on the end of the cask. PORTLAND MERCURY AND NORMANBY ADVERTISER (P.C.) Wednesday, 22 February 1843 Title: Port Fairy Two graves at Julia Percy Island one engraved "W. Hardman 25th December 1828". A resident of Melbourne who was present at the interment, informed the newspaper that a small vessel called the~ sailed from Hobart on a sealing voyage. At King Island the Master persuaded an old sealer to transfer him "somewhere westward." Off Portland the man became unwell, Captain landed at Julia Percy and was employed sealing. The man died and was buried there. ~ captured 7 convicts while at Julia Percy they escaped in a boat - crew pursued, and sighted a cove into which they entered and remained for a day but unable to capture the convicts. Returned to vessel, having named, the cove, Port Fairy. PORTLAND MERCURY AND NORMANBY ADVERTISER (P.C.) Wednesday, 15 November 1843 Title: Seals Mr Dutton (presumably William Dutton) 14 seals from Julia Percy oil filled all the casks he had. The second party unsuccessful having not killed a single seal. PORTLAND MERCURY AND NORMANBY ADVERTISER (P.C.) Wednesday, 20 December 1843 Title: Seals Young seal discovered on beach at Portland near the creek - avoided capture. Another seal was captured - Sealing Parties on Julia Percy Island. 36 SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 3 February 1803 Title: Ship News Arrived fu colonial vessel from Kent's Group with skins and oil. "The Master was informed by the sealers stationed there that the Pandora's Packet (British whaleship) had sailed thence on 21st ult. to cruise off Wilson's Promontory and thence into Kent's Bay". SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 25 September 1803 Title: Ship News Arrived sloop Surprise from Bass Strait out only 16 days - brought 6,300 skins (seal) from the BQlla and completed nearly 11,000 by that ship. SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 20 October 1803 Title: Ship News French Brig L'Enfant d'Adele from Bass Strait - struck by heavy gale and attempted to make Two-Fold Bay, but prevented due to bad weather. SYDNEY GAZEITE (P.C.) Sunday, 27 November 1803 Title: Ship News Arrival of Ocean from Port Phillip - conveyed stores and provisions for new settlement. Reports - Collins claims Pon Phillip unfavourable circumstances - regarding extensive settlement - Collins sent letters via a volunteer in a fixed oar boat - but he encountered bad weather in Straits and coast (Victoria) - but was rescued by the Ocean who conveyed letters to Sydney. Ocean and Lady Nelson instructed to sail to Port Phillip. SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 4 December 1803 Title: Wanted Immediately Advertisements for sealing gangs for Bass Strait. SYDNEYGAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 4 December 1803 Title: Ship News Sailed on Monday, H.M.S. armed tender Lady Nelson and Ocean for Port Phillip with instructions for Lt. Governor Collins. SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 4 December 1803 Title: Ship News Arrived Edwin Stewan from King Island oil and skins, 400 shipped on Patterson for China Reports American vessel Charles of Boston (Captain Percival) arrived at the islands in the Strait (Bass) from Mauritius. Captain Percival reported on seal trade - vessel carried 32 men for both whaling and sealing and procuring sea-elephants. 37 SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 18 December 1803 Title: Port News On Thursday sailed Marcia and Surprise for Bass Strait SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 1 January 1804 Title: Ship News Report of safe arrival of Calcutta and settlers from Port Phillip. SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 1 January 1804 Title: Ship News Arrived H.M.S. Calcutta from Port Phillip - leaving Ocean and schooner Francis - Reported~ Nelson, forced to refit at Kent's Group. SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 1 January 1804 Title: Ship News Schooner Governor Kin~ arrived from King Island with 37 tons of oil and 700 skins. Vessel touched on Kent's Group where a ship's boat was seized by the Charles of Boston. The crew were bound and pistol whipped and ordered from the island. Justification for this act, according to the Master of the Charles was they had landed stores which were not to be acquired by other vessels. Americans "enjoy uninterrupted trade to the islands in the Straits" - Charles procured 300 tons of oil al~o acquired skilled sealers from colonial sealing gangs. Urges protection of the Sealing Trade. SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 12 February 1804 Title: Ship News Arrived Edwin from Port Phillip and Bass Strait with 1600 skins and oil. Geoq~e also expected with 2000 gallons of oil. Also sailed Governor Kin~ and Endeavour for Bass Strait SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 12 February 1804 Title: Ship News Embarkation of Governor Collins: stores and provisions for Derwent. Lt. Sladden (Royal Marines) remained at Port Phillip with remainder of settlers and stores which were not received on Lady Nelson. 38 SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 12 February 1804 Title: Ship News Arrived from Port Phillip and Bass Strait Edwin (Wm Stewart) with 1600 skins and some oil - George is also expected with 2000 gallons of oil. Arrived also Governor King from Bass Strait with 39 tons of oil - Nancy also arrived in Port Phillip. SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 12 February 1804 Title: Ship News Three men from Ocean were lost when a boat was capsised - natives of Port Phillip reported as friendly towards vessel Edwin which had been sealing in area. SYDNEY GAZETTE (P.C.) Sunday, 12 February 1804 Title: Ship News Lt Governor Collins departed 27 inst. from Port Phillip for Derwent - three of Ocean's hands "were upset in a boat and lost about three weeks since". SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 26 February 1804 Title: Wanted Advertisement for 24 men - sealing voyage to Bass Strait Island on Governor King plus 2 men capable of taking charge of sealing gangs. SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 26 February 1804 Title: Port News Arrived lohn (Mr Chase) from Bass Strait Islands with 7300 skins. Spoke of the Ocean off Wilson's Promontory, with Lt. Governor Collins and part of the establishment from Port Phillip. Also sailed Marcia for Bass Strait. SYDNEY GAZETTE (P.C.) Sunday, 30 June 1804 Title: Ship News Arrived George from Bass Strait with 600 skins and 9 tons of Elephant Oil. SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 30 June 1804 Title: Ship News Arrived Endeavour with 2475 hair and fur skins - 4 months out. Reports American ship Perseverance of Boston, Captain Delano intends to visit Port Jackson together with Schooner Pi Imm. 39 SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 26 August 1804 Title: Ship News Account of arrival of Ocean of Sullivan's Cove on second voyage from Port Phillip. SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 7 October 1804 Title: Port News Arrived Governor Kin~ from King Island. Reported "fell in with Nancy, and accompanied her to Westernport, where having taken in a part of the freight procured by one of her gangs she was obliged suddenly to put to sea, owing to the extreme violence of the weather, leaving between two and three thousands skins behind: she afterwards fill up at King's Island, her cargo consisting of 33 tons of oil, and 3500 skins". SYDNEY GAZEITE (P.C.) Sunday, 7 October 1804 Title: Port News Arrived Pilmm American Schooner, (Captain Delano) from Bass Strait. SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 18 November 1804 Title: Sydney Complaints about conduct of sealers in Bass Strait and threat posed to "still tender branch of dawning commerce". SYDNEY GAZETTE (P.C.) Sunday, 6 January 1805 Title: Postscript Pandora's Packet, British south seas whaler sealing in Bass Strait since October 1804. L&lx Barlow, loading sea-elephant oil and fur seal skins for London. Policy and Alexander, south seas whaleships, completing cargoes of oil and seal skins procured in Bass Strait by private colonial vessels. SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 30 July 1809 Title: Ship News Arrived in Sydney brig Active, Captain Buder, on a sealing and whaling voyage - sustained heavy damage from being driven ashore at Westernport on 11 June 1809 - had procured 1300 skins, many of which were lost. 40 SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Sunday, 30 July 1809 Title: News Brig Active brought news of schooner Governor Hunter - aground at Badger Island - Foumeaux (sic) Group - Cape Barren - vessel run onto a sandy beach - Master and crew went to Kent's Bay where they were given assistance by the Captain of the Active. Governor Hunter procured 3000 seal skins. SYDNEY GAZETIE (P.C.) Saturday, 30 September 1815 Title: Ship News Arrived from Hobart Town Geordy - Mr D McCarthy, Master - was driven by a northerly wind up Bass Strait for the entrance to Port Phillip - see account of landing party - Sydney Gazette Saturday, 7 October 1815. SYDNEY GAZEITE (P.C.) Saturday, 7 October 1815 Title: Arrival of Schooner Geordy from Hobart Town. Driven by adverse winds to Port Phillip anchored Green Point to obtain wood and water. Landed a boat crew of four - large group of Aborigines invited party ashore. One Aborigine attempted to seize the Captain's gun - several men captured by Aborigines - fired at Chief - then 400 men fired spears at the white men - one man wounded by spear - left behind water casks and axes - "This instance adds to the numerous previous accounts of the same natives". SYDNEY HERALD (P.C.) Thursday, 21April1836 Title: Portland Bay Captain Kelly of Hobart chartered Boadicea to convey men and implements to establish a whaling station at Portland - praised for his enterprise and support of an industry which "is one of the greatest importance to the colonies" - describes country as rich in appearance - Henty 10 to 20 thousand acres erected stone house and other buildings - a flock of 3000 sheep. Henty self titled, "King of Portland Bay". THE ILLUSTRATED AUSTRALIAN NEWS (P.C.) 1 August 1888 (Supplement) Title: The History of Victoria Lengthy article which includes both Maps and Illustrations. Sections include: Early navigators, sketch of the Henty House at Portland. Discovery of Victoria, settlement of Pon Phillip in 1803. First settlement: Claims Wishart visited Port Fairy in 1827, 1829 Dutton erected a house at Portland. 