Galaxy Evolution in the Virgo Cluster

Home , NGC 4388, NGC 4402, NGC 4522, NGC 4535, NGC 4654, Virgo (constellation)

Galaxy evolution in the Virgo Cluster

Bernd Vollmer CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg Tout d’abord: un grand merci à

P. Amram, C. Balkowski, R. Beck , D. Bomans, A. Boselli, J. Braine, V. Cayatte, F. Combes, A. Chung , K. Chyzy, H. Crowl , W. Duschl, O. Garrido, W. Huchtmeier, J. Kenney , M. Marcelin, K. Otmianowska-Mazur , W. Reich, Y. Sofue, M. Soida, M. Urbanik , W. van Driel, J. van Gorkom , R. Wielebinski Galaxy evolution in the Virgo Cluster • Introduction • Interactions of a cluster spiral with its environment • The data • The model • NGC 4522 – a case study • Ram pressure stripping time sequence • Stripping of multiple gas phases • Ram pressure stripping and star formation • New VLA radio continuum observations Galaxy evolution old

young star formation history

SDSS Blanton & Moustakas (2009) Interaction of a spiral galaxy with its environment • Gravitational interaction galaxy - cluster

• Gravitational interaction galaxy - galaxy (Böhringer et al. 1994)

• Ram pressure galaxy ISM – intracluster

medium (ICM) (Kenney et al. 1995)

(Kenney et al. 2004) (slide from J. Kenney) Ram pressure stripping & color evolution

Galaxies with good evidence for RPS: Quenching times from spectra No spectra

Ram pressure Contours: general stripping partly SDSS galaxies Points: ram pressure responsible for stripped Virgo spirals cluster spirals in “green valley” & Crowl et al. 2012 “red sequence ” Atomic gas: the HI view (Chung et al. 2009) (Bravo-Alfaro et al. 2000)

HI deficiency = log((expected HI mass)/(observed HI mass))

Cluster spirals are HI deficient and show truncated gas disks Molecular gas: the CO view

(Kenney & Young 1989) (Boselli et al. 1994)

Cluster spirals are NOT CO deficient Even the CO detection rate of Virgo early type galaxies is NOT different from that of the field (Atlas 3D ; Young et al. 2011) Star formation: the H α view « normal » Hα disks (Koopmann & Kenney 2001,2004) Star formation: the H α view (Koopmann & Kenney 2001, 2004) anemic Hα disks anemic truncated Hα disks Star formation: the H α view (Koopmann & Kenney 2001, 2004) cluster radial profiles truncated Hα disks

52 Virgo galaxies: 37% normal, 6% anemic, 6% enhanced, 52% truncated The Virgo Cluster Greyscale: X-ray Contour: galaxy density • Distance: ~17 Mpc • 1’ = 5 kpc • Velocity dispersion: ~700 km/s • Dynamically young cluster 3.5 14 Mpc • Mass: ~10 Msolar at R=1 Mpc

•Mgas /Mtot ~ 14% •Mgal /Mtot ~ 4% • M/L ~ 500

(Schindler et al. 1999) Virgo - Coma

• D=17 Mpc • D=100 Mpc 14 14 • Mass: ~10 Msolar • Mass: ~5 10 Msolar at at R=1 Mpc R=1 Mpc • Velocity dispersion: • Velocity dispersion: ~700 km/s ~1200 km/s • Large spiral fraction • Small spiral fraction • One central galaxy • Two central galaxies • Asymmetric overall ICM • Symmetric overall ICM distribution distribution • Dynamical young cluster • « relaxed » cluster Interaction diagnostics

• Which interaction is responsible for the observed distorsions/perturbations? • Determination of the interaction parameters • Means: HI maps and velocity fields, dynamical simulations , polarized radio continuum emission , photometry+ spectroscopy + stellar population synthesis Polarized radio continuum emission – a new diagnostic tool for interactions

• Polarized radio continuum emission is proportional to the density of relativistic electrons and the strength of the ααα 2-4 large-scale regular magnetic field: PI neB • Polarized radio continuum emission is sensitive to shear and compression motions

