Avian Models for 3D Applications Characters and Procedural Maps by Ken Gilliland

1 Songbird ReMix Manual & Field Guide Contents

Manual Introduction 3 Overview 3 P oser and DAZ Studio Use 3 P hysical-based Rendering 4 W here to Find your 4

Field Guide List of 5 General Information on Toucans 6 Collared 8 Fiery-billed Aracari 9 Green Toucanets 10 Dichromatic Toucanets 11 Mountain Toucans Plate-billed Mountain 1 2 Black-billed Mountain Toucan 1 3 Toucans Channel-billed Toucan 1 5 Keel-billed Toucan 1 6 Swainson ’ s or Chestnut-mandibled Toucan 17 18 Resources, Credits and Thanks 19

Copyrighted 2008-201 8 by Ken Gilliland www.SongbirdReMix.com Opinions expressed on this booklet are solely that of the author, Ken Gilliland, and may or may not reflect the opinions of the publisher.

2 Songbird ReMix Toucans

Introduction

Toucans are highly recognizable birds with their oversized and bright colorations . They are often associated with the parrot family, Africa and a cereal box. While a toucan does grace a cereal box, they ’ re not parrots; they ’ re actually closer relatives to the American Barbets . No Toucans are found in Africa, instead they are endemic to Central and South America.

Toucans are broken into 5 types; Aracaris, Green Toucanets, Dichromatic Toucanets, Mountain Toucans and “ typical ” Toucans. Aracaris generally have yellow and black stripes on the chest. Green Toucanets are smaller than typical toucans and are primarily green. Dichromatic Toucanets are similar to Green Toucanets but exhibit (male and female do not look alike). Mountain Toucans are very large birds and found in montane regions.

Toucans are among the most well-known and popular birds in the world. They have graced many countries postage, advertised beer, cereal, political parties and even have a constellation named after them (Tucana).

Overview

The set is located within the : S ongbird ReMix folder. Here is where you will find a number of folders, such as Library , Manuals and Resources . Let's look at what is contained in these folders :

o Bird Library: This folder holds the actual species and poses for the "premade" birds. Birds are placed into a "type"folder (such as "Birds of Prey ( Falconiformes)" which for example would hold falcons, hawks and eagles). The birds for this set can be found in the following folder(s): . and Toucans (Order ) o Manuals: Contains a link to the online manual for the set. o Props: Contains any props that might be included in the set o Resources : Items in this folder are for creating and customizing your birds . Bird Base Models: This folder has the blank , untextured model(s) used in this set. These models are primarily for users who wish to experiment with poses or customize their own species of bird. With using physical renderers such as Iray and Superfly, SubD should be turned to at least “ 3 ” . Poser Use

Select Figures in the Runtime Folder and go to the Animals : Songbird ReMix folder. Select the bird from the renderer ( Firefly or Superfly ) folder you want and simply click it to load. Some birds in the Songbird ReMix series may load with attached parts ( Conformers )

3 such as tail or crest extensions. Some of these parts have specific morphs. You will need to click on the attached part to access those controls. Associated poses can be found in the same folder- Bird Library : (Type) : Poses . DAZ Studio Use

G o to the Animals : Songbird ReMix folder. Select the bird from the renderer ( 3Delight or Iray ) folder you want and simply click it to load. Some birds in the Songbird ReMix series may load with attached parts ( Conformers ) such as tail or crest extensions. Some of these parts have specific morphs. You will need to click on the attached part to access those controls. Associated poses can be found in the same folder- Bird Library : (Type) : Poses . Note: Using the "Apply this Character to the currently selected Figure(s)" option will not properly apply the correct scaling to the bird selected. It is better to delete the existing character first and load the one you want to use. Physical-based Rendering