'Hentys real founders of the colony'. Establishment of Melbourne by Batman and Fawkner. 11-ffi MONITOR (T.E.) Friday, 15 December 1826 Title: Westernport Description of Westernport by sealers brought to Sydney on L'Astrolabe. 41 TI-IE MONITOR (T.E.) Friday, 8 December 1826 Title: Shipping Intelligence - Anivals Arrival of L'Astrolabe in Sydney. IHEMONITOR (T.E.) Friday, 22 December 1826 Title: Shipping Intelligence - Departures Departure of L'Astrolabe. THE WEEKLY TIMES (P.C.) 20 July 1929 Title: Country Towns and Cities. Their rise and development, number 33 - history of Port Fairy, by Frank Whitcombe. Commences with James Wishart's visit in 1810 then Armstrong who visited in 1826. Establishment of whaling station in 1836 and the try works on Griffiths Island. Other sections include: Influx of settlers, Days of the Blacks, Days of the settlers, Trade 76 years ago, Bushrangers and First Newspapers. Article appears to be based on Earle's Histozy of Port Faizy, see bibliography reference. TIIE WEEKLY TIMES (P.C.) Title: Country Town and Cities. Their rise and development, number 33 - history of Port Fairy by Frank Whitcombe. Sections include: Public Works, Land Monopoly, Wool, Tallow and Gold, Municipality of Port Fairy, Town Improvements, Big Land Deal, First Tram, Early Wrecks and Wool Ships Destroyed. THE WEEKLY T™ES (P.C.) 3 August 1929 Title: Country Towns and Cities. Their rise and development, number 33 - history of Port Fairy, by Frank Whitcombe. Sections include: Import and Outport, Absentee Landlord, Sea Transport Needed, Rich Lands, Pioneers, Early Settlers, The First Newspaper, The Volunteers, Local Institutions. Also includes series of photographs, entitled, 'Port Fairy is a prosperous agricultural district with picturesque river and seafront views, and a fishing industry'. 42 HISTORICAL RECORDS OF NEW SOUTH WALES, VOLUME 3 Title: The Discovery of Bass Strait - Mr Bass's Journal in the Whaleboat between 3 December 1797 and 25 February 1798, pp.312-331. Notes: Wilson's Promontory and Point Hicks also Westernport. General description of area, scarcity of fresh water. Observed a few Aborigines. Description of entrance to the Bay. pp. 323-324. HISTORICAL RECORDS OF NEW SOUTH WALES, VOLUME 5 A Journal of the Proceedings on board His Majesty's Ship Calcutta between the 9 October 1803 and 15 December 1803, D. Woodriff, Captain (Extracts). Notes: Useful observations and background to first settlement of Port Phillip. pp. 232- 239. Letter Governor King to Lord Hobart, p. 526. Notes: 200 people resided on islands in Bass Strait. Concerned about the conduct of Americans (probably referring to Delano). Concern also about American whaleships frequenting the Straits and coasts where colonial sealers are operating. Letter from Governor King to Lord Hobart, 9 May 1803 Notes: French Sealer L'Enterprise, Captain Lecorre, lost at Cape Barren Islands. Expressed the hope that this will deter other French vessels from the area. Two letters from David Collins to Governor King dated Port Phillip, 13 November 1803, pp. 258-261. Notes: Problems relating to the early settlement. Lener dated Sydney 26 November 1803. Governor King to Lt. Governor Collins. Notes: Port Phillip vs. Van Diemen's Land and recommending Port Phillip settlement to be abandoned. pp. 263-268. (See also index regarding Port Phillip and David Collins) Letter Governor King to Lord Hobart, 14 May 1804 Notes: Informed Lord Hobart that a master of an American vessel built a ship in Kent's Bay. Third American vessel in the Strait in the last twelve months procuring seal skins for the China trade. Letter Governor King to Lt. Colonel Paterson, Sydney, I June 1804. Notes: Instructing Lt. Houston RN of the Intelillty to investigate Port Phillip and Westernport with a view to establishing a Post and also assess the agricultural and commercial prospects of these areas. pp. 383-384. (See also pp. 475-476) Letter Governor King to Sir Joseph Banks, Sydney, 14 November 1804. Notes: Mentions success of whaling and sealing in Bass Strait but industry threatened by the presence of Americans. p. 449. 43 Letter from James Murrell to Messrs Kable and Underwood, Kent's Bay, 21October1804. pp. 519-521. Notes: Relates incident with Amaso Delano (See Delano's account in secondary sources). Murrell and several men flogged by Americans purportedly for killing all the seals in competition with the Americans who ordered them to keep away from Cape Barren. Murrell claims crew members were abducted by Americans and runaway convicts were taken on board their vessel. (Editor expressed some doubt as to the authenticity of this letter and the author). HISTORICAL RECORDS OF NEW SOUTH WALES, VOLUME 6 Some Remarks on the Present State of the Colony of Sidney (sic) in New South Wales and the means most likely to render it a productive, instead of expensive, settlement. pp. 86-991. Notes: Probably written by Sir Joseph Banks. Importance of seal trade and uses for seal skins. Large numbers of seals in Bass Strait but fear of competition from American and French sealers. THESES CHAMBERLAIN, Susan. The Hobart Whaling Industry 1830 to 1900. Thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of History, School of Humanities, La Trobe University, March 1988. Notes: First major study undertaken using original manuscript sources including whaling log books. Examines both the economic and social aspects of whaling, technology, history of vessels, structure of crews, etc. GEEVES, Richard. Sealers in Bass Strait to 1835. Bachelor of Arts, Honours Thesis. Australian National University, 1973. LOGAN, W.S. Victoria's South-Western Ports 1834-1900. (An Historical Geography of the towns of Portland, Port Fairy, Warrnambool, their Ports and hinterland). Master of Arts Thesis. Microfilm, held in Bailleau Library, University of Melbourne. MURRAY, L.C. An Account of the Whaling and Sealing Industries of Yan Diemen's Land to .18.lQ. Thesis submitted in accordance with the University of Tasmania Research Scholarship 1927. Original Ms. held by the W.L. Crowther Library, State Library of Tasmania, Hobart. 44 ILLUSTRATIONS AND PHOTOGRAPHS ADAMSON, John R. 157 Prints from Negatives of Portland 1860s to 1950s. University of Melbourne Archives. Notes: Collection of photographs of Portland and district covering a wide variety of subjects: buildings, ships, street and landscapes, seascapes, etc. BOOTH, Edwin Carlton. Australia. Illustrated with drawings by Skinner Prout, W. Chevalier, etc. Vol. 1, London, Virtue and Company, 1874-76? Notes: Engraving entitled 'Old Whaling Station' by E. Brandard. Whaleships in background and whalebone lying on the beach in the foreground. p.12. (See T.E. for accompanying text). D'URVILLE, Dumont. Yoyae;e de L'Astrolabe. Vol. 1 (Sejour du Westernport. November 11 to 18, 1826). Paris. M. Quoy, 1830. Notes: Illustrations include: Atlas Hydro. Chart 6, Places du Port Western November 1826. Atlas Hist. Plate 20: Vue dans la crique des Mangliers au Port Western. Atlas Plate 21: Habitation de Pecheurs de Phoques (seals) (see also The Monitor, 15 December 1826, Description of Westernport by sealers who returned to Sydney on board L'Astrolabe). GARRAN, Andrew, Ed. Pictures<;iue Atlas of Australasia. Illustrated under the supervision of Frederic B. Schell, assisted by leading Colonial and American Artists, Vol. II, Melbourne, The Picturesque Atlas Publishing Company Ltd., 1886. Notes: Brief history of Port Fairy and Portland. pp. 261-262. Illustration of Seals and Penguins at Portland, p. 264. HABITATION DE PECHEURS DE ROCQUES AU PORT WESTERN. L.A. Sainson 1826, Colour Print. Reproduced by the National Bank in 1979 from a coloured lithograph in the La Trobe Collection, State Library of Victoria. Notes: Sealers at Westernport discovered by Dumont D'Urville, Yoya~e de L'Asttolabe in 1826. HANNAFORD, Samuel. Sea and Riverside Rambles in Victoria. Introduction by Sophia C. Ducker. First published 1860. Facsimile Edition, Warmambool, Warmambool Institute Press, 1981. Notes: Hannaford was a botanist. Engravings include (i) Harbour at Warmambool, Lighthouse and Middle Island (ii) Vignette Whaler's Bluff, Portland Bay. See also Chapter II - Description of Approach to Warrnambool. JACKSON, George. 'Portland Bay 1835-1846'. Artist. Small Picture File, La Trobe Library of Victoria. Notes: (Section) View of Portland Bay. Two vessels in foreground and a boat, possibly a whaleboat. Background - a cleared area on the beach with several cottages. 