NGC 4522 (Kenney et al. (Vollmer et al. 2004) 2004)

Grey: optical Grey: HI Contour: HI Contour: polarized radio continuum emission First survey of 8 Virgo cluster spiral galaxies in polarized radio continuum emission

B. Vollmer, M. Soida, R. Beck, C. Chyzy, K. Otmianowska-Mazur, M. Urbanik, J. van Gorkom, J. Kenney

• 8 bright Virgo spiral galaxies • 90h of VLA observations • 20cm C array; 6cm D array • Resolution: ~20’’ • Sensitivity: 10 µJy/beam at 6cm VLA 6cm polarized radio continuum emission

Greyscale: optical B band; contour: 4.85GHz polarized radio continuum emission

12 42 00 15 53 14 28 15 42 00 NGC 4501 41 30 NGC 4388 NGC 4396 52 41 30 27 00

51 40 30 00 26 50 00 40 30

49 25 39 30 00 DECLINATION (J2000) DECLINATION (J2000) DECLINATION (J2000) DECLINATION (J2000) 00 48 24 39 30 38 30 47 00 NGC 4321 23 00 46 38 30 37 30 22 12 23 10 05 00 22 55 50 45 40 12 32 10 05 00 31 55 50 12 25 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 12 26 06 04 02 00 25 58 56 54 52 50 RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000) RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000) RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000) RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)

08 16 13 09 00

15 13 03 NGC 453513 10 NGC 4654 08 30 NGC 4402 NGC 4438

14 00 09 02

07 30 13

01 08 00 12

06 30 07 00 11 DECLINATION (J2000) DECLINATION (J2000) DECLINATION (J2000) DECLINATION (J2000) 00

10 12 59 06 05 30

09 00 05 58 04 30 08

12 34 35 30 25 20 15 10 05 12 44 10 05 00 43 55 50 45 12 26 16 14 12 10 08 06 04 02 00 25 58 12 27 55 50 45 40 35 RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000) RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000) RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000) RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000) Vollmer et al. (2007) MHD simulations (with M. Soida and K. Otmianowska-Mazur) • Solve the induction equation on the velocity fields of the sticky particle simulations evolution of the large scale regular magnetic field • Assume relativistiv electron distribution evolution of the polarized radio continuum emission

grey: HI, contours: PI (Vollmer et al. 2006) VIVA = VLA Imaging of Virgo in Atomic Gas (A. Chung, J. van Gorkom, J. Kenney, H. Crowl, B. Vollmer) Numerical simulations

• ISM-ICM interaction + gravitational interaction • turbulent/viscous stripping (Nulsen 1982; timescale ~1Gyr) ram pressure stripping (momentum transfer; timescale ~10Myr) • constant time dependent ram pressure • Models: (i) Eulerian hydro (2D, 3D), (Roediger & Hensler 2005, Roediger & Brueggen 2006/2008, Marcolini et al. 2003)

(ii) SPH,

(Abadi et al. 1999, Schulz & Struck 2001) (iii) sticky particles

(Vollmer et al. 2001) Comparison between the different codes face-on stripping

Conclusion: models are consistent within a factor 2: Gunn & Gott works Simulations with time dependent ram pressure

• depends on galaxy orbits within the cluster • simulations of galaxy orbits in the Virgo cluster and determination of temporal ram pressure profiles

galaxy orbits

temporal ram pressure profile ( ρv2) Normalization of the code boxes: Cayatte et al. (1994); stars: simulations

Vollmer et al. (2001)

truncated disk with a 1/R profile

Conclusion: whatever you do with the disk, you will end up with a truncated gas disk Comparison between the models and the observations

• Known : systemic velocity, distance from cluster center, i, PA, gas distribution and velocity field • Unknown : maximum ram pressure, time to maximum, angle between galactic disk and ram pressure wind

