DOCSLIB.ORG

UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Effects of Habitat Fragmentation and Introduced Species on the Structure and Function Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Effects of Habitat Fragmentation and Introduced Species on the Structure and Function Of UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Effects of Habitat Fragmentation and Introduced Species on the Structure and Function of Plant-Pollinator Interactions A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Biology by Keng-Lou James Hung Committee in charge: Professor David A. Holway, Chair Professor Joshua R. Kohn Professor Lisa A. Levin Professor Jean-Bernard H. Minster Professor James C. Nieh 2017 © Keng-Lou James Hung, 2017 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Keng-Lou James Hung is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2017 iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, who stopped at nothing to nurture my intellectual curiosity; to my brother, who was my ever-reliable field assistant and encourager; and to my wife, who gave up everything she had to make this venture a reality. This dissertation is as much a product of my hard work as it is your unconditional love, support, and prayers. This dissertation is also dedicated to the 43,000 bees, wasps, flies, and other insects whose curtailed lives will be forever immortalized in data that will one day be used to secure a brighter future for their kind. You took one for the team; thank you for your sacrifice. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ................................................................................................................. iii Dedication ........................................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. v List of Figures .................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................ viii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. x Vita ................................................................................................................................. xiii Abstract of the Dissertation ........................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1: Urbanization-Induced Habitat Fragmentation Erodes Multiple Components of Temporal Diversity in a Southern California Native Bee Assemblage .................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Parallel Loss of Taxonomic and Functional Diversity in Native Bee Assemblages Inhabiting Fragments of Well-Preserved Scrub Habitat in Southern California .............................................................................. 32 Chapter 3: Plant-Pollinator Interaction Networks in Fragmented Habitats Retain Structural Robustness in Spite of Pollinator Diversity Loss ................................................................................................................................. 82 Chapter 4: The Worldwide Importance of Honey Bees as Pollinators in Natural Habitats ............................................................................................................ 119 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1. Hypothetical scenarios of disturbance impacting temporal gamma, alpha, and beta diversity of an assemblage. ..................................................... 21 Figure 1-2. Temporal gamma diversity of native bees in reserve (gray boxes) and fragment plots (white boxes). ...................................................................... 22 Figure 1-3. Temporal alpha diversity of native bees in reserve and fragment plots in 2011 (A-D) and 2012 (E-H). ............................................................. 23 Figure 1-4. Temporal beta diversity of native bees in reserve (gray boxes) and fragment plots (white boxes). ........................................................................ 24 Figure 2-1. Alpha diversity of native bees in reserve and fragment plots. ................................................................................................................................ 56 Figure 2-2. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination plots of bee assemblages in reserve plots (gray circles) and fragment plots (white circles), with respect to taxonomic (A-B) and functional (C-D) composition. ........................................................................................................ 57 Figure 2-3. Bee faunas in reserve and fragment plots with respect to the relative representation of each functional trait. ........................................................ 58 Figure 2-4. Average range sizes of bee assemblages in reserves and fragments. ........................................................................................................................ 59 Figure 2-S1. Distribution of P-values from comparisons of beta diversity (A-B) and assemblage composition (C-D) between reserve and fragment plots in the 2012 dataset (n = 1,000 permutations). ................................. 64 Figure 3-1. Plant-pollinator interaction network metrics that responded to habitat fragmentation, pollinator diversity loss, or both. .......................................... 105 Figure 3-2. The role of honey bees in plant-pollinator interaction networks. ....................................................................................................................... 106 Figure 3-3. Year-to-year variation in the network statistics examined in our study. ....................................................................................................................... 107 Figure 4-1. Relative visitation frequencies of the western honey bee in 80 plant-pollinator interaction networks in natural habitats worldwide. ...................... 