Physical-based renderers such as Iray and Superfly require more CPU and memory horsepower than the legacy renderers for DAZ-Studio and Poser because of ray-trace bounces and higher resolution meshes needed for displacement. Superfly, in particular, may crash especially when using the GPU-based options. The best solution is to render using one of the CPU-based options. Limiting the number of ray-trace bounces by setting “ Pixel Samples ” to “ 2 ” or “ 1 ” will also reduce crashes and speed renders. Of course, upgrading memory and your CPU will also help. Where to find your birds Type Folder Bird Species Emerald Toucanet Guianan Toucanet Fiery-billed Aracari Channel-billed Toucan Woodpeckers and Toucans (Order Keel-billed Toucan Piciformes) Plate-billed Mountain Toucan Black-billed Mountain Toucan Swainsons Toucan Toco Toucan

Where to find your poses Type Folder For what species? Woodpeckers and Toucans (Order All Toucans, Toucanets and Aracaris Piciformes)

4 Songbird ReMix Toucans Field Guide

Aracaris Collared Aracari Fiery-billed Aracari

GREEN Toucanets Emerald Toucanet

Dichromatic Toucanets Guianan Toucanet

MOUNTAIN Toucans Plate-billed Mountain Toucan Black-billed Mountain Toucan

Toucans Channel-billed Toucan Keel-billed Toucan Chestnut-mandibled or Swainson ’ s Toucan Toco Toucan

5 General Information about Toucans From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (edited by Ken Gilliland)

Toucans are near passerine birds from the neotropics (Central and northern South America)and are most closely related to American barbets. They are brightly marked and have large, colorful bills. The family includes five genera and about forty different species. The name of this bird group is derived from the French “ Tupi tucana ” .

Species There are three types of toucan. The largest toucans generally have black feathers, with touches of white, yellow, and scarlet Aracaris (smaller toucans) have yellow under parts, crossed by one or more black or red bands. The toucanets (smallest of the toucans) have mostly green plumage with blue markings.

Toucans range in size from the 130g ( Pteroglossus inscriptus ) to the 680g Toco Toucan ( toco ). Their bodies are short and compact and comparable to the size and shape of a crow. The tail is rounded and varies in length, from half the length to the whole length of the body. The neck is very short and thick. The legs of a toucan are short and thick. Their toes are arranged in pairs with the first and fourth toes turned backward (Zygodactyl feet). The majority of toucans do not show any sexual dimorphism (male/female) in their coloration, the being the most notable exception to this rule (hence their common name, "dichromatic toucanets"). The most noticeable difference in the sexes is the bills of female toucans are usually shorter, deeper and sometimes straighter than male bills.

The huge and usually colorful bill of the toucan, in some large species, measures more than half the length of the body. Despite its size, the bill is very light, being composed of bone struts with little solid material between them. The bill has forward-facing serrations resembling teeth, which historically led naturalists to believe that toucans captured fish and were primarily carnivorous. However, today we know that Toucans eat mostly fruit. Why the bill is so large and brightly colored is still unknown. As there is no sexual dimorphism in coloration, it is unlikely to be a sexual signal, and their diet does not require a bill that size. It has been theorized that the bill may intimidate smaller birds, so that the toucan may plunder nests undisturbed. Also, the allows the bird to reach deep into tree holes to access food unavailable to other birds, and also to demolish suspended nests built by smaller birds.

A toucan's tongue is long (up to 14-15 cm), narrow and singularly frayed on each side, adding to its sensitivity as an organ of taste. A structural complexity probably unique to toucans involves the modification of several tail vertebrae. The rear three vertebrae are fused and attached to the spine by a ball-and-

6 socket joint. Because of this, toucans may snap their tail forwards until it touches the head. This is the posture in which they sleep, often appearing simply as a ball of feathers, with the tip of the tail sticking out over the head.

Behavior Toucans are primarily frugivorous (fruit-eating), but they will take prey such as and small . Captive toucans have been reported to actively hunt insects in their cages, and it is possible to keep toucans on an -only diet. They also plunder nests of smaller birds, taking and nestlings. This probably provides a crucial addition of protein to their diet. However, in their range, toucans are the dominant , and as such play an extremely important ecological role as vectors for of fruiting trees.