Ram pressure stripping criterion: Σ 2 ρ 2 Gunn & Gott (1972): gas vrot /R = ICM vgal A case study: NGC 4522 • Distance from M87: 3.3 o ~ 1 Mpc • Radial velocity: +1000km/s w.r.t. M87 • View: edge-on

(Kenney et al. 2004) (Vollmer et al. 2004) NGC 4522: the « best fit » model

DEC

incl PA + ααα RA galactic plane EAST

incl to observer i wind direction

WEST image plane NGC 4522: final result model HI

Greyscale: gas; Contours: polarized radio continuum emission

(Vollmer et al. 2007)

near peak ram pressure stripping NGC 4522: peak ram pressure stripping + projected distance of ~1 Mpc moving intracluster medium due to infall of the M49 group of galaxies Observational gas characteristics

• Asymmetric ridge of polarized radio continuum emission at the outer disk (all) • Gas disk truncated near the optical radius, asymmetric outer disk with tail structure (NGC 4501, NGC 4330) • Truncated gas disk + extraplanar, high surface brightness gas (NGC 4522, NGC 4438) • Truncated gas disk + extraplanar, very low surface brightness gas (NGC 4388) • Truncated gas disk + perturbed, low surface brightness arms (NGC 4569)

Gas disk truncated near the optical radius, asymmetric outer disk with tail structure pre-peak stripping

NGC 4501 NGC 4330 observations observations

grey: HI, contours: PI

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28 model HI HI 27

DECLINATION (J2000) 24

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27 22

26 21 12 32 15 10 05 00 31 55 50 45 RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)

25 DECLINATION (J2000)

23 model PI 22 12 32 10 05 00 31 55 50 RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000) Vollmer et al. (2008) Vollmer et al. (2012)

Strongly truncated gas disk + extraplanar, high surface brightness gas near peak stripping

NGC 4522 (Vollmer et al. 2006) NGC 4438 (Vollmer et al. 2005) model observations

CO(1-0) IRAM30m

model : Gravitational interaction + ram pressure

Truncated gas disk + extraplanar, very low surface brightness gas ~100Myr after ram pressure peak

NGC 4388

model observations

(Vollmer & Huchtmeier 2003)

(Oosterloo & van Gorkom 2005)

Truncated gas disk + perturbed, low surface brightness arms ~300Myr after ram pressure peak NGC 4569 NGC 4569 (Vollmer et al. 2004) (Vollmer et al. 2004) Contours: HI VLA C+D HI observations active stripping past stripping Greyscale: B band model model Ram pressure stripping time sequence Vollmer (2009)

NGC 4501 NGC 4438

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0.0 0.5 1.0 27

26 13 28 00

25 27 30

DECLINATION (J2000) 24 00

23 26 30

22 00

21 DECLINATION (B1950) 12 32 15 10 05 00 31 55 50 45 25 30 RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)

model model 24 30

12 34 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 RIGHT ASCENSION (B1950)

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00 DECLINATION (B1950)

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12 34 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 RIGHT ASCENSION (B1950) model model model model NGC 4330 NGC 4522 NGC 4388 NGC 4569

pre-peak near peak ~150Myr after peak ~300Myr after peak Independent confirmation of stripping ages

• NGC 4522 (Crowl & Kenney 2007, 2008)

WIYN SparsePack & GALEX UV

• NGC4569 (Boselli et al. 2007)

GALEX UV The 3D view Vollmer (2009) Tidally enhanced ram pressure stripping

NGC4639

NGC4654 HI gas distribution HI velocity field

13 10 13 10

09 09

08 08

07 07

06 06

05 05 DECLINATION (J2000) DECLINATION (J2000) 04 04

(Phookun & 03 03 Mundy 1995) 02 02 12 44 20 15 10 05 00 43 55 50 45 RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000) 12 44 20 15 10 05 00 43 55 50 45 RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000) NGC 4654 (Vollmer 2003) gas distribution velocity field model I : ram pressure model II : ram pressure + tidal interaction

