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Sealing, Whaling & Early Settlement of Victoria

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Sealing, Whaling & Early Settlement of Victoria SEALING, WHALING & EARLY SETTLEMENT OF VICTORIA An Annotated Bibliography of Historical Sources . - I I ' 1 Susan Chamberlain June 1989 Victoria Department of ~-~ · l Archaeological Conservation ~ Survey & Environment Sealing, Wh~ling & Early Settlement of Victoria An annotated bibliography of historical sources Susan Chamberlain .-6 DEC 1991 VICTORIA I l_;.., • ,____ ..... .., -- .. - ----- --- .·-. © Crown Copyright 1990 Department of Conservation and Environment ISSN 0725-7317 0?.tc Rec'd ...~ ... ~.?.:.~/. ......... - Order No. ............................... Cc·=t tn.6..'i7.?.S .......... - Su1;"~j:·~·; :::::::: : .. V..:::_'J{').."''''' B c.; ! ·· .............. / ''3 """, 3_'o/ ~ SI~ ;'I Cc..... ~· Jo ......•••••••~ •••.• .1.·······-····· Barcode LCVM 0013437 0 -· . ---· ---·-- or:~- ,._,...,.,... ,.,~-=1·"Hf'l\TaoN & .::. ~v i .~.J1· i'.CNT 'f r. -6 JAN 1991 -· CONTENTS Introduction l Selection Criteria and Methodology 3 Discussion Based on Selected Sources and Scope of Bibliography 4 Funher Points Arising from the Bibliography 12 Conclusion 15 Suggestions and Recommendations 15 Bibliography and Explanatory Notes 16-64 Manuscript Sources: Log books Other Manuscripts Printed Sources: Newspapers Historical Records of New South Wales Theses Illustrations Secondary Sources: Local History Files l Introduction Whaling and scaling were two of the earliest industries associated with the young colony of New South Wales. As early as 1798 sealers were working in Bass Strait and by 1803 both colonial and foreign vessels were operating in the area. 1 It was from this date onwards that the slaughter of seal and whale populations began on an unprecedented scale, the impact from which the stocks of these mammals have never fully recovered. These activities were often carried out jointly but after the annihilation of both seals and sea-elephants from various Bass Strait Islands, whaling became the principal industry. However, whalernen never lost an opponunity to exploit remaining seal colonies as even as late as 1858 sealers were operating on a commercial basis on Julia Percy Island in Penland Bay.2 The methods used by colonial sealers and whalemen to capture their respective prey were based, as in the case of whaling, on a centuries old Basque method which was adopted by the British and Americans and later refined with the development of the on board tryworks in 1790. 3 In fact there were three types of whaling practised in the Australian colonies and these were largely influenced by the species of whale pursued. The first method, based on techniques developed by the Basques was bay whaling. This involved the use of a whaleboat of five, seven, nine or even eleven oars4 and was confined to bays and inlets where the Southern Right. or Black Whale as it was known, frequented. However, at Two Fold Bay Humpback whales were also taken by whaleboats after they had been lured into the bay by Killer Whales. S Right Whales, visited the coastal areas of Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales and were easily exploited by whalernen as the whales used these locations to breed and calve, usually between July and September each year. Whalemen had no compunction about killing the calf whale, illustrated by a repon in the Penland Guardian in 1843, as they knew the cow would come to the aid of its offspring. 6 The indiscriminate killing of young whales eventually led to the almost total annihilation of Southern Right Whale stocks which in turn accelerated the demise of whaling in colonial Victoria. After capture, the whale was either towed back to the shore or allowed to sink. During the following twenty-four to thiny-six hours the carcase would rise again to the surface where it was stripped of its blubber and whalebone. The remainder was either discarded or given to local residents to boil down. 7 In some instances, as quoted in Ponland newspapers, local Aborigines would obtain pieces of the flesh for their own consumption. 8 The second method used by colonial whalemen relied on a vessel, which was anchored in the bay, rather than on shore-based tryworks as a processing plant. This technique also concentrated on Southern Right Whales. A good account of this method is provided in the log book of the Hobart whale ship Lady of the Lake which was commanded by Henry Wishart. The vessel was operating in a cove off Wilson's Promontory for over six weeks in 1837.9 l w.R. Couman. Saline in Bw Strait Typescript of a draft manuscript, 44p. Ms. held by the La Trobe Library of Victoria. (Undaled) p.l. 2 'Sealing'. PCltland Guanljap. Monday, 19 April 1858. 3 Susan Chamberlain. The Hobart Wba!jng lndusb'Y 1830 to 190Q. Thesis submitted for fulfllment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, La Trobc University, Marcil 1988. (See Chapeu on whaling technology). 4 H.P. Wellings. Beniamin Boyd in Australia 1842 to t 849 (Shipping Magnate, Merchant Banker, Pa.uoralist and Station Owner, Member of Legislative Cowtcil, Town Planner, Whaler) Sydney, D.S. Ford. 193? p.44. 