45 THE AUSTRALIAN SKETCHER (P.C.) 9 June 1877 Title: Sealing at Julia Percy Island together with engraving of seal hunting. Notes: Quotes article from Belfast Gazette. Seals on rocks 130 feet below cliffs. Sealers fired at seals, number wounded and fled into the sea. Conceded that they fired prematurely, should have been on the rocks below. Attached a rope to posts at top of the cliff (these had been erected by previous sealers), descended. Entered breeding cave, killed young seals. The following day could not refrain from firing at the herd. Wounded seals were clubbed to death. One seal 10 feet long cruelly despatched. Skinned seals and ascended cliff, could not resist parting shot at seals below. THE AUSIRALIAN SKETCHER lOMay 1879 Title: Cutting-up a stranded whale. Notes: Microfilm copy very poor print, unable to photocopy. THE ILLUSTRATED AUSTRALIAN NEWS (P.C.) 4 May 1881 Title: Sealing in Bass's Strait. Notes: Sealing industry declined due to rapid decrease in the number of seals. 'Occasionally, however, a stray party from the coasts of Tasmania or Victoria pays a visit to one of the islands in Bass's Strait ... our sketch represents ... a yacht approaching the rocks on which seals are disporting themselves; and from the number about it would appear to be the boatman's fault if a good haul is not made ... it is highly probable man will assen his supremacy over the brute creation'. Sketch entitled 'Seal shooting in Bass's Strait'. (A poor quality photocopy). IHELEADER (P.C.) 19 June 1909 Title: Seal Shooting at Seal Island. Notes: A series of photographs entitled (i) The Rocks at Seal Island, (ii) On the way to the Island, (iii) The First Trophy, (iv) Capturing a Seal, (v) Carrying a Baby Seal, (vi) Skinning a Seal. (The caption also states: 'This visi t was paid to Seal Island situated off Westernport Bay, and a great resort for seals for the purpose of the cinematography pictures arranged for by the State'). THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST 5 August 1965 Illustration: Front cover, Pilot whales stranded at Waterloo Bay, Wilson's Promontory. (Copy supplied). \ 46 THE WEEKLY TIMES (P.C.) 12 August 1911 Title: Eden and its Industries. Notes: Photographs of a Humpback whale. Its capture and cutting in. MISCELLANEOUS BOUNDARY COMMISSION Investigation Marsten's Creek and Portland Bay 1850. Original Ms. held by Public Record Office, Laverton. VPRS 2594. 47 SECONDARY SOURCES ANDREWS, Alan E.J., Ed. Hume and Hovell 1824, Hobart, Blubber Head Press, 1981. Notes: Their achievements marred by two flaws: incorrectly identified the terminal point of their journey as Westernport rather than Port Phillip, also their later squabbles distorted the historical facts - see index reference to Port Phillip and Westernport. AUSTIN, K.A. Phillip Island Sketch Book, Drawings by Don Angus, Melbourne, Rigby Books, 1972. Notes: Sketch of Seal Rocks. Brief history of sealing activities and the reduction in seal numbers. 1860 only 100 survived - protection imposed in 1890. Numbers have gradually risen until present season maximum of 5,000. AUSTIN, K.A. 'The Port Discovered. Historic Voyages of Cumberland.' Port of Melbourne Ouanerly, October-December 1961, pp.23, 25, 47, 49. Notes: Sent to Port Phillip because of perceived threat by French vessels in area - King Island Survey. Estimation of Port Phillip as an eligible site to settle - also includes maps. BACH, John. A Maritime History of Australia, Sydney, Pan Books, 1976. Notes: See index for references to whaling and sealing - decline of whaling pp. 76-77, see entire chapter on internal shipping particularly removal of restrictions on colonial shipping - pp. 70-91. BALFOUR, Rev. Graham H. 'Pioneers of Victoria: The Henty Family'. Victorian Historical Ma~azine, XIV(l ), February 1931, pp. 43-56. Notes: Author - maternal great-great grandfather Heney. Background of life in New South Wales, Swan River and Tasmania - Arrival in Portland - claims for only 3 years whaling in Portland - scarcity of whale casks - no mention of Henty's whaling activities. BASSETT, Marine. The Hentys, (An Australian Colonial Tapestry), Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1954. Notes: Traces ancestry of Heney family and their activities in New South Wales, Swan River, Tasmania and Portland - very little emphasis placed on their whaling activities - see index for page numbers. BATESON, Charles. Dire Strait, A History of Bass Strait, Sydney, A.H. and A.W. Reed, 1973. Notes: Examines early exploration and discovery of Bass Strait - Chapter 1. Chapter II - The first sealers - excellent and well researched account of sealing in Bass Strait and the establishment by sealers on Bass Strait Islands and settlements. Includes print of sealers at Westernport - although does not mention this group operating in the area. Also no references to whaling - although includes Duke painting of Hobart whaleship which he claims watered in Bass Strait The author may be mistaken on this point as they were more likely to use Portland and Wilson's Promontory - i.e. in 1830s-1840s. Chapter of Captain Kelly and his exploration of Bass Strait - no authenticated records of wreckers. Good as background reference - although O'May (whom he does not quote) on Bass Strait sealers is also a useful reference. 48 BAUDIN, Nicholas. The Journal of Post Captain Nicholas Baudin. Commander-in-Chief of the Corvettes Geo~aphie and Naturaliste (assigned by order of the Government to the voyage of discovery). Translated from the French by Christine Cornell, with a forward by Jean-Paul Faivre, Adelaide, Libraries Board of South Australia, 1974. Notes: Baudin sightings of Westernport and Bass Strait - 7 Germinal, Year 10, (Republican Calendar) 28 March 1802, Julia Percy and Portland Bay, pp. 370-378. BAX, Allan E. 'Australian Merchant Shipping 1788-1849'. Royal Australian Historical Society Journal and Proceedings, XXXVIII(VI), 1952, pp. 249-284. Notes: Section dealing with whaling and sealing - problems encountered in 1813 because of East India Company Charter and expansions after restrictions were lifted. BLAINEY, Geoffrey. The Tyranny of Distance. (How distance shaped Australia's history), Melbourne, Sun Books, 1977. Notes: At least 22 American ships bound for China with seal skins called at Sydney between 1792 and 1802 - p. 65. Bass Strait - sealing - pp. 79-80. Also 22 sloops and schooners based in Australian Pons in 1804, half of them engaged in sealing in Bass Strait - 100,000 skins landed in Sydney between 1800-1806. See chapter - whalemen - British whaling in Pacific - Hobart - brief discussion on whaling enterprise - but no mention of Bay whaling in Victoria - useful as general background. BONWICK, James. The Last Tasmanians, (or the Black War of Van Diemen's Land), first published London, Sampson Law, Son and Marston, 1870. Reprinted Adelaide, Libraries Board of South Australia, 1969. Notes: (P.C.) Chapter X - The Sealers - M. Peron met with party of sealers on King Island in 1802, p.287 - observed cruelty of sealers towards their prey. Annihilation of stocks in Bass Strait by 1826. Sealers living on island of Bass Strait with Aboriginal women - treatment of these women continually cruel. pp. 286-306. BOWDEN, K.M. Captain James Kelly of Hobart Town. Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 1964. Notes: (P.C.) Cites clashes between Boston and Sydney sealers recorded in 1803. Pirates in Bass Strait. In schooner Brothers left Hobart in 1812 on sealing voyages including Westernport and Wilson's Promontory. See photocopy of log book of the voyage which is one of the few surviving records of that period. Original Ms. held in the W.L. Crowther Library, State Library of Tasmania, Hobart. (See separate card reference). BOYS, Robert Douglas. First Years at Port Phillip 1834 to 1842. (Preceded by a Summary of Historical Events from 1768), Melbourne, Robertson and Mullens Ltd., 1959. Notes: Section on settlement at Sorrento. On 11 June 1909 Sydney sailing vessel Actiye on a sealing voyage was driven ashore at Westernport but was refloated and repaired and returned to Sydney. The Geordy from Hobart - driven ashore near Port Phillip. Four crew landed, were attacked by Aborigines. Retreated, left casks and axes on shore. (See Sydney Gazette. 30 September 1815). (P. C.). BYRNE, Gerald. 'Early Days of the Mornington Peninsula'. Victorian Historical Ma~azine. XIV(4), December 1932, pp. 166-194. Notes: Brief survey of early exploration prior to 1836. Small number of people stripping bark which was sent to Van Diemen's Land. Sealers at Phillip Island. 1836, Norval from Tasmania in Westernport landed sheep and drove them across to Port Phillip. The lack of suitable grazing on Phillip Island, sailed to Settlement Point where discovered evidence of Aboriginal camp. p. 171. First Pastoralists, Bushrangers, Aborigines, Stock, 49 Beginning of Sorrento, Momington, Frankston, Somerville, Hastings, Illegal Entry of Chinese, Wheat, Vine Growing, Gold Mining, Oysters, Bark Stripping. CATO, Nancy and RAE ELLIS, Vivienne. Queen Trucanini. (fhe Last of the Tasmanians). Melbourne, Angus and Robertson, Publishers, 1978. Notes: Fictional account of treatment of Tasmanian Aborigines by Bass Strait sealers. CHURCHWARD, L.C. 'Notes on American Whaling Activiaties in Australian Waters 1800- 1850'. Historical Studies of Australia and New Zealand. 4(13), November 1949, pp. 56- 63. Notes: Claims 'no record of an American sealer engaged in sealing activities within Australian territorial waters after 1807'. p. 61. (P.C.). CROWTHER, W.E.L.H. 'A Sealing Voyage to Bass Strait by the Schooner Brothers in 1813'. Papers and Proceedings Royal Society of Tasmania, 31May1937, pp. 79-84. Notes: Survey of the log kept by James Kelly on a sealing voyage which visited Wilson's Promontory (See extract in Bowden, James Kelly of Hobart Town). CROWTHER, W.E.L.H. 