137 vi Figure 4-2. The distribution of plant species with respect to the proportion of their total recorded floral visits contributed by honey bees. .............................................................................................................................. 138 Figure 4-3. Relative efficiency of honey bees compared to other studied pollinators with respect to the ability to deposit pollen or effect fruit or seed set with a single visit. ............................................................................... 139 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1-S1. List of utilized study plots in coastal sage scrub reserves and habitat fragments. .................................................................................................... 26 Table 2-1. Functional traits of native bees used in analyses of functional diversity. ...................................................................................................... 60 Table 2-2. Variance of functional traits for the taxonomic ranks of family, subfamily, and genus. ......................................................................................... 60 Table 2-3. Spearman rank correlations among functional traits. .................................... 61 Table 2-4. Results of two-sample t-tests comparing bee assemblages in reserve and fragment plots with respect to the relative representation of each functional trait. ........................................................................................................ 61 Table 2-5. Bee species and functional groups exhibiting significant associations with scrub reserve plots in each study year. ............................................... 62 Table 2-S1. Functional traits, functional group membership, and range size of each bee species and morphospecies included in our study. ............................... 65 Table 2-S2. Results of main analyses performed on the full dataset (i.e., with the inclusion of both bee specimens collected via aerial net and bowl traps) and on genus-level data (genus-level mean or modal averages were used for functional traits and range size). ............................................... 72 Table 2-S3. Results of analyses of taxonomic and functional beta diversity and assemblage composition, performed with the exclusion of indicator species associated with reserves. ................................................................. 73 Table 3-S1. List of utilized study plots in coastal sage scrub reserves and habitat fragments. .................................................................................................. 108 Table 3-S2. Re-analyses examining the impact of pollinator diversity loss on structural properties of plant-pollinator interaction networks, with honey bees excluded from the dataset. ................................................................. 110 Table 4-1. The best multiple linear regression model relating environmental variables to honey bee relative visitation frequency in plant-pollinator interaction networks worldwide (n = 54 networks where honey bees were present). ................................................................................. 140 Table 4-S1. Pollination networks (n = 80) used in addressing research questions 1 through 4. .................................................................................................. 141 viii Table 4-S2. The best zero-inflated multiple beta regression model relating environmental variables to the distribution of honey bee relative
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wild Bee Species Increase Tomato Production and Respond Differently to Surrounding Land Use in Northern California
    BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 133 (2006) 81– 87 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Wild bee species increase tomato production and respond differently to surrounding land use in Northern California Sarah S. Greenleaf*, Claire Kremen1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Pollination provided by bees enhances the production of many crops. However, the contri- Received 11 December 2005 bution of wild bees remains unmeasured for many crops, and the effects of anthropogenic Received in revised form change on many bee species are unstudied. We experimentally investigated how pollina- 5 May 2006 tion by wild bees affects tomato production in northern California. We found that wild bees Accepted 16 May 2006 substantially increase the production of field-grown tomato, a crop generally considered Available online 24 July 2006 self-pollinating. Surveys of the bee community on 14 organic fields that varied in proximity to natural habitat showed that the primary bee visitors, Anthophora urbana Cresson and Keywords: Bombus vosnesenskii Radoszkowski, were affected differently by land management prac- Agro-ecosystem tices. B. vosnesenskii was found primarily on farms proximate to natural habitats, but nei- Crop pollination ther proximity to natural habitat nor tomato floral abundance, temperature, or year Ecosystem services explained variation in the visitation rates of A. urbana. Natural habitat appears to increase Bombus vosnesenskii B. vosnesenskii populations and should be preserved near farms. Additional research is Anthophora urbana needed to determine how to maintain A. urbana. Species-specific differences in depen- Habitat conservation dency on natural habitats underscore the importance of considering the natural histories of individual bee species when projecting population trends of pollinators and designing management plans for pollination services.
