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Armenian Secret and Invented Languages and Argots
Armenian Secret and Invented Languages and Argots The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Russell, James R. Forthcoming. Armenian secret and invented languages and argots. Proceedings of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9938150 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP 1 ARMENIAN SECRET AND INVENTED LANGUAGES AND ARGOTS. By James R. Russell, Harvard University. Светлой памяти Карена Никитича Юзбашяна посвящается это исследование. CONTENTS: Preface 1. Secret languages and argots 2. Philosophical and hypothetical languages 3. The St. Petersburg Manuscript 4. The Argot of the Felt-Beaters 5. Appendices: 1. Description of St. Petersburg MS A 29 2. Glossary of the Ṙuštuni language 3. Glossary of the argot of the Felt-Beaters of Moks 4. Texts in the “Third Script” of MS A 29 List of Plates Bibliography PREFACE Much of the research for this article was undertaken in Armenia and Russia in June and July 2011 and was funded by a generous O’Neill grant through the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard. For their eager assistance and boundless hospitality I am grateful to numerous friends and colleagues who made my visit pleasant and successful. For their generous assistance in Erevan and St. -
Zero Exponents in the Russian Language and Peculiarities of Their Learning
Proceedings IFTE-2020, 1193-1202 doi:10.3897/ap.2.e1193 VI International Forum on Teacher Education Zero Exponents in the Russian Language and Peculiarities of Their Learning Tatyana A. Korneyeva* (a) (a) Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kazan (Russia), 18 Kremlyovskaya street, [email protected] Abstract The research aims at finding methods and techniques for intensifying educational activities of students in the study of the Russian language, increasing their motivation, developing creative potential, and meaningfully studying the facts of the Russian language using the capabilities of the digital educational environment. The purpose of the article is to justify the effectiveness of accessing digital resources, primarily the National Corps of the Russian Language as an information and reference system based on a collection of Russian texts in electronic form, providing wide access to linguistic and speech facts in the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language. Research objectives: to analyze the features of the methodology for studying word formation using data from the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NCRL) and to show the possibilities of using the corpus to identify semantic differences between word-building synonyms. The main research methods include theoretical analysis of scientific and educational literature, language analysis method, pedagogical observation, modeling of the educational process, conversation method. Key findings of the study are 1) we considered the productive word-formation types of zero suffix names in scientific grammar and educational-methodical complexes, 2) we analyzed NCRL materials on the derivational synonymy of names of zero suffixation and semantic with a variety of synonyms, 3) we have proven the need to use digital educational resources in the educational process and, above all, the opportunities provided for the Russian language project by the NCRL project. -
+1. Introduction 2. Cyrillic Letter Rumanian Yn
MAIN.HTM 10/13/2006 06:42 PM +1. INTRODUCTION These are comments to "Additional Cyrillic Characters In Unicode: A Preliminary Proposal". I'm examining each section of that document, as well as adding some extra notes (marked "+" in titles). Below I use standard Russian Cyrillic characters; please be sure that you have appropriate fonts installed. If everything is OK, the following two lines must look similarly (encoding CP-1251): (sample Cyrillic letters) АабВЕеЗКкМНОопРрСсТуХхЧЬ (Latin letters and digits) Aa6BEe3KkMHOonPpCcTyXx4b 2. CYRILLIC LETTER RUMANIAN YN In the late Cyrillic semi-uncial Rumanian/Moldavian editions, the shape of YN was very similar to inverted PSI, see the following sample from the Ноул Тестамент (New Testament) of 1818, Neamt/Нямец, folio 542 v.: file:///Users/everson/Documents/Eudora%20Folder/Attachments%20Folder/Addons/MAIN.HTM Page 1 of 28 MAIN.HTM 10/13/2006 06:42 PM Here you can see YN and PSI in both upper- and lowercase forms. Note that the upper part of YN is not a sharp arrowhead, but something horizontally cut even with kind of serif (in the uppercase form). Thus, the shape of the letter in modern-style fonts (like Times or Arial) may look somewhat similar to Cyrillic "Л"/"л" with the central vertical stem looking like in lowercase "ф" drawn from the middle of upper horizontal line downwards, with regular serif at the bottom (horizontal, not slanted): Compare also with the proposed shape of PSI (Section 36). 3. CYRILLIC LETTER IOTIFIED A file:///Users/everson/Documents/Eudora%20Folder/Attachments%20Folder/Addons/MAIN.HTM Page 2 of 28 MAIN.HTM 10/13/2006 06:42 PM I support the idea that "IA" must be separated from "Я". -