'Notes on Tasmanian Whaling'. Papers and Proceedin~s Royal Society of Tasmania. December 1919, pp. 130-151. Notes: Although the article deals with Tasmania, useful as a general source on bay whaling, the species of whale hunted and the techniques used. CUMPSTON, J.S. The Fumeaux Group Bass Strait. First Visitors 1797-1810, Canberra, Roebuck Society Publication, No. 5, 1972. Notes: Narrative of the wreck of the Sydney Coye. Mainly an account of Bass Strait Islands and their discovery. DAKIN, W.J. Whalemen Adventurers. (In southern waters the story of whaling in Australian waters and other southern seas related thereto from the days of sail to recent times). First published, Sydney, Angus and Robertson, 1934. Reprinted 1938, 1963 and 1977. Notes: Old fashioned but good general reference. Good descriptions of the origins and methods of bay whaling pp. 32-43. Development of bay whaling in Tasmania, Two-Fold Bay. Briefly mentions escablishment of Portland as a bay whaling station p. 58. DALEY, Charles. 'Arthurs Seat in the 'Forties' (from the letters of George Gordon McCrae). Victorian Historical Magazine, XVIII(3), July 1940. Notes: Aborigines - 200 camped in paddocks at McCrae. Cape Schank - claims bushrangers and runaways from Van Diemen's Land effected a landing from a whaleboat at the mouth of the creek p. 58. Letter describes surroundings and natural features. Wild life including kangaroos, bandicoots, two species of flying possum, squirrel and mouse, dingo, echidna, together with a variety of birds, pelican, penguin, etc. reptiles. Useful background to early settlement. DALLAS, K.M. Tradin~ Posts or Penal Colonies (The Commercial Significance of Cook's New Holland Route to the Pacific). Hobart, Fuller's Bookshop Publishing Division, 1969. Notes: See Chapters 5 and 6 -The Whaling Industry 1770-1880 and the Prosperity of Whaling which deal with lifting of trade restrictions on colonial enterprise, particularly those of the East India Company. International nature of whaling. Mentions Bass Strait, Collins arrival at Port Phillip. Cites Collins, also reasons for preference of Derwent and Port Dalrymple as ports of departure for sealers and whalers. so DELANO, Amaso. A Narrative of a Voyage to New Holland and Yan Diemen's Land (A facsimile extract from a narrative of voyages and travels in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere comprising three voyages round the world together with a voyage of survey and discovery in the Pacific Ocean and Oriental Islands). First published, Boston 1817. Reprinted, Hobart, Cat and Fiddle Press, 1973. · Notes: Sights King Island but because of dangerous reefs unable to obtain wood and water. Delano and his brother made three excursions in schooner Pilwm to Bass Strait exploring the islands for seals. (See photocopied extract of clash between George Murrel and Delano's party, also reference in Historical Records of N.S.W., Vol. 5, pp 519-521) (P.C.). DREW, W.S. 'Sealers and Wreckers'. Walkabout. 4(7), 1May1938, pp. 47-53. Notes: 1804 two American vessels under command of Amaso Delano came into conflict with a party of Sydney sealers commanded by Murrel, master of the Surprise. Murrel was injured but managed to escape. 1802 French Schooner took seals from Bass Strait. 1804 Governor King proclaimed no foreign vessel could clear from Derwent for sealing. Claimed Americans were working right through the Strait as far as Kangaroo Island. In 1839 'definite' proof of wrecking, Britomart from Hobart to Melbourne wrecked near Preservation Island. DUNBABIN, Thomas. 'Whalers, Sealers and Buccaneers'. The Royal Australian Historical Society Journal and Proceedings. XI Part 1, 1925, pp. 1-32. Notes: (P.C.) No references available. Mentions sealing on islands of Bass Strait, Cape Barren, Westernport - short-lived settlement in 1826. Claims native women taken by sealers from both Tasmania and the mainland. Brief reference to Portland and Port Fairy. DUNBABIN, Thomas. 'With Harpoon and Lance' (How Bay Whaling Flourished in the Early Days). The Navy League Journal, August 1926, pp 3, 5, 7-8. Notes: References to Portland, also to sealer from Port Dalrymple in 1826 had two acres under wheat at Phillip Island. Also mentions bay whaling station at Mallacoota Inlet c. 1830s? founded by Captain Stevenson. (P.C.) DUNDERDALE, George. The Book of the Bush. London, Ward, Lock and Co. Ltd., c. 1898? Notes: Whaling at Portland Bay - 1837 eight parties of whalers. In addition two Hobart vessels Cheviot - Nicholson, William the Fourth - Chamberlain and barque~ and brig from Sydney. Description of bay whaling and methods used together with activities associated with the early settlement. EARLE, William. Port Fairy. First published at The Gazette office, Port Fairy, 1896. Republished with a foreword and annotations by J.W. Powling and edited by C.E. Sayers, Olinda, Victoria, Olinda Public Relations Pty. Ltd., 1973. Notes: James Wishart and two crew from the cutter Efilrx sighted bay on 24 April 1810. Claims a whaling station was established at Port Fairy before the Hentys arrived in Portland in 1834. No documentary evidence provided. Captain Griffiths lived on the island, erected try works. Bones of the whales were embedded in the sands, were extracted in the 1860s on behalf of bone dust manufacturers in Melbourne. Claims no relics of whaling families can be found. 1848 last whale caught at Port Fairy. 51 FLINDERS, Matthew. Observations on the Coasts of Van Diemen's Land on Bass's Strait and its Islands and on part of the coasts of New South Wales. Intended to accompany the charts of the late discoveries in those countries. First printed London, John Nichols, 1801. Reprinted, Adelaide, Libraries Board of Australia, 1965. Notes: Sections on Wilson's Promontory. Sealers Cove - met by natives, seals and birds, pp. 29-31. Westernport: general geographical observation, small kangaroos together with swans and ducks, pp. 31-32. Sealers Cove: fresh water and wood "to boil down any quantity of seals blubber that might be procured from these islands, pp. 32-33. Corner Inlet: there were inhabitants but not observed, a few seals and birds". pp. 33. FLEMING, James. 'A Journal of the Explorations of Charles Grimes Acting Surveyor-General of New South Wales' in Historical Records of Port Phillip. John J. Shillinglaw, Ed., Melbourne, Government Printer, 1879. Notes: "Saturday 4th December, anchored in Kent's Group ... saw many seals and sea lions - Islands covered with thick bushland oak" - "Wednesday 8th December 1802, Elephant Island - Geographie and Naturaliste anchored". Tuesday 20th December 1802, Port Phillip - Near Point King, Sorrento - remained until Sunday 27th January 1803. Detailed description of area including local Aborigines. FOWLER, Thomas Walker. 'The charting of the Victorian Coastline' (A reply to Mr Ernest Scott), Victorian Historical Magazine, V(2) December, 1916, pp. 49-77. Notes: Disputes a number of Prof. Scott's assertions, particularly in relation to Point Hicks. GILL, J.C.H. 'Genesis of the Australian Whaling Industry and its development up to 1850', Royal Historical Society of Queensland. VIII(l) 1965-66, pp. 111-136. Notes: Account of development of whaling in Australian colonies and the restriction placed on this activity by East India Company, and colonial limitation on size of vessels. Mentions only briefly sealing - emphasis on Sydney - Tasmania and South Australia. Settlement of Victoria by whalers at Portland and Port Fairy. p. 129. Good account of development and expansion of whaling activities in the Australian Colonies. (P.C.). GIPPS, Sir G. Copy of despatch from Governor of New South Wales to the Secretary for the Colonies transmitting a report on the progressive discovery and occupation of that colony during the period of his administration of the Government - extracted from, Great Britain. House of Lords, Sessional Papers, 1841, 5. pp. 4-34. Notes: "Unauthorized settlement was formed in 1835 (sic) (Portland Bay) by some gentleman from Van Diemen's Land in the same manner that the first unauthorized settlement was formed at Melbourne and Geelong by the Port Phillip Association''. p. 7. Appendix C: Report by Count Strzlecki on Westernport and Gippsland - especially. pp. 16, 18. Appendix D: C.J. Tyers, Surveyor, Expedition - Portland Bay. pp. 20-21 - plus place name - English and Aboriginal pp. 24-25. GRANT, James. The Narrative of a Voyage of Discovery performed in His Majesty's vessel. the Lady Nelson (of sixty tons burthen) with sliding keels, in the years 1800, 1801and1802 to New South Wales. First printed, London, T. Egerton, Military Library, Whitehall, 1803. Reprinted, Adelaide, South Australian Libraries Board, 1973. Notes: Names Lady Julia's Island and Portland Bay, "Land is truly picturesque and beautiful, resembling very much that about Mount Edgecomb near Plymouth which faces the Sound". pp. 70-71 - Cape Danger 4 December 1800. Wilson's Promontory: 20/3/1801 and 21/3/1801 Westernport - "Small islands covered in seals" - named Seal Island - observes swans, pelicans, abatrosses, - names, Churchill Island - General description of area, geographical, physical and animal life, including fish, sting rays, etc. 52 Beaches covered with beautiful shells - cleared ground at Churchill Island but no sightings. pp. 99-149. FOWLER, Thomas Walker. 'The Charting of the Victorian Coastline' (Further note by Mr Fowler). Victorian Historical Magazine, V(3), March, 1917. pp. 133-143. Notes: Additional disputation between Prof. Scott and Thomas Fowler. GELLIBRAND, Joseph Tice. 