Toucans are arboreal and nest in natural cavities or holes excavated by woodpeckers in trees. The toucan bill has very limited use as an excavation tool. Toucans are resident breeders and do not migrate. Toucans are usually found in pairs or small flocks, within which bill fencing and wrestling may occur, probably to establish dominance hierarchies.

Systematic list  Genus Aulacorhynchus - green toucanets (6-13 species, depending on )  Genus Selenidera - dichromatic toucanets (6 species)  Genus Andigena - mountain toucans (4 species)  Genus Pteroglossus - aracaris (14 species, incl. )  Genus Ramphastos - typical toucans (about 10 species)

Toucans in Fiction  Toucan Sam, mascot of “ Froot Loops ” cereal.  Tookie Tookie, George's pet Toucan from “ George of the Jungle ” .  A humorous derivation of the name of the bird features in David McKee's children's book "Two Can Toucan".  Se ñ or Tuc á n, the Spanish-speaking toucan from the American cartoon Dora the Explorer.  Wulffmorgenthaler comic strip features a character named 'Toucan kid', who is an offspring of a human and a toucan.  The character Lupe Toucan from “ My Gym Partner's a Monkey ” .  The character Poco from the American cartoon Maya and Miguel.  In The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker, the Wizzrobe, a magician-like monster that dates back to the first game for the NES, highly resembles a slightly anthropomorphic toucan, possessing the brightly colored beak, and wing-like sleeves on its robe.

7 Common Name: Collared Aracari Scientific Name: Pteroglossus torquatus torquatus

Size : 16 ¾ inches (41 cm)

Habitat : Central and Northern South America. Found in tropical forest and moist forest in lowlands to lower cloud forests; also in second growth areas, riverine areas of dry woodland, coffee and fruit plantations and swamp forests.

Status: Least Concern. Global Population: 500,000 - 4,999,999 mature individuals.

Diet: Fruits such as pawpaws, guavas, fruits of nutmeg and palm nuts but also takes eggs, nestlings, lizards and insects.

Nesting: Sexes alike but female has darker nape band and shorter bill. Mating season spans from January to August and nests are built in a natural cavities or old holes 6-30m from the ground. After renovating the nest cavity, 2- 5 eggs are laid. Colony nest helpers may share incubation duties as well as roost in nest. Incubation lasts 16 days. Helpers will assist in feeding and brooding. Insects, fruits and regurgitated foods are fed to the young the first month. Fledging occurs at 44 days but juveniles are led back to the nest at night for a while.

Cool Facts: Frequently seen around forest edges mainly in canopies and mid- levels. Aracaris are usually seen in pairs or small family groups (2-5) or larger flocks (12-15). They are seen busily hopping and maneuvering on branches to reach food items. They will roost together in a woodpecker hole.

8 Common Name: Fiery-billed Aracari Scientific Name: Pteroglossus frantzii

Size : 17 inches (43 cm)

Habitat : . Found in lowland forests and clearings.

Status: Least Concern. Global Population: unknown.

Diet: Primarily fruits but also insects and small vertebrates such as frogs and lizards.

Nesting: Sexes are alike although males are generally larger. The two white eggs are laid in an old woodpecker nest, 6-30 m high in a tree. Both sexes incubate the eggs for about 16 days, and the toucan chicks remain in the nest after hatching. They are blind and naked at birth, and have short bills and specialized pads on their heels to protect them from the rough floor of the nest. They are fed by both parents, assisted by up to three other adults, probably from a previous brood, and fledge after about 6 weeks, with feeding by the adults continuing for several weeks after leaving the nest.

Cool Facts: This species is similar to the closely-related Collared Aracari. It differs from Collared in the orange upper mandible, red belly band, and larger dark breast spot.

The call of the Fiery-billed Aracari is a loud, sharp “ pseek ” or “ keeseek ” ; similar to that of Collared, but more often two-noted.

Aracaris are unusual for toucans in that they roost socially throughout the year, up to five adults and fledged young of this species sleeping in the same hole with their tails folded over their backs.