SCRS/2020/056 Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 77(4): 240-251 (2020)
SCRS/2020/056 Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 77(4): 240-251 (2020) 1 REVIEW ON THE EFFECT OF HOOK TYPE ON THE CATCHABILITY, HOOKING LOCATION, AND POST-CAPTURE MORTALITY OF THE SHORTFIN MAKO, ISURUS OXYRINCHUS B. Keller1*, Y. Swimmer2, C. Brown3 SUMMARY Due to the assessed vulnerability for the North Atlantic shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, ICCAT has identified the need to better understand the use of circle hooks as a potential mitigation measure in longline fisheries. We conducted a literature review related to the effect of hook type on the catchability, anatomical hooking location, and post-capture mortality of this species. We found twenty eight papers related to these topics, yet many were limited in interpretation due to small sample sizes and lack of statistical analysis. In regards to catchability, our results were inconclusive, suggesting no clear trend in catch rates by hook type. The use of circle hooks was shown to either decrease or have no effect on at-haulback mortality. Three papers documented post-release mortality, ranging from 23-31%. The use of circle hooks significantly increased the likelihood of mouth hooking, which is associated with lower rates of post-release mortality. Overall, our review suggests minimal differences in catchability of shortfin mako between hook types, but suggests that use of circle hooks likely results in higher post-release survival that may assist population recovery efforts. RÉSUMÉ En raison de la vulnérabilité évaluée en ce qui concerne le requin-taupe bleu de l'Atlantique Nord (Isurus oxyrinchus), l’ICCAT a identifié le besoin de mieux comprendre l'utilisation des hameçons circulaires comme mesure d'atténuation potentielle dans les pêcheries palangrières. -
Arrowhead Union High School CHALLENGE ROPES COURSE
POLICY: 327. CHALLENGE ROPES COURSE POLICY AND PROCEDURES MANUAL Arrowhead Union High School CHALLENGE ROPES COURSE POLICY AND PROCEDURES MANUAL CREATED BY: Arrowhead Physical Education Department Updated: July, 2008 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Purpose of the Manual 3 Description of the Course 3 Rationale and Philosophy 3-4 Course Location & Physical Function 4 Safety Management 4-5 Requirements of Participants 5 Safety Standards 5- 7 Lead Climbing by instructor 7 - 8 Elements 8 Spotting Techniques 8 - 9 Belaying High Elements 9-10 Double Belay 10 Rescues 10-11 Injuries 11 Blood Born Pathogens Policy 11 PE Staff & Important Telephone Numbers 11 Registration/Release Forms 12 Statement of Health Form/Photo Release 13-14 Set-up Procedures for High Elements on Challenge Course 15-17 3 PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL Literature has been written about the clinical application of ropes and initiative programs. The purpose of this manual is to provide a reference for the technical, mechanical, and task aspects of Arrowhead Target Wellness Challenge Ropes Course & Indoor Climbing Wall Program. Our instructors must speak a common language with respect to setting up, taking down, spotting, belaying, safety practices and methodology, so that these processes remain consistent. Only through this common language will safe use of the course result and full attention be devoted to the educational experience. While variations of tasks are possible and language used to frame the tasks may change, success is always measured by individual and group experience. The technical and mechanical aspects described here represent our Policy, and may only be altered by the Arrowhead Target Wellness Team. -
Old Cyrillic in Unicode*
Old Cyrillic in Unicode* Ivan A Derzhanski Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences [email protected] The current version of the Unicode Standard acknowledges the existence of a pre- modern version of the Cyrillic script, but its support thereof is limited to assigning code points to several obsolete letters. Meanwhile mediæval Cyrillic manuscripts and some early printed books feature a plethora of letter shapes, ligatures, diacritic and punctuation marks that want proper representation. (In addition, contemporary editions of mediæval texts employ a variety of annotation signs.) As generally with scripts that predate printing, an obvious problem is the abundance of functional, chronological, regional and decorative variant shapes, the precise details of whose distribution are often