'Memorandum of a trip to Port Phillip January-February 1836', pp. 3-57, in Letters from Victorian Pioneers. [A series of papers on the early occupation of the colony, the Aborigines, etc.] C.E. Sayers Ed., forward by Helen Vellacott, South Yarra, Lloyd O'Neil Pty Ltd, 1983. Notes: Good descriptive account of Port Phillip area also of Aboriginal tribes and contact with white settlers - mentions William Buckley - also several illustrations. [con temporary] GIBLIN, R.W. The Early Risto[}' of Tasmania. The Geomiphical Era 1642-1804, with 3 plates and 12 charts, London, Methven & Col Ltd., 1927. Notes: Examines voyages of Bass, Flinders and Baudin, reference to Bass Strait and Westernport also sealing in Bass Strait. GREIG, AW. 'The Beginnings of Gippsland - Part I' Victorian Historical Maeazine, II(l) May 1912. pp. 1-14 Notes: Not available for photo-copying - includes sketch map of Gippsland c.1835-1841. Early discovery including Strzlecki - contains primary source references. GREIG, A.W. 'The Beginnings of Gippsland - Part II' Victorian Historical Maeazine, II, 1912. pp. 49-69 Notes: Not available for photo-copying. I. Birth of Port Albert 1841. II. Beginning of shipping trade - especially cattle - between Victoria and Van Diemen's Land. III. Alberton, Victoria and Tarraville 1843. Includes sketch map of early settlement of the Albert District. GREIG, A.W. 'The Centenary of the Westernport Settlement'. Victorian Historical Maeazine, XI(3) March 1927. pp. 170-175. Notes: Visit by author to site of Corinella Township, including photo of site where there were gun emplacements (map included]. Very linle remained of the 50 house settlement - Appendix - Extract from Hovell's Diary - [Mitchell Library] "Scott a sealer came up with his boat and brought his black wife and presented us with some green peas and potatoes the produce from his garden" dated 7th January 1827. HAINSWORTH, D.R. 'Iron men in Wooden Ships; The Sydney Sealers 1800-1820', Labour History, 13, November 1967. pp. 19-25. Notes: Probably one of the best accounts of the sealing industry operating out of Sydney. [P.C.] HAINSWORTH, D.R. 'Exploiting the Pacific Frontier' [The New South Wales Sealing Industry 1800-1821] Journal of Pacific Risto!)', Il, 1967. pp. 59-75 Notes: Useful article outlining the importance of sealing in early developments of colonial economy. Impetus sealing gave to establishment of ship building industry - vessels capable of negotiating Bass Strait, Tasman and the New Zealand coast (p. 60] - Observations on decline in seal numbers in Bass Strait by 1803. Discussion of Chinese 53 and London markets for seal skins- Low cost of colonial sealing - Decline of industry not solely due to decline in seal numbers - Low prices and poor quality of seal skins. [P.C.] HAMILTON, GLENELG REGIONAL LIBRARY. A List of Works Relatin~ to the Township of Portland, Hamilton, published by author, 1972. Notes: Bibliography of secondary sources published on Portland - although not definitive. HARDY, A.D. 'The Early Settlement of Phillip Island'. Victorian Historical Ma~azine. XIX(3) June 1942. pp. 96-104 Notes: Dumont D'Urville noted sealers found with Tasmanian women were first settlers, November 1826 - Annexation by John McHaffie. Aboriginals - claimed Aboriginals on Island when McHaffies arrived in c.1836 - traces of their feeding grounds at Mussel Rocks and Cat Bay - Description of geographical aspects and early settlement, lack of transport and difficulties with communication with mainland, Old settlement remains, lonely grave, few bricks 6 pound ball from Fort Dumaresque, old whale boat Albottoss used as Ferry boat. HENRY, Noel & WILTSHIRE, J.G. History of Portland. Index commenced by Noel Herny and completed by J.G. Wiltshire, Historian of Portland City Council, Portland, Portland City Council, 1983. Notes: Comprehensive subject and Name Index especially on local families. Very little on whaling and sealing expect Whaling Company formed in 1858 - [See Newspaper Extracts]. HENTY, Richmond. et. al. Portland: Barefoot Days [The Boyhood adventures of Richmond Henty and other reminscences by old Portlanders]. Portland, E. Doris and Sons, 1968. Notes: Not available at La Trobe Library, copy possibly held by the Glenelg Library, Victoria. HENTY, Stephen. 'The Birth of Victoria', Centenary Journal, Souvenir Edition, 1934-35. pp.32- 33 Notes: Only mentions whaling ventures briefly - discussion on establishment of Portland and pastoral industry. HOLLINSHED, Charles N. BIRD, E.C.F. & GOSS, Noel. Lime. Land. Leisure [Peninsula History in the Shire of Flinders]. Rosebud, Victoria, Shire of Flinders, 1983. Notes: Chapter Titles: Foundations, Geological Survey, Settlement, Aborigines, Early Settlement, Maps of Historic Sites, Portsea, Rye Sorrento, Fingal. Early families including geneological charts and family history. HOLLINSHED, C.N. 'The Nepean Peninsula in the Nineteenth Century', Victoria Historical Ma~azine, XXVIIl(4), December 1958. pp. 145-204 Notes: Early Discovery - Quotes Pascoe Fawkner in detail pp. 147-149, also on first settlement. Evidence of settlement - Settlers Graves, casks collected by Leggett in 1934. Settlers at Portsea. Discovery of gold, early building, Lime Burning - Earliest settlement at Rye. HOPTON, A.J. 'Rural Pon Phillip 1834-1851, Part II' Royal Australian Historical Society Journal and Proceedings, XXXVI, December 1851. pp. 297-388 Notes: Section on Westernport - including early discoveries - Attempts to establish settlement at Rhyll by Grant in 1801. Mention of sealers living on Phillip Island with 54 native wives eventual settlement and developments as rural area. pp. 330-337 Contains notes on Townships at Port Phillip and brief reference - to each - includes Port Fairy p. 355, Portland, pp.364-365 Warrnambool also visited by whalers and sealers before settlement. List early surveyors of Port Phillip. pp. 386-388 Comprehensive survey of Port Phillip District. HOPTON, A.J. 'Rural Port Phillip' 1834-1851 Part I, Royal Australian Historical Society Journal and Proceedings, XXXVI, December 1951. pp. 233-296 Notes: Brief discussion of early discovery and exploration geography and topography. Aborigines - includes quotes from settlers and their views towards Aborigines - development of settlement and colonial society. Lengthy discussion on all aspects of early settlement. HOVELL, W.H. and HUME, Hamilton. Journey of Discoyery to Port Phillip. New South Wa}es in 1824 and 1825. Facsimili Edition, 12, Adelaide, Libraries Board of South Australia, 1965. Notes: Original Journal of their journey. JACKSON, Gordon. The British Whalin~ Trade. London, Adam and Charles Black, 1978. Notes: Chapter 7 pp. 132-142 Expansion and Failure at the Southern Fishery c. 1808-40. Discussion on economic reasons for the establishment of colonial whaling and sealing industries and role in early settlements of Victoria, Western Australia and South Australia. KIDDLE, Margaret. Men of Yesterday. [A Social History of the Western District of Victoria, 1834-1890], Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 1961. Notes: Discussion of settlement of Port PhilHp - whaling and sealing at Portland and Port Fairy only mentioned briefly. KNOPWOOD, Rev. Robert. 'A Journal of the Proceedings of His Majesty's Ship Calcutta commanded by Don Woodriff Esqr. Captain, between the 24th April 1803 to the arrival in Port Phillip Harbour, New South Wales, Sunday, October the 9th 1803', in Historical Records of Pon Phillip, John J. Shillinglaw, Ed., Melbourne, Government Printer, 1879. Notes: Knopwood, chaplain to settlement. Daily account of events relating to settlement also descriptive text on surrounding countryside. LABILLIERE, Francis Peter. Early History of the Colony of Victoria. [From its discovery to its establishment as a self governing province of the British Empire] I, London, Sampson Law, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1878. Notes: Chapter 1 - Earliest Discoveries. Chapter II - Expeditions Bass and Flinders. Chapter III - Grant's Discoveries. Chapter IV - Visits to Westernport. Chapter V - Port Phillip discovered and entered. Chapter VI - Full log Lady Nelson stay in Port Phillip. pp. 88-99 Chapter VU - Flinders' visit to Port Phillip. Chapter VIII - Attempted settlement at Port Phillip, 1803-4. Chapter IX - Attempted settlement of Port Phillip - Despatch by Collins to Lord Hobart. pp. 149-155 Together with letters pp. 155-161. Chapter XU - Wright and Wetheralls attempted settlement at Westernport 1826-1827 - Quotes, Despatches from Wetherall. pp. 226-230 Together with reports from Hovell. LEARMONTH, Noel F. The Portland Bay Settlement - Beini a History of Portland. Victoria from 1800-1856. Foreword by A.S. Kenyon, Portland, The Historical Committee of Portland, 1934. Notes: Surveys early navigators and explorers. Believes whalers and sealers visited Portland prior to 1800. Confusion over Captain Wishart of the .E.airx who purportedly 55 discovered Port Fairy and Henry Wishart killed at Sealers Cove in 1839. [See Colonial Times, 20 August 1839] Quotes at length from diary of Edward Henty [see bibliography and notes] Also includes chapter on Henty settlement, based on Edward Henry's diary. [see Typed Notes] LAWSON WILL AND THE SHIP LOVER'S SOCIETY OF TASMANIA. Blue Gum Clippers and Whale Ships of Tasmania. Melbourne, An Australiana Publication, 1949. Notes: A useful account of Tasmanian whaling also whale ships and captains some of whom are associated with early Victoria. Unfortunately contains no bibliographical references. LEGGETT, George R. 