9 Common Name: Emerald Toucanet Scientific Name: Aulacorhynchus prasinus

Size : 12-14 inches (30-35cm)

Habitat : Central and South America. Found primarily in cloud forests but will venture into adjacent rainforests.

Status: Least Concern. Global Population: 50,000 - 499,999 mature individuals.

Diet: Fruits and insects but will also eat lizards, eggs and nestlings of small birds.

Nesting: Sexes alike but males are slightly larger. Mating season is typically March through July. A pair will ‘ bill-fence ’ as a courtship ritual; usually after nest preparations have finished. The nest is usually 2-30m above ground in an old woodpecker hole or crevice of tree. Three to four white eggs are laid. Incubation lasts about 16 days. Both parents incubate the eggs. Chicks hatch naked and blind. Chicks fledge after about 40 days. Parents will still feed them if the young return to the nest to roost, but by day 43 none will return.

Cool Facts: Seen in pairs or small flocks of eight or so. They are very active birds that cover great spans of territory while searching for food in the canopy to mid level of the forest.

10 Common Name : Guianan Toucanet Scientific Name: Selenidera culik

Size : 12-14 inches (30-35cm)

Habitat : South America. Found in north-western Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela in tropical humid lowland forests.

Status: Least Concern. Global Population: Unknown.

Diet: Primarily fruits but also insects and small vertebrates such as frogs and lizards.

Breeding: Sexes alike but female has gray breast as opposed to the male's black breast. Mating season spans from March-June. Nests are generally renovated natural cavities and abandoned woodpecker nests. 2-4 white eggs are laid. Parents share in incubation tasks which lasts about 16 days. Chicks are fed fruits and insects and fledging occurs around day 40.

Cool Facts: Guianan Toucanets live in small flocks in the tree tops where they eat fruits. Flock size is no more than ten individuals. Toucanets are most commonly seen as a pair. They make a rattling sound and a yelling call. .

11 Common Name: Plate-billed Mountain Toucan Scientific Name: Andigena laminirostris

Size : 19 ½ - 20 ½ inches (49-52 cm)

Habitat : South America. Found in moss and bromeliad shrouded, humid montane forests, forest edges and shrub edges. This areas average rainfall is 14 feet a year and the average temperatures are 52-77 F.

Status: Near Threatened. Global Population: unknown. Habitat loss is a key factor in this Toucan ’ s decline in population.

Diet: Fruits, berries, drupes and dehiscents. This species will hold fruit in place and break it apart to consume. Diet is almost exclusively fruits but some insects and eggs.

Nesting: Sexes alike but female has shorter bill; immature birds have overall duller plumage. Season may last from March-October but generally is from May-August. Nesting occurs in tree cavities. This toucan generally excavates nest holes in palm logs, but has also been known to usurp barbet nests and renovate them to their liking. Nests are built 6- 30m from ground. Courtship feeding occurs at the nest. After the cavity is completed, the entrance hole is widened. The clutch is 2-3 white eggs. Incubation lasts about 16 days and fledging occurs at 46-60 days. The young will not return to nest afterwards. Parents may produce a second clutch as early as 20 days after the first clutch fledges.

Cool Facts: Plate-billed Mountain Toucans move about in small groups (3-6 birds) within an established territory. They forage in fruit rich trees and will vigorously defend their area. Seasonal movement occurs in some areas.

12 Common Name: Black-billed Mountain Toucan Scientific Name: Andigena nigrirostris

Size : 19 ½ - 20 ½ inches (49-52 cm)

Habitat : South America. This species occurs in Colombia on both slopes of the West (south to Cauca), Central (head of the Magdalena valley in Huila and east slope in Putumayo and Nari ñ o) and East (south to Cundinamarca and west Caquet á ) Andes; in north-east Ecuador (Napo) on the east slope of the Andes; and in north-west Venezuela (Trujillo and T á chira).

It is relatively common in montane evergreen forest and forest edge at 1,600-3,200 m, and to 1,200 m on the Pacific slope and east slope of the East Andes.