    [Show full text]
  • A Visual Guide for the Identification of British Coelioxys Bees
    1 Introduction The Hymenoptera is an order of insects that includes bees, wasps, ants, ichneumons, sawflies, gall wasps and their relatives. The bees (family Apidae) can be recognised as such by the presence of feather-like hairs on their bodies, particularly near the wing bases. The genus Coelioxys Latreille belongs to the bee subfamily Megachilinae. There are six species of Coelioxys present in mainland Britain. Two other species are found in Guernsey but not mentioned in this pictorial key (C. afra Lepeletier and C. brevis Eversmann). Natural History Coelioxys (their various English names are: Sharp-tailed Bees, Sharp-abdomen Bees and Sharp-bellied Bees) are among those known as cuckoo bees because the larvae grow up on food stolen from Leaf-cutter Bees (Megachile Latreille) or Flower Bees (Anthophora Latreille). The genus Megachile probably includes the closest relatives of Coelioxys. Female Megachile construct nests of larval cells from leaves and provision each cell with a mixture of pollen and nectar for the young. A female Coelioxys will seek these out and apparently uses its sharp abdomen to pierce the cells. An egg is then laid in the Megachile cell. The egg of the Coelioxys hatches before that of the Megachile and the newly-hatched larva crushes the Megachile egg with its large jaws. The Coelioxys larva can then feed on the contents of the cell. Pupation occurs within a cocoon spun within the host cell where the larva overwinters as a prepupa. The genus Anthophora excavates nest burrows in sandy soil or rotting wood, where they may also become the hosts of Coelioxys larvae.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenovaria 15 Een Boekbespreking Te Maken Van Environmental Context
    nummer 15 november 2017 Nieuwsbrief Sectie Hymenoptera Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging In dit nummer onder meer: Meewerken aan de bijenatlas voor België Veldobservaties Bijen en wespen in het natte natuurgebied De Bruuk Ephialtes manifestator gekweekt uit nest van Ancistrocerus trifasciatus De Mexicaanse zwartsteel nestelt in mijn tuin Op zoek naar Leucospis dorsigera nr. 15, november 2017 ISSN 1387-1773 Foto voorpagina: Vespa velutina nigrithorax , werkster. Foto: Albert de Wilde. Nieuwsbrief sectie Hymenoptera van de Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging Vormgeving: Jan Smit. Redactie J. D’Haeseleer, T. Peeters, J. Smit, E. van der Spek Redactieadres Voermanstraat 14, 6921 NP Duiven e-mail: [email protected] Website www.hymenovaria.nl Redactioneel Een redelijk gevuld en gevarieerd nummer. Bij ‘Literatuur’ de HymenoBiblio over 2016, twee Allereerst de aankondiging van de voorjaarsexcursie in boekbesprekingen door Theo Peeters en een 2018 naar de Peel in Brabant. Een verslag van de boekbespreking door Jan Smit. voorjaarsexcursie naar ’t Roegwold in Groningen, Bij ‘Oproepen’ de vraag om de bijdrage voor komend afgelopen voorjaar. Erik van der Spek doet verslag van jaar (2018) over te maken, gegevens op te sturen voor het Aculea-weekend, afgelopen zomer in België. Kort de rubriek ‘Leuke waarnemingen’ in HymenoVaria 16, verslag van de cursusdag ‘Bijen’, georganiseerd door de vraag om gegevens aan de deelnemers van de de NEV. En we hebben een viertal opmerkelijke excursie naar de Chaamse bossen, plus nog een ‘Veldobservaties’. oproep om medewerking aan De Wilde Bijenlinie. Bij ‘Artikelen’ vertelt Stijn Schreven over het Verder de aankondiging van de studiedag onderzoek in het natuurgebied De Bruuk, René ‘Goudwespen van de Chrysis ignita -groep’ op 13 januari Veenendaal kweekte een sluipwesp uit het nest van 2018, in Amsterdam.
    [Show full text]
  • What Characteristics Do All Invasive Species Share That Make Them So
    Invasive Plants Facts and Figures Definition Invasive Plant: Plants that have, or are likely to spread into native or minimally managed plant systems and cause economic or environmental harm by developing self-sustaining populations and becoming dominant or disruptive to those systems. Where do most invasive species come from? How do they get here and get started? Most originate long distances from the point of introduction Horticulture is responsible for the introduction of approximately 60% of invasive species. Conservation uses are responsible for the introduction of approximately 30% of invasive species. Accidental introductions account for about 10%. Of all non-native species introduced only about 15% ever escape cultivation, and of this 15% only about 1% ever become a problem in the wild. The process that leads to a plant becoming an invasive species, Cultivation – Escape – Naturalization – Invasion, may take over 100 years to complete. What characteristics make invasive species so successful in our environment? Lack predators, pathogens, and diseases to keep population numbers in check Produce copious amounts of seed with a high viability of that seed Use successful dispersal mechanisms – attractive to wildlife Thrive on disturbance, very opportunistic Fast-growing Habitat generalists. They do not have specific or narrow growth requirements. Some demonstrate alleleopathy – produce chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants nearby. Have longer photosynthetic periods – first to leaf out in the spring and last to drop leaves in autumn Alter soil and habitat conditions where they grow to better suit their own survival and expansion. Why do we care? What is the big deal? Ecological Impacts Impacting/altering natural communities at a startling rate.