'History of Bass Strait', Victorian Historical Ma~azine, XXV(l), August 1952 pp. 44-60 Notes: Discussion of early exploration, sealers and whalers personally remembered as a small boy. Flinders Island and Cape Barren Islands still continuing to seal. Quotes letter from John Hart, master schooner Elizabeth of Launceston, 1831 landed at Lawerence Rock, Portland Bay, where they joined a boat crew [400 skins] left the year before - Dutton visited Portland as a sealer in 1828. p.56 - Whaling station at Sealers Cove - Wilson's Promontory. p.56 L.ITI'LE, Barbara. 'The Sealing and Whaling Industry in Australia before 1850', Australian Economic History Review, IX(2), September, 1969. pp. 109-127 Notes: Claims, sealing 'rarely led to development of other types of settlement of industry on sealing grounds'. p. 112 Research suggests otherwise. LONELY, Jack. Ships and seamen off the South Coast, Belmont, Victoria, Neptune Press, 1980. Notes: References to Port Fairy and Portland. Also Wilson's Promontory - Hobart whaleship - Wallaby - death of Captain Henry Wishart and 2 seamen - are buried at Lady's Bay. Wreckage of French whaleship discovered near Port Fairy 1841. LONG, Charles R. 'The History of Early Portland' [With special Reference to the claims of Edward Henty and of William Dutton to be considered Victoria's First Permanent Settlers]. Victorian Historical Magazine, VI(l), September, 1917. pp. 23-36 Notes: Contains copies of maps of early Portland industry locations of Henty and Kelly whaling stations. Quotes original source material but often references are vague. Some pertinent references have been extracted and included in bibliography. [P.C.] McCANN, James. 'Some Notes on Early Geelong', Victorian Historical Ma~azine, VI(4), September, 1918. pp. 189-192 Notes: Author Tasmanian born, 9 years old when father accepted employment as cooper for Messrs Griffiths and Connelly at Pon Fairy. He arrived on Thistle [70 tons burthen] on 21/4/1837, built house on Griffiths Island. Brother William first white child born at Port Fairy. Whaling Party consisted - Griffiths and Connelly, J.B. Mills, Chas Mills, Alex Campbell, Donnelly Badger and Clarke - Moved to Geelong 1840 - A number of the principal buildings in Geelong constructed by his father - Remembers Geelong Aborigines. McCRAE, George Gordon. 'The Early Settlement of the Eastern Shores of Port Phillip Bay' [with a note on the Aborigines of the Coast], Victoria Historical Ma~azine, I, 1911. Notes: Description of Arthurs Seat Area. Abounded with wild life. Two hundred Aborigines living in vicinity. Description of lifestyle. 56 McKENZIE, J.M. Sealing. Sailing and Settling in South-Western Victoria. Kilmore, Lowden Publishing Co., 1976. Notes: Briefly mentions Aborigines capturing seals. Sealing in Bass Strait as early as 1791 when Governor Arthur sent two vessels to seal on the South Coast of New Holland. Estimated 200 sealers in Bass Strait in 1804. Pioneer Seamen: James Wishart, Fairy in 1810. Not to be confused with Henry Wishart. John Griffiths: Whaleman and shipbuilder of Port Fairy. John Mills: in 1820 came on sealing excursion to Port Fairy. Built a sealing station on island in the Moyne. In 1832 joined a whaling part of Captain Young of Portland. John Hart: Sealer of Portland. William Dutton: in 1833 was in charge of Griffiths whaling expedition to Portland Bay. Alexander Campbell: Joined Hobart whaleship Sir William Wallace. In 1836 took charge of the Henty's whaling station. Other chapters: Early Port Fairy, Arrival of the Hentys, Early Warrnambool, Peterborough, Port Campbell, District names. Useful general history of the area although based purely on secondary sources. MALLACOOTA AND DISTRICT HISTORICAL SOCIETY. A Story of Mallacoota. Mallacoota, published by the authors, 1976? Notes: Claims that Ben Boyd had whaling stations at Bittangabee and Gabo Island. Captain John Stevenson, a whaleship master, settled in Mallacoota in 1841. [T.E.] MARTIN, Rev. Adrian. 'History of Westernport and the Establishment of the Naval Base'. Australian History Pamphlets, Volume 3. Notes: Copies of this publication are missing both from the La Trobe Library of Victoria and Melbourne University. A useful reference to locate. MICCO, Helen Mary. King Island and The Sealing Trade. 1802 [Translation of Chapters XXIl and XIII of the narrative by Francois Peron published in the official account 'Voyage of Discovery to the Southern Lands undertaken in the corvettes Le Geoiuaphie, .l&. Naturaliste and the schooner Casvarina during the years 1800 to 1804 under the command of Nicholas Baudin] Canberra, Roebuck Society Publication, No. 3, 1971. Notes: Hunter and King Islands. Physical description of seals and their habitat. Notes cruelty of sealers towards their prey. p. 31 Methods of killing and skinning. Useful reference to early operations of Sealers in Bass Strait and in general their attitudes and techniques. MILLS, Olive. Why Should Their Honour Fade? Hawthorn, Hawthorn Press, 1960. Notes: Claims John and Charles Mills, who sailed into Port Fairy using Captain Wishart's Charts in 1826, have a right to the claim as Victoria's first settlers. No bibliography or references, especially to the means by which they acquired Wishart's charts. [See also Local History File - Port Fairy - Notes from Olive Mills] [T.E.] MURRAY, L.C. 'Notes on the Sealing Industry of Van Diemen's Land'. Report, Australasian Assocation for the Advancement of Science [Australian and New Zealand] Hobart, 1928, pp. 274-281. [P.C.] Notes: See also thesis An Account of the Whaling and Sealin~ Indusoies of Yan Diemen's Land to 1850. 1927. Ms. held by the W.L. Crowther Library, State Library of Tasmania. 57 MURRAY-SMITH, Stephen. 'Beyond the Pale: the Islander Community of Bass Strait in the Nineteenth Century'. Tasmanian Historical Association Papers and Proceedin~s. 20(4), December 1973, pp. 167-200 Notes: [T.E.] Sealers from Bass Strait ranged from Gippsland coast, Wilson's Promontory and through the Bass Strait Islands. Deals with treatment and use made by sealers of Aboriginal women. NORMAN, L. Sea Wolves and Bandits [Sealing, Whaling, Smuggling, Piracy, Wild Men of Van Diemen's Land Bushrangers, and Bandits, Wrecks and Wreckers] With a chronology of curious and interesting facts relating to Old Van Diemen's Land and [from 1856] to Tasmania, Hobart, J. Walch & Sons Pty. Ltd., 1946? Notes: [P.C.] Contains no bibliographical references - however, Norman was a well respected historian and many of his comments were related from personal reminiscences, newspapers and sources contained in the Shiplovers' Society of Tasmania papers which are now held in the Archives Office of Tasmania. Traces early history of Sealing in Bass Strait including voyages of James Kelly. Henry Reed of Launceston had whaling panies at Portland Bay in 1831. William Dutton also conducted a stations 1832-1834 p. 104. Henry & Company of Launceston 1833-34 also set up as whalers and squatters at Portland Bay. 1832 Two vessels entered Hobart with Seal skins. Section on William Dutton. O'CALLAGHAN, Thomas. 'HMS Calcutta in Port Phillip Bay 1803'. Victorian Historical Mai!azine. X(l ), May 1924, pp. 1-22 Notes: Analyses discrepancies found in log books and subsequent discussion as to whether the Calcutta was in Hobson's Bay near the Yarra or Cannanook Creek on the Mornington Peninsula. Argues Calcutta did not reach the Yarra River. O'MAY, Harry. Hobart River Craft and Sealers of Bass Strait. Tasmania, Government Printer, Reprint 1973. Notes: [P.C.] First French sealer Enterprize entered nd was wrecked in Bass Strait in 1803. American sealer Charles out of Boston, 1803. Perseryerance Amaso Delano clashed with sealers from Surprise, Cape Barren Island. Quotes letter from Delano to Governor King over incident. Kelly claimed that seals no longer abundant in Bass Strait by 1819. Sealers lived on Cape Barren Island, King Island and in Westernport p. 15. Quotes report in Hobart Town Gazette 1826, sealers island hop in Bass Strait and raid mainland for native women. p. 16. Report from Liberty that four men were murdered from that vessel by natives and runaway convicts from Westernport. Quotes James Walker and Backhouse who visited Preservation Island in 1832. 3 sealers and 3 Aboriginal women en route to coast of New Holland. Small sloop Caledonia, Captain Smith improved vessel design took it to Westernport hauled vessel up complete with saw pit and lengthened vessel with local timbers and relaunched as a schooner. c. 1825 O'MA Y, Harry. Wooden Hookers of Hobart Town and Whalers out of Yan Diemen's Land. Hobart, Government, 1959. Notes: Harry O'May was a local maritime historian and his collection of papers are now held in the Archives Office of Tasmania. A useful reference to whaleships and their activities together with historical discussion on whaling. No References are included. OSBORNE, Richard. The History of Warrnambool. [Capital of the Westernpon of Victoria from 1847 when the first Government Land Sales took place up to the end of 1886]. Prahran, Chronicle Printing and Publishing Co. Ltd., 1887, Facsimile Edition, Warrnambool, Philprint, 1980. Notes: Chapter on shipwrecks mentions whaling and sealing although in connection with shipwrecks. Complete notes on each Chapter useful for background to early settlement 58 1881 - Julia Percy Island leased by Government to J.R. Evans and others in Portland to obtain seal and penguin skins, sharks teeth and guano - Speculation did not succeed. p.154 [see also sealers and whalers, pp. 226-227] Before Warrnambool, settled whaling station at site of present jetty. Sealers stationed on islands - In 1860 and 1862 solitary seals on beach at Warrnambool both were killed by local residents - As late as 1885, sperm whale sighted at entrance to Warrnambool. pp. 226-227 PARSONS, Ronald. Tasmanian Ships Registered 1826-1850. [Ships enrolled in Hobart Town and Launceston] Magill, South Australia, Printed and Published by the author, 1980. Notes: Useful guide to the history of Tasmanian vessels including whale ships associated with Portland. PEARSON, Michael. 