Status: Least Concern. Global Population: Unknown. The species is becoming increasingly local owing to habitat destruction. Unplanned colonization following the completion of roads and massive logging concessions have cleared or degraded many of its Choc ó forests, and deforestation is accelerating; a long history of human colonization on inter- Andean slopes has left only remnant forest patches, pasture and; and extensive degradation in the East Andes has largely cleared west slopes for intensive crop cultivation and pasture.

13 Diet: Fruits, berries, drupes and dehiscents. This species will hold fruit in place and break it apart to consume. Diet is almost exclusively fruits but some insects and eggs.

Nesting: Sexes alike but female has shorter bill; immature birds have overall duller plumage. Season may last from March-October but generally is from May- August. Nesting occurs in tree cavities. This toucan generally excavates nest holes in palm logs, but has also been known to usurp barbet nests and renovate them to their liking. Nests are built 6-30m from ground. Courtship feeding occurs at the nest. After the cavity is completed, the entrance hole is widened. The clutch is 2-3 white eggs. Incubation lasts about 16 days and fledging occurs at 46-60 days. The young will not return to nest afterwards. Parents may produce a second clutch as early as 20 days after the first clutch fledges.

Cool Facts: Despite its name, only the nominate has an entirely black bill, while both A. n. occidentalis and A. n. spilorhyncha have bills that are chestnut and black.

14 Common Name: Channel-billed Toucan Scientific Name: Ramphastos vitellinus culminatus

Size : 19 inches (48.3 cm)

Habitat : South America. Found in lowland forests, often near bodies of water, successional forest, transitional forest and terra firme forest; also in forest openings. In Guiana and Venezuela; gallery forest and tropical wet forests and subtropical forests

Status: Least Concern. Global Population: unknown.

Diet: Fruit as well as insects, small vertebrates and eggs.

Nesting: Sexes alike but female has shorter bill. Immature birds are overall duller, teeth absent. It should be noted that there are several 'subspecies' with slight coloration differences.

Courtship feeding occurs in the beginning of the nesting season which is from March- July. Nest cavities are usually high in a tree in a rotten or hollowed knot-hole, or an abandoned woodpecker hole, and are usually used the next year if successful. Entrance holes are roughly 6x5cm but can be up to 10cm, with a depth of 30-45cm deep and lined with regurgitated seeds by the adults. Both parents roost in the cavity.

2-4 white, elliptical eggs are laid, and incubated for 16-18 days by both parents. Hatchlings eyes won ’ t open for about 15-20 days. Young are fed food such as insects and small vertebrates by both parents. At week three, pin feathers appear on young and, after six more weeks, they are well feathered. Fledging generally occurs around day 40.

Cool Facts: Found singly, in pairs, or small flocks of up to 15, visiting fruiting trees. Stays mainly in the canopy and sub canopy but will descend all the way to the ground on occasion for fallen fruits or insects. They stalk vertebrates such as lizards, small birds and their eggs or nestlings and also mob monkeys or predators.

15 Common Name: Keel-billed Toucan Scientific Name: Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus

Size : 17 - 22 inches (42-55 cm)

Habitat : Central and South America. Found in the lowland forest, rainforest and forest edges.

Status: Least Concern. Global Population: 50,000 - 499,999 mature individuals.

Diet: Fruits, insects, tree frogs and lizards.

Nesting: Males slightly larger than females. Nesting occurs in tree holes to suit their needs. It is believed that pairs are monogamous and courtship may entail 'bill- fencing'. Two to four eggs are laid and both parents will incubate. Eggs hatch in 16-20 days with both parents also feeding the chicks which fledge after 5-6 weeks. A second or third clutch is possible.

The clutch size is 2-3 white eggs. Incubation lasts about 16 days and fledging occurs at 46-60 days. The young will not return to nest afterwards. Parents may produce a second clutch as early as 20 days after the first clutch fledges.

Cool Facts: The Keel-billed Toucan is the inspiration for Froot Loops ’ “ Toucan Sam ” .