5 Ibid. Sbcxe WhaJinc at Two-Fold Bay (Assisted by the renown Killer Whales - an imporWtt industty now defunct) Eden, The Magnet vojce. 1964. 6 'Curiosity'. Portland Guardjan. Saturday. 8 July 1843. 7 'Enterprise'. Ibid. Saturday, 21June1845. 8 'Aborigines'. Ibid. 8 July 1843 and 13 July 1844. 9 Log of the barque Lady gfthe Lake dated Thursday, 18 May 1837 IO Sunday, 28 October, 1837. Aulhor unknown. Original Ms. held by the W.L. Crowther Library, Siaie Library of Tasmania, Hoban. (Typed verbatim exaact provided by Susan Chamberlain). 2 The third method is known as pelagic whaling. This was largely based on the pursuit of the Sperm whale which migrates in the open sea and therefore whalemen were forced to capture and process their prey in remote locations. However, with the introduction of the onboard tryworks, blubber platforms and fluke chains seamen became very adept at procuring oil using this method. The log book of the Launceston whale ship, Lady Mary Pelham, commanded by William Dutton of Portland provides an illustration of pelagic whaling in the 1840s.10 Seals were also vulnerable to capture when they came into the islands and rocks close to the shoreline. Both seals and sea-elephants were despatched by clubbing with a long wooden waddy to render them unconscious and then a knife was drawn across the throat Accounts of the activities of Bass Strait sealers and those operating at Julia Percy Island at Penland and Seal Island in Westernport also mention the use of weapons such as horse pistols, shot guns and air rifles to expedite the killing process. 11 The use of modern weapons distinguished sealers from whalemen who persevered with traditional equipment such as the lance and harpoon. No evidence was discovered of bay whalers resorting to harpoon guns which were developed, although in a primitive form, by the 1840s. 12 Bass Strait sealers and those living on the coast of Victoria and on Kangaroo Island in South Australia were also unique in that they enlisted, whether voluntarily or otherwise, the considerable skills of Aboriginal women in capturing seals. They also, like their whaling counterparts, went to extraordinary lengths to secure their prey, often scaling almost inaccessible cliffs and sailing their boats into rocky and almost impenetrable islands and caves. 13 The migratory patterns and the species of whale and seal influenced the type of hunting techniques adopted by whalemen and sealers. More importantly, these factors also dictated the location in which hunting took place. As a result, especially in the case of Victoria and Bass Strait, hunters entered areas which had been previously uninhabited by white men and established either permanent or semi-permanent outposts near whaling and sealing grounds. 10 Log of the barque l.ady Marv Pelham dated 13 November 1844 to 3 May 1845. Author G. Wilson. Surgeon. Original Ms. held by the La Trobe Library of Victoria. (Typed verbatim notes provided). 11 W.R. Cottman, Ibid. See also other references dealing with the culling of seal colonies. Also cruelty of sealers towards their prey. 12 Susan Chamberlain, Ibid. 13 'Sealing'. Portland Gyar<liao. Saturday, 18 November 1843. · ---·-··o .,..,_. • • 1.u.u.&.. u.J. L.IULLUllJ. Two sets of papers which are held in the Archives Office of Tasmania have also been included in the manuscript section. These are papers by Harry O'May and J.E. Philp who were two local maritime historians and members of the Ship Lovers' Society of Tasmania in the 1930s. O'May's publications including Hobart Rjyer Craft and Sealers of Bass Strait and Wooden Hookers and Whales hips of Tasmania are sources on whaling which cannot be entirely dismissed as they were written in collaboration with a number of old-time whalemen. The papers held in both collections are quite extensive and include newspaper cuttings, photographs, manuscripts and other items associated with whaling and sealing. Newspapers One of the largest sections of the bibliography is newspaper articles. Newspapers, particularly those published in the nineteenth century are a valuable source of historical material. For example daily shipping movements were reported together with the manifest of each vessel, its port of departure and destination. Apart from arrival and destination, the shipping news often gave accounts of eventual voyages, wrecks and the activities of sealers and whalemen. Local intelligence also provided graphic accounts of whale hunts, sealing and other items pertaining to these activities. Due to time factors it was not possible to completely survey all early newspapers which may have dealt with the settlement of Victoria. However, the Launceston Advertiser was examined for the years 1834 to 1836, the Pooland Guaroian from 1843 to 1845 and the Sydney Gazette from 1803 to 1805 inclusive. It is not necessary to discuss each individual newspaper article as these are listed in the bibliography together with relevant notes pertaining to each entry.
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