'The Technology of Whaling in Australian Waters in the 19th Century'. The Australian Journal of Historical Archaeolog:y, I, 1983. pp. 40-54 Notes: Interesting background into the technology of whaling - including ships, equipment and boats. PHlLP, J.E. Wbaling Ways of Hobart Town. Hobart, J. Walch and Sons, 1936. Notes: A relatively rare publication - While specifically dealing with the Hobart whaling industry it is a useful source on vessels and the captains who commanded them. A number of which visited Portland. Also provides a history of the development of whaling in the colony. PICKERSGILL, Joseph. Victoria Railways Tourist Guide. [Containing accurate and full particulars of the watering places, scenery, shooting, fishing, sponing, hotel accommodation etc. in Victoria, also a new complete Railways Map showing all the present and projected lines]. Melbourne, Sands and McDougall Ltd., 1885. Notes: Provides brief history and description of various towns including Port Fairy, Portland, Cowes, Phillip Island, Westernport and Furneaux Group. Advocates the 'exciting sport of sealing' at Julia Percy Island. p. 174 [see typed notes for further details] PORT FAIRY GAZETrE. Historic Port Fairy. Port Fairy, Port Fairy Gazette, undated. Contained in C.E. Sayers papers, Ms. State Library of Victoria, MS 10600. MSB2961. Box6. Notes: Brief history of Port Fairy, including discovery by James Wishart in 1810. Paragraph on whaling - other subject headings include Places of Interest, including Seal Colony on Julia Percy Island - Map of township and sites historic shipwrecks. POTTAGE, Henry. 'In Henty County'. Victorian Historical Magazine, XI(l), March 1926. pp. 45-52 Notes: Discussion on early settlers including Hentys - Claims development of the district was slow but steady, especially in 1840s - lack of labour - problem of economic self sufficiency - concentrated on wool. FOWLING, J.W. Port Fairy. The First Fifty Years 1837-1887. [A Social History], Melbourne, William Heinemans, 1980. Notes: Attempts to clarify claim that James Wishart arrived in the Fairy in 1810 - see Syme, M. 'An Examination of Evidence Supporting the Arrival of the First Vessel in Port Fairy' also his discussion of Powling's argument. See also typed notes - Powling and Syme. 59 REINELT, W.R. Wreck of the 'Monumental City'. Geelong, Marine History Publication, 1980? Notes: Assocation with American whaleman, and Tallaberga and Gabo Islands. See notes - A story of Mallacoota. REYNOLDS, John. Launceston. [History of an Australian City]. Tasmania, Adult Education Board, Macmillan [Australia], 1969. Notes: Briefly mentions whaling, p. 51 and sealing, p. 59, especially in relation to the taking of Aboriginal women to sealing islands. p.59 Useful background on Launceston - connected with Victoria. RYAN, Lyndall. 'The Struggle for Recognition: Pan Aborigines in Bass Strait in the Nineteenth Century'. Abori~inal History I(l) 1977. pp. 27-51 Notes: Similar article to that published by Stephen Murray-Smith. Good account of sealers and their relationship with Aboriginal women. [T.E.] SAYERS, M.C. Port Fairy Pioneer Whaling Station. Illustrations by Jon Neill, Canterbury, Victoria, Mullaga Publications, 1973. Notes: Only mentions whaling briefly in introduction - contains brief notes and sketches of historic buildings. SCOTT, Ernest. 'Captain Lonsdale and the Foundation of Melbourne', Victorian Historical Magazine, IV(3), May 1915. pp. 97-116 Notes: Useful allicle relating to establ ishment of Melbourne. SCOTT, Ernest. 'English and French Navigators on the Victorian Coast'. Victorian Historical Magazine, I December 1912. pp 145-178 Notes: Available for photo-copying. Discussion over sightings of Point Hicks - Activities La Perouse and D'Entrecasteaux - Bass - Includes - engraving by Lesveur in the Atlas to Peron and Freyeinet's 'Voyage de le couvenes aux Terres Australis' - Grant and the Western Coast also at Western poll in 1801 on the Lady Nelson - Discovery of Pon Phillip - Baudin - the Armiston Chan of Pon Phillip [from original in Archives Nationales Paris] Chart of Port Phillip and Westernpon - Also includes several other maps and charts from Baudin's Expedition, 1801-1802. SCOTT, Ernest. 'The Early History of Westernport. Part I'. Victorian Historical Ma~azine , VI(l ), September 1917. pp. 1-18 Notes: Includes discussion of sightings of Aborigines by Bass - Description of area and its inhabitants as extracted from French expeditions including Baud.in. SCOTT, Ernest. 'The Early History of Westernport. Part II'. Victorian Historical Maiazine, VI(2) December 1917. pp. 49-64 Notes: Argues interest in Westernport as illustrated by the visit of the Fly and Dragon in 1826 - due to a perceived threat by French vessels and possible annexation - sealers living on Phillip Island - sown crops and built huts - departed on Fly, p. 59 D'Urville also discovered sealers. p. 63 SCOTT, Ernest. 'Three Incidents in Victorian History'. Victorian Historical Maiazine, X(3) June, 1925.pp. 126-134 Notes: Sorrento settlement - Discussion of available records - including Captain Woodriffs note book held by Mitchell Library - Hume and Hovell - Discussion on copies of maps - and other available historical sources. 60 STONEY, Capt., H. Butler. Victoria [With a description of its principal cities Melbourne and Geelong and remarks on the present state of the Colony including the Ballaarat (sic) disturbances and the death of Captain Wise, 40th Regt.] London, Smith, Elder and Co., 1856. . Notes: Chapter I - Mentions abortive settlement at Sorrento in 1803 - Henty as first permanent settler. Description of Port Phillip and Westernport Bays - Good general survey of colony, countryside, Aborigines etc. TIJRNER, Henry Gyles. A history of the Colony of Victoria. [From its discovery to its absorption into the Commonwealth of Australia in two volumes] Volume AD1797 - 1854, First published 1904, London, Longmans, Green and Co. Reprinted, Melbourne, Heritage Publications, 1973. Notes: Chapter II - The settlement 1803. Chapter III - Hume and Hovell's overland journey in 1824. Chapter IV - Settlement at Portland Bay - no discussion on whaling or sealing. TURNER, Henry Gyles. 'A Vindication of John Batman's First Visit to Pon Phillip in 1835'. Victorian Historical Magazine, VII(4), October 1919. pp. 154-164 Notes: Includes foldout Map - with Caption: Batman's Map of Port Phillip - Argues against Alex Wilson that no clear evidence that Bateman was at Port Phillip in June 1936. TYERS, Grace. 'Early Days in South-Western Victoria'. Victorian Historical Ma2azjne, XIl(3) pp. 117-134 Notes: Personal reminiscences of Merino Downs including early graves - Port Fairy and Warrnambool - Personal recollections of early pioneers. WALLACE-CRABBE, K. 'Victoria from Discovery to Maturity'. Centenary Joyrnal, Souvenir Edition, 1934-35. pp. 14, 16, 18-19 Notes: Brief history, Bass, Flinders, Grimes. The Sorrento 'Fiasco', Hume and Hovell. The Portland 'Prelude', settlers from Tasmania. WESTGARTH, William. Victorian and the Australian Gold Mines. With notes on the overland route from Australia via Suez, with maps. London, Smith, Elder and Co., 1857. Notes: Chapter ill - Deals extensively with colonisation of Victoria including abortive settlement 1803, Hume and Hovells expedition and description of Aborigines. WATERFIELD, J.H. 'Extracts from the Diary of the Rev. William Waterfield, first congregational Minister of Port Phillip'. Victorian Historical Maeazjne, III(3), March 1914. pp. 105-127 Notes: [Original manuscript held by Mitchell Library] includes descriptive text of early settlement and accounts of arrivals and departures of various vessels. WELLINGS, H.P. Benjamin Boyd in Australia 1842-1849. [Shipping Magnate, Merchant Banker, Pastoralist and Station Owner, Member of the Legislative Council, Town Planner, Whaler] Sydney, D.S. Ford, 193? Notes: Shore whaling had been in existence over 15 years prior to Boyd's arrival in 1843 - in 1844, 30 whale boats both 5 and 7 oars operating in Two-Fold-Bay - Chapter - Whaling - Imlay Brothers had a whaling station at Snug Cove also known as Lookout Point. Deep-sea whaling - tried out their whales in safety of the Bay. Both station whale boats of accepted design most pulling 5 oars, others 7 and 9 'whilst records tell of an 11 61 oared whaleboat. Built of best Huonpine and generally carvel' design. p. 44 Good description of Bay whaling and processing techniques. WELLINGS, H.P. Shore Whaling at Two-Fold-Bay. [Assisted by the renown killer whales - an important industry now defunct] Eden, The Magnet Voice, 1964. Notes: Shore whaling from 1828 - south-east coast until about 1929 with open boats of 5 or 7 oars and later years until 1963 with powered vessels. At Two-Fold Bay first recorded open boat whaler - John RAINE who operated at Snug Cove 1826 succeeded by Imlays in 1830 the Boyds 1843 - Davidson's 1846 four generations Bay whalers 1895 - Descriptions of killer whales attacking whale - when dead whale sank and killers ate tongues and lips - rose to surface 24-36 hours - later - towed to try works - putrid carcase abandoned in Bay. Good description of whale hunt - References to killer whales - Photos of killers of Eden, Stripping Blubber, Harpooning from whale boat Two-Fold-Bay - Useful description and history of Bay whaling in Australian waters. WELLINGS, H.P. 