    [Show full text]
  • Latitudinal Shifts of Introduced Species: Possible Causes and Implications
    Biol Invasions (2012) 14:547–556 DOI 10.1007/s10530-011-0094-8 ORIGINAL PAPER Latitudinal shifts of introduced species: possible causes and implications Qinfeng Guo • Dov F. Sax • Hong Qian • Regan Early Received: 26 January 2011 / Accepted: 22 August 2011 / Published online: 4 September 2011 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. (outside the USA) 2011 Abstract This study aims to document shifts in the those in their native ranges. Only a small fraction of latitudinal distributions of non-native species relative species examined (i.e.\20% of animals and\10% of to their own native distributions and to discuss plants) have expanded their distributions in their possible causes and implications of these shifts. We exotic range beyond both high- and low-limits of used published and newly compiled data on inter- their native latitudes. Birds, mammals and plants continentally introduced birds, mammals and plants. tended to shift their exotic ranges in similar ways. In We found strong correlations between the latitudinal addition, most non-native species (65–85% in differ- distributions occupied by species in their native and ent groups) have not reached the distributional extent exotic ranges. However, relatively more non-native observed in their native ranges. The possible drivers species occur at latitudes higher than those in their of latitudinal shifts in the exotic range may include native ranges, and fewer occur at latitudes lower than climate change, greater biotic resistance at lower latitudes, historical limitations on ranges in native regions, and the impacts of humans on species Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10530-011-0094-8) contains distributions.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonal and Spatial Patterns of Mortality and Sex Ratio in the Alfalfa
    Seasonal and spatial patterns of mortality and sex ratio in the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (F.) by Ruth Pettinga ONeil A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology Montana State University © Copyright by Ruth Pettinga ONeil (2004) Abstract: Nests from five seed alfalfa sites of the alfalfa leafcutting bee Megachile rotundata (F.) were monitored over the duration of the nesting season in 2000 and 2001, from early July through late August. Cells containing progeny of known age and known position within the nest were subsequently analyzed for five commonly encountered categories of pre-diapause mortality in this species. Chalkbrood and pollen ball had the strongest seasonal relationships of mortality factors studied. Chalkbrood incidence was highest in early-produced cells. Pollen ball was higher in late-season cells. Chalkbrood, parasitism by the chalcid Pteromalus venustus, and death of older larvae and prepupae , due to unknown source(s) exhibited the strongest cell-position relationships. Both chalkbrood and parasitoid incidence were highest in the inner portions of nests. The “unknown” category of mortality was highest in outer portions of nests. Sex ratio was determined for a subset of progeny reared to adulthood. The ratio of females to males is highest in cells in inner nest positions. Sex ratio is female-biased very early in the nesting season, when all cells being provisioned are the inner cells of nests, due to the strong positional effect on sex ratio. SEASONAL AND SPATIAL PATTERNS OF MORTALITY AND SEX RATIO IN THE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTING BEE, Megachile rotundata (F.) by .
    [Show full text]
  • Chelostoma (Prochelostoma) Philadelphi with Additional Notes on Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini)
    AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Number 3844, 7 pp. December 7, 2015 Descriptions of the Egg and Mature Larva of the Bee Chelostoma (Prochelostoma) philadelphi with Additional Notes on Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini) JEROME G. ROZEN, JR.,1 AND HADEL H. GO1 ABSTRACT The egg of Chelostoma (Prochelostoma) philadelphi (Robertson) and its last larval instar, which had been preserved while defecating, are described and illustrated. The egg was collected from nests constructed in frass-filled burrows of the beetle Xylobiops basilaris (Say) in a dead branch of Ficus carica L. Nests consisting of a short linear arrangement of cells are described as is the provisioning behavior of the bee. Although distinguishable, the last stage larva is simi- lar to that of another species belonging to a different subgenus of Chelostoma. The two larvae will be compared in a subsequent publication. INTRODUCTION The following describes the mature larva and egg of Chelostoma (Prochelostoma) philadel- phi (Robertson), a small, slender bee that nests in the narrow confines of vacated beetle galler- ies in dead trees. Krombein (1967) reported on its nest and nesting biology and briefly described the egg. Parker (1988) presented information on the biology of several other species of Chelos- toma and cites the works of others who contributed to our present understanding of the genus. We also add here additional biological observations. The egg was recovered by H.H.G. from the nest site, and the larva was collected by Krombein in 1959. 1 Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 2015 ISSN 0003-0082 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Trends in Bumble Bee Health
