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Brassicaceae), Two Rare and Threatened Plants in the Piceance Basin, Colorado Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2013 Reproductive biology and impacts of energy development on Physaria congesta and Physaria obcordata (Brassicaceae), two rare and threatened plants in the Piceance Basin, Colorado Sarah Lynn Clark Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Clark, Sarah Lynn, "Reproductive biology and impacts of energy development on Physaria congesta and Physaria obcordata (Brassicaceae), two rare and threatened plants in the Piceance Basin, Colorado" (2013). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 1502. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1502 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND IMPACTS OF ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ON PHYSARIA CONGESTA AND PHYSARIA OBCORDATA (BRASSICACEAE), TWO RARE AND THREATENED PLANTS IN THE PICEANCE BASIN, COLORADO by Sarah L. Clark A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Biology Approved: ________________________________ _______________________________ Dr. James P. Pitts Dr. James H. Cane Major Professor Committee Member ________________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Eugene W. Schupp Mark R. McLellan Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2012 ii Copyright © Sarah L. Clark All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Reproductive Biology and Impacts of Energy Development on Physaria congesta (Brassicaceae) and Physaria obcordata (Brassicaceae), Two Rare and Threatened Plants in the Piceance Basin, Colorado by Sarah L. Clark, Master of Science Utah State University, 2013 Major Professor: James P. Pitts Department: Biology The Piceance Basin in western Colorado has undergone a drastic increase in oil and gas development over the last two decades. This increase has escalated concerns about the effects of development on the Basin’s flora and fauna, especially the rare plant community. Potential impacts from oil and gas development on rare plants may be found through decrease in plant habitat or by a decrease in plant reproductive success through changes to important pollinator communities. Here, we observed the pollinator community on two rare mustard plants, Physaria congesta and Physaria obcordata (Brassicaceae), both listed as threatened by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (Federal Register 55 FR 4152). We studied a series of questions concerning the pollinator community important to each Physaria species. The experiments were conducted in the iv spring of 2010 and 2011 during the blooming season of each rare Physaria. We investigated the effect of oil and gas development on the pollinator community by evaluating abundance, diversity, behavior, and foraging rates along a distance gradient from roadsides. This study also examines plant fecundity to determine the extent of pollinator efficiency across the same distance gradient from roadsides. Additionally, we examine nesting success of pollinators within plant populations, as well as around natural gas wellpads. Further, we conduct a breeding system and cross pollination study on P. congesta to determine the importance of pollination services for reproduction. To determine overall pollinator community changes around other development types we sampled pollinators around wellpads. Our data supports the null hypothesis, suggesting that at this time oil and gas development may have little to no impact on the pollinator community abundance. The analysis conducted may not have been able to detect changes in the community, due to a small sample size of pollinators collected. Bee pollinators may forage on a few or many floral resources. Here, we account for the ancillary foraging resources of P. congesta and P. obcordata pollinators by identifying pollen removed from bees collected on rare Physaria. This specific community of plants may require conservation in addition to the rare plants, to assist in maintaining the pollinator community. (103 pages) v PUBLIC ABSTRACT Reproductive Biology and Impacts of Energy Development on Physaria congesta (Brassicaceae) and Physaria obcordata (Brassicaceae), Two Rare and Threatened Plants in the Piceance Basin, Colorado by Sarah L. Clark, Master of Science Utah State University, 2013 Major Professor: James P. Pitts Department: Biology Oil and gas development has increased profoundly over the last 20 years in the United States. A large underground deposit of natural gas has been found in the Piceance Basin, which is located in the northwestern part of the state of Colorado. This deposit occurs in an area inhabited by two rare mustard species commonly named the Dudley Bluffs bladderpod and the Dudley Bluffs twinpod. These two plant species are also listed as threatened by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Concerns about gas development effects on these rare plants have motivated research that quantifies these potential impacts. Through funding given by the Colorado Natural Areas Program, BLM, and US Fish and Wildlife Service, experiments were done by Utah State University looking at energy development effects on rare plant reproduction and success. vi Pollinators were an important part of this research; the majority of flowering plants require bees to reproduce, and these rare plant species were no exception. Through the research no detectable effects on plant reproduction or pollinator community around developed sites were identified. This lack of detection may be attributed to a small number of pollinators collected through this study. We may not have gathered a large enough sample to detect impacts that are occurring. This research also found that there are only a few bee species that pollinate these rare plants efficiently, so they must be conserved in order to maintain rare plant reproduction. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. James P. Pitts, for his insights and patience over the last five years. Without his mentoring this research would not have been possible. I would also like to thank my other two committee members, Dr. Jim Cane and Dr. Eugene Schupp. They always had an open door policy, and were very welcoming when I had problems or questions. Pollinator researcher Vince Tepedino from the Utah State Biology Department was integral in the shaping of this project. I appreciate every chat and coffee break we had to discuss this research. I give hearty thanks to my incredible lab mates, Nicole Boehme, Juanita Rodriguez, Cecilia Waichert, and Emily Sadler. This group of women inspired me daily. I could not have hand-picked a better cohort. The Colorado Natural Areas Program (CNAP), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the BLM provided the funding for this research. I would like to specifically thank Brian Kurzel from CNAP for his input and assistance with all monetary aspects. I would also like to show my gratitude to Gina Glenne from the US Fish and Wildlife Grand Junction field office. Gina was integral in helping with the field work, advising on rare plant research, and providing a much needed field vehicle. My thanks go to colleagues Zoe Miller and Jacob Davidson from the BLM White River Field office for their research input, updates on plant phenology, and willingness to take a dirty field crew into their home. Lisa Foy from Hayden-Wing Consultants happily helped jump start the field work viii for this research, and always had great advice. Alison Graff from Bio-Logic helped a great deal finding plant populations, and was always prepared with a map. I would also like to recognize my partner, Richie Gardner, for his field help and advice. His patience and support shaped this project. Thanks to my mom and dad for advocating my graduate career and for their encouraging words. Lastly I would like to thank Ruby the dog, who was my companion and protector during the most challenging field days. Sarah L. Clark ix CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ iii PUBLIC ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................ vii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ xiii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 7 2. SITE DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................... 9 REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 10 3. IMPORTANCE OF POLLINATORS FOR PHYSARIA CONGESTA (BRASSICACEAE), A RARE PLANT IN THE PICEANCE BASIN, COLORADO ................................... 11 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................
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