'The Brothers Imlay - Pioneers of the Eden District'. Royal Australian Historical Society Journal and Proceedings, XVII part IV 1931. pp. 209-214 Notes: Historical background on three Imlay Brothers - Peter, Alexander and George - Brief mention of Alexander Imlay's pastoral and whaling pursuits in Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia. One important note; term Two-Fold-Bay in 1830s and 40s not limited to immediate vicinity but extended from Broolee near Moruga to some fifty or hundred miles south of Two-Fold-Bay and westward to range of mountains bordering Monaro - Therefore it is likely that their whaling activities extended to Gabo Island. George Imlay died at Bega. [P.C.] WTI..TSHIRE, J.G. William Dutton and the Whaling and Sealini Industries. Section 2, People's History of Portland and District, Portland, E. Doris and Sons Pty Ltd., 1976. Notes: Mainly sets out to prove Dutton established settlement [whaling] prior to arrival of Hentys. [see typed notes]. WINSER, Keith. Coastal Victoria. [Motor Manual's Seaside Guide], Melbourne, Published by the author, c. 1952. Notes: Contains notes on discovery, history and Flora and Fauna, Port Fairy, Mallacoota and Portland - Warmambool, Westernport, Wilson's Promontory. [see typed notes] WILSON, Aley. 'The Fable of Batman's Discoveries at Port Phillip during May and June 1835'. pp. 145-153 Victorian Historical Magazine, VII(4), October 1919. p. 145 Notes: Alleges Batman was not at Port Phillip in June 1836. 62 Local History File - Port Fairy ~ Saturday, 26 October 1963 [P.C.] Title: 'The Storms Roar was Music to the Mills Brothers' by John Hetherington. Account of careers, including whaling. [See newspapers] COMMITTEE OF THE PORT FAIRY HOSPITAL. Port FaiQ' a Land of Enchantment. Port Fairy, Published by authors, c. 1954? Notes: Mentions early whaling activities and also discovery by James Wishart in 1810. Mills brothers visited in 1826 and resided for six months. Includes photographs: Windmill corner, Sackville and Bank Street. Other sections include First Municipality, Change to Belfast, Great Land Sale, Railway, Harbour and Shipping, Institutions and Churches, Glaxo Factory. Photograph 'Port Fairy 60 years ago'. Photograph '1946 Floods'. Photograph 'Lighthouse'. Hamilton Spectator [P.C.] 23 July 1878 Title: Obituary: William Dutton LEAFLET. Pon Fairy Scenic Drive. Lists points of interest including historic houses in a 13km drive. LORD, F.A. 'A Town Called Belfast'. Walkabout, October 1963, pp. 33-34. Notes: 'Whale farmers became the gentry of the time, with the Griffiths and Mills families prospering the most'. Picturesque account of whaling and establishment of the town. Includes numerous photographs mainly of historic houses. MILLS, Olive. Why Should their Honour Fade? Hawthorn, Hawthorn Press, 1960. Notes: Brief notes from above publication including Alexander Campbell, John Mills. History of the Mills family. [See main card entry] NATIONAL TRUST OF AUSTRALIA [VICTORIA] Leaflet listing classified buildings in Port Fairy district. NATIONAL TRUST OF AUSTRALIA [VICTORIA] Typed report into research on the Court House at Portland. PAMPHLET. The Muttonbird Rookeries at Port Fairy. PORT FAIRY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Historic Pon Fairy. Port Fairy, Port Fairy Historical Society, 197? Notes: Booklet contains very brief history of Port Fairy. Lists fifty historic houses together with brief notes. See also First Edition. STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA. Letter to Harbour Master, Port Fairy, Quoting extract from Port Phillip Government Gazette. Gazetting Pon Fairy as a Port, July 1850. STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA. Letter to W. Murphy, Consolidated School. Extract from Belfast Gazette, 11 July 1873, regarding the election of Belfast School Board. STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA. Letter to J.W. Phillips, Town Clerk Pon Fairy, quoting references to the establishment of the Pon Fairy Bowling Club on 14 June 1889. 63 STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA. Letter co R.M. Rathbone, Mentone, Victoria, quoting references from N.S.W. Government Gazette regarding Atkinson's Special Survey. STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA. Letter to Ryan, Shire Secretary regarding licensees of public houses stating no information available prior to 1855. Quotes source in Ms. Collection, State Library of Victoria, on public houses, compiled by R.K. Cole. STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA. Letter to Sister Thecala regarding ceremonies marking the dedication of St Patrick's Convent. STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA. Letter to Town Clerk regarding the history of the establishment of the Port Fairy Golf Club. STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA. Letter to Miss Pearl Trigger regarding establishment of the Port Fairy Mechanics Institute. SYME, Martin A. 'An Examination of the Evidence Supporting the Arrival of the First Vessel at Port Fairy'. Regional Journal of Social Issues, 13 December 1983, p. 30-34. Notes: Dismisses the myth that Port Fairy was discovered by James Wishart in 1810. Numerous historians have accepted this point as fact without examining the evidence. [T.E.] TYERS, Grace. 'Early Days in South-Western Victoria'. [Extract] Victorian Historical Mafiazine, March 1929, p. 117. Notes: Records of Wishart's discovery of Port Fairy in 1810 are vague. John Mills visited in 1826 but 'first fixed' residents seem to have been Messrs Raby and Penny who had a whaling station in 1834. Earlier in the same year Edward Henty landed in the Thistle. 'All pioneers tell of whalebone strewn beaches of the early years round the Bay and Griffiths Island which gave ample testimony to the immensity of the business carried on there'. VICTORIAN GOVERNMENT GAZEITE. Gazette entries relating to Belfast or Port Fairy, 1843-1853. VICTORIAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT. Notes prepared on Shire of Belfast, 1964. Notes: Origin of Shire place names, Aborigines brief history oflocal Peek-Whonrong tribe. Whaling-brief note of number of men and whaling parties. Land occupation superceeded Atkinson's Special Survey. James Atkinson, a Sydney Solicitor received land one pound per acre purchased 5120 in 1839. Leased majority of land to local fanners. Due to legal problems was not relinquished from his estate until 1885. 64 Local History File - Portland LEAFLET. Portland Pioneers in the North-West. Portland Guardian - 20 August 1962 Notes: Newspaper cutting. Photographs, Portland Yesterday and Today. NATIONAL TRUST OF AUSTRALIA [VICTORIA] Typed report on the History of the Customs House, Portland. NATIONAL TRUST OF AUSTRALIA [VICTORIA] Typed report on the history of the Wesley Church, Portland. NEWTON, T.P. Portland a Brief History. Portland, E. Davis & Sons, Ltd., 1972. Notes: Small booklet. Early sealers and discovery. Whaling and the arrival of the Hentys. Early harbour works. Transport to the Port. Twentieth Century industrY· STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA. Letter to Portland Council providing a brief history of various Portland Councillors. SWAG [South Western Access Guide] April-May 1981, 3(2) Title: Saving Portland's History pp. 1,7 Notes: Threat to historic homes through demolition. Includes a number of photographs. DEM'. ;:: lt El ' lJE - ~ 6 DEC 1991 VICTORIA Occasional Report Series No.1 An Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Wodonga Golf Course (G. Presland) No.2 An Archaeological Survey of the Route of the Sydenham to Portland Transmission Line (G. Presland) No.3 An Archaeological Survey of Tree Planting Areas in the Albury Wodonga Region (G. Presland) No.4 An Archaeological Survey of Lake Wahpool and Lake Timboram in North-Western Victoria (D. Bell, A. Ross, A.Silcox) No.5 The Prehistoric Rock Art Sites of Victoria (A. Gunn) No.6 An Archaeological Survey of the Mornington Peninsula, Victoria (H . Sullivan) No. 7 An Archaeological Survey of the Site of the Mitchell River Dam (G. Presland) No. 8 An Archaeological Survey of the Otway Forest Region (G. Presland) No.9 An Archaeological Survey of Sullivans Bay, Sorrento ( P.J.F. Coutts) No.10 Historic Archaeological Sites in the Portland Area (C. Eslick) No.11 Recommendations for the Protection of Aboriginal Art Sites in the Grampians, Victoria (R. G. Gunn) -No.12 The Cave of Ghosts (A.G. Gunn) \ No.13 Bunjils Cave (A.G. Gunn) -No.14 An Archaeological Survey of the Mallacoota Township, East - Gippsland (S. Simmons) No.15 An Archaeological Survey of the Melbourne Metropolitan Area (G. Presland) -No.16 Mt. Pilot 1 (A.G. Gunn) -No.17 Langi Ghiran 1 (A.G. Gunn) No.18 Garden Range 1 (A.G. Gunn) -No.19 An Archaeological Survey of Jack Smith Lake, South East Gippsland - (K. Hotchin, P. J. May} No. 20 An Archaeological Investigation of the Point Cook Metropolitan Park, - Port Phillip Bay, Victoria (K. Geering, P. J. Hughes) , f VICTO No. 21 A Maritime Archaeological Survey of the Coast of Wilsons Promontory National Park (M. Staniforth) No. 22 The Earliest Located Steamship Wreck in Australia - Paddle Steamer Clonmel (P. Harvey) No.23 An Archaeological Survey of the You Yangs, Victoria (N. van Waarden) No. 24 SS Monumental City. First Steamship to Cross the Pacific (M. Staniforth) No.25 The Dandenong Police Paddocks , 3 vols (M. Fels. D. Rhodes) No. 26 The Sydenham Corridor (H. du Cros) No. 27 The Western Region: Melbourne Metropolitan Area (H . du Cros) No.28 The Otways Region Stage 1 (H. du Cros) No. 29 Sealing, Whaling and Early Settlement of Victoria (S. Chamberlain)