    EN65CH11_Cameron ARjats.cls December 18, 2019 20:52 Annual Review of Entomology Global Trends in Bumble Bee Health Sydney A. Cameron1,∗ and Ben M. Sadd2 1Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; email: [email protected] 2School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, USA; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2020. 65:209–32 Keywords First published as a Review in Advance on Bombus, pollinator, status, decline, conservation, neonicotinoids, pathogens October 14, 2019 The Annual Review of Entomology is online at Abstract ento.annualreviews.org Bumble bees (Bombus) are unusually important pollinators, with approx- https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011118- imately 260 wild species native to all biogeographic regions except sub- 111847 Saharan Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. As they are vitally important in Copyright © 2020 by Annual Reviews. natural ecosystems and to agricultural food production globally, the increase Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2020.65:209-232. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org All rights reserved in reports of declining distribution and abundance over the past decade ∗ Corresponding author has led to an explosion of interest in bumble bee population decline. We Access provided by University of Illinois - Urbana Champaign on 02/11/20. For personal use only. summarize data on the threat status of wild bumble bee species across bio- geographic regions, underscoring regions lacking assessment data. Focusing on data-rich studies, we also synthesize recent research on potential causes of population declines. There is evidence that habitat loss, changing climate, pathogen transmission, invasion of nonnative species, and pesticides, oper- ating individually and in combination, negatively impact bumble bee health, and that effects may depend on species and locality.
    [Show full text]
  • Decades of Native Bee Biodiversity Surveys at Pinnacles National Park Highlight the Importance of Monitoring Natural Areas Over Time
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All PIRU Publications Pollinating Insects Research Unit 1-17-2019 Decades of Native Bee Biodiversity Surveys at Pinnacles National Park Highlight the Importance of Monitoring Natural Areas Over Time Joan M. Meiners University of Florida Terry L. Griswold Utah State University Olivia Messinger Carril Independent Researcher Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/piru_pubs Part of the Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Meiners JM, Griswold TL, Carril OM (2019) Decades of native bee biodiversity surveys at Pinnacles National Park highlight the importance of monitoring natural areas over time. PLoS ONE 14(1): e0207566. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0207566 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Pollinating Insects Research Unit at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All PIRU Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RESEARCH ARTICLE Decades of native bee biodiversity surveys at Pinnacles National Park highlight the importance of monitoring natural areas over time 1 2 3 Joan M. MeinersID *, Terry L. Griswold , Olivia Messinger Carril 1 School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of a1111111111 America, 2 USDA-ARS Pollinating Insects Research Unit (PIRU), Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America, 3 Independent Researcher, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract Thousands of species of bees are in global decline, yet research addressing the ecology OPEN ACCESS and status of these wild pollinators lags far behind work being done to address similar impacts on the managed honey bee.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera: Vespoidea) Filippo Ceccolini 1, Fabio Cianferoni 1,2,*
    Fragmenta entomologica, 50 (2): 111-115 (2018) eISSN: 2284-4880 (online version) pISSN: 0429-288X (print version) Research article Submitted: September 2nd, 2018 - Accepted: November 29th, 2018 - Published: December 31st, 2018 Review of the distribution of Sapygidae in Italy and new records (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea) Filippo CECCOLINI 1, Fabio CIANFERONI 1,2,* 1 Natural History Museum of the University of Florence, Zoological Section “La Specola” - Via Romana 17, I-50125 Florence, Italy [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, CNR - National Research Council of Italy - Via Salaria km 29,300, I-00015 Monteroton- do (Rome), Italy * Corresponding author Abstract The distribution of the Italian species of Sapygidae is reviewed and new occurrence records for some species are given. Monosapyga clavicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) is recorded for the first time in Lazio and Abruzzo, Polochrum repandum Spinola, 1806 in Abruzzo, and Sapygina decemguttata (Jurine, 1807) in Veneto. Due to insufficient sampling efforts in Italy, all the Italian species of Sapygidae should be currently considered as Data Deficient (DD) according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Key words: Sapygidae, Italy, faunistics, new records, IUCN categories of risk. Introduction The nomenclature adopted follows Generani et al. (2005). Existing synonymies used in the references quot- The family Sapygidae is a small group of either ectopara- ing Italian records are reported under the accepted name. sitoids or cleptoparasites (mainly of Apoidea) wasps, in- Abbreviations used in material examined: cluding about 70 species in the world (van Achterberg MZUF Natural History Museum of the University of 2014; Fernández & Sarmiento 2015) and 33 in the Palae- Florence, Italy.