One of the largest toucans, it can be seen in pairs or small flocks usually at dawn and dusk feeding on fruits, insects, tree frogs and lizards in the canopy or mid- level range. The flocks are very boisterous while feeding and some sparring may occur. They roost in holes in trees created naturally or by woodpeckers; they have been noted to crowd in the same hole. The keel-billed toucan is the national bird of .

16 Common Name: Swainson ’ s or Chestnut-mandibled Toucan Scientific Name: Ramphastos swainsonii

Size: 20 ½ - 22 inches (52-56 cm) Habitat: South America. Found in eastern to northern Colombia. Found in the canopy level of forest and also in open forest areas, Status: Least Concern. Global Population: unknown. Diet: Arboreal fruit-eaters, but will also take insects, lizards, bird eggs, and other small prey. Flocks will follow Keel-billed Toucans to exploit their sources of food. Nesting: The male is 56cm long and weighs 750g (26.5 oz). The smaller female is typically 52cm long and weighs 580g (20.5 oz). The sexes are alike in appearance. Juvenile birds are sooty-black, and have duller plumage, particularly with respect to the bib, red border, and lower mandible. It is a resident breeder in moist lowland forest. The 2-4 white eggs are laid in an unlined cavity high in a decayed section of a living tree, or occasionally in an old woodpecker nest in a dead tree. Both sexes incubate the eggs for at 14- 15 days, and the toucan chicks remain in the nest after hatching. They are blind and naked at birth, and have short bills and specialized pads on their heels to protect them from the rough floor of the nest. They are fed by both parents, and fledge after about 6 weeks. Cool Facts: The call of the Chestnut-mandibled Toucan is a yelping yo-YIP, a- yip, a-yip, or a Dios te d é , Dios te d é . It is given to maintain contact as the flock travels in "follow-my-leader" style through the trees, but also in chorus at the evening roosts.

17 Common Name: Toco Toucan Scientific Name: Ramphastos toco

Size : 22 - 26 inches (55-65 cm)

Habitat : South America; the Amazon. Found in the canopy level of forest and also in open forest areas, including plantations and palm groves. Is common around human dwellings.

Status: Least Concern. Global Population: unknown.

Diet: Fruits, insects, frogs, lizards and bird eggs.

Nesting: Males slightly larger than females. It nests in tree cavities; high in the canopy. The entrance hole is preferred to be only large enough for a bird to fit through. This cavity may also be used for several years. Bill fencing is thought to be a courtship ritual. Two to four, white eggs are laid. Both parents share in the incubation which lasts 16-20 days. The chicks hatch blind and naked and have specialized heel pads that protect the chicks against the rough texture of the cavity floor. The young are cared for by both parents and fledge at around 6-10 weeks. Additional clutches may follow.

Cool Facts: The Toco is the largest of the Toucans. Found in pairs or small flocks that are quite boisterous as they maneuver through wooded areas searching for trees and other plant materials that bear fruit.

18 Special Thanks to …

… .my beta testers (Bea, Gary, Jan, Kelvin, Nancy, Rhonda and Sandra)

Species Accuracy and Reference Materials

Many birds of the same species do vary considerably in color. This package tries to emulate the colors and markings in the most commonly found variants.

The author-artist has tried to make these species as accurate to their real life counterparts as possible. With the use of one generic model to create dozens of unique bird species, some give and take is bound to occur. The texture maps were created in Painter with as much accuracy as possible. Photographic references from photographs from various Internet searches and several field guides were used. Field Guide Sources:  "The Sibley Guide to Birds" by David Allen Sibley.  “ A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America ” by Steve N. G. Howell and Sophie Webb  “ Birds of South America. Non-Passerines: Rheas to Woodpeckers ” by Francisco Erize, Jorge R. Rodriguez Mata and Maurice Rumboll

Wikipedia ( http://www.wikipedia.com ) BirdGuides.com ( http://www.birdguides.com ) The Nashville Zoo ( http://www.nashvillezoo.org )

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