HI observations (Phookun & Mundy 1995) NGC 4654 – PI model tidal interaction + ram pressure stripping (Vollmer 2003 & Soida et al. 2006) Ram pressure and the multiphase ISM Molecular gas fraction

• Inside the truncation radius, gas disks are normal • Slight enhanced Radio deficit region molecular fraction in 3 galaxies (NGC4330, NGC4501, NGC4522)

(Vollmer et al. 2012)

Radio deficit: Murphy et al. (2009) Ram pressure and the multiphase ISM

NGC4330 • The ISM is

Amramson moved as an et al. (2011) entity • GMC lifetime < ram pressure dynamical timescale Ram pressure stripping of the multiphase ISM Vollmer et al. (2008) • IRAM 30m HERA CO(2-1) observations model faint CO emission

model deprojection

Dashed: HI (Kenney et al. 2004) Solid: CO(2-1) Ram pressure stripping of the multiphase ISM

• NGC 4438: decoupeled • NGC 4402 (Crowl et al. 2005) molecular clouds

Contour: 20cm radio continuum emission; (Vollmer et al. Greyscale: B band 2005) Ram pressure stripping of the multiphase ISM Vollmer et al. (2009)

• NGC 4438: diffuse ionized gas stripped more efficiently than neutral gas • Role of gravitational interaction?

13 03 00 13 03 00 13 03 00 02 30 (a)COonoptical02 30 (b)HIonCO02 30 (c)Hα on CO 00 00 00

01 30 01 30 01 30 F0

00 00 00 F1 F2 00 30 00 30 00 30

00 00 00 DECLINATION (J2000) DECLINATION (J2000) DECLINATION (J2000)

12 59 30 12 59 30 12 59 30 00 00 00 Velocity difference 58 30 58 30 58 30

00 00 00 α 12 27 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 12 27 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 12 27 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 H - CO RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000) RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000) RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)

13 03 00 13 03 00 13 03 00 02 30 (d)6cmTPonCO02 30 (e)Hα on6cmTP02 30 (f)Hα on FUV 00 00 00

01 30 01 30 01 30

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00 00 00 12 27 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 12 27 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 12 27 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000) RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000) RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000) Star formation in the stripped gas Vollmer et al. (2008)

Greyscale: H α Contours: H Ι from Kenney et al. (2004)

model Greyscale: H α Contours: HI Greyscale: CO(2-1) Contours: H α (Kenney et al. 2004) SFR timescale spectral index Star formation in the stripped gas • Except for N4438, cluster environment does not change NGC4330 SFR mol =SFR/M mol • NGC4330, NGC4438, N4522

show a depressed SFE tot in the extraplanar regions NGC4501 • NGC4501, NGC4654 show

regions of low SFE tot within the disk with steep spectral index

SFR timescale

NGC4522 NGC4438

NGC4654

Vollmer et al. (2012) VLA large proposal : survey of 19 Virgo cluster spiral galaxies in polarized radio continuum emission

B. Vollmer, M. Soida, R. Beck, C. Chyzy, K. Otmianowska-Mazur, M. Urbanik, M. Wezgowiec, J. van Gorkom, J. Kenney

• 19 Virgo spiral galaxies • ~200h of VLA observations • 20cm C array; 6cm D array • Resolution: ~20’’ • Sensitivity: 10 µJy/beam at 6cm Symmetric spirals Radio halos Asymmetric distributions of polarized radio continuum emission Conclusions

• Polarized radio continuum emission is a useful tool for interaction diagnostics • Efficiency of ram pressure stripping is ~1 (Gunn & Gott works) – overall the ISM is stripped as an entity • For NGC 4522 a moving ICM is needed • Temporal ram pressure sequence in the Virgo cluster • Stellar population synthesis models confirm model stripping ages (NGC 4388, NGC 4569, NGC 4522; PhD thesis of H. Crowl, Yale ) • Indication of different stripping efficiencies of diffuse ionized ISM under certain circumstances • Ram pressure quenches star formation • Ram pressure stripping plays an important role in the evolution of Virgo cluster spirals