    [Show full text]
  • Portland Field Guide
    FIELD GUIDE FRITZ HAEG’S ANIMAL ESTATES REGIONAL MODEL HOMES 5.0 PORTLAND, OREGON 5 . N 0 O P G O RE RTLAND, O ANIMAL ESTATES 5.0 PORTLAND, OREGON DOUGLAS F. COOLEY MEMORIAL ART GALLERY REED COLLEGE 26 AUGUST–5 OCTOBER 2008 FRITZ HAEG 04 INTRODUCTION 10 IN LIVABLE CITIES IS FRITZ HAEG PRESERVATION OF THE WILD MIKE HOUCK 06 BUILD A BETTER SNAG! 14 SNAGS AND LOGS STEPHANIE SNYDER CHARLOTTE CORKRAN ANIMAL CLIENTS 18 CLIENT 5.1 34 CLIENT 5.5 VAUX’S SWIFT NORTHWESTERN GARTER SNAKE CHAETURA VAUXI THAMNOPHIS SIRTALIS TETRATAENIA CONTENTS BOB SALLINGER TIERRA CURRY 2 2 CLIENT 5.2 38 CLIENT 5.6 WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH ORANGE-RUMPED BUMBLEBEE SITTA CAROLINENSIS BOMBUS MELANOPYGUS CHARLOTTE CORKRAN CHRISTOPHER MARSHALL 26 CLIENT 5.3 42 CLIENT 5.7 OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER SNAIL-EATING GROUND BEETLE CONTOPUS COOPERI SCAPHINOTUS ANGULATUS CHARLOTTE CORKRAN CHRISTOPHER MARSHALL 30 CLIENT 5.4 SILVER-HAIRED BAT LASIONYCTERIS NOCTIVAGANS CHARLOTTE CORKRAN 46 FIELD NOTES 48 CREDITS CLIENT 5.1 VAUX’S SWIFT CHAETURA VAUXI The ongoing Animal Estates lished between the man-made and the wild. initiative creates dwellings for Animals and their habitats are woven back into our cities, strip malls, garages, offi ce parks, animals that have been displaced freeways, backyards, parking lots, and neigh- by humans. Each edition of borhoods. Animal Estates intends to provide a the project is accompanied by provocative twenty-fi rst-century model for the some combination of events, human-animal relationship that is more intimate, visible, and thoughtful. workshops, exhibitions, videos, printed materials, and a temporary PORTLAND headquarters presenting an ever- In the gallery, the temporary Animal Estates expanding urban wildlife archive.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of 37 Microsatellite Loci for Anthophora Plumipes (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Using Next Generation Sequencing and Their Utility in Related Species
    Eur. J. Entomol. 109: 155–160, 2012 http://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1692 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) Identification of 37 microsatellite loci for Anthophora plumipes (Hymenoptera: Apidae) using next generation sequencing and their utility in related species KATEěINA ýERNÁ and JAKUB STRAKA Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viniþná 7, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic; e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Key words. Hymenoptera, Apidae, microsatellite development, Anthophora plumipes, 454 sequencing, Anthophorini Abstract. Novel microsatellite markers for the solitary bee, Anthophora plumipes, were identified and characterised using 454 GS-FLX Titanium pyrosequencing technology. Thirty seven loci were tested using fluorescently labelled primers on a sample of 20 females from Prague. The number of alleles ranged from 1 to 10 (with a mean of 4 alleles per locus), resulting in an observed hetero- zygosity ranging from 0.05 to 0.9 and an expected heterozygosity from 0.097 to 0.887. None of the loci showed a significant devia- tion from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and only two loci showed the significant presence of null alleles. No linkage between loci was detected. We further provide information on a single multiplex PCR consisting of 11 of the most polymorphic loci. This multi- plex approach provides an effective analytical tool for analysing genetic structure and carrying out parental analyses on Anthophora populations. Most of the 37 loci tested also showed robust amplification in five other Anthophora species (A. aestivalis, A. crinipes, A. plagiata, A. pubescens and A. quadrimaculata).
    [Show full text]