unknown. The present contents of the block will need to be interpreted with Old Cyrillic in mind, and decisions to be made as to which remaining characters should be implemented via Unicode’s mechanism of variation selection, as ligatures in the typeface, or as code points in the Private space or the standard Cyrillic block. I discuss the initial stage of this work. The Unicode Standard (Unicode 4.0.1) makes a controversial statement: The historical form of the Cyrillic alphabet is treated as a font style variation of modern Cyrillic because the historical forms are relatively close to the modern appearance, and because some of them are still in modern use in languages other than Russian (for example, U+0406 “I” CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I is used in modern Ukrainian and Byelorussian). Some of the letters in this range were used in modern typefaces in Russian and Bulgarian. -
Carolingian Uncial: a Context for the Lothar Psalter
CAROLINGIAN UNCIAL: A CONTEXT FOR THE LOTHAR PSALTER ROSAMOND McKITTERICK IN his famous identification and dating ofthe Morgan Golden Gospels published in the Festschrift for Belle da Costa Greene, E. A. Lowe was quite explicit in his categorizing of Carolingian uncial as the 'invention of a display artist'.^ He went on to define it as an artificial script beginning to be found in manuscripts of the ninth century and even of the late eighth century. These uncials were reserved for special display purposes, for headings, titles, colophons, opening lines and, exceptionally, as in the case ofthe Morgan Gospels Lowe was discussing, for an entire codex. Lowe acknowledged that uncial had been used in these ways before the end of the eighth century, but then it was * natural' not 'artificial' uncial. One of the problems I wish to address is the degree to which Frankish uncial in the late eighth and the ninth centuries is indeed 'artificial' rather than 'natural'. Can it be regarded as a deliberate recreation of a script type, or is it a refinement and elevation in status of an existing book script? Secondly, to what degree is a particular script type used for a particular text type in the early Middle Ages? The third problem, related at least to the first, if not to the second, is whether Frankish uncial, be it natural or artificial, is sufficiently distinctive when used by a particular scriptorium to enable us to locate a manuscript or fragment to one atelier rather than another. This problem needs, of course, to be set within the context of later Carolingian book production, the notions of 'house' style as opposed to 'regional' style and the criteria for locating manuscript production to particular scriptoria in the Frankish kingdoms under the Carolingians that I have discussed elsewhere." It is also of particular importance when considering the Hofschule atehers ofthe mid-ninth century associated with the Emperor Lothar and with King Charles the Bald. -
Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
General Assembly Distr.: General 9 November 2020
United Nations A/C.5/75/INF/1 General Assembly Distr.: General 9 November 2020 Original: English/French Seventy-fifth session Fifth Committee Membership of the Fifth Committee Membres de la Cinquième Commission Note: Delegations are kindly requested to submit any changes or updates to the official list of their representatives, alternate representatives and advisers through the e-List of participants module on the e-deleGATE secure portal. Note: Les délégations sont priées de bien vouloir communiquer toute modification apportée à la liste officielle de leurs représentants, représentants suppléants et conseillers, ou toute mise à jour de celle-ci, au moyen du module « e-List of participants » sur le portail sécurisé e-deleGATE. Chair Président Mr. Carlos Amorín (Uruguay) Vice-Chairs Vice-présidents Mr. Katlego Boase Mmalane Mr. Jakub Krzysztof Chmielewski Mrs. Armağan Ayşe Can Crabtree (Botswana) (Poland) (Turkey) Rapporteur Mr. Tsu Tang Terrence Teo (Singapore) Secretariat of the Fifth Committee Secrétariat de la Cinquième Commission Acting Secretary Secrétaire par intérim Mr. Lionelito Berridge Deputy Secretary Secrétaire adjoint Mr. Wiryanto Sumitro Note: The present document is being circulated in English and French only. 20-14884 (E) 131120 *2014884* A/C.5/75/INF/1 Member States États Membres Country | Pays Representatives | Représentants Alternates | Suppléants Advisers | Conseillers Afghanistan Mrs. Adela Raz Mr. Ahmad Suhail Hedayat Albania Ms. Besiana Kadare Ms. Almona Bajramaj Mr. Seamus Boyle Algeria Mr. Sofiane Mimouni Mr. Mohammed Bessedik Mr. Nabil Kalkoul Andorra Ms. Elisenda Vives Balmaña Mr. Joan Josep López Lavado Mr. Guillem Kallis Baldrich Angola Antigua and Mr. Claxton Duberry Barbuda Mr. Glentis Thomas Argentina Ms. -
Russian Alphabet Soup!
Lesson Plan: Russian Alphabet Soup! CURRICULUM FOCUS: Russian Language, World Culture GRADE LEVEL: 7-12 Overview The modern Russian alphabet is a variant of the cyrillic alphabet and contains 33 letters. To non-native speakers, it may look intimidating, but it’s actually quite easy to learn! In this activity, students will compare Russian and English letters and their sounds. They will then use this knowledge to fill out a worksheet identifying American geographical locations by their Russian language cognates. Objectives Materials Student will be able to: All materials are inclusive in this lesson plan. • Identify all 33 letters of the Russian alphabet; Activities • Pronounce 33 letters of the Russian alphabet; Begin by giving an overview of the Russian alphabet (provided on page 2). Show • Use the Russian alphabet students the chart of the Russian alphabet and its equivalent English letters and to spell out American sounds. Sound out all 33 letters of the alphabet together. Explain what “cognates” geographical locations. are and give examples (from attached worksheet). Ask students to fill in worksheet using the Russian alphabet chart as a key. Adaptations Vocabulary This lesson can be used for younger grades as well, Cyrilic: Adjective describing the alphabet used by a number of Slavic languages although the teacher will (examples: Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian) and some non-Slavic languages of Central need to be more active Asia (example: Tajik). about helping with the spelling of American Cognate: In linguistics, cognates are two words that have a common etymologi- geographical places. cal origin, meaning they share roots (“night” in English and “nuit” in French, for example). -
Contours and Consequences of the Lexical Divide in Ukrainian
Geoffrey Hull and Halyna Koscharsky1 Contours and Consequences of the Lexical Divide in Ukrainian When compared with its two large neighbours, Russian and Polish, the Ukrainian language presents a picture of striking internal variation. Not only are Ukrainian dialects more mutually divergent than those of Polish or of territorially more widespread Russian,2 but on the literary level the language has long been characterized by the existence of two variants of the standard which have never been perfectly harmonized, in spite of the efforts of nationalist writers for a century and a half. While Ukraine’s modern standard language is based on the eastern dialect of the Kyiv-Poltava-Kharkiv triangle, the literary Ukrainian cultivated by most of the diaspora communities continues to follow to a greater or lesser degree the norms of the Lviv koiné in 1 The authors would like to thank Dr Lance Eccles of Macquarie University for technical assistance in producing this paper. 2 De Bray (1969: 30-35) identifies three main groups of Russian dialects, but the differences are the result of internal evolutionary divergence rather than of external influences. The popular perception is that Russian has minimal dialectal variation compared with other major European languages. Maximilian Fourman (1943: viii), for instance, told students of Russian that the language ‘is amazingly uniform; the same language is spoken over the vast extent of the globe where the flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics flies; and you will be understood whether you are speaking to a peasant or a university professor. There are no dialects to bother you, although, of course, there are parts of the Soviet Union where Russian may be spoken rather differently, as, for instance, English is spoken differently by a Londoner, a Scot, a Welshman, an Irishman, or natives of Yorkshire or Cornwall. -
A Comparative Typology on Phonological System of Russian, English and Persian Languages
International Journal of Educational Investigations 2017 (October), Vol.4, No.5: 38-53 Available online @ www.ijeionline.com ISSN: 2410-3446 A Comparative Typology on Phonological System of Russian, English and Persian Languages Malihe Bashirnezhad1*, Zargham Ghapanchi2 1. Tabaran Institute of Higher Education, Iran. 2. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Email: [email protected] * Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] Abstract – The aim of this study is to identify similarities and differences among phonological system of Russian, English and Persian languages. To achieve this, the main differences and rules on phonological system of these languages have been gathered. The data is presented in a systematic order. Moreover the study tries to identify the problematic areas in production of these sounds. The model used is Yarmohammadi's (1996). In this model, there are basically two choices for phonological comparison: taxonomic phonology and generative phonology. In this study the taxonomic model has been adopted because it is more suitable “for phonological CA, particularly in applied areas”. The results indicate that when a syllabus structure does not exist in a language it makes problem for correct pronunciation, and language learners try to use approximate syllables in their mother tongue and the issue is salient in Persian-speakers; however, the deviation in the vowels' behavior can be a very prominent linguistic phenomenon. This study can express a path for further studies on other linguistics field such as morphology and syntax. Keywords: Comparative, Typology, Phonology, Linguistic 1. INTRODUCTION Languages are classified based on their phonemes; because the phonemes are fixed in any language and actually phonological typology is the